Thèses : « Shell tool »

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Pearson, Ryan. « Shell walls : A new hope. Using barnacle shell isotopes as a conservation tool for understanding the movement ecology of threatened sea turtles ». Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/380998.

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Understanding the geographic distribution of sea turtles within their sub-populations could enhance conservation and management, especially for sub-populations that are the most threatened. Isotope techniques have been used for this purpose and have become popular in the past decade, with an increasing year-to-year trend in published studies. Via systematic literature review of all studies using isotopes to understand sea turtle ecology, this thesis first presents a robust understanding of the current state of the science, identifying knowledge gaps and priorities for future sea turtle conservation research (Chapter 2). This identified that very few stable isotope studies aimed at understanding foraging distributions have been completed on threatened sub-populations of sea turtles, whereas those considered of least concern by the IUCN have been the focus of many. I aimed to address this mismatch between stable isotope studies and conservation needs by developing, validating, and applying a novel isotope technique to understand the foraging distribution of critically endangered South Pacific loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), and in doing so identifying critical habitats for priority management. The technique presented uses isotope ratios from commensal barnacle shells, which vary with temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) rather than turtle diet. Barnacle shells are formed sequentially, storing chemical information about of the surrounding conditions at the time of formation. This makes it possible to assign a date to samples, and compare isotope ratios with the spatial and temporal distribution of sea water parameters (SST and SSS), if the growth of the animal is well understood. Thus, in this thesis I tested the applicability of using barnacles to understand sea turtle foraging distribution by quantifying barnacle growth rates (Chapter 3), regional relationships between barnacle isotopes (C and O) and SST & SSS (Chapter 5), and discriminating between foraging areas based on time dependent isoscapes for barnacle shell (Chapter 4, 5). Finally, the technique is applied to predict the home area of loggerhead turtles that nest in southern Queensland, Australia, identifying hotspots and relationships between nesting and foraging habitats (Chapter 6). This thesis demonstrates that isotopes from barnacle shells can be used to identify the origin and migration distances of host turtles at varying spatial scales, depending on water chemistry gradients present at the time and location of shell formation. In eastern Australia is it possible to assign turtles to home areas with >86% accuracy when areas are separated by at least 400 km (Chapter 4). Globally, many coastal areas are likely to offer similar or better resolution to this, while pelagic waters will typically offer lower resolution. This thesis also shows that estuarine habitats are important foraging habitats for adult loggerhead turtles, probably more so for southern foragers, while marine habitats are clearly important in northern Australia. Future research should focus on developing isoscapes for barnacle shell in other regions, and combining barnacle analyses with other methods to improve the achievable resolution. I also expect that this technique can be applied widely to other taxa and objects that carry commensal barnacles throughout marine journeys.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Fingerhut, Raetz Doria Lee. « Bone tool assemblages as an aid to shell mound site typologies on the Northwest coast ». PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3929.

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Fifteen bone tool assemblages from shell midden sites were compared. Three of these are unpublished sites from Prince Rupert Harbor. They were grouped using cluster analysis. Inter and intragroup variation in bone tool assemblage structure was analyzed. One of the objectives of this study was to generate hypotheses about the function of the unpublished sites by comparing their bone tool assemblages with those from sites which are better understood by looking for underlying patterns in the bone tool assemblages. Other objectives were to test the utility of using bone tool assemblages as a diagnostic tool in analyzing sites and to test the utility of the cluster analysis procedure with this data set. Hypotheses were developed identifying possible site usage at the three Prince Rupert Harbor sites, Boardwalk (GbTo-31), Garden Island (GbTo-23), and Grassy Bay (GbTn-1). Bone tool assemblages were shown to be a useful aid in site analysis and cluster analysis was quite useful in identifying existing patterns in these data.

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Collins, Gary Wayne. « Information communication technology as a cognitive tool to facilitate higher-order thinking ». Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24075.

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Digital educational technology is capable of contributing supplementary strategies that can be used to address various educational challenges faced by higher education. Foremost among these challenges is the widespread lack of academic preparedness of students who enter South African higher education institutions. The legacy of Apartheid, teachers' poor domain knowledge and command of the language of instruction, together with a lack of commitment to the cognitive development of learners are some of the reasons why students have not developed the cognitive skills required to engage in meaningful learning. Meaningful learning requires a high level of conceptual engagement and development. To assist in the learning process, educators must focus on student learning rather than on the instructor and the technology used in the instruction. A powerful means of supporting meaningful learning is through a process of model building. Computer technology can effectively be used to facilitate the building of conceptual models. By encouraging students to use computer technology to build models that represent their personal understanding, the students are performing the role of designer and the technology is used as a cognitive tool. Using digital technology as a cognitive tool allows students to engage in critical thinking and higher-order learning. An expert system shell is one way in which technology can be used as a cognitive tool. When students build expert systems they are required to demonstrate the reasoning of an expert and to exhibit an understanding of causal relationships and procedural knowledge. There is very little evidence of research concerning the application of expert systems as a cognitive tool in education. The primary aim of this study is to formulate design principles in the form of conjectures and principles related to a learning environment that uses technology as a cognitive tool in the form of an expert system shell to promote higher-order thinking skills. The second aim of this study is to explore the experiences of students who are exposed to a learning environment based on the conjectures and principles formulated during the design phase of the research. The conjectures and principles formulated during this study are expressed in terms of the characteristics, procedures and arguments associated with a learning environment that uses technology in the form of an expert system shell to facilitate higher-order thinking. These conjectures and principles were separated into seven interrelated clusters that can be summarised as follows:

initial exposure;
guided discovery learning;
designing the expert system on paper;
creating domain awareness;
linking conceptual understanding to a representation of that understanding;
hands-on development; and
problem engagement.

These conjectures and principles could guide similar endeavours undertaken by lecturers or instructional designers.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Science, Mathematics and Technology Education
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Nealis, Stuart Edmund. « The Effect of Freshwater Mussel Consumption on Dental Wear During the Late Archaic Period ». Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1300822817.

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O'neal, Lori L. « What’s in Your Toolbox ? Examining Tool Choices at Two Middle and Late Woodland-Period Sites on Florida’s Central Gulf Coast ». Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6340.

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The examination of the tools that prehistoric people crafted for subsistence and related practices offers distinctive insights into how they lived their lives. Most often, researchers study these practices in isolation, by tool type or by material. However, by using a relational perspective, my research explores the tool assemblage as a whole including bone, stone and shell. This allows me to study the changes in tool industries in relation to one another, something that I could not accomplish by studying only one material or tool type. I use this broader approach to tool manufacture and use for the artifact assemblage from Crystal River (8CI1) and Roberts Island (8CI41), two sequential Middle and Late Woodland Period (A.D. 1-1050) archaeological sites on the central Gulf coast of Florida. The results of my research show that people made different choices, both in the type of material they used and the kind of tools they manufactured during the time they lived at these sites as subsistence practices shifted. Evidence of these trends aligns with discrete changes in strata within our excavations. The timing of depositional events and the artifacts found within each suggest people also used the sites differently through time. These trends exemplify the role of crafting tools in the way people maintain connections with their mutable social and physical world.

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Moen, Siri. « Managing political risk : corporate social responsibility as a risk mitigation tool. A focus on the Niger Delta, southern Nigeria ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20189.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The petroleum industry concern itself with natural resource extracting activities which are highly sensitive for contributing to environmental degradation by oil spills or gas flaring. A large proportion of the world’s oil and gas reserves is located in developing countries where the presence of multinational oil corporations (MNOCs) is high as host countries often lack the infrastructure needed or are financially unable to conduct extracting operations on their own. The Niger Delta in southern Nigeria has one of the largest oil reserves in Africa and is one of the world’s leading oil exporters. MNOCs like Shell, Chevron, Total, ExxonMobil and Statoil are some of the firms present in the Niger Delta region. The oil-rich area in the developing country poses high levels of political risk for the MNOCs. Local grievances, paired with environmental degradation and human rights violations by the oil companies, have led to a tense relationship between the local stakeholders and the MNOCs, with so-called petro-violence at the center of the oil conflict. Frequently, oil installations are sabotaged and crude oil is stolen, causing major financial losses for the firms, and armed attacks on oil facilities and kidnapping of MNOCs’ staff constitute the majority of political risks facing MNOCs operating in the Niger Delta. This study investigates how MNOCs can successfully manage such political risks, providing a business advantage in a challenging business environment. By addressing the companys’ own behaviour, the research analyses if social engagement through corporate social responsibility (CSR) can mitigate political risk in the Niger Delta. The study looks at two different MNOCs operating in the Niger delta, Shell and Statoil, and scrutinises their methods of implementation of their CSR initiatives. The difference in approaches to CSR is elucidated where Shell claims it has repositioned its approach from a top-down angle during the first years of conducting CSR projects, to a more stakeholder-oriented approach. Yet, their approach is still found to carry elements of the previous top-down approach, and has not resulted in satisfactory performance in relation to stated goals. Statoil undertakes a stakeholder-oriented bottom-up approach, executed with a high level of commitment. The stated CSR goals have to a great extent been met. By assessing the two companies’ CSR strategies in relation to the frequency of political risks experienced by each MNOC, the study finds that CSR has the potential to mitigate political risk depending on the approach to implementation, and could serve as a political risk management strategy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die brandstofbedryf is betrokke by die ontginning van natuurlike hulpbronne, ’n aktiwiteit wat hoogs sensitief is vir sy bydrae tot omgewingsbesoedeling as gevolg van storting van olie en opvlamming van gas. ’n Baie groot deel van die wêreld se olie en gas reserwes word aangetref in ontwikkelende lande. Die teenwoordigheid van Multinasionale Olie Korporasies (MNOKs) in hierdie lande is groot omdat daar gewoonlik ’n gebrek aan toepaslike infrastruktuur is en die lande ook nie finansieel in staat mag wees om die ontginning op hulle eie te doen nie. Die Niger Delta in die Suide van Nigerië beskik oor een van die grootste olie reserwes in Afrika en is een van die voorste olie uitvoerders in die wêreld. Shell, Chevron, Total, ExxonMobil en Statoil is van die bekende MNOK wat ontginning doen in die Niger Delta gebied. Die olieryke gebiede in ’n ontwikkelende land kan groot politieke risiko vir die MNOKs inhou. Plaaslike griewe gekoppel aan omgewings besoedeling en menseregte skendings deur die oliemaatskappye het gelei tot ’n gespanne verhouding tussen hulle en die plaaslike belange groepe, en sogenaamde “petrogeweld” staan sentraal hierin. Heel gereeld word olie-installasies gesaboteer en ru-olie word gesteel, wat natuurlik groot finansiële verliese die firmas inhou. Daarby word gewapende aanvalle op die olie-installasies uitgevoer en van die MNOKs se personeel ontvoer. Al hierdie dinge vorm die groot politieke risiko’s wat die MNOKs in die Niger Delta in die gesig staar. Hierdie studie ondersoek hoe die MNOKs met welslae hierdie politieke risiko’s kan teenwerk om vir hulle ’n suksesvolle besigheid te vestig in ’n baie mededingende bedryfsomgewing. Deur te kyk na die maatskappy se eie gedrag, sal die navorsing analiseer of gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid deur korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid (KSV) die politieke risiko in die Niger Delta kan temper. Die studie kyk na twee verskillende MNOK wat in die gebied bedryf word, Shell en Statoil, en kyk noukeurig na die manier waarop hulle KSV inisiatiewe toegepas word. Die verskil in benadering tot die probleem word toegelig deur die feit dat Shell beweer dat hulle ’n bo-na-onder benadering in die beginjare van KSV projekte verander het na ’n beleid waar meer na die betrokkenheid van belangegroepe gekyk word. Tog word gevind dat daar nog oorblyfsels is van die bo-na-onder benadering en dat doelwitte wat gestel is nie bevredigend bereik is nie. Statoil daarenteen. Implementeer ’n onder-na-bo benadering met betrokkenheid van belangegroepe en ’n hoë vlak van toewyding deur die maatskappy. Die gestelde KSV doelwitte is grootliks behaal. Deur te kyk na die twee maatskappye se ervaring van politieke risiko in verhouding met hulle KSV strategieë bevind hierdie studie dat KSV wel die potensiaal het om, as dit suksesvol toegepas word, politieke risiko te temper en dus kan die as ’n strategie om sodanige risiko te bestuur.

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Arantes, Laëtitia. « L'intégration des données énergétiques dans la conception architecturale située ». Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00965670.

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Ce travail est une réflexion prospective sur la densification verticale de la ville par la tour d'habitation. Trois échelles sont considérées : le bâtiment seul (objet), la composition de sa façade et son insertion urbaine (bâtiment situé). Le parti pris est de n'examiner que le seul critère énergétique. Sont réalisées trois séries d'études " morpho-énergétiques " : 1 - une étude sur l'influence énergétique de la morphologie d'un bâtiment " objet " : l'objectif est de développer un outil d'évaluation simplifiée de la performance énergétique totale des bâtiments résidentiels. 2 - une extension du précédent modèle en insérant le bâtiment dans un morceau de ville : l'objectif est d'identifier l'influence des configurations urbaines sur leur performances énergétiques, à l'aide d'un outil d'optimisation par algorithmes génétiques. 3 - l'étude d'une nouvelle démarche de conception et de rénovation des bâtiments à travers le concept Core-Skin-Shell : l'objectif est d'évaluer l'intérêt énergétique d'une décomposition fonctionnelle du bâtiment.

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Hu, Wenqing. « A model-based simulation tool for impact/blast-resistant structural design / ». free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3144424.

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Arpad, Ervin Nagy, et Mhand Sheik Khalil. « Lärarnas och elevernas syn på användningen av moderna smarta verktyg som redskap i teknikorienterade kurser. Examensarbete i fördjupningsämnet Teknik och lärande ». Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-33633.

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Syftet med studien är att undersöka dels elevers och lärares åsikter om hur smarta moderna verktyg som mobiltelefon, läsplatta, bärbar dator och applikationer kan bidra i pedagogiskt arbete, dels hur dessa kan användas som pedagogiska redskap i teknikundervisningen. I arbetet tittar vi på dessa redskap ur systemperspektiv för att kunna se fördelarna och för att kunna upptäcka eventuella hinder som associeras med dess tillämpning i skolan. Systemperspektivet knyter ihop läraren med elev, elevgrupper, smarta enheter, applikationer och lärandemiljön via kommunikation. I teoridelen tar vi upp socioekonomiska aspekterna kopplade till systemperspektivet. Meningen med att kombinera de socioekonomiska faktorerna med systemperspektivet är att få en övergripande bild av hur smarta moderna verktyg påverkar pedagogiskt arbete.I resultatdelen eftersträvar vi att visa hur dessa smarta verktyg kan vara ett effektiv pedagogiskt redskap som kan underlätta lärarens arbete och stimulera elevernas intresse för lärandet. I samband smarta verktyg titta vi på olika applikationer och deras tillämpning i lärandemiljön. Dessa applikationer kan vara sociala medier, allmänna applikationer som ordbehandlare, administrativa verktyg och specifika applikationer inom teknikområdet kopplade till ämnet teknik. Vi kommer även att undersöka hinder och motstånd från användarens sida i samband med användningen av dessa redskap. Studien visar att smarta verktyg troligen har mest positiva effekter i lärandemiljön om användaren uppfyller vissa villkor där bland annat upplevelsen av trygghet i smarta verktyg. De flesta lärare med positiv inställning till dessa verktyg påstår att eleverna lär sig lättare, förbättrar deras självkritiska tänkande, utvecklar språket och utvidgar lärandemiljön till utanför skolans gränser. Elevernas inställning överensstämmer i stort sätt med lärarnas enligt undersökningen. Undersökningen visar att de flesta lärare inte utnyttjar möjligheterna med smarta verktyg i pedagogiskt arbete. Orsaken till detta kan vara att det saknas utbildning i användningen av smarta verktyg viket leder till känslan av otrygghet. Användningen av dessa verktyg i undervisningen till annat syfte som har ingenting att göra med pågående pedagogiskt arbete kan leda till försämrat lärandemiljö. Tidigare forskning och studier visar resultat som slutsatserna vi kom fram till i denna studie.Studien är baserad på kvalitativa intervjudata för att erhålla en djupare förståelse angående elevernas och lärarnas synpunkter om dessa smarta verktyg. Intervjun innefattar lärare och elever från högstadiet och gymnasieskolan.
The purpose of this work is to study both students and teachers views on how modern smart tools can help in educational work, and how these can be used as educational tools in technical subjects. We are looking at these tools from a system perspective to see the benefits and to detect possible obstacles associated with its implementation/use in schools. In the theoretical part we discuss socio-economic aspects linked to the system perspective. The purpose of combining socio-economic factors with the system perspective is to obtain an overall picture of how smart modern tools affect educational work.In the results section we aim to show how these smart units can be an effective educational tool that can facilitate the work of teachers and stimulate students' interest in learning. We will examine also the obstacles and resistance by the users in connection with the use of these tools. Result analysis shows that smart tools probably have the most positive impact on learning environment. Most teachers with a positive attitude to these tools claim that students learn easier, improves their self-critical thinking, develop language and extends the learning environment beyond the school boundaries. Most teachers do not use the potential of smart tools in educational work. The reason may be the lack of training

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Ivars, Camañez Vicente-José. « TDP-Shell : Entorno para acoplar gestores de colas y herramientas de monitorizaci on ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96251.

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Hoy en día la mayoría de aplicaciones distribuidas se ejecutan en clusters de ordenadores gestionados por un gestor de colas. Por otro lado, los usuarios pueden utilizar las herramientas de monitorización actuales para detectar los problemas en sus aplicaciones distribuidas. Pero para estos usuarios, es un problema utilizar estas herramientas de monitorización cuando el cluster está controlado por un gestor de colas. Este problema se debe al hecho de que los gestores de colas y las herramientas de monitorización, no gestionan adecuadamente los recursos que deben compartir al ejecutar y operar con aplicaciones distribuidas. A este problema le denominamos "falta de interoperabilidad" y para resolverlo se ha desarrollado un entorno de trabajo llamado TDP-Shell. Este entorno soporta, sin alterar sus códigos fuentes, diferentes gestores de colas, como Cóndor o SGE y diferentes herramientas de monitorización, como Paradyn, Gdb y Totalview.
Nowadays distributed applications are executed on computer clusters managed by a Batch Queue Systems. Users take advantage of Monitoring Tools to detect run-time problems on their applications running on a distributed environment. But it is a challenge to use Monitoring Tools on a cluster controlled by a Batch Queue System. This is due to the fact that Batch Queue Systems and Monitoring Tools do not coordinate the management of the resources they share, when executing a distributed application. We call this problem "lack of interoperability" and to solve it we have developed a framework called TDP-Shell. This framework supports different Batch Queue Systems such as Condor and SGE, and different Monitoring Tools such as Paradyn, Gdb and Totalview, without any changes on their source code. This thesis describes the development of the TDP-Shell framework, which allows monitoring both sequential and distributed applications that are executed on a cluster controlled by a Batch Queue System, as well as a new type of monitoring called "delayed".

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Al-Saeed, Majed Mohammed Abdullah. « Profiling a parallel domain specific language using off-the-shelf tools ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6561/.

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Profiling tools are essential for understanding and tuning the performance of both parallel programs and parallel language implementations. Assessing the performance of a program in a language with high-level parallel coordination is often complicated by the layers of abstraction present in the language and its implementation. This thesis investigates whether it is possible to profile parallel Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) using existing host language profiling tools. The key challenge is that the host language tools report the performance of the DSL runtime system (RTS) executing the application rather than the performance of the DSL application. The key questions are whether a correct, effective and efficient profiler can be constructed using host language profiling tools; is it possible to effectively profile the DSL implementation, and what capabilities are required of the host language profiling tools? The main contribution of this thesis is the development of an execution profiler for the parallel DSL, Haskell Distributed Parallel Haskell (HdpH) using the host language profiling tools. We show that it is possible to construct a profiler (HdpHProf) to support performance analysis of both the DSL applications and the DSL implementation. The implementation uses several new GHC features, including the GHC-Events Library and ThreadScope, develops two new performance analysis tools for DSL HdpH internals, i.e. Spark Pool Contention Analysis, and Registry Contention Analysis. We present a critical comparative evaluation of the host language profiling tools that we used (GHC-PPS and ThreadScope) with another recent functional profilers, EdenTV, alongside four important imperative profilers. This is the first report on the performance of functional profilers in comparison with well established industrial standard imperative profiling technologies. We systematically compare the profilers for usability and data presentation. We found that the GHC-PPS performs well in terms of overheads and usability so using it to profile the DSL is feasible and would not have significant impact on the DSL performance. We validate HdpHProf for functional correctness and measure its performance using six benchmarks. HdpHProf works correctly and can scale to profile HdpH programs running on up to 192 cores of a 32 nodes Beowulf cluster. We characterise the performance of HdpHProf in terms of profiling data size and profiling execution runtime overhead. It shows that HdpHProf does not alter the behaviour of the GHC-PPS and retains low tracing overheads close to the studied functional profilers; 18% on average. Also, it shows a low ratio of HdpH trace events in GHC-PPS eventlog, less than 3% on average. We show that HdpHProf is effective and efficient to use for performance analysis and tuning of the DSL applications. We use HdpHProf to identify performance issues and to tune the thread granularity of six HdpH benchmarks with different parallel paradigms, e.g. divide and conquer, flat data parallel, and nested data parallel. This include identifying problems such as, too small/large thread granularity, problem size too small for the parallel architecture, and synchronisation bottlenecks. We show that HdpHProf is effective and efficient for tuning the parallel DSL implementation. We use the Spark Pool Contention Analysis tool to examine how the spark pool implementation performs when accessed concurrently. We found that appropriate thread granularity can significantly reduce both conflict ratios, and conflict durations, by more than 90%. We use the Registry Contention Analysis tool to evaluate three alternatives of the registry implementations. We found that the tools can give a better understanding of how different implementations of the HdpH RTS perform.

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Moore, Christopher R. « PRODUCTION, EXCHANGE AND SOCIAL INTERACTION IN THE GREEN RIVER REGION OF WESTERN KENTUCKY : A MULTISCALAR APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF TWO SHELL MIDDEN SITES ». UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/130.

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The Green River region of western Kentucky has been a focus of Archaic period research since 1915. Currently, the region is playing an important role in discussions of Archaic hunter-gatherer cultural complexity. Unfortunately, many of the larger Green River sites contain several archaeological components ranging from the Early to Late Archaic periods. Understanding culture change requires that these multiple components somehow be sorted and addressed individually. Detailed re-analyses of Works Progress Administration (WPA) era artifact collections from two archaeological sites in the Green River region – the Baker (15Mu12) and Chiggerville (15Oh1) shell middens – indicate that these sites are relatively isolated Middle and Late Archaic components, respectively. The relatively unmixed character of Baker and Chiggerville makes these sites excellent candidates for evaluating aspects of complexity during the Archaic. After developing a theoretical basis for evaluating the relative complexity of the social organization of the Baker and Chiggerville site inhabitants on the basis of the material record they left behind, I employ detailed analyses of the bone, antler, and stone tools from these two sites to examine six microscalar aspects of complexity – technological organization, subsistence, specialization, leadership, communication networks, and exchange. These microscalar aspects of complexity all can be linked materially to the archaeological record of the Green River region and can be evaluated as proxies for changes in social organization among the hunter-gatherers who inhabited this region during the Middle and Late Archaic periods. Although the Baker assemblage indicated greater complexity in communication networks and certain proxies for leadership and technological organization, most indicators suggest that the Chiggerville site inhabitants were the more complexly organized group and were in the process of developing a tribal-like social formation. This research, therefore, tentatively supports the hypothesis of increasing complexity through time during the Archaic. However, marked differences in the technological strategies utilized by the Baker and Chiggerville site inhabitants indicates these groups may not have been historically related, thereby violating one of the primary assumptions of the project. If this alternative hypothesis is confirmed through additional research, then no conclusions concerning change through time can be derived from this study.

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Boore, Stacy M. « Epibiont Guilds as Paleoecological Tools in Environmental Analysis : An Example From Modern and Ordovician Shell Substrates ». Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1415355026.

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Morris, Paul Arthur Haydn. « “Their nerves were shot to shreds – our own weren’t too steady either.” Attitudes Towards Psychological Casualties in the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force, 1939 to 1945 ». Thesis, University of Canterbury. Humanities, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8035.

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Public memory of psychological casualties from the Great War and the Second World War has recalled men who were shunned and scorned by society and their peers. Using letters and diaries written contemporaneously within the two World Wars, and newspapers and official documents from the inter-war period, this paper examines the attitudes of Second World War New Zealand soldiers to those in their midst who were mentally injured by their experiences and unable to continue their duties. This research indicates that there was more compassion and sympathy from government agencies, the public and comrades of shell shock and anxiety neurosis victims, than has been indicated in existing historiography. The onset of shell shock during the Great War of 1914 to 1918, and how it entered the public sphere, influenced the attitudes of the men who, a generation later, were again going into battle. Social changes in New Zealand, both before and during the Second World War, are investigated to determine how they influenced the attitudes of the men of the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force during World War Two in comparison to those of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force of the Great War.

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O'loughlin, Benjamin. « Evaluation of Search and Rescue Planning Tools on the West Florida Shelf ». Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6557.

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The Coast Guard conducts over 20,000 search and rescue cases a year with approximately 5% of them occurring within the coastal waters of the West Florida Shelf (WFS). Each search effort is planned using the Coast Guard’s Search and Rescue Optimal Planning System (SAROPS) which uses model inputs to create composite probability distributions based on the results of Monte Carlo projections of thousands of particle trajectories. However, SAROPS is limited by the quality of model inputs and their associated errors. This study utilizes observations from three surface drifter deployments on the WFS to evaluate the effectiveness of available surface current models, including one model not currently in use by the Coast Guard. Additionally, the performance of high-frequency (HF) Radar observations is evaluated against the models. The HF Radar root-mean-square errors (RMSE) were found to be on the order of 10 cm/s, and a model created with objectively mapped HF Radar data was found to out-perform all available models. Additionally, a comparison of model skills (using a normalized Lagrangian separation method) showed the West Florida Coastal Ocean Model (WFCOM) to have better skill on both the inner and outer shelf regions of the WFS when compared to other models.

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Rieffer, Alan R. « Analyzing communication architectures using Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) modeling and simulation tools ». Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA350025.

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Thesis (M.S. in Systems Technology (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence Systems)) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1998.
Thesis advisor(s): John Osmundson, Donald Wadsworth. "June 1998." Includes bibliographical references (p. 241-242). Also available online.

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Spencer, Penelope Kathleen. « 'Remember you too shall die' : the Memento Mori in the discourse of death / ». Title page and preface only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ars745.pdf.

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Caseiro, João Filipe Moreira. « Numerical tools for isogeometric analysis in the nonlinear regime ». Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14089.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Mecânica
The present work deals with the development of robust numerical tools for Isogeometric Analysis suitable for problems of solid mechanics in the nonlinear regime. To that end, a new solid-shell element, based on the Assumed Natural Strain method, is proposed for the analysis of thin shell-like structures. The formulation is extensively validated using a set of well-known benchmark problems available in the literature, in both linear and nonlinear (geometric and material) regimes. It is also proposed an alternative formulation which is focused on the alleviation of the volumetric locking pathology in linear elastic problems. In addition, an introductory study in the field of contact mechanics, in the context of Isogeometric Analysis, is also presented, with special focus on the implementation of a the Point-to-Segment algorithm. All the methodologies presented in the current work were implemented in a in-house code, together with several pre- and post-processing tools. In addition, user subroutines for the commercial software Abaqus were also implemented.
O presente trabalho foca-se no desenvolvimento de ferramentas numéricas robustas para problemas não-lineares de mecânica dos sólidos no contexto de Análises Isogeométricas. Com esse intuito, um novo elemento do tipo sólido-casca, baseado no método das Deformações Assumidas, é proposto para a análise de estruturas do tipo casca fina. A formulação proposta é validada recorrendo a um conjunto de problemas-tipo disponíveis na literatura, considerando tanto regimes lineares como não-lineares (geométrico e de material). É ainda apresentada uma formulação alternativa para aliviar o fenómeno de retenção volumétrica para problemas em regime linear elástico. Adicionalmente, é apresentado um estudo introdutório da mecânica Do conta to no contexto de Análises Isogeométricas, dando especial ênfase ao algoritmo de Ponto-para-Segmento. As metodologias apresentadas no presente trabalho foram implementadas num código totalmente desenvolvido durante o de correr do mesmo, juntamente com diversas ferramentas para pré- e pós processamento. Foram ainda implementadas rotinas do utilizador para o software comercial Abaqus.

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Alegria, Carla Sofia Marques. « Heat shock and UV-C abiotic stress treatments as alternative tools to promote fresh-cut carrot quality and shelf-life ». Doctoral thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9266.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Abiotic stress treatments, heat shock (HS_100 ºC/45 s) and UV-C (0.1-5 kJ.m-2), and two passive modified atmosphere packaging conditions were evaluated under the hurdle concept as alternative approaches to the standard processing of fresh-cut carrot (FCC). The significant phenolic accumulation, via phenylalanine-ammonia lyase activation, showed to be independent on key factors contributing to raw material bioactivity, cultivar and crop season, but dependent on treatments intensity (HS_[100 ºC/45 s], UV-C_[2.5 kJ.m-2]) and on oxygen availability (>2%). The low decontamination efficiency of UV-C_[2.5 kJ.m-2] as single hurdle was similar (p>0.05) to that of sodium hypochlorite (<1 Log10 cycle in aerobic mesophilic microflora) and was responsible for FCC early sensorial rejection (<7 days), regardless packaging conditions. The simultaneous effects on microbiological control and reduced metabolic rates yielded by HS_[100 ºC/45 s] significantly contributed to the preservation of FCC sensorial quality allowing the full recovery (100%) of raw materials’ phenolic levels (≥5 days, 5 ºC), with no synergic effects in the combination with UV-C, resulting in FCC shelf-life extension by two-fold (14 days, 5 ºC) when using a bi-oriented polypropylene micro-perforated film
FCT

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Castro, Paullo Giovani Pereira [Verfasser]. « Semi-analytical tools for the analysis of laminated composite cylindrical and conical imperfect shells under various loading and boundary conditions / Paullo Giovani Pereira Castro ». Clausthal-Zellerfeld : Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1066715157/34.

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Ponnurangam, Adilah Ebrahim [Verfasser], Andrea [Akademischer Betreuer] Koschinsky, Andrea [Gutachter] Koschinsky, Michael [Gutachter] Bau, Jelle [Gutachter] Bijma et Thomas [Gutachter] Brey. « Trace Elements in Mussel Shells as potential Tools for Environmental Reconstructions / Adilah Ebrahim Ponnurangam ; Gutachter : Andrea Koschinsky, Michael Bau, Jelle Bijma, Thomas Brey ; Betreuer : Andrea Koschinsky ». Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1176808982/34.

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Murphy, Michael W., et Michael E. Barkenhagen. « The Sunset Supply Base long term COTS supportability, implementing affordable methods and processes ». Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1154.

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Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited.
This thesis represents a cross Systems Command (NAVSEA/NAVAIR) developed product. The product - the Sunset Supply Base (SSB) system - provides a complete system for addressing the risks and supportability issues involved with Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) products in Navy combat and support systems. The SSB system was implemented on three Navy combat weapon systems at various phases of the product development life cycle. The main body provides to the Program Management Offices (PMO) and other decision makers, a high level summary of performance expectations. Appendix A - The Sunset Supply Base Architecture - identifies at a high level of abstraction a collaborative architecture providing a roadmap for design and development of the SSB system. Appendix B - The Systems Engineering Development and Implementation (SEDI) plan - is a prescriptive or "How to" manual describing activities that have been used to successfully implement the SSB system. Appendix C - Business Case Analysis (BCA) - presents the data collected as a result of SEDI plan implementation then addresses the business/programmatic attributes showing the viability and value proposition possible through the SSB system. Appendix D - The Marketing Plan for the SSB system - defines methods and practices necessary to establish the SSB system as the alternative of choice.
Chemical Engineer, United States Navy
Systems Engineer, United States Navy

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Guo, De-Hau, et 郭德豪. « Design of Modular Automatic Telescopic Rack for Assembling Machine Tool Shell ». Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5av32s.

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碩士
崑山科技大學
機械工程研究所
107
With the development of the modularity of machine tools, the fixtures and auxiliary shelves for auxiliary manufacturing began to be applied to processing plants. The fixture and the shelf are applied to the main body of the machine tool. The fixture is non-recyclable in the processing plant, and the shelf is recyclable. The fixture is a common name for the processing plant, mainly acting on the machine tool. The connection and fixing of the outer casing body is also used for the connection between the main body of the machine tool casing and the exit shelf, and is a highly important functional requirement. Because the height of the main body of the machine tool is high, it must be fixed by the fixture, otherwise the main body of the machine tool casing will be deformed. However, when the main body of the machine tool casing is too high, there are many work problems, so it is necessary to rely on the jig and the shelf assistance. However, in the face of all kinds of machine tools and different customers in the machinery factory, it is necessary to design a variety of auxiliary fixtures and shelves to correspond to a variety of machines, relative to the processing plant, the cost of the fixture is relatively It began to rise because of the irreversibility of the jig. Therefore, a reusable jig design is necessary. After analyzing the problem of the jig, it is mainly found that the main problem of the jig is the length and length. After this inspiration, it is decided to use the principle of the automatic telescopic frame to redesign one. Reusable automatic telescopic fixture. This study analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the automatic telescopic frame patent; summarizes the design limitations of the automatic telescopic frame; re-uses the relationship between design, synthesis, and analysis, logical thinking, mechanical device innovation methods, and TRIZ techniques; using Solid Works To builds an automatic telescopic frame that is simple in structure, easy to install and maintain, and highly versatile.

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Liu, Ginn-Feng, et 劉進豐. « Development of a Tool Interpreter Subsystem for the GAS Generic Knowledge Acquisition Shell ». Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16462049301872435171.

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Carino, Emily V. « Underpotential deposition as a synthetic and characterization tool for core@shell dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles ». Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-3967.

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The synthesis and characterization of Pt core/ Cu shell (Pt@Cu) dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) having full and partial Cu shells deposited via electrochemical underpotential deposition (UPD) is described. Pt DENs containing averages of 55, 147, and 225 Pt atoms immobilized on glassy carbon electrodes served as the substrate for the UPD of a Cu monolayer. This results in formation of Pt@Cu DENs. Evidence for this conclusion is based on results from the analysis of cyclic voltammograms (CVs) for the UPD and stripping of Cu on Pt DENs, and from experiments showing that the Pt core DENs catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction before Cu UPD, but that after Cu UPD this reaction is inhibited. Results obtained by in-situ electrochemical X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) confirm the core@shell structure. Calculations from density functional theory (DFT) show that the first portion of the Cu shell deposits onto the (100) facets, while Cu deposits lastly onto the (111) facets. The DFT-calculated energies for Cu deposition on the individual facets are in good agreement with the peaks observed in the CVs of the Cu UPD on the Pt DENs. Finally, structural analysis of Pt DENs having just partial Cu shells by in-situ XAS is consistent with the DFT-calculated model, confirming that the Cu partial shell selectively decorates the (100) facets. These results are of considerable significance because site-selective Cu deposition has not previously been shown on nanoparticles as small as DENs. In summary, the application of UPD as a synthetic route and characterization tool for core@shell DENs having well defined structures is established. A study of the degradation mechanism and degradation products of Pd DENs is provided as well. These DENs consisted of an average of 147 atoms per dendrimer. Elemental analysis and UV-vis spectroscopy indicate that there is substantial oxidation of the Pd DENs in air-saturated solutions, less oxidation in N₂-saturated solution, and no detectable oxidation when the DENs are in contact with H₂. Additionally, the stability improves when the DEN solutions are purified by dialysis to remove Pd²⁺-complexing ligands such as chloride. For the air- and N₂-saturated solutions, most of the oxidized Pd recomplexes to the interiors of the dendrimers, and a lesser percentage escapes into the surrounding solution. The propensity of Pd DENs to oxidize so easily is a likely consequence of their small size and high surface energy. Calculations from density functional theory (DFT) show that the first portion of the Cu shell deposits onto the (100) facets, while Cu deposits lastly onto the (111) facets. The DFT-calculated energies for Cu deposition on the individual facets are in good agreement with the peaks observed in the CVs of the Cu UPD on the Pt DENs. Finally, structural analysis of Pt DENs having just partial Cu shells by in-situ XAS is consistent with the DFT-calculated model, confirming that the Cu partial shell selectively decorates the (100) facets. These results are of considerable significance because site-selective Cu deposition has not previously been shown on nanoparticles as small as DENs. In summary, the application of UPD as a synthetic route and characterization tool for core@shell DENs having well defined structures is established. A study of the degradation mechanism and degradation products of Pd DENs is provided as well. These DENs consisted of an average of 147 atoms per dendrimer. Elemental analysis and UV-vis spectroscopy indicate that there is substantial oxidation of the Pd DENs in air-saturated solutions, less oxidation in N2-saturated solution, and no detectable oxidation when the DENs are in contact with H2. Additionally, the stability improves when the DEN solutions are purified by dialysis to remove Pd2+-complexing ligands such as chloride. For the air- and N2-saturated solutions, most of the oxidized Pd recomplexes to the interiors of the dendrimers, and a lesser percentage escapes into the surrounding solution. The propensity of Pd DENs to oxidize so easily is a likely consequence of their small size and high surface energy.
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Campelo, Hugo Miguel Rodrigues. « FluSHELL - A Tool for Thermal Modelling and Simulation of Windings for Large Shell-Type Power Transformers ». Doctoral thesis, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/87928.

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Campelo, Hugo Miguel Rodrigues. « FluSHELL - A Tool for Thermal Modelling and Simulation of Windings for Large Shell-Type Power Transformers ». Tese, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/87928.

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ROMAGNOLI, FRANCESCA. « Risorse litiche e comportamento tecnico dei Neandertaliani : variabilità culturale e adattamento all’ambiente nel Salento – Raw materials and Neanderthal technical behaviour : cultural variability and adaptation to the environment in Salento (South Apulia) ». Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/965230.

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PhD research. International PhD at the PhD International School in Storia e Civiltà del Mondo Antico (History of the Ancient World - Prehistory) at the Università degli Studi di Firenze (Italy) and at the PhD School in Quaternari i Prehistòria (Quaternary and Prehistory) at the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (Tarragona, Spain). Apta cum laude with European mention.

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Schmid, Matthew. « Stochastic Lattice | A Generative Design Tool for Material Conscious Free Form Timber Surface Architecture ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6723.

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This thesis attempts to resolve the contradictory relationship between the ecological merits of wood construction and the significant material intensity of recent free form timber surface structures. The building industry is now adept in the design and construction of freeform surface architecture, however new challenges have been introduced with the environmentally conscious desire to build these structures in wood. Lacking the formal versatility of steel and concrete, wood introduces a great deal of difficulty in the realization of complex form at an architectural scale. Powerful digital design and fabrication tools have recently made it possible to model, analyze and construct these buildings, but at the cost of heavy structural solutions that involve energy intensive fabrication processes and significant material waste. This approach contradicts the ecological benefits of wood, and raises the question of whether it is possible to achieve free and expressive form in timber surface architecture while maintaining an economy of means and material. This question is addressed through the development of a generative design tool for the creation of material conscious free form timber surface architecture. The formation of the tool is informed by the field of computational morphogenesis, which draws from the natural growth processes of biological structures in the virtual synthesis of form. The tool is conceived as a morphogenetic material system, which consists of a generative algorithm that integrates material, structure and form in a single computational process. Specific material saving techniques deployed in the algorithm draw from existing research in timber shell design and material optimization. Established methods in the use of geodesic lines for the structural patterning of wood shells and stress driven material distribution make up the core concepts deployed in the algorithm. The material system is developed, refined and tested through the design and construction of an experimental free form timber lattice.

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Liang, Yu-Tai, et 梁育臺. « Human microRNA-Target interaction identification by integrating off-the-shelf prediction tools ». Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3vq83r.

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碩士
國立中興大學
基因體暨生物資訊學研究所
106
microRNA binds the target gene of message RNA to regulate the gene expression, and affects many biological process. So it’s important to understand accurately the relationship between the microRNA and target gene. So far, so many tools predict the binding of microRNA and target gene, but users are bothered by the problems that result from the different tools of prediction. In order to solve this problem, we developed the integration system miRgo. However, the amount and complexity of the raw data is high, so we establish the energy filter distribution function and use of extreme and intermediate distribution of information. We consider four different of combination of data to find the most representative data set, and use support vector machines algorithm to integrate eleven tools of prediction. The tool prediction of results are divided into six categories: binding energy, scoring function, binding type, evolution, sequence characteristics and structural. In addition to using minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance Feature Selection (mRMR) to promote performance, we proposed a new measurement function-CHL’s index to emphasize the ability of the prediction model to positive data. However, the independent testing set and analysis of Gene ontology gene annotation data found that accuracy of miRgo are better than other prediction tools. At least, an online web server is freely available at http://predictor.nchu.edu.tw/miRgo.

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Rocha, Pedro Ferrara Pires da. « Characterization of the sedimentary deposit of the Costa da Caparica inner shelf as a tool to support coastal management ». Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/15404.

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Currently 60% of the global population is concentrated in the coastal zone and 75% of the coast is dominated by sandy beaches, thus, the susceptibility of these environments to anthropogenic impact as coastal erosion increases is unquestionable. One common and effective measure for minimizing beach erosion, which has global appeal, is artificial sand nourishment. However, locating a good sediment borrow area especially inland, has become very difficult. Offshore sediments are identified as a good solution. Hence, this study had the objective to do the characterization and definition of sedimentary units of 12 cores (3 meters long each) located between the water depths of 21 m to 27 m of the offshore borrow area of Costa da Caparica, aiming to be used for beach nourishment. Mean grain-size, carbonate content, kurtosis, sorting, skewness and the textural composition are used to characterize and define the sedimentary units of each core. The 3 meters length cores were analyzed with a resolution of 25 cm. A multivariate statistical (PERMANOVA, MDS, Cluster, SIMPER and PCA) approach was used to support the definition of the sedimentary units. The results showed four different sedimentary units. The Unit 1 characterized by medium and fine sand, the Unit 2 by coarse sand, the Unit 3 by fine sand and the Unit 4 by fine and medium sand. Unit 2 is the most observed unit, followed by the units 1, 3 and 4. The PERMANOVA showed significant difference (p < 0,05) between the sedimentary units corroborating with the units definition. The PCA showed correlation to medium and coarse sand with the Units 1, 2 and 4 and to fine sand with the Unit 3. The borrow area shows 3 compatible sedimentary Units, the Unit 1, 2 and 4 which can be used in future nourishment projects in Costa da Caparica.
Atualmente 60% da população global está concentrada nas zonas costeiras e as praias arenosas representam 75% do ecossistema costeiro. Face à crescente ocupação urbana na zona costeira os impactos antrópicos nessas áreas como a atuação da erosão é inquestionável. Uma das abordagens globalmente utilizada para mitigar os impactos da erosão costeira é a alimentação artificial de praias. Entretanto as manchas de empréstimo continentais estão cada vez mais escassas e o sedimento da plataforma continental é pontuado como uma solução. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar e definir as unidades sedimentares da mancha de empréstimo da Costa da Caparica, localizada na plataforma continental interna de Portugal, com o intuito da utilização futura desse sedimento em projetos de alimentação artificial de praia. A concentração de carbonatos, média granulométrica, curtose, assimetria, calibragem do sedimento e percentagens das diferentes classes texturais foram utilizadas para caracterizar e definir as unidades sedimentares de cada testemunho. Os 12 testemunhos de 3 metros de comprimento cada, foram analisados com resolução de 25 cm. Para apoiar a definição das unidades sedimentares foi utilizada uma abordagem estatística multivariada (PERMANOVA, MDS, Cluster, SIMPER e PCA). Os resultados mostraram quatro unidades sedimentares. A Unidade 1, caracterizada por areia média e fina, a Unidade 2 por areia grossa, a Unidade 3 por areia fina e a Unidade 4 por areia fina e média. A unidade 2 é a mais observada, seguida pelas unidades 1, 3 e 4. A PERMANOVA mostrou diferença significativa (p <0,05) entre as unidades sedimentares. A PCA apresentou correlação de areia média e grossa com as Unidades 1, 2 e 4 e de areia fina com a Unidade 3. A área de empréstimo apresenta 3 Unidades sedimentares compatíveis, as Unidades 1, 2 e 4 que podem ser utilizadas para futuros projetos de alimentação de praia na Costa da Caparica.

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Wang, Yao-hsin, et 王耀新. « An Observation of theIndustrial Transformation in Yunlin Coastal Area-Taking the Art of Developing Oyster/Shell Fishing Tools as an Example ». Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90554780114464156653.

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Muirden, Sallie. « We too shall be mothers : her story, our story, history : feminism and postmodernism in the contemporary historical novel ». Thesis, 2001. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/18195/.

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This Master of Arts thesis is in two parts : a novel, We Too Shall Be Mothers, (WTSBM) and an exegesis which positions the novel in relation to several strands of contemporary theory and fiction. The novel is set during the French Revolution in the southern French city of Avignon and in Vienna, the capital of the Hapsburg Empire. WTSBM tells the story of a fictional nun, Marie-France, who leaves her Carmelite convent and embarks on a journey towards motherhood and fully sexualised adulthood. The exegesis contains three main strands of theorisation. First, it illustrates the profound influence of feminist psychoanalytic theory on WTSBM, but also argues that the novel reformulates and departs from specific aspects of the feminist psychoanalytic paradigm. Second, the exegesis argues that WTSBM can be classified as a 'postmodernist, revisionist, historical novel', which can be positioned alongside other postmodernist, historical literature. Third, the exegesis argues that WTSBM can be located within contemporary issues of feminist politics, particularly issues of gender, sexuality and relationship, which are also evident in Jeanette Winterson's The Passion (1987). The research material for this thesis has come from a range of sources. Primary sources include field visits to the European cities of Avignon and Vienna. Secondary sources include literary theory, novels, and newspaper reviews, as well as historical monographs and works of religious philosophy and autobiography.

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