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1
Barley, Stephen A. On the characterisation and interrogation of shape. Birmingham : University of Birmingham, 1992.
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2
Patrikalakis, Nicholas M., et Takashi Maekawa. Shape Interrogation for Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04074-0.
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1953-, Maekawa Takashi, dir. Shape interrogation for computer aided design and manufacturing. Heidelberg : Springer, 2010.
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Shape Interrogation for Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing. Springer, 2009.
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Takashi Maekawa,Nicholas M. Patrikalakis. Shape Interrogation for Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing. Springer, 2010.
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Shape Interrogation for Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (Mathematics and Visualization). Springer, 2002.
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7
Moore, Helen. The Shapes of Romance in the Renaissance. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.66.
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The early modern period is often characterized as a time of energetic reshapings in literature, religion, and culture. Starting from the premise that the interrogation and reshaping of human subjects is also one of the key enterprises of late medieval and early modern romance, this article analyzes what Caxton might have meant in ascribing “humanyté” to Malory’sMorte Darthurand considers some of the re-formations practised on human “shapes,” or bodies, in Sidney’sArcadiaand Lodge’sRosalynd. It argues that romance’s exploration of the human, particularly the malleability of body and mind, facilitates the transformation of its own generic “shape.”
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Papanikolaou, Aristotle, et George E. Demacopoulos, dir. Fundamentalism or Tradition. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823285792.001.0001.
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Tradition, secularization and fundamentalism—all three categories are contested, yet in their contestation, they shape our sensibilities and are mutually implicated, the one with the others. The discussion around the mutually implicated meanings of the “secular” and “fundamentalism” bring to the foreground more than ever, and in a way unprecedented in the pre-modern context, the question of what it means to think and live as Tradition. The Orthodox theologians of the twentieth century, in particular, have always emphasized Tradition not as a dead letter but as a living presence of the Holy Spirit. But how can we discern when Tradition as living discernment is not fundamentalism? And what does it mean to think as a Tradition and live in Tradition when surrounded by something like the “secular”? The essays in this volume continue both the interrogation of the categories of the “secular” and “fundamentalism,” all the while either implicitly or explicitly exploring ways of thinking about tradition in relation to these interrogations. In this interrogation, however, one witnesses a consensus that whatever the secular or fundamentalism may mean, it is not Tradition, which is historical, particularistic, in motion, ambiguous and pluralistic, while simultaneously not being relativistic. If the wider debates about the secular and fundamentalism seem interminable and often frustrating, perhaps the real contribution of those discussions is a clearer sense of what it means to live and think like—to be as Tradition.
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Sanders, Rebecca. The Politics of Plausible Legality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870553.003.0001.
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After 9/11, the Bush administration and, to a lesser degree, the Obama administration authorized controversial interrogation, detention, trial, lethal targeting, and surveillance practices. At the same time, American officials frequently invoked legal norms to justify these policies. This chapter introduces the book’s central questions: how can we make sense of these attempts to legalize human rights abuses and how does law influence state violence? As initially outlined in this chapter, the book argues that national security legal cultures shape how political actors interpret, enact, and evade legal rules. In the global war on terror, a culture of legal rationalization pushed American authorities to construct plausible legality, or legal cover for contentious counterterrorism policies. This culture contrasts with cultures of exception and cultures of secrecy, which have shaped American national security practice in the past, as well as a culture of human rights favored by many international law and human rights advocates.
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Hall, Lucy B., Anna L. Weissman et Laura J. Shepherd, dir. Troubling Motherhood. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190939182.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In global politics, women’s bodies are policed, objectified, surveilled, and feared, with particular attention paid to both their met or unmet procreative potential. By illuminating and interrogating representations and narratives of maternity, this volume shows how practices of global politics shape and are shaped by the gendered norms and institutions that underpin motherhood. The guiding theoretical idea in this volume is that motherhood matters in global politics. However - as with so many political phenomena coded ‘female’ in the binary cognitive architectures of the West - the diverse ways in which performances and practices of motherhood are constituted by and are constitutive of other dimensions of political life they are frequently obscured or assumed to be of little interest to scholars, policy makers, and practitioners. Featuring innovative and diverse interrogations of the politics of motherhood as an institution, this collection shows that maternality is troubled, complicated, and heterogeneous in global politics and thus performances and practices of motherhood warrant closer and more sustained scrutiny.
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Streete, Adrian. Drama. Sous la direction de Andrew Hiscock et Helen Wilcox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672806.013.10.
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During the early modern period, doctrinal debate was at the forefront of intellectual and political life. The interrogation of religious ideology on stage often provoked controversy and reaction. Playwrights responded to, but also attempted to shape, these religious debates. I argue that periodic attempts by the authorities to ‘reform’ the stage were only partially successful. Paradoxically, however, the incompletion of these efforts were deeply generative for dramatists, opening up a wide range of aesthetic possibilities that were exploited throughout the period. The second part of this chapter examines some of these possibilities in more detail, and in light of the ‘turn to religion’ in recent scholarship, looks in particular at drama and the Bible, and the exploration of various religious passions on stage.
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Kama, Amit, et Sigal Barak-Brandes. Feminist Interrogations of Women's Head Hair : Crown of Glory and Shame. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Kama, Amit, et Sigal Barak-Brandes. Feminist Interrogations of Women's Head Hair : Crown of Glory and Shame. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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14
Bross, Kristina. Future History. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190665135.001.0001.
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Future History analyzes English and American writings that imagine England on a global stage well before England became an empire or the United States became a global power. Through close readings, historical contextualization, application of archival theory, and careful speculation, the book traces the ways that English and American writers imagined the East Indies and the West Indies as interconnected. The book argues that the earliest expressions of an American or English worldview were born colonial, conceived at the margins of a rising empire, not in its metropolis, and that a wider variety of agents than we have previously understood—Algonquian converts, “reformed” Catholics, enslaved women in the spice trade, Protestant dissidents, West Indian maroons—helped shape that worldview. In order to recover these voices and experiences, so often overwritten or ignored, the book combines more traditional methodologies of literary analysis and historicization with an interrogation of the structures of the archives in which early writings have been preserved. The chapters taken together describe a particular global (East Indies–West Indies) literary history, while the codas, taken as a separate sequence, demonstrate how a “slant” view on literary history that is asynchronous and at times anachronistic affords a new and more inclusive view of the worlding of the English imagination in the seventeenth century.
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Starke, Michal. A Note on Kim’s Korean Question Particles Seen as Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0004.
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Kim (2011) observes that particles marking Korean clauses as interrogatives have the same shape as second person pronouns and proposes that this is because the particles are the addressee of a performative projection at the top of interrogative clauses. This chapter shows that this neat generalization is naturally implemented by phrasal spellout (and its Superset Theorem), including the fact that in some dialects the shape of some particles drift away from pronouns.
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Sanders, Rebecca. Plausible Legality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870553.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
After 9/11, American officials authorized numerous contentious counterterrorism practices including torture, extraordinary rendition, indefinite detention, trial by military commission, targeted killing, and mass surveillance. While these policies sparked global outrage, the Bush administration defended them as legally legitimate. Government lawyers produced memoranda deeming enhanced interrogation techniques, denial of habeas corpus, drone strikes, and warrantless wiretapping lawful. Although it rejected torture, the Obama administration made similar claims and declined to prosecute abuses. This book seeks to understand how and why Americans repeatedly legally justified seemingly illegal security policies and what this tells us about the capacity of law to constrain state violence. It argues that legal cultures shape how political actors interpret, enact, and evade legal norms. In the global war on terror, a culture of legal rationalization encouraged authorities to seek legal cover—to construct the plausible legality of human rights violations—in order to ensure impunity for wrongdoing. In this context, law served as a permissive constraint, enabling abuses while imposing some limits on what could be plausibly legalized. Cultures of legal rationalization stand in contrast with other cultures prevalent in American history, including cultures of exception, which rely on logics of necessity and racial exclusion, and cultures of secrecy, which employ plausible deniability. Looking forward, legal norms remain vulnerable to manipulation and evasion. Despite the efforts of human rights advocates to encourage deeper compliance, the normalization of post-9/11 policy has created space for the Trump administration to promote a renewed culture of exception and launch bolder attacks on the rule of law.
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Hitlin, Steven, et Sarah K. Harkness. A Primer on Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465407.003.0002.
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One of sociology’s biggest contributions is an interrogation of broad social structures, including the consequences and continuation of social inequalities. We begin by setting the stage for the overall project by outlining issues of economic inequality across societies. We discuss some of the ramifications inequality has within a society, including how inequality becomes internalized and shapes beliefs about right, wrong, and possible futures for people in these systems. We will conclude with some prominent ideas that link structure, culture, and the individual often captured in the notion of “structuration.”
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Archer, Harriet. Baldwin’s Mirror, 1554–1610. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806172.003.0002.
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The first chapter explores the development of the original collection of Mirror complaints in the voices of late medieval kings and rebels, sometimes known as ‘Baldwin’s Mirror’, from its suppression under Mary I, through its Elizabethan metamorphoses, to its final Jacobean iteration. The chapter aims to reframe discussion of the text together with its recensions, to effect a holistic analysis of the work’s reception and adaptation, instead of perpetuating the structural antagonism between phases in the corpus’s expansion. In particular, it addresses the editorial alterations made during the 1570s, the apex of the collection’s popularity, which shaped the direction in which later additions would develop, and the ways in which the complaints added in 1578, 1587, and 1610 build on Baldwin’s interrogation of historiographical transmission and unreliability.
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Bivins, Jason C. Belief. Sous la direction de Michael Stausberg et Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.35.
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Belief is a central shaping category in the study of religion. Owing to its continued scrutiny, belief is both an analytic device and a conceptual prism through which to assess changes in the study of religion. While it is difficult to write about ‘belief’ outside the category’s well-known critical interrogation, engagement with the complexities of lived religion shows ineluctably how belief takes numerous and multivalent shapes that point beyond such critiques. This chapter first describes some of the complexities of ‘belief’ as a concept in the study of religion, and it briefly considers three examples—New Age, Hindu, and Christian—to illustrate some of these complexities in context. A review of discussions in the history of the discipline highlights both the core of recent critiques that a focus on belief has obscured practice and recent possibilities for reassessing ‘belief.’ The chapter concludes by assessing recent related developments.
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Sanders, Rebecca. Torture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870553.003.0003.
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Despite its universal and absolute prohibition in international human rights and humanitarian law, torture has persisted even in liberal democracies. This chapter traces how changing national security legal cultures have shaped justifications for torture in the United States, culminating in an extensive torture program in the global war on terror. A culture of exception helped legitimize slave torture, lynching, and colonial torture through much of the United States’ early history, while a culture of secrecy facilitated covert and proxy torture during the Cold War. After 9/11, American authorities operated in a culture of legal rationalization. Rather than suspend or ignore the torture prohibition, the Bush administration sought legal cover for torture. As evidenced by the torture memos, lawyers reframed practices such as waterboarding as lawful enhanced interrogation techniques. These attempts to construct the plausible legality of torture effectively immunized Americans from prosecution for grave human rights violations.
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Overall, Simon E. The grammatical representation of commands and prohibitions in Aguaruna. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0003.
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Aguaruna (Chicham) has a clear set of grammatical categories that are required for a verb to form part of an independent clause. These include aspect, tense, person, and mood. The formal marking of commands and prohibitions interacts with the tense and mood paradigms, and some of the imperative markers have clearly grammaticalized from the same source as a future tense marker. This chapter describes the formal markers of commands and prohibitions, their grammatical properties, and their extended functions in interaction. It also points out some formal features that commands and prohibitions share with interrogative and vocative marking, with the suggestion that such ‘addressee-oriented’ forms would be a fruitful area for future study.
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McSweeney, Terence. Black Panther. University Press of Mississippi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496836083.001.0001.
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Black Panther is one of the most financially successful and culturally impactful films to emerge from the American film industry in recent years. When it was released in 2018 it broke numerous records and resonated with audiences all around the world in ways which transcended the dimensions of the superhero film. In Black Panther: Interrogating a Cultural Phenomenon author Terence McSweeney explores the film from a diverse range of perspectives, seeing it not only as a comic book adaptation and a superhero film, but also a dynamic contribution to the discourse of both African and African American studies. Black Panther: Interrogating a Cultural Phenomenon argues that Black Panther is one of the defining American films of the last decade and the most remarkable title in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (2008-). The MCU has become the largest film franchise in the history of the medium and has even shaped the contours of the contemporary blockbuster, but the narratives within it have almost exclusively perpetuated largely unambiguous fantasies of American heroism and exceptionalism. In contrast, Black Panther complicates this by engaging in an entirely different mythos in its portrayal of an African nation—never colonized by Europe—as the most powerful and technologically advanced in the world. McSweeney charts how and why Black Panther became a cultural phenomenon and also a battleground on which a war of meaning was waged at a very particular time in American history.
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Leonard, Pauline, et Rachel J. Wilde. Getting In and Getting On in the Youth Labour Market. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529202298.001.0001.
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This timely book provides a thorough analysis of contemporary youth employment entry route schemes in the U.K.Drawing on a Post-Foucauldian approach, the book providesa critical interrogation of the policy contexts governing a range of youth employment training schemes in four diverse regional economies within England and Scotland, including employability training, enterprise training, internships and volunteering. Supplemented with new ethnographic case study research conducted by the authors, the book’s chaptersexplore each training scheme in turn through the eyes of regional policy makers, trainers, work experience providers and young people. The authors demonstrate how neoliberal beliefs and practices, such as individualisation, responsibilisation, flexibility and resilience to risk are thoroughly implicated in youth employment policy and training practice. The book also makes obvious how the constraints faced by, and opportunities permitted to, different young people are shaped by the broad and complex interplay of national and regional historical events, economic processes and social structures.These function not only to reproduce but often to further retrench social inequalities, positions of liminality and vulnerability to risk for young people trying to get in and get on in good quality work across the different regional economies of the U.K.
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Haspelmath, Martin. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0009.
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This book has explored indefinite pronouns in the world's languages in order to identify cross-linguistic generalizations. The study of indefinite pronouns has important implications for semantics, pragmatics, syntax, and morphology. This chapter summarizes the book's main findings and considers possible further typological connections. One significant finding is that most languages have indefinite pronouns of some kind, and that their shapes are fairly uniform across languages. In particular, such pronouns are generally of one of two types: either derived from interrogative pronouns by means of an indefiniteness marker or based on generic nouns such as ‘person’ or ‘thing’. The book has also shown that functional explanations are prominent in negative indefinite pronouns, and that the regularities of diachronic change are explained by the theory of grammaticalization. The main synchronic typological generalizations took the form of universal implications among different functions of indefinite pronouns, expressed by the implicational map.
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Amha, Azeb. Commands in Wolaitta. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0014.
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This chapter examines expressions of commands (imperatives) in Wolaitta and the ways in which the imperative is distinguished from statements and questions. Although each sentence type is formally distinct, imperatives and questions share a number of morpho-syntactic properties. Similar to declarative and interrogative sentences, imperatives in Wolaitta involve verbal grammatical categories such as the distinction of person, number, and gender of the subject as well as negative and positive polarity. In contrast to previous studies, the present contribution establishes the function of a set of morphemes based on -árk and -érk to be the expression of plea or appeal to an addressee rather than politeness when issuing a command. Instead, politeness in commands is expressed by using plural (pro)nominal and verbal elements. The imperative in Wolaitta is a robust construction which is also used in formulaic speeches such as leave-taking as well as in blessing, curses, and advice.
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Fickle, Tara. The Race Card. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479868551.001.0001.
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This book uncovers popular games’ key role in the cultural construction of modern racial fictions. It argues that gaming provides the lens, language, and logic—in short, the authority—behind racial boundary making, reinforcing and at times subverting beliefs about where people racially and spatially belong. It focuses specifically on the experience of Asian Americans and the longer history of ludo-Orientalism, wherein play, the creation of games, and the use of game theory shape how East-West relations are imagined and reinforce notions of foreignness and perceptions of racial difference. Drawing from literary and critical texts, analog and digital games, journalistic accounts, marketing campaigns, and archival material, The Race Cardshows how ludo-Orientalism informs a range of historical events and social processes which readers may not even think of as related to play, from Chinese exclusion and the Japanese American internment to Cold War strategies, the model minority myth, and the globalization of Asian labor. Interrogating key moments in the formation of modern U.S. race relations, The Race Cardintroduces a new set of critical terms for engaging the literature as well as the legislation that emerged from these agonistic struggles.
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Freedman, Linda. William Blake and the Myth of America. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813279.001.0001.
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This book tells the story of William Blake’s literary reception in America and suggests that ideas about Blake’s poetry and personality helped shape mythopoeic visions of America from the abolitionists to the counterculture. It links high and low culture and covers poetry, music, theology, and the novel. American writers have turned to Blake in times of cataclysmic change, terror, and hope to rediscover the symbolic meaning of their country. Blake entered American society when slavery was rife and civil war threatened the fragile experiment of democracy. He found his moment in the mid-twentieth-century counterculture as left-wing Americans took refuge in the arts at a time of increasingly reactionary conservatism, vicious racism, pervasive sexism, dangerous nuclear competition, and an increasingly unpopular war in Vietnam, the fires of Orc raging against the systems of Urizen. Blake’s America, as a symbol of cyclical hope and despair, influenced many Americans who saw themselves as continuing the task of prophecy and vision. Blakean forms of bardic song, aphorism, prophecy, and lament became particularly relevant to a literary tradition which centralized the relationship between aspiration and experience. His interrogations of power and privilege, freedom and form resonated with Americans who repeatedly wrestled with the deep ironies of new world symbolism and sought to renew a Whitmanesque ideal of democracy through affection and openness towards alterity.
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Prakas, Tessie. Poetic Priesthood in the Seventeenth Century. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857125.001.0001.
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Abstract Poetic Priesthood reads seventeenth-century devotional verse as staging a surprising competition between poetry and the established church. The work of John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, John Milton, and Thomas Traherne suggests that the demands of faith are better understood by poets than by priests—even while four of these authors were also ordained. While recent scholarship has tended to emphasize the shaping influence of the liturgy on the verse of this period, this book argues that verse instead presents readers with a mode of articulating piety that relies on formal experimentation, and that varies from the forms of the church rather than straightforwardly reproducing them. In offering their readers this poetic aid to devotion, these authors shape an alternative and even more ample form of ministry than in their ecclesiastical activities. While they do not often theorize their verse practice explicitly in these terms, that practice is continuous with their definitions of ministerial behavior both in their verse and in the other writings this book considers, including sermons, prose treatises, and polemical pamphlets. In a historical moment when some literary writing began to define itself as a discursive arena separate from theological or doctrinal considerations, these authors complicate that picture: they claim the work of priesthood for poetry—but they do so by critically interrogating the forms of the church, through the unique formal affordances of verse.
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Murray, Chris. China from the Ruins of Athens and Rome. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767015.001.0001.
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Fascinated and often baffled by China, Anglophone writers turned to classics for answers. In poetry, essays, and travel narratives, ancient Greece and Rome lent interpretative paradigms and narrative shape to Britain’s information on the Middle Kingdom. While memoirists of the diplomatic missions in 1793 and 1816 used classical ideas to introduce Chinese concepts, Roman history held ominous precedents for Sino–British relations according to Edward Gibbon and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. John Keats illuminated how peculiar such contemporary processes of Orientalist knowledge-formation were. In Britain, popular opinion on Chinese culture wavered during the nineteenth century, as Charles Lamb and Joanna Baillie demonstrated in ekphrastic responses to chinoiserie. A former reverence for China yielded gradually to hostility, and the classical inheritance informed a national identity-crisis over whether Britain’s treatment of China was civilized or barbaric. Amidst this uncertainty, the melancholy conclusion to Virgil’s Aeneid became the master-text for the controversy over British conduct at the Summer Palace in 1860. Yet if Rome was to be the model for the British Empire, Tennyson, Sara Coleridge, and Thomas de Quincey found closer analogues for the Opium Wars in Greek tragedy and Homeric epic. Meanwhile, Sinology advanced considerably during the Victorian age, with translations of Laozi and Zhuangzi placed in dialogue with the classical tradition. Classics changed too, with not only canonical figures invoked in discussions of China, but current interests such as Philostratus and Porphyry. Britain broadened its horizons by interrogating the cultural past anew as it turned to Asia: Anglophone readers were cosmopolitans in time as well as space, aggregating knowledge of Periclean Athens, imperial Rome, and many other polities in their encounters with Qing Dynasty China.
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Lagerkvist, Amanda. Existential Media. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190925567.001.0001.
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This book offers a reappreciation and revisiting of existential philosophy—and in particular of Karl Jaspers’s philosophy—for media theory in order to remedy the existential deficit in the field. The book thereby also offers an introduction to the young field of existential media studies. Jaspers’s concept of the limit situation is chosen as a privileged reality which allows for bringing limits, in all their shapes and forms, onto the radar when interrogating digital existence. Despite their all-pervasiveness the book argues that media speak to and about limits and limitations in a variety of ways. The book furthermore argues that the present age of deep technocultural saturation—and of escalating multifaceted and interrelated global crises—is a digital limit situation, in which there are both existential and politico-ethical stakes of media. To enter into these terrains, the book places the margin of mourners and the meek—the coexisters—at the center of media studies. The book provides an alternative mapping for approaching digital cultures in contexts of both the mundane and the extraordinary, and on scales traversing the individual and the global. Empirically Existental Media attends to mourning, commemorating, and speaking to the dead online as well as to the digital afterlife. It interrogates four cases that center on the voices from the field of online bereavement, and provides an arc of media instantiations of the digital limit situation: chapter 5: Metric Media; chapter 6: Caring Media, chapter 7: Transcendent Media and chapter 8: Anticipatory media.
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Foot, Rosemary. China, the UN, and Human Protection. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843733.001.0001.
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Over a relatively short period of time, Beijing moved from passive involvement with the UN to active engagement. How are we to make sense of the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) embrace of the UN, and what does its engagement mean in larger terms? Is it a ‘supporter’ that takes its fair share of responsibilities, or a ‘spoiler’ that seeks to transform the UN’s contribution to world order? Certainly, it is difficult to label it a ‘shirker’ in the last decade or more, given Beijing’s apparent appreciation of the UN, its provision of public goods to the organization, and its stated desire to offer ‘Chinese wisdom and a Chinese approach to solving the problems facing mankind’. This study traces questions such as these, interrogating the value of such categorization through direct focus on Beijing’s involvement in one of the most contentious areas of UN activity—human protection—contentious because the norm of human protection tips the balance away from the UN’s Westphalian state-based profile, towards the provision of greater protection for the security of individuals and their individual liberties. The argument that follows shows that, as an ever-more crucial actor within the United Nations, Beijing’s rhetoric and some of its practices are playing an increasingly important role in determining how this norm is articulated and interpreted. In some cases, the PRC is also influencing how these ideas of human protection are implemented. At stake in the questions this book tackles is both how we understand the PRC as a participant in shaping global order, and the future of some of the core norms that constitute global order.