Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Sharing City, Sharing Economy, Smart City, Governance »

This paper introduces an indicator system to measure and assess smart city readiness. Analyzing smart city initiatives in Iran as case studies, the theoretical framework we present reflects on how cities explore the possibility of becoming smart, and prepare themselves to begin implementing the transition towards becoming a smart city. This theoretical framework is then applied to four Iranian cities aspiring to become smart and that already possess credible smart city brands. The findings reveal that the most significant difficulty in Iran is associated with the political context. The changing urban governance model is the most important factor in Iranian smart cities’ readiness. Utilization of open data policies and data sharing, as well as making reforms in government structures are all considered a sine qua non to gain momentum. Based on the results of our empirical analysis a Theory of Change is developed to address the cities’ technological, socio-economic, and political readiness vis-à-vis the desired transition. The framework for measuring smart city readiness and the Theory of Change provide practical guidelines to developing systematic roadmaps for developing and implementing smart city policies.

This work discusses recent developments in sharing economy concepts and collaborative co-design technology platforms applied in districts and cities. These developments are being driven both by new technological advances and by increased environmental awareness. The paper begins by outlining the state of the art in smart technology platforms for collaborative urban design, highlighting a number of recent examples. The case of peer-to-peer trading platforms applied in the energy sector is then used to illustrate how sharing economy concepts and their enabling technologies can accelerate efforts towards more sustainable urban environments. It was found that smart technology platforms can encourage peer-to-peer and collaborative activity, and may have a profound influence on the future development of cities. Many of the research and development projects in this area to date have focused on demonstrations at the building, neighbourhood, and local community scales. Scaling these sharing economy platforms up to the city scale and beyond has the potential to provide a number of positive environment impacts. However, significant technical and regulatory barriers to wider implementation exist, and realising this potential will require radical new approaches to the ownership and governance of urban infrastructure. This paper provides a concise overview of the state of the art in this emerging field, with the aim of identifying the most promising areas for further research.

This research is motivated by the background of waste management in the city of Pekanbaru, where waste handling has not been optimally carried out. The waste problem can have an impact on social, economic, health and environmental aspects and even cause the greenhouse effect which is the cause of climate change. This condition is exacerbated by the government's inability to provide environmental management facilities, low awareness and participation of the community, involvement of the private sector, human resource issues, budget and compliance with regulations. Overcoming this, the Collaborative Governance process is carried out in creating a clean environment, this is a form of one of the pillars of the smart city of Pekanbaru City, namely smart living. The purpose of this research is to find out the process of collaborative governance in supporting smart living in the city of Pekanbaru. This study uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques in this study based on the results of interviews, observations, and documentation. While the data analysis technique consists of several stages, namely data transcription, categorization, verification, as well as interpretation and description. This research was conducted at the Pekanbaru City Environment and Sanitation Service and PT. PJB Ubjom Tenayanraya, Pekanbaru. The results of this study indicate that the collaborative governance process carried out is quite well implemented in an effort to handle waste management in Pekanbaru City based on the collaboration process cycle according to Ansel and Gash called face to face dialogue, building trust, building commitment, sharing understanding, and intermediate outcomes.

The development approach to creating smart cities focused on data collection and processing relies on the construction of an efficient digital infrastructure and a safe trading environment under the protection of legal governance. Thus, studying the role and improvement of legal authority in the construction of smart cities is vital. This study first described the digital economy index of 31 provinces in China from 2014 to 2020, and analyzed the function of the legal governance in the development of local smart cities based on the promulgation and implementation of regulations on smart cities in the same period. The results indicate that perfect central legislation can provide a safe and stable environment for smart cities, and there is a positive correlation between the number of local norms and the development of digital economy. However, the limitation in legislation and its implementation causes legal gray areas, which hamper the development of smart cities. After conducting text analysis on multiple legal documents, we identified that the most critical issues are data security issue, data alienation issue, public data opening, and sharing issue. To this end, we examined the role that legal governance plays in the smart cities of New York and London in a case-comparison approach. Overall, we proposed future coping mechanisms for legal governance in smart city construction, such as promoting multi-subject participation in formulating legal norms, changing the model before legal regulation, and using local legal norms to determine the scope and quality of government data disclosure. This study further filled the gap in the study of China’s smart cities from the legal system of risk identification and control, which could help regulatory bodies, policymakers, and researchers to make better decisions to overcome the challenges for developing sustainable smart cities.

Contemporary life is closely interconnected with numerous phenomena, which have appeared in our life in recent decades. The concepts of a smart city, digitalization of the economy, and the sharing economy are among them. These factors create new opportunities for businesses operating in modern markets. The article considers the sharing services in digital payment operations for achieving the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) of a smart city. The goal of the research is to determine the costs of sharing economy implementation in the financial sector of a smart city. The study takes the example of Rome’s experience. The authors consider KPIs selected by the municipality of Rome as a measure of smart city implementation and their provision by sharing services in financial operations. The authors specify the structure of the costs of shared financial services for a smart city and for Fintech companies operating with open banking, which is followed by the cost functions peculiar to these operations of Fintech companies. The authors demonstrate the point at which a Fintech company starts earning a positive profit on these services via operating leverage.

The article analyses the issue of Sharing and Collaborative Cities from a primarily methodological perspective. Starting from statistical data that confirm the constant growth of the urban population, and taking into account the major issues that affect urban policies (environment, inequalities, poverty), the author focuses on the different methodological approaches in the study of collaborative cities. Subsequently, an Italian case study is presented, which involves shared administration and the main implementation tools involved (Regulation of the management and regeneration of urban commons, including collaboration agreements). sharing city, collaborative city, smart city, cooperative economy, sharing economy, urban regeneration, urban commons, local government, city legal studies, urban public policies

The agenda for the sustainable development of society is one of the key issues that should be addressed at the global level. However, approaches to this problem can be profoundly different. Modern trends in the development of the digital economy open up new opportunities for solving these problems. A sharing economy focused on improving the efficiency of underutilized resources has a high potential for sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of sharing economy on sustainable development. The study analyzed the Sustainable Development Goals Report, the Sustainable Development Report, Timbro Sharing Economy Index, Sharing Economy Index, MD-SUTD Smart City Index Report. Data characterizing the sharing economy were examined at the country and city levels due to the specific features of the data. The study at the cross-country level revealed a weak link between sharing economy and sustainable development, which could be explained by the nature of the databases. City-level analysis focused on some aspects of sustainable development, including citizens’ assessment of waste processing services, as well as air pollution. Econometric analysis showed no connection between the sharing economy index and the analyzed indicators of sustainable development. At the same time, there is some correlation between the citizens’ assessment of sharing economy websites and applications which are designed for exchanging unnecessary things, and the above-mentioned parameters that characterize certain aspects of sustainable development. The study develops an econometric model which shows the nature of the impact of gross national income per capita and citizens' assessments of sharing economy websites and applications on the quality of waste processing services. The theoretical significance of the results obtained lies in providing more methodological tools for studying sharing economy. The practical significance lies in substantiating the heterogeneity of the impact of sharing economy on sustainable development.

The dissertation describes and investigates the collaborative practices and the governance model adopted by cities that choose the sharing and collaborative economy as frontier of experimentation to try to solve some of the main urban challenges in economic, environmental and social terms. The widespread dissemination of ICTs, among the other effects, is generating solutions more open, transparent and participatory, based on sharing and collaboration and voted to savings, money redistribution and socialization. More and more cities are wondering about the potential of the emerging new service models, reflecting on their organizational and cultural weight and on how to integrate them into existing regulatory frameworks without limit or stifle their development. The work starts from an in-depth analysis of the concept of sharing economy, given its innovative nature that makes difficult to find a clearly, established and shared definition. The research highlights its benefits, potentialities, weaknesses and limits trying to offer a better understanding of the phenomenon and an overview of its intrinsic features, what, who and how to share in the city. The second part is dedicated to the analysis of the city context that is better able to embrace this type of alternative economy. The focus is on the smart and slow nature of the so-called sharing cities, on its governance model and on the role of the public administrations, extensively discussed. The third part presents two cases of cities that in a well-shaped way are supporting sharing economy services and platforms and are promoting themselves as sharing cities: Milan in Italy and Seoul in South Korea. These cities adopted two different approaches: in Milan the reflection has emerged spontaneously from the bottom and has found in the public administration an attentive listener and a strong supporter; in Seoul the initial push came from the Mayor and his administration, that launched a wave of innovation that is generating a real ecosystem of sharing. Even if the city are different for culture, features and dimensions, the same rhetoric, labels, epistemic communities and strategies can be detected. The research was conducted adopting specific methodological tools: the analysis of the institutional and scientific materials and of other sources on the topic; the adoption of the participant observation’s approach in the study contexts; the administration of a questionnaire and the tool of the semi-structure interview to the key players of ‘Milan Sharing City’ and ‘Sharing City Seoul’. All these elements allowed retracing the origin of the process, its general framework, current outcomes and future possibilities. The dissertation aims to reconstruct the phenomenon in its constituent factors, given its recent insurgence, the momentum that is gaining and the lack of a mature scientific reflection on the topic. The ICTs penetration, the civil society engagement, the openness of the government, together with the emphasis on social innovation and the growing attention for the social economy, seem to be key ingredients to build a collaborative and sharing city. Local solutions adopted in the two cases study show the importance of the above ingredients and the absence of a “one-fit-all” solution. Instead, it is possible to build customized solutions, starting from the key ingredients, because the phenomenon allows to renegotiate with the local communities alternative governance practices more suitable for the context, and overcome established practices but less efficient.

Recent developments around the sharing economy bring to the fore questions of governability and broader societal Benefit-and subsequently the need to explore effective means of public governance, from nurturing, on the one hand, to restriction, on the other. As sharing is a predominately urban phenomenon in modern societies, cities around the globe have become both locus of action and central actor in the debates over the nature and organization of the sharing economy. However, cities vary substantially in the interpretation of potential opportunities and challenges, as well as in their governance responses. Building on a qualitative comparative analysis of 16 leading global cities, our findings reveal four framings of the sharing economy: "societal endangerment","societal enhancement", "market disruption", and "ecological Transition". Such framings go hand in hand with patterned governance responses: although there is considerable heterogeneity in the combination of public governance strategies, we find specific configurations of framings and public governance strategies. Our work reflects the political and ethical debates on various economic, social, and moral issues related to the sharing economy, and contrib-utes to a better understanding of the field-level institutional Arrangements-a prerequisite for examining moral behavior of sharing economy organizations.

The purpose of our thesis was to examine citizens' attitude in a smaller city to new digital innovations, specifically autonomous vehicles and carpools, as well as opinions about citizens' participation. Through a web-based questionnaire, which was distributed on social media, as well as a discussion group on Facebook, an understanding was formed about the human acceptance, motivation factors, views and mobility habits. This was then analyzed to create an understanding of how a citizen dialogue should be conducted in social media. In line with this, we examined whether connections regarding human acceptance of new digital innovations can be affected, depending on how the dialogue is conducted and how much information the citizens are provided with. The result showed a clear relationship between knowledge and attitude, where a little knowledge created a more negative opinion. Other interesting discoveries that were identified, were that people see both problem areas and opportunities with a more digitized society. We also found how the respondents wanted increased participation, and that citizens' views are taken into account and have a clear impact on urban development. Finally, we conclude that the degree of citizens' participation and how the dialogue is conducted, shape their acceptance and understanding of changes in society and mobility solutions. The research area on human acceptance, participation and dialogue on autonomous vehicles and carpools is an emerging area of research. This means that the essay is exploratory which can enable further and more in-depth research.
Syftet med vår uppsats var att undersöka medborgare i en mindre stads inställning till nya digitala innovationer, specifikt autonoma fordon och bilpooler, samt åsikter kring medborgares delaktighet. Genom ett webbaserat frågeformulär, som distribuerades på sociala medier, samt en diskussionsgrupp på Facebook, bildades uppfattning kring människans acceptans, motivationsfaktorer, synpunkter och mobilitetsvanor. Sedan analyserades detta för att skapa en förståelse kring hur en medborgardialog bör föras i sociala medier. I linje med det undersöktes även samband om människans acceptans till nya digitala innovationer påverkas, beroende på hur dialogen förs och hur mycket information medborgarna tillhandahålls. Resultatet visade en tydlig relation mellan kännedom och inställning, där en liten kännedom skapade en mer negativ åsikt. Andra intressanta upptäckter som identifierades var att människor ser både problemområden och möjligheter med ett mer digitaliserat samhälle. Vi fann även att respondenterna önskade en ökad inkludering, samt att medborgares synpunkter beaktas och har en tydlig påverkan inom stadsutveckling. Avslutningsvis drar vi slutsatsen att graden av medborgarnas delaktighet och hur dialogen förs, formar deras acceptans samt förståelse för samhällsomställningar och mobilitetslösningar. Forskningsområdet kring människans acceptans, delaktighet och dialog kring autonoma fordon och bilpooler är ett växande undersökningsområde. Det gör att uppsatsen är explorativ vilket kan möjliggöra ytterligare och en mer djupgående forskning.

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Information Management, specialization in Geographic Information Systems
There has been an exponential growth of cities in the last decade. Rural to urban migration are occurring at an unprecedented level. This is partly because cities serve as hubs of innovation offering numerous economic opportunities. However, this growth comes with its unique challenges some of which include strained mobility, pollution, growth of slums etc. The “smart cities” concept aims to address this with increased efficiency using a unique combination of data and technology in every aspect of the city. Even though it is believed that the smart cities concept inherently incorporates sustainability or ultimately leads to a more sustainable city, not all smart city concepts are aligned with sustainability targets. In this research, we provide a more holistic view studying the relationship between a “smart city” and a “sustainable city”. We conceptualised a framework to measure the connection between technology and environmental sustainability and categorised European cities based on this relationship. We provide a concise and clearer understanding of the drivers of the use of technology through the sharing economy to foster sustainability in cities by citizens. Using a weighting and meta-analysis of adoption theories, we laid the foundation for additional hypothesises which researchers can evaluate in future smart sustainable cities assessment studies and provided interesting insights for city councils and governments pushing for a citizen adoption of sustainable practices within their administrative boundaries. Lastly, we rank European capital cities based on how smart and sustainable they are using a composite index based on publicly available data. We also carried out a sensitivity analysis and validation study of our results.

Motivated by the imbalance between demand (i.e., passenger requests) and supply (i.e., available vehicles) in the ride-hailing market and severe traffic congestion faced by modern cities, this dissertation aims to improve the efficiency of the sharing economy by building an agent-based methodological framework for optimal decision-making of distributed agents (e.g., autonomous shared vehicles), including passenger-seeking and route choice. Furthermore, noticing that city planners can impact the behavior of agents via some operational measures such as congestion pricing and signal control, this dissertation investigates the overall bilevel problem that involves the decision-making process of both distributed agents (i.e., the lower level) and central city planners (i.e., the upper level). First of all, for the task of passenger-seeking, this dissertation proposes a model-based Markov decision process (MDP) approach to incorporate distinct features of e-hailing drivers. The modified MDP approach is found to outperform the baseline (i.e., the local hotspot strategy) in terms of both the rate of return and the utilization rate. Although the modified MDP approach is set up in the single-agent setting, we extend its applicability to multi-agent scenarios by a dynamic adjustment strategy of the order matching probability which is able to partially capture the competition among agents. Furthermore, noticing that the reward function is commonly assumed as some prior knowledge, this dissertation unveils the underlying reward function of the overall e-hailing driver population (i.e., 44,000 Didi drivers in Beijing) through an inverse reinforcement learning method, which paves the way for future research on discovering the underlying reward mechanism in a complex and dynamic ride-hailing market. To better incorporate the competition among agents, this dissertation develops a model-free mean-field multi-agent actor-critic algorithm for multi-driver passenger-seeking. A bilevel optimization model is then formulated with the upper level as a reward design mechanism and the lower level as a multi-agent system. We use the developed mean field multi-agent actor-critic algorithm to solve for the optimal passenger-seeking policies of distributed agents in the lower level and Bayesian optimization to solve for the optimal control of upper-level city planners. The bilevel optimization model is applied to a real-world large-scale multi-class taxi driver repositioning task with congestion pricing as the upper-level control. It is disclosed that the derived optimal toll charge can efficiently improve the objective of city planners. With agents knowingwhere to go (i.e., passenger-seeking), this dissertation then applies the bilevel optimization model to the research question of how to get there (i.e., route choice). Different from the task of passenger-seeking where the action space is always fixed-dimensional, the problem of variable action set emerges in the task of route choice. Therefore, a flow-dependent deep Q-learning algorithm is proposed to efficiently derive the optimal policies for multi-commodity multi-class agents. We demonstrate the effect of two countermeasures, namely tolling and signal control, on the behavior of travelers and show that the systematic objective of city planners can be optimized by a proper control.

La tesi vuole focalizzarsi sull'interdipendenza tra le nuove pratiche di consumo che emergono all'interno del paradigma della Sharing Economy, e le politiche della Smart city, unite allo sviluppo delle ICT. Attraverso un approccio di ricerca allo stesso tempo teorico ed empirico, l'obiettivo è di mettere al centro le persone all'interno dei discorsi sulle città intelligenti. Attraverso un'analisi ad ampio raggio sugli utenti di servizi di "Sharing mobility" (intesi come servizi "smart"), l'obiettivo della ricerca è stato indagare a vari livelli l'universo dei bisogni e dei valori a cui questi attingono e l'impatto sugli stili di vita e di mobilità. Partendo dagli utilizzatori finali di questi servizi di Smart mobility, è stato possibile comparare il profilo dell'utenza con il profilo delle "Smart People" così come delineato nei discorsi istituzionali, accademici e delle corporate all'interno delle differenti visioni di Smart city.La città è oggi, più di sempre, il luogo del cambiamento, della rivoluzione dell’abitare e del consumare, dei nuovi movimenti sociali urbani. Basti pensare al movimento #occupy, alle forme di autogestione degli spazi culturali (si pensi ai tanti spazi occupati come teatri, cinema, etc.), ai GAS (gruppi di acquisto solidale), alle iniziative dal basso di sensibilizzazione sui temi della sostenibilità ambientale e mobilità sostenibile, e a favore dell’interculturalità e accoglienza degli immigrati. La città è il luogo di hackaton, fiere ed eventi internazionali, invasa dai maker come dai cosplayer, in un flusso continuo di riappropriazione e risemantizzazione degli spazi, che vede nella condivisione di conoscenza e idee (ma anche di beni e servizi) uno dei suoi valori fondanti. Lo studio di questi fenomeni sociali deve interessarci, dobbiamo in qualche modo interpretarne le motivazioni e canalizzare queste spinte dal basso, coglierne le connessioni, affinché esse vengano incluse e integrate come fattore strategico in un una nuova visione di città. L’importanza di uno sguardo sociologico pervade questa ricerca:  I Parte - "Urban places, electronic spaces and human activities": l'obiettivo è comprendere la città per come si mostra oggi, ovvero nella sua notevole e crescente complessità, passando in rassegna le caratteristiche degli organismi urbani per come essi si mostrano, luogo di contraddizioni e libertà, diritti e costrizioni. La città è il luogo della cittadinanza e di una nuova “abitanza precaria” vissuta in modo sempre più fluido tra gli spazi dei flussi e quelli dei luoghi.  II Parte - "Beyond the definition of Smart city: finding Smart People": si utilizza un approccio basato sull’importanza della centralità delle “persone” al fine di analizzare il concetto di Smart city per come si è prodotto nei discorsi istituzionali, corporativi e accademici. Inoltre sono stati utilizzati gli strumenti teoretici emersi nell’ambito delle scienze sociali per comprendere e teorizzare il fenomeno della Smart city e soprattutto per provare a definire chi sono le Smart People.  III Parte - "An Evaluation of people smartness: research design, methods and perspectives": viene proposta una ricerca empirica che vuole porsi come base per ricerche future e nuove riflessioni metodologiche, ancora scarse nelle scienze sociali rispetto a questo fenomeno. Attraverso l’individuazione di un “servizio smart” (nello specifico: i servizi di sharing mobility) si è tentato di analizzare il profilo degli utilizzatori che abbiamo definito “persone smart” per distinguerle dalle Smart people, ovvero il modello ideologizzato e idealizzato proposto dalle istituzioni, dalle corporate e dall’accademia. Le evidenze della ricerca esplorativa condotta attraverso una web survey hanno confermato che è importante partire dalle pratiche per comprendere le dinamiche simboliche e comportamentali delle persone. E’ emerso il profilo degli “Smart city user” nel tentativo di affrancare la visione delle persone che realmente hanno comportamenti smart dall’idealtipo di Smart people costruito a monte nelle narrazioni sulle Smart city. La spinta conoscitiva di questa tesi, e probabilmente il suo obiettivo e merito scientifico principale, è stata proporre un focus sulle persone, nell’ambito di ricerca sulle Smart city. Dopo una disamina della letteratura scientifica prodotta sul tema il percorso si è fatto volutamente più esplorativo e ha condotto a: 1. Comprendere qual è il “modello”, il “progetto”, di persone (Smart people) che la visione urbana sottesa alla Smart city definisce o che vorrebbe contribuire a costruire (attraverso le narrazioni e le attuazioni, ovvero le iniziative implementate); 2. Individuare, da una prospettiva teoretica, le diverse spinte culturali e i fenomeni sociali che stanno dietro all’idea di Smart people (così come emerge dai discorsi istituzionali, delle corporate e accademici); 3. Promuovere (cogliendone le opportunità e potenzialità, quanto la necessità) nuovi obiettivi di ricerca sociale in grado di: a. Riabilitare la presenza delle persone (siano esse smart o meno) nella visione, nella costruzione identitaria, di un nuovo modello di città; b. Proporre una prospettiva human-centred di progettazione dei servizi, che permetta di considerare gli effettivi bisogni delle persone e abbattere le barriere che creano esclusione; c. Analizzare le pratiche di azione urbana bottom-up (iniziative e progetti “smart” provenienti dai cittadini-abitanti), in modo da comprenderne l’universo di valori a cui fanno riferimento i “comportamenti sostenibili”; Ma ha senso parlare di Smart city? La maggior parte dei problemi urbani sono sociali, come la povertà, le discriminazioni, la disuguaglianza, il crimine e la marginalità, problematiche molto spesso esacerbate da certe strategie politiche ed economiche. Una risoluzione di questi tratti critici non sembra poter provenire solamente dall’implementazioni di soluzioni tecnologiche, anche le più innovative e sofisticate. Il modello “Smart city” si pone come risposta a questa complessità e a questi problemi, ma, come si è già sottolineato, finisce per non risolverli ma con il perpetuare (sebbene in forme diverse), disuguaglianze e disparità. La mancanza di interesse, da parte delle istituzioni, nell’includere effettivamente i cittadini in un processo decisionale davvero democratico, e l’assenza di un loro reale coinvolgimento, partecipazione e controllo negli Smart city project, ha portato ad aspre critiche al modello Smart city (Holland, 2015). I limiti della smartness, così come intesa nel discorso sulle smart city, come abbiamo visto sono proiettati di riflesso sulle Smart People. È possibile considerare un’alternativa, ovvero un nuovo di pensare la “smartness” (sia in riferimento alla città che alle persone) oltre alle forme che sono emerse fino ad oggi? Una narrazione alternativa è possibile se si è pronti a dare voce ai discorsi delle persone che le città le abitano, le vivono, le consumano, ne rimescolano le dimensioni simboliche e spaziali attraverso le loro pratiche quotidiane. Bisogna ripartire dalle pratiche, dai progetti, dagli esperimenti di successo o innescati da iniziative dal basso, per capirne le logiche e creare un discorso alternativo a quelli portati avanti finora dalle istituzioni, dalle corporation e dal mondo accademico. Questa operazione è possibile all’interno stesso del “paradigma” Smart city una volta che si sono comprese le sue dinamiche economiche, politiche e di potere, ma anche le sue potenzialità. Qual è, dunque, il vero valore del concetto di Smart city? La sua vera portata innovativa, ci verrebbe da dire, è che essa non è affatto una novità: la visione che disegna non è stata introdotta ex abrupto da chi l’ha progettata e/o definita. Quello che è paradigmatico nella Smart city è la capacità di aggregare, riorganizzare, mettere a sistema, riunire, risemantizzare e far incontrare/scontrare concetti e paradigmi preesistenti (Marciano, 2015). Ogni tipo di narrazione prodotta sulla smart city, sia essa istituzionale, corporativa, accademica o critica, evidenzia il bisogno, se non la necessità, di un nuovo paradigma urbano alla luce di alcuni processi in atto: l’aumento della popolazione nelle aree urbane, l’eccessivo sfruttamento delle risorse ambientali, l’aumento delle diseguaglianze sociali. Di sicuro i driver del cambiamento sono le persone: con le loro scelte politiche, di consumo, di mobilità, di stili di vita. Una delle frasi che ho ascoltato e letto più frequentemente in questi anni è “Le Smart City le fanno le Smart People”, oppure “Non ci sono Smart City senza Smart Citizen”; il tentativo di questa ricerca è di affermare in modo più consapevole che è ora di partire dalle persone, di capire chi sono coloro che cambieranno, o forse stanno già cambiando, il volto delle città.

Im Fokus der Dissertation steht die Erforschung nachhaltiger Effekte durch Informationssysteme, insbesondere Ansatzpunkte zur Nachhaltigkeitstransformation der Gesellschaft durch Methoden und Artefakte der Green Information Systems (Green IS). Als Green IS werden sozio-technische Informationssysteme bezeichnet, die neben wirtschaftlichen Kriterien der ressourceneffizienten Bereitstellung von Informationen, der Koordination und Kommunikation auch die ökologische und soziale Dimension gemäß der „Triple Bottom Line“ (Drei-Säulen-Modell der nachhaltigen Entwicklung) adressieren. Der Anwendungsbereich von Green IS liegt auf der Reduktion von Umweltbelastungen und der Bewältigung komplexer Umweltherausforderungen durch sozio-technische Informationssysteme. Neben Forschungsthemen der (Wirtschafts-)Informatik und der Wirtschaftswissenschaften werden Bereiche der Psychologie und Sozialwissenschaften zu Fragen der digitalen Nachhaltigkeitstransformation, der Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung sowie Akzeptanzforschung behandelt. Aufgrund der Komplexität und Vielschichtigkeit des Themas wird ein multimethodischer Forschungsansatz verfolgt, indem sowohl qualitative als auch quantitative Methoden zum Einsatz kommen. Die zentralen Forschungsfragen lauten dabei wie folgt: FF1. Welchen Beitrag können Green IS auf Makro- und Meso-Ebene zur Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung leisten und welchen Reifegrad weisen sie auf? FF2. Inwiefern können digitale Geschäftsmodelle zur unternehmerischen und gesellschaftlichen Nachhaltigkeitstransformation beitragen? FF3. Kann durch gezieltes Nachhaltigkeitsmarketing die Akzeptanz von Green IS in der Gesellschaft gefördert werden? Gemäß der Design Science Research werden Verfahren zur Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung für Smart City Mobilitätsstrategien und betriebliche Umweltinformationssysteme (BUIS) des produzierenden Gewerbes konstruiert. Es wird ein Prototyp zum webbasierten Benchmark solcher Smart City Initiativen realisiert. Das entwickelte Geschäftsprozessmodell zeigt auf, inwiefern eine Transformation zur Plattformorganisation im Rahmen von Open Innovation für Industriebetriebe erfolgreich gelingen kann. Die quantitativen Erhebungen zeigen auf, das vor allem hochpreisige Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (IKT) für Geschäftsmodelle der Sharing Economy geeignet ist sowie, dass die Akzeptanz nachhaltiger IKT in der Gesellschaft bereits insbesondere bei Zugehörigen des "Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability" (LOHAS) vorhanden ist und der weiteren Förderung durch geeignete Verbraucher-Symbole bedarf.

La società attuale appare sempre più vulnerabile, incerta, complessa e ambigua ed in questo contesto aumenta la necessità di creare efficienti ed efficaci ecosistemi per la promozione locale della qualità della vita e dell’innovazione sociale. Il volume propone un excursus delle principali pratiche e politiche innovative che stanno accompagnando lo sviluppo urbano. Ogni saggio approfondisce un ambito di interesse – qualità della vita, innovazione sociale e sharing economy, smart city, mobilità urbana, nuovi luoghi del lavoro, abitare condiviso, eHealth, sicurezza urbana, giovani e turismo, food policy, innovazione didattica e amministrazione condivisa – offrendo una panoramica di riferimento per lo studio, la progettazione e l’implementazione di nuove strategie di intervento e politiche pubbliche. Il testo è rivolto a studenti, docenti, operatori che lavorano a vario livello in settori del sociale.

Abstract Privacy is a distinguishing feature of large, cosmopolitan cities whose rising economic and political power calls for new understanding of federalism in the digital age. This chapter explores how the empirically studied link between privacy and big cities translates into a normative commitment to diversity and receives legal expression in varying privacy protections across North-American and European cities. The examples the chapter focuses on are taken from the context of census data, the Equifax credit score, and Facebook data breaches as well as public–private agreements between administrative agencies, and between the public and private sector in the provision of broadband internet, in the shared economy, and in mega smart city projects. The complex picture that emerges from this analysis shows how cities undertake two distinctive roles that might come into conflict: that of privacy activists and of data stewards. As privacy activists, city attorney generals, particularly in the United States, litigate against the state to protect the personal information of vulnerable migrant city dwellers but are also on the forefront of litigation against private companies that might compromise privacy. Publicly spirited, such action on behalf of various cities is not devoid of commercial interest in the face of growing demand for urban infrastructure. As data stewards however, cities might sidestep the public interest altogether—as arguably happened in the case of Toronto Waterfront in Canada and in Barcelona, Spain where rhetoric prevailed over action. This chapter argues that to optimize data privacy but also data sharing in the public interest constitutional recognition for city power should come with the reckoning of the legal mechanism of data trusts as an independent broker between the City and its urban dwellers.

In the United Kingdom, major investments have been made in e-government in order to modernize government and improve the efficiency and quality of public services. It has been claimed that these changes herald a “new era of digital governance”. The management of the vast majority of public services in the United Kingdom takes place at local and regional levels and provision at this level has a key role in “joining-up services” through greater information sharing and multi-agency working. This chapter examines these developments with reference to a study of the procurement of a software system by a city council, an experiment in multi-agency working to provide services to children, and the introduction of a regional smart card. It is argued that if such innovations are to have outcomes consistent with the claims of the digital governance thesis, then the relationship between technological and organizational change will need to be re-thought.

Smart cities utilise technological and digital solutions to resolve urban issues, to enhance accessibility of services, and increase the quality of life (ASEAN, 2018). In 2018, Singapore leveraged its ASEAN presidency to initiate the ASEAN Smart Cities Network to develop a collaborative forum to improve translation of smart technologies between ASEAN cities by exploring potential synergies and complementarities, developing tailored action plans and sharing best practices. However, the translation, adoption and implementation of technologies across unique geographical, developmental and governance contexts vary substantially (Taeihagh, 2017). Without sufficiently understanding these variations, the translation process will likely fail. To understand these variations and their implications for city governance, we seek to unpack the different institutional forces that shape the adoption and implementation of such technologies. The paper aims therefore to identify key aspects of urban governance that guide the adoption and implementation of smart city technologies, by questioning (1) the drivers for smart city adoption, (2) the origin of policy ideas, (3) the factors hindering or facilitating their local translation, and (4) the impact of smart city development on city-level governance. This paper is part of an ongoing research on smart cities in Indonesia.