Articles de revues : « Sex-related Immunity »

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Kaminska, Bozena, Natalia Ochocka, Pawel Segit, Kamil Wojnicki, Karol Jacek et Wieslawa Grajkowska. « TMIC-83. SEX AND ANTI-GLIOMA IMMUNITY ». Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_7 (1 novembre 2022) : vii290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac209.1126.

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Abstract Glioblastomas (GBMs) are aggressive, inevitably lethal brain tumors that are massively infiltrated by myeloid cells supporting tumor growth. The main myeloid cell populations encompass brain-resident microglia, bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells. Interestingly, patients with glioblastoma show sex-dependent differences in the incidence rate (male-to-female ratio of 1.6:1 in GBMs and 2:1 in most malignant mesenchymal GBMs), transcriptomic profiles and patient responses to a standard therapy. Sex-related differences such as higher expression of pro-inflammatory genes in female microglia and stronger upregulation of MHCII coding genes in microglia from male GL261-bearing mice were detected (Ochocka et al. 2021). We employed Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) to reliably dissect myeloid cell identities, states and evaluate dynamics of myeloid infiltration during progression of murine GL261 gliomas. We demonstrate the diversity of myeloid cells within the glioma microenvironment: glioma-activated microglia are the major source of cytokines attracting other immune cells, whereas BM-derived cells show the monocyte-to-macrophage transition and immunosuppressive phenotypes. This transition is coupled with a phenotypic switch from the IFN-related to antigen-presentation and tumor-supportive signatures. Moreover, we found striking sex-dependent differences in transcriptional programs and composition of myeloid cells in gliomas. Higher abundance of protumor macrophages in males correlated with greater tumor size. Re-analysis of single-cell omics data from human GBMs revealed the predominance of inflammatory monocytes in female GBMs and abundance of protumor macrophages in male GBMs. Our findings expand understanding of the complexity of anti-tumor immune responses in gliomas and may guide future therapies in consideration of patient sex. Studies supported by National Science Centre Poland research grants PRELUDIUM16 2018/31/N/NZ3/01696, OPUS 14 2017/27/B/NZ3/01605 and 2020/39/B/NZ4/02683.

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Lin, Pei-Yi, Lishi Sun, Suzanne R. Thibodeaux, Sara M. Ludwig, Ratna K. Vadlamudi, Vincent J. Hurez, Rumana Bahar et al. « B7-H1–Dependent Sex-Related Differences in Tumor Immunity and Immunotherapy Responses ». Journal of Immunology 185, n^o 5 (4 août 2010) : 2747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1000496.

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Benayoun, Bérénice. « SEX-DIMORPHIC REGULATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY DURING AGING ». Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2022) : 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.657.

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Abstract Aging is accompanied by striking changes in chromatin and gene expression across cell types and species. Yet, how chromatin landscapes change with age and regulate transcription, and how epigenomic changes in turn influence aging in response to external or internal cues, is largely unknown. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that sex hormones play a key role in driving aspects of cellular and molecular sex-dimorphism. In parallel to sex hormones, karyotypic sex (i.e. XX vs. XY) is also likely to have important impact outside of gonadal sex determination. A key compartment whose activity can be actively modulated by sex-dimorphic mechanisms throughout life is the immune system, whose function declines sharply with aging and may be actively modulated by sex. Indeed, aspects of the immune responses differ between sexes, with a more robust immune response in females and an increased susceptibility to infection in males. Thus, our main cell models of study are key components of the innate immune system and the inflammatory response: macrophages, which accomplish key tasks such as phagocytosis, antigen presentation and cytokine production, and neutrophils, the most abundant leukocyte type serving as a “first line of defense” against infection. Excitingly, we and others have observed strong sex-related differences in the transcriptional and functional phenotypes of these cells and have observed sex-dimorphic “omic” trajectories for these cells with aging. Based on our data and published literature, it is likely that mechanisms involving both gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes may fine-tune different aspects of immunity and, thus, overall health and lifespan.

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van Lieshout, Sil H. J., Elisa P. Badás, Michael W. T. Mason, Chris Newman, Christina D. Buesching, David W. Macdonald et Hannah L. Dugdale. « Social effects on age-related and sex-specific immune cell profiles in a wild mammal ». Biology Letters 16, n^o 7 (juillet 2020) : 20200234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0234.

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Evidence for age-related changes in innate and adaptive immune responses is increasing in wild populations. Such changes have been linked to fitness, and knowledge of the factors driving immune response variation is important for understanding the evolution of immunity. Age-related changes in immune profiles may be owing to factors such as immune system development, sex-specific behaviour and responses to environmental conditions. Social environments may also contribute to variation in immunological responses, for example, through transmission of pathogens and stress arising from resource and mate competition. Yet, the impact of the social environment on age-related changes in immune cell profiles is currently understudied in the wild. Here, we tested the relationship between leukocyte cell composition (proportion of neutrophils and lymphocytes [innate and adaptive immunity, respectively] that were lymphocytes) and age, sex and group size in a wild population of European badgers ( Meles meles ). We found that the proportion of lymphocytes in early life was greater in males in smaller groups compared to larger groups, but with a faster age-related decline in smaller groups. By contrast, the proportion of lymphocytes in females was not significantly related to age or group size. Our results provide evidence of sex-specific age-related changes in immune cell profiles in a wild mammal, which are influenced by the social environment.

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Eaton, Sally A., et Jaswinder K. Sethi. « Immunometabolic Links between Estrogen, Adipose Tissue and Female Reproductive Metabolism ». Biology 8, n^o 1 (7 février 2019) : 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology8010008.

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The current knowledge of sex-dependent differences in adipose tissue biology remains in its infancy and is motivated in part by the desire to understand why menopause is linked to an increased risk of metabolic disease. However, the development and characterization of targeted genetically-modified rodent models are shedding new light on the physiological actions of sex hormones in healthy reproductive metabolism. In this review we consider the need for differentially regulating metabolic flexibility, energy balance, and immunity in a sex-dependent manner. We discuss the recent advances in our understanding of physiological roles of systemic estrogen in regulating sex-dependent adipose tissue distribution, form and function; and in sex-dependent healthy immune function. We also review the decline in protective properties of estrogen signaling in pathophysiological settings such as obesity-related metaflammation and metabolic disease. It is clear that the many physiological actions of estrogen on energy balance, immunity, and immunometabolism together with its dynamic regulation in females make it an excellent candidate for regulating metabolic flexibility in the context of reproductive metabolism.

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Houdek, Bradley J., Michael P. Lombardo, Patrick A. Thorpe et D. Caldwell Hahn. « Innate Immunity Is Not Related to the Sex of Adult Tree Swallows during the Nestling Period ». Condor 113, n^o 4 (novembre 2011) : 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2011.100220.

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Boyd, R. J., T. R. Kelly, S. A. MacDougall-Shackleton et E. A. MacDougall-Shackleton. « Alternative reproductive strategies in white-throated sparrows are associated with differences in parasite load following experimental infection ». Biology Letters 14, n^o 7 (juillet 2018) : 20180194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0194.

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Immune defences often trade off with other life-history components. Within species, optimal allocation to immunity may differ between the sexes or between alternative life-history strategies. White-throated sparrows ( Zonotrichia albicollis ) are unusual in having two discrete plumage morphs, white-striped and tan-striped. Within each sex, white-striped individuals are more aggressive and provide less parental care than tan-striped individuals. We extended immunocompetence handicap models, which predict sex differences in immunity and parasitism, to hypothesize that infection susceptibility should be greater in white-striped than tan-striped birds. We inoculated birds of both morphs with malarial parasites. Contrary to our prediction, among birds that became infected, parasite loads were higher in tan-striped than white-striped individuals and did not differ between the sexes. Circulating androgen levels did not differ between morphs but were higher in males than females. Our findings are not consistent with androgen-mediated immunosuppression. Instead, morph differences in immunity could reflect social interactions or life-history-related differences in risk of injury, and/or genetic factors. Although plumage and behavioural morphs of white-throated sparrow may differ in disease resistance, these differences do not parallel sex differences that have been reported in animals, and do not appear to be mediated by differences in androgen levels.

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Zabotina, T. N., A. I. Chertkova, A. A. Borunova, E. N. Zakharova, E. K. Shoua, I. B. Shoua, V. T. Tsiklauri, I. A. Zaderenko et Z. G. Kadagidze. « Influence of gender and age of patients with oral mucosa cancer on the phenotype of systemic and local immunity ». Russian Journal of Biotherapy 21, n^o 2 (26 juillet 2022) : 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9784-2022-21-2-47-55.

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Background. The incidence of oral mucosa cancer (OMC) is higher in people over 50 years of age, and the aggressiveness of the course of the disease is higher in people under 50 years of age. In this context, it is of interest to clarify the mechanisms of immune disorders characteristic of patients of different age groups.Aim. To research systemic and local immunity in OMC patients and the relationship of peripheral blood lymphocyte population (PBLs) and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with the patient’s sex and age.Materials and methods. PBLs and TILs effector and suppressor populations were studied by flow cytometry in OMC patients aged 29 to 84 years.Results. The percentage of CD3-, CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+T cells, regulatory CD4+CD25+CD127low/ –(CD4Treg) and CD8+CD11b–CD28–(CD8Тreg) T lymphocytes, CD4+PD-1+ and CD8+PD-1+ T cells was increased in TILs compared to PBLs. The levels of cytotoxic CD8+CD11b+CD28– T lymphocytes, NK, CD8+Perforin+ and CD16+Perforin+ cells in TILs were lower than in PBLs. The relationship between the level of CD4Treg and other TILs and PBLs depended on the patient’s sex. Age-related changes in the levels of NK and CD8 T-cells were observed in men, and CD4Treg – in women.Conclusion. Local immunity in OMC patients is highly immunosuppressive. The sex of patients influences the relationship between CD4Treg and other populations of PBLs and TILs, as well as age-related changes in the OMC patients’ immune system. This investigation results can make a certain contribution to personalized treatment of patients with OMC, taking into account differences in systemic and local immunity and in the immune response to the tumor in patients of different sex and age.

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Haynes, Laura. « Immunological Heterogeneity ». Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 décembre 2020) : 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3146.

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Abstract Ease of access to circulating peripheral blood cells (PBMCs) can offer unique insights into human immune function, as well as responses to vaccination and infection. Nevertheless, PBMC heterogeneity has been under-appreciated since results obtained from mixed populations may reflect changes in subset abundance as opposed to true age-related changes involving a specific subset. Technological advances have allowed for the examination of age-related heterogeneity with regards to systemic cytokine levels, immune cell frequencies and chemokine receptor expression by peripheral lymphocytes. Furthermore, introduction of sex as a variable in the examination of human PBMCs adds additional dimorphism to the study of aging and immunity including differences in epigenetic modifications, levels of pro-inflammatory activity and adaptive immunity.

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Liu, Wan-Sheng. « Mammalian Sex Chromosome Structure, Gene Content, and Function in Male Fertility ». Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, n^o 1 (15 février 2019) : 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115332.

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Mammalian sex chromosomes evolved from an ordinary pair of autosomes. The X chromosome is highly conserved, whereas the Y chromosome varies among species in size, structure, and gene content. Unlike autosomes that contain randomly mixed collections of genes, the sex chromosomes are enriched in testis-biased genes related to sexual development and reproduction, particularly in spermatogenesis and male fertility. This review focuses on how sex chromosome dosage compensation takes place and why meiotic sex chromosome inactivation occurs during spermatogenesis. Furthermore, the review also emphasizes how testis-biased genes are enriched on the sex chromosomes and their functions in male fertility. It is concluded that sex chromosomes are critical to sexual development and male fertility; however, our understanding of how sex chromosome genes direct sexual development and fertility has been hampered by the structural complexities of the sex chromosomes and by the multicopy nature of the testis gene families that also play a role in immunity, cancer development, and brain function.

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Roved, Jacob, Bengt Hansson, Maja Tarka, Dennis Hasselquist et Helena Westerdahl. « Evidence for sexual conflict over major histocompatibility complex diversity in a wild songbird ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 285, n^o 1884 (août 2018) : 20180841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0841.

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Sex differences in parasite load and immune responses are found across a wide range of animals, with females generally having lower parasite loads and stronger immune responses than males. Intrigued by these general patterns, we investigated if there was any sign of sex-specific selection on an essential component of adaptive immunity that is known to affect fitness, the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) genes, in a 20-year study of great reed warblers. Our analyses on fitness related to MHC-I diversity showed a highly significant interaction between MHC-I diversity and sex, where males with higher, and females with lower, MHC-I diversity were more successful in recruiting offspring. Importantly, mean MHC-I diversity did not differ between males and females, and consequently neither sex reached its MHC-I fitness optimum. Thus, there is an unresolved genetic sexual conflict over MHC-I diversity in great reed warblers. Selection from pathogens is known to maintain MHC diversity, but previous theory ignores that the immune environments are considerably different in males and females. Our results suggest that sexually antagonistic selection is an important, previously neglected, force in the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity, and have implications for evolutionary understanding of costs of immune responses and autoimmune diseases.

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Kollipara, Ramya, Chetna Arora et Colleen Reisz. « The Phenotype of Hormone-Related Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases in the Skin : Annular Lesions That Lateralize ». Journal of Allergy 2012 (17 décembre 2012) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/604854.

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Introduction. Sexual dimorphism with an increased prevalence in women has long been observed in various autoimmune, allergic, and skin diseases. Recent research has attempted to correlate this female predilection to physiologic changes seen in the menstrual cycle in order to more effectively diagnose and treat these diseases. Cases. We present five cases of cutaneous diseases in women with annular morphology and distributive features that favor one side over the other. In all cases, skin disease improved with ovarian suppression. Conclusion. Sexual dimorphism in the innate and adaptive immune systems has long been observed, with females demonstrating a more vigorous immune response compared to males. Female sex hormones promote T and B lymphocyte autoreactivity and favor the humoral arm of adaptive immunity. In addition to ovarian steroidogenesis and immunity, intricate pathways coexist in order to engage a single oocyte in each cycle, while simultaneously sustaining the ovarian reserve. Vigorous proinflammatory, vasoactive, and pigment-related cytokines emerge during the demise of the corpus luteum, influencing peripherical sex hormone metabolism of the level of the macrophage and fibroblast. We propose that annular and lateralizing lesions are important manifestations of hormone-related inflammation and recognition of this linkage can lead to improved immune and reproductive health.

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Wang, Jianle, Camille M. Syrett, Marianne C. Kramer, Arindam Basu, Michael L. Atchison et Montserrat C. Anguera. « Unusual maintenance of X chromosome inactivation predisposes female lymphocytes for increased expression from the inactive X ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, n^o 14 (21 mars 2016) : E2029—E2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520113113.

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Females have a greater immunological advantage than men, yet they are more prone to autoimmune disorders. The basis for this sex bias lies in the X chromosome, which contains many immunity-related genes. Female mammals use X chromosome inactivation (XCI) to generate a transcriptionally silent inactive X chromosome (Xi) enriched with heterochromatic modifications and XIST/Xist RNA, which equalizes gene expression between the sexes. Here, we examine the maintenance of XCI in lymphocytes from females in mice and humans. Strikingly, we find that mature naïve T and B cells have dispersed patterns of XIST/Xist RNA, and they lack the typical heterochromatic modifications of the Xi. In vitro activation of lymphocytes triggers the return of XIST/Xist RNA transcripts and some chromatin marks (H3K27me3, ubiquitin-H2A) to the Xi. Single-cell RNA FISH analysis of female T cells revealed that the X-linked immunity genes CD40LG and CXCR3 are biallelically expressed in some cells. Using knockout and knockdown approaches, we find that Xist RNA-binding proteins, YY1 and hnRNPU, are critical for recruitment of XIST/Xist RNA back to the Xi. Furthermore, we examined B cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disorder with a strong female bias, and observed different XIST RNA localization patterns, evidence of biallelic expression of immunity-related genes, and increased transcription of these genes. We propose that the Xi in female lymphocytes is predisposed to become partially reactivated and to overexpress immunity-related genes, providing the first mechanistic evidence to our knowledge for the enhanced immunity of females and their increased susceptibility for autoimmunity.

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Klein, Sabra L., et Randy J. Nelson. « Sex and species differences in cell-mediated immune responses in voles ». Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, n^o 7 (1 juillet 1998) : 1394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-071.

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Males generally display reduced immune responses and greater susceptibility to disease than females, possibly reflecting the suppressive effects of androgens on the immune system. It is presumed that this androgenic effect on immune function is more pronounced among polygynous than monogamous species because concentrations of circulating androgens are generally higher among polygynous than monogamous males. The present study examined sex and species differences in cell-mediated immunity of two Microtus species. Cell-mediated immunity was assessed among individually housed polygynous meadow voles (M. pennsylvanicus) and monogamous prairie voles (M. ochrogaster) by examining the proliferative responses of splenocytes to the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) and the B-cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neither sex nor species differences were observed in response to stimulation with Con A. In contrast, meadow voles exhibited higher proliferative responses to LPS than prairie voles. Sex differences in immune function were only observed among prairie voles; males exhibited higher proliferative responses to LPS than females. Male meadow voles had higher circulating testosterone concentrations than male prairie voles and female prairie voles had higher estradiol concentrations than female meadow voles. Males of both Microtus species weighed more than conspecific females. The immunological differences were not related to differences in either body mass or hormone concentrations. Overall, these data do not support the hypothesis that higher androgen concentrations in polygynous males influence sex or species differences in immune function.

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Chow, Julie C., Nia Kyritsis, Micah Mills, Matthew H. Godfrey, Craig A. Harms, Paul E. Anderson et Andrew M. Shedlock. « Tissue and Temperature-Specific RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Genomic Versatility and Adaptive Potential in Wild Sea Turtle Hatchlings (Caretta caretta) ». Animals 11, n^o 11 (20 octobre 2021) : 3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113013.

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Background: Digital transcriptomics is rapidly emerging as a powerful new technology for modelling the environmental dynamics of the adaptive landscape in diverse lineages. This is particularly valuable in taxa such as turtles and tortoises (order Testudines) which contain a large fraction of endangered species at risk due to anthropogenic impacts on the environment, including pollution, overharvest, habitat degradation, and climate change. Sea turtles (family Cheloniidae) in particular invite a genomics-enabled approach to investigating their remarkable portfolio of adaptive evolution. The sex of the endangered loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) is subject to temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), a mechanism by which exposure to temperatures during embryonic development irreversibly determines sex. Higher temperatures produce mainly female turtles and lower temperatures produce mainly male turtles. Incubation temperature can have long term effects on the immunity, migratory ability, and ultimately longevity of hatchlings. We perform RNA-seq differential expression analysis to investigate tissue- and temperature-specific gene expression within brain (n = 7) and gonadal (n = 4) tissue of male and female loggerhead hatchlings. Results: We assemble tissue- and temperature-specific transcriptomes and identify differentially expressed genes relevant to sexual development and life history traits of broad adaptive interest to turtles and other amniotic species. We summarize interactions among differentially expressed genes by producing network visualizations, and highlight shared biological pathways related to migration, immunity, and longevity reported in the avian and reptile literature. Conclusions: The measurement of tissue- and temperature-specific global gene expression of an endangered, flagship species such as the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) reveals the genomic basis for potential resiliency and is crucial to future management and conservation strategies with attention to changing climates. Brain and gonadal tissue collected from experimentally reared loggerhead male and female hatchlings comprise an exceedingly rare dataset that permits the identification of genes enriched in functions related to sexual development, immunity, longevity, and migratory behavior and will serve as a large, new genomic resource for the investigation of genotype–phenotype relationships in amniotes.

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Li, Shihao, Fuhua Li, Yusu Xie, Bing Wang, Rong Wen, Chengsong Zhang, Kuijie Yu et Jianhai Xiang. « Screening of Genes Specifically Expressed in Males ofFenneropenaeus chinensisand Their Potential as Sex Markers ». Journal of Marine Biology 2013 (2013) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/921067.

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The androgenic gland (AG), playing an important role in sex differentiation of male crustacean, is a target candidate to understand the mechanism of male development and to mine male-specific sex markers. An SSH library (designated as male reproduction-related tissues—SSH library, MRT-SSH library for short) was constructed using cDNA from tissues located at the basal part of the 5th pereiopods, including AG and part of spermatophore sac, as tester, and the cDNA from the basal part of the 4th pereiopods of these male shrimp as driver. 402 ESTs from the SSH library were sequenced and assembled into 48 contigs and 104 singlets. Twelve contigs and 14 singlets were identified as known genes. The proteins encoded by the identified genes were categorized, according to their proposed functions, into neuropeptide hormone and hormone transporter, RNA posttranscriptional regulation, translation, cell growth and death, metabolism, genetic information processing, signal transduction/transport, or immunity-related proteins. Eleven highly expressed contigs in the SSH library were selected for validation of the MRT-SSH library and screening sex markers of shrimp. One contig, specifically expressed in male shrimp, had a potential to be developed as a transcriptomic sex marker in shrimp.

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Yourth, Christopher P., Mark R. Forbes et Robert L. Baker. « Sex differences in melanotic encapsulation responses (immunocompetence) in the damselfly Lestes forcipatus Rambur ». Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, n^o 9 (1 septembre 2002) : 1578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-159.

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A few studies have shown that male and female invertebrates differ in immunity and that these differences appear related to differences in sexual dimorphism and gender differences in life histories. Melanotic encapsulation of foreign objects in insects is one form of immunity. The damselfly Lestes forcipatus Rambur is moderately sexually dimorphic, and much is known about patterns of mass gain in congeners relating to differences in life history between males and females. In this study, females were more immunoresponsive than males under controlled temperatures, following emergence, and at a time when parasitic mites were challenging these hosts. However, males and females that overlapped in mass at emergence did not differ in their immune responses. Males in better condition at emergence were more immunoresponsive than lighter males, but this relation was not found in females. Sex differences in immune expression may have implications for how females versus males are able to deal with challenges from parasites, under varying environmental conditions.

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Dubiec, Anna, Mariusz Cichoń et Kinga Deptuch. « Sex-specific development of cell-mediated immunity under experimentally altered rearing conditions in blue tit nestlings ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 273, n^o 1595 (4 avril 2006) : 1759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3510.

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In birds, poor rearing conditions usually have negative effects on T-cell-mediated immune response. However, earlier studies demonstrate that fitness-related traits such as body mass may show sex-specific patterns when subject to alteration of rearing conditions. Therefore, to investigate whether deterioration of rearing conditions influences the development of immune function differently in male and female nestlings, we performed brood size manipulation experiments on blue tit ( Parus caeruleus ) nestlings. To alter rearing conditions, some broods were increased by three nestlings soon after hatching, while other broods were left non-manipulated. Immune response was assessed as a hypersensitivity reaction to phytohaemagglutinin in 11-day-old nestlings. Additionally, we studied the consequences of brood size manipulation for fledgling body mass and tarsus length. The enlargement of brood size had different effects on the cellular immune responses of male and female nestlings, with males being more negatively affected than their female nest-mates. Sex-specific effects of poor rearing conditions were also recorded for tarsus length, such that tarsus growth was more retarded in female than in male nestlings. We discuss the effects of deterioration of rearing conditions on sex-specific development of cell-mediated immunity with respect to sexual dimorphism of size and developmental strategies in male and female nestlings.

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De Neve, L., J. D. Ibañez-Alamo et M. Soler. « Age- and sex-related morphological and physiological differences influence escape capacity in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) ». Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, n^o 10 (octobre 2010) : 1021–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-067.

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Sexual dimorphism and age-related differences are sources that contribute to morphologic and physiologic variation within animal populations. Measurement of animal performance may indicate whether this variation is functionally relevant. Our study aimed to experimentally test this statement in a captive population of House Sparrows ( Passer domesticus (L., 1758)) by examining age- and sex-related differences in escape response and its relationship to several morphological (tarsus, wing, tail lengths, and body mass) and physiological traits (cell-mediated immunity, natural antibodies, complement activity, hematocrit, and stress response). Escape response from a predator is considered a good variable to measure animal performance, because natural selection clearly favours individuals that avoid predators successfully. Our experimental design also aimed to standardize possible confounding factors affecting escape behaviour under natural conditions. We exposed sparrows to short episodes of high predation risk by simulating the attack of a predator and assumed that the capture order of individuals was related to their escape capacity. The optimal strategy was the immediate escape response for all individuals. We found that first-year males were the best escapers. In support of the hypothesis, juvenile males gathered a better optimum of several morphological and physiological characters that related to capture order.

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Schultz, Elizabeth M., Jamie M. Cornelius, Dustin G. Reichard, Kirk C. Klasing et Thomas P. Hahn. « Innate immunity and environmental correlates ofHaemoproteusprevalence and intensity in an opportunistic breeder ». Parasitology 145, n^o 11 (21 février 2018) : 1388–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000161.

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AbstractWhile parasite infection can have substantial fitness consequences in organisms, the predictors of parasite prevalence and intensity are often complex and vary depending on the host species. Here, we examined correlates ofHaemoproteus(a common malaria parasite) prevalence and intensity in an opportunistically breeding songbird, the red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra). Specifically, we quantifiedHaemoproteusprevalence and intensity in crossbills caught in the Grand Teton National Park from 2010 to 2013. We found that parasite prevalence varies seasonally and across years, with the highest number of infected individuals occurring in the summer, although there was variation across summers sampled, and that prevalence was positively related to annual mean cone crop sizes (a measure of crossbill food abundance) and daily ambient temperature (a correlate of vector abundance). Parasite intensity was significantly and positively related to one measure of innate immunity, leucocyte counts per blood volume. Finally, neither crossbill age, ecomorph, nor sex had significant effects on parasite infection intensity; however, parasite prevalence did significantly vary among ecomorph and age classes. These results support the interpretation that a combination of physiological (specifically immune activity) and environmental factors affects parasite prevalence and infection intensity in this opportunistically breeding avian species.

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Varoni, Elena M., Giovanni Lodi, Massimo Del Fabbro, Andrea Sardella, Antonio Carrassi, Marcello Iriti et Pasquale Tripputi. « Sex-Related Differences in Allelic Frequency of the Human Beta T Cell Receptor SNP rs1800907 : A Retrospective Analysis from Milan Metropolitan Area ». Vaccines 9, n^o 4 (1 avril 2021) : 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040333.

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This paper aims at retrospectively re-analyzing the different distribution, between males and females, in the allelic frequency of the human β T cell receptor (TCR β) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) rs1800907 in Caucasian patients in the Milan metropolitan area. The allelic frequency significantly differed between sexes. Females showed higher frequency of C/C genotype than males, but lower T/C genotype (p < 0.0001). Heterozygous (T/C) versus homozygous (T/T + C/C) genotypes resulted in a different distribution of frequencies in males than in females, the latter possessing higher homozygosis (p < 0.0001). Within the limitations of this work (small number of included studies that concerned just a specific geographical area), allelic distribution according to sex might account the role of TCRβ-related SNPs in autoimmune diseases and further investigations are required to explain better this genetic background, in the perspective of a sex-related T cell immune responsiveness and auto-immunity.

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Wellham, Peter A. D., Abdul Hafeez, Andrej Gregori, Matthias Brock, Dong-Hyun Kim, David Chandler et Cornelia H. de Moor. « Culture Degeneration Reduces Sex-Related Gene Expression, Alters Metabolite Production and Reduces Insect Pathogenic Response in Cordyceps militaris ». Microorganisms 9, n^o 8 (22 juillet 2021) : 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081559.

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Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic ascomycete, known primarily for infecting lepidopteran larval (caterpillars) and pupal hosts. Cordycepin, a secondary metabolite produced by this fungus has anti-inflammatory properties and other pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the biological role of this adenosine derivate and its stabilising compound pentostatin in the context of insect infection the life cycle of C. militaris. During repeated subcultivation under laboratory conditions a degeneration of C. militaris marked by decreasing levels of cordycepin production can occur. Here, using degenerated and parental control strains of an isolate of C. militaris, we found that lower cordycepin production coincides with the decline in the production of various other metabolites as well as the reduced expression of genes related to sexual development. Additionally, infection of Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) caterpillars indicated that cordycepin inhibits the immune response in host haemocytes. Accordingly, the pathogenic response to the degenerated strain was reduced. These data indicate that there are simultaneous changes in sexual reproduction, secondary metabolite production, insect immunity and infection by C. militaris. This study may have implications for biological control of insect crop pests by fungi.

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Lin, Pei Yi, Carolina Livi, Suzanne R. Thibodeaux, Margaret E. Wierman, Mark Kious, Duane P. Jeansonne, Tahiro Shin et al. « Sex-related differences in regulatory T cell (Treg) function and resistance to B16 melanoma in the absence of B7-H1 co-signaling (40.18) ». Journal of Immunology 182, n^o 1_Supplement (1 avril 2009) : 40.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.40.18.

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Abstract We tested Treg function in B7-H1-/- (KO) mice. 6-10 wk male (M) or female (F) KO and M or F wildtype (WT) had equal numbers of CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ T cells (Tregs) with similar CD25 and Foxp3 MFI. CTLA-4 trended lower in F vs M KO. M and F WT and M KO Tregs suppressed T cell proliferation equally in vitro but F KO Tregs were ~30% less suppressive vs the other 3 groups. Transfer of M KO Tregs fully protected RAG1-/- mice from CD4+RBhi T cell colitis but F KO Tregs did not, with up to 30% weight loss demonstrating poor in vivo Treg function. In M or F WT or KO with subcutaneous B16 melanoma, tumor was different at day 15 in F (159 mm3) vs M (458 mm3, p = 0.04) and F KO vs F WT (593 mm3, p = 0.01). We detected OVA-specific immunity in 0/3 M KO bearing OVA+ B16 vs 3/3 in F KO based on in vivo OT-I cell proliferation. Tregs in pre-pubertal 3-wk F KO had similar phenotype and function vs post-pubertal WT and M KO Tregs. Culture with TGF-β +IL-2 converted 6-wk CD4+CD25- F KO T cells into CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ T cells with suppression similar to WT, but lower CD25. Thus, F KO T cells can become functional Tregs ex vivo. This previously unknown sex/T cell co-signaling interaction could explain sex-related differences in cancer, autoimmune disease, infection susceptibility and response to hormone antagonists. We hypothesize Treg dysfunction to improve immunity and tumor resistance in KO and estrogen as a B7-H1 co-factor in Treg development. CTLA-4 defects remain undefined. Supported by CA105207, FD003118, and Voelcker and Greehey Trusts

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Anguera, Montserrat. « X-chromosome inactivation maintenance is perturbed in T cells from lupus mouse models and human lupus patients ». Journal of Immunology 202, n^o 1_Supplement (1 mai 2019) : 50.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.50.2.

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Abstract Sex differences exist with immune responses, yet females are more susceptible to autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. One important biological factor underlying this sex bias is the X-chromosome, which is enriched for immunity-related genes. Female mammals use X-Chromosome Inactivation (XCI) to equalize gene expression between the sexes, which generates a transcriptionally silent inactive X-chromosome enriched with heterochromatic modifications and the long noncoding RNA Xist. We have discovered that mature naïve T cells are missing Xist RNA and heterochromatin marks on the inactive X (Xi), and these marks return to most cells with in vitro stimulation. During T cell development in the thymus, Xist RNA is not localized to the Xi and heterochromatin marks are progressively lost. Xist RNA returns to the Xi in mature T cell subsets between days 2 and 3 of in vitro activation. During lupus disease progression in the female-biased mouse model NZB/W F1, Xist RNA signals aberrantly appear in naïve T cells and Xist RNA becomes mis-localized from the Xi in activated T cells. These abnormal XIST RNA localization patterns are also observed in activated T cells from pediatric lupus patients in disease remission. Using next-generation sequencing, we found significant overexpression of X-linked genes across the X in female SLE T cells compared to healthy females. We propose that the dynamic mechanism of XCI maintenance female lymphocytes predisposes the Xi to become partially reactivated and to overexpress immunity-related genes. Our work provides the first mechanistic evidence for the female-specific enhanced immune responses and increased susceptibility for autoimmunity.

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Panova, N. A., et V. G. Skopichev. « A ROLE FOR CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN EARLY POSTPARTUM PERIOD ». Medical Immunology (Russia) 23, n^o 4 (19 octobre 2021) : 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-arf-2275.

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The functioning of the secretory organs is closely related to the activity of the immune system. As is well known, this participation is manifested in the fact that at certain stages of activity, the lymphoid cells migrating to the organ can be involved in the regulation of secretion. In addition, the products of the immune system and even its cellular elements can become components of a number of secrets. Colostrum and milk contain a large number of cells of a wide spectrum (up to 1/3 of the volume), of which the number of lymphocytes is up to 16% of leukocytes. Lymphocytes, in an immunologically active form, entering the newborn’s body with colostrum, activate the cellular immunity system. The transport of lymphokinin mediators plays a certain role in this process. Microphages, T- and B-lymphocytes, penetrating through the intercellular spaces into the lymphoid layer of the intestine, transmit immunoreceptors to the prolymphocytes of the newborn, "armed" with their activity to recognize genetically foreign ones. The lymphocytes contained in colostrum are the cells of the immune system that provide cellular and humoral immunity. They are mainly represented by T-cells, B-cells and killer cells. Milk T-cells produce a full spectrum of immune regulatory proteins such as interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha. These cells are the cells of the immune memory. Newborns who received the first portion of colostrum no later than an hour after birth are characterized by an increased number of leukocytes, more pronounced phagocytosis, which indicates the stimulation of hemo- and lymphocytosis. When carrying out transmission and scanning electron microscopy in the epithelial layer of the intestine, cellular elements were found that got there from the intestinal lumen. Microsections show how cells of a lymphoid nature, pushing apart the structures of the epithelial layer, bypass natural barriers and, at the same time, retain their physiological usefulness. The possibility of penetration of immunocompetent cells of the mother’s colostrum into the bloodstream of the young is proved using the natural label of the female’s cells – sex chromatin. Naturally, sex chromatin-labeled cells were sought in male newborns. The detection of colostrum cells in the intestinal wall and bloodstream of the young is approximately 25% in the blood, 1% in the lymph, and about 70% in the intestine. There is no doubt that the leukocytes of colostrum are of exceptional importance in creating immunity in newborn animals.

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Singh, Rama S., Karun K. Singh et Shiva M. Singh. « Origin of Sex-Biased Mental Disorders : An Evolutionary Perspective ». Journal of Molecular Evolution 89, n^o 4-5 (25 février 2021) : 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-021-09999-9.

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AbstractSexual dimorphism or sex bias in diseases and mental disorders have two biological causes: sexual selection and sex hormones. We review the role of sexual selection theory and bring together decades of molecular studies on the variation and evolution of sex-biased genes and provide a theoretical basis for the causes of sex bias in disease and health. We present a Sexual Selection-Sex Hormone theory and show that male-driven evolution, including sexual selection, leads to: (1) increased male vulnerability due to negative pleiotropic effects associated with male-driven sexual selection and evolution; (2) increased rates of male-driven mutations and epimutations in response to early fitness gains and at the cost of late fitness; and (3) enhanced female immunity due to antagonistic responses to mutations that are beneficial to males but harmful to females, reducing female vulnerability to diseases and increasing the thresholds for disorders such as autism. Female-driven evolution, such as reproduction-related fluctuation in female sex hormones in association with stress and social condition, has been shown to be associated with increased risk of certain mental disorders such as major depression disorder in women. Bodies have history, cells have memories. An evolutionary framework, such as the Sexual Selection–Sex Hormone theory, provides a historical perspective for understanding how the differences in the sex-biased diseases and mental disorders have evolved over time. It has the potential to direct the development of novel preventive and treatment strategies.

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Beirne, Christopher, Laura Waring, Robbie A. McDonald, Richard Delahay et Andrew Young. « Age-related declines in immune response in a wild mammal are unrelated to immune cell telomere length ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 283, n^o 1825 (24 février 2016) : 20152949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2949.

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Senescence has been hypothesized to arise in part from age-related declines in immune performance, but the patterns and drivers of within-individual age-related changes in immunity remain virtually unexplored in natural populations. Here, using a long-term epidemiological study of wild European badgers ( Meles meles ), we (i) present evidence of a within-individual age-related decline in the response of a key immune-signalling cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN γ ), to ex vivo lymphocyte stimulation, and (ii) investigate three putative drivers of individual variation in the rate of this decline (sex, disease and immune cell telomere length; ICTL). That the within-individual rate of age-related decline markedly exceeded that at the population level suggests that individuals with weaker IFN γ responses are selectively lost from this population. IFN γ responses appeared to decrease with the progression of bovine tuberculosis infection (independent of age) and were weaker among males than females. However, neither sex nor disease influenced the rate of age-related decline in IFN γ response. Similarly, while ICTL also declines with age, variation in ICTL predicted neither among- nor within-individual variation in IFN γ response. Our findings provide evidence of within-individual age-related declines in immune performance in a wild mammal and highlight the likely complexity of the mechanisms that generate them.

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Cabello, Noe, Vikas Mishra, Utkarshna Sinha, Susan L. DiAngelo, Zissis C. Chroneos, Ndifreke A. Ekpa, Timothy K. Cooper, Carla R. Caruso et Patricia Silveyra. « Sex differences in the expression of lung inflammatory mediators in response to ozone ». American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 309, n^o 10 (15 novembre 2015) : L1150—L1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00018.2015.

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Sex differences in the incidence of respiratory diseases have been reported. Women are more susceptible to inflammatory lung disease induced by air pollution and show worse adverse pulmonary health outcomes than men. However, the mechanisms underlying these differences remain unknown. In the present study, we hypothesized that sex differences in the expression of lung inflammatory mediators affect sex-specific immune responses to environmental toxicants. We focused on the effects of ground-level ozone, a major air pollutant, in the expression and regulation of lung immunity genes. We exposed adult male and female mice to 2 ppm of ozone or filtered air (control) for 3 h. We compared mRNA levels of 84 inflammatory genes in lungs harvested 4 h postexposure using a PCR array. We also evaluated changes in lung histology and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell counts and protein content at 24 and 72 h postexposure. Our results revealed sex differences in lung inflammation triggered by ozone exposure and in the expression of genes involved in acute phase and inflammatory responses. Major sex differences were found in the expression of neutrophil-attracting chemokines ( Ccl20, Cxcl5, and Cxcl2), the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6, and oxidative stress-related enzymes ( Ptgs2, Nos2). In addition, the phosphorylation of STAT3, known to mediate IL-6-related immune responses, was significantly higher in ozone-exposed mice. Together, our observations suggest that a differential regulation of the lung immune response could be implicated in the observed increased susceptibility to adverse health effects from ozone observed in women vs. men.

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Kossara, Dr Mohamad Bassel. « Pyogenic Granuloma in a Pregnant Woman Treated with Laser Therapy : A Case-Report ». Scholars Journal of Dental Sciences 10, n^o 2 (7 février 2023) : 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjds.2023.v10i02.002.

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Pyogenic granuloma is a common vascular tumor, it is benign and appears as superficial vascular lesions that can be idiopathic or related to immunity reasons, Pregnancy tumor is one type of this granuloma which appears as hyperplastic bleeding lesion of the gingiva, related to hormonal changes which happen during the first or second trimester. Higher levels of sex hormones during pregnancy produce effects on subgingival microflora, the immune system reaction manifest as severe bleeding enlargement in the buccal or lingual gingiva or both and sometimes covers occlusal teeth surfaces in advanced cases. In the next section, a case from my clinic involving pyogenic granuloma in the second trimester of pregnancy will be discussed along with how it was treated two times after recurrence.

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Weaver, Kristen R., Gail D’Eramo Melkus, Jason Fletcher et Wendy A. Henderson. « Relevance of Sex and Subtype in Patients With IBS : An Exploratory Study of Gene Expression ». Biological Research For Nursing 22, n^o 1 (13 décembre 2019) : 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800419889189.

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Background: Psychological state, stress level, and gastrointestinal function are intricately related and relevant to symptom exacerbation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but genetic contributors to this brain–gut connection are not fully understood. The purpose of this exploratory study was to compare gene expression in participants with IBS to that of healthy controls (HC) and to examine patterns of expression in participants with IBS by sex and IBS subtype. Method: Participants were recruited to an ongoing protocol at the National Institutes of Health. Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed using descriptive statistics and Mann–Whitney U tests. Expression levels of 84 genes were evaluated in peripheral whole blood using Custom RT2 Profiler polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Arrays, and data analysis was performed through GeneGlobe Data Analysis Center. Results: Participants with IBS ( n = 27) reported greater levels of perceived stress ( p = .037) and differed in expression values of ±2 for the genes ADIPOR1, ADIPOR2, CNR2, COMT, OXTR, and PPARA compared to HC ( n = 43). Further analyses by sex and IBS subtype revealed differential patterns of gene expression related to the endocannabinoid system, cytokines, stress, and sex steroid hormones. Conclusions: Diverse yet interconnected processes such as metabolism, inflammation, immunity, social behavior, and pain are associated with differences in gene expression between participants with IBS and HC. These findings lend support for genomic associations with the brain–gut connection in patients with IBS and highlight the relevance of sex and IBS subtype in performing such analyses.

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Elabd, Hiam, Caterina Faggio, Heba H. Mahboub, Mahmoud Abdelghaffar Emam, Samar Kamel, Reda El Kammar, Noha S. Abdelnaeim, Adel Shaheen, Nikola Tresnakova et Aya Matter. « Mucuna pruriens seeds extract boosts growth, immunity, testicular histology, and expression of immune-related genes of mono-sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ». Fish & ; Shellfish Immunology 127 (août 2022) : 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.055.

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Racey, C. Sarai, Amy Booth, Arianne Albert, Laurie W. Smith, Mel Krajden, Melanie C. M. Murray, Hélène C. F. Côté et al. « Seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 in an unvaccinated cohort in British Columbia, Canada : a cross-sectional survey with dried blood spot samples ». BMJ Open 12, n^o 8 (août 2022) : e062567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062567.

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ObjectivesGathering population-based data on prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection is vital to the public health response and planning. Current seroprevalence data in BC are limited with respect to considerations of how socioeconomic and demographic factors, such as age, sex, gender, income, identifying as a visibility minority and occupation, are related to SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection due to infection-acquired immunity. We aimed to estimate the SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in a cohort of British Columbians, using at-home self-collected dried blood spot (DBS) samples.DesignThis cross-sectional study included online surveys that collected sociodemographic and COVID-19 vaccine receipt information, and an at-home DBS collection kit.SettingBritish Columbia (BC), Canada.ParticipantsEligible participants were aged 25–69 years and residents of BC.Primary outcome measureSARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG antibody detection in unvaccinated individuals. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) explored factors associated with seropositivity.ResultsSARS-CoV-2 serology was performed on a total of 4048 unvaccinated participants 25–69 years of age who submitted DBS samples taken from November 2020 to June 2021. A total of 118 seropositive cases were identified, for an estimated overall seropositivity of 2.92% (95% CI 2.42% to 3.48%). Participants identifying as a visible minority had a higher seropositivity, 5.1% vs 2.6% (p=0.003), compared with non-visible minority participants. After adjustment by age and sex, identifying as a visible minority (aIRR=1.85, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.84) remained the only significant factor associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection in this cohort of unvaccinated individuals.ConclusionsSARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in the BC population due to infection-acquired immunity was low. Seropositivity indicated that among those unvaccinated, visible minority communities have been most impacted. Continued monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 serology due to both infection-acquired and vaccine-acquired immunity will be vital in public health planning and pandemic response.

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Disha, Tasfia, et Fahim Haque. « Prevalence and Risk Factors of Vulvovaginal Candidosis during Pregnancy : A Review ». Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2022 (20 juillet 2022) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6195712.

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Vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) is a symptomatic vaginal yeast infection, especially caused by Candida spp. Although VVC is common among reproductive-age women, prevalence studies notice the uprise of vaginal Candida colonization to 30% during pregnancy by culture, especially in the last trimester. Recent studies have considered it a severe problem due to the emerging evidence showing the association of VVC with a higher chance of pregnancy-related complexities (e.g., preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes, congenital cutaneous candidosis, and chorioamnionitis). In this review, we have reassessed and summarized the prevalence rate of VVC in expecting mothers and analyzed the association of several factors to the increased risk of VVC during pregnancy in different regions of the world. Altogether, these data collected from various studies showed the highest prevalence of VVC during pregnancy, mostly in Asian and African countries (90.38%, 62.2%, and 61.5% in Kenya, Nigeria, and Yemen, respectively). The prevalence rate of VVC during pregnancy was also found to differ with age, gestation period, parity, educational status, and socioeconomic level. Some pregnancy-related factors (e.g., weakened immunity; elevated level of sex hormones, glycogen deposition; low vaginal pH; decreased cell-mediated immunity) and several clinical and behavioral factors can be suggested as potential risk factors of candidosis during pregnancy.

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Dubey, Prachi, Sanjay Varma et Bhuwan Sharma. « Study of sepsis and its markers in renal failure patients on hemodialysis ». International Journal of Advances in Medicine 8, n^o 9 (21 août 2021) : 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20213166.

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Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease have impaired immunity due to disease per se and because of immunosuppressant treatment used for their disease. Catheters used for hemodialysis acts as conduit for microorganisms to cause infections. This leads to increase in morbidity and mortality.Methods: 100 patients of renal failure requiring hemodialysis were selected. Relevant pathological and radiological investigation done to rule out already existing infection, later on tests were repeated after catheter insertion and hemodialysis to check for infection and sepsis. Using appropriate statistical analysis was done and p value <0.05 was taken as significant.Results: Out of 100 patients underwent study, 15 developed catheter related blood stream infection. Older age, history of diabetes, male sex, diabetes, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperphosphatemia, prolonged duration of hemodialysis and site of hemodialysis catheter were found to be risk factor for infection.Conclusions: Patients requiring hemodialysis, who are having non modifiable risk factors like age, sex other risk factors for infection should be controlled to reduce incidence of infection.

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Yang, Wei, Justin D. Lathia, James R. Connor, Michael E. Berens, Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan et Joshua B. Rubin. « OMIC-10. TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS REVEALS SEX DIFFERENCES IN PEDIATRIC BRAIN MECHANISMS ». Neuro-Oncology 23, Supplement_1 (1 juin 2021) : i39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab090.157.

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Abstract A significant male overrepresentation exists in cancer incidence and in cancer-related deaths. This is true in all regions of the world and across the lifespan. We published an analysis of adult glioblastoma transcriptomes in which we identified sex-biased molecular features that distinguished the longest surviving male and female patients. Male GBM was characterized by decreased expression of positive regulators of the cell, while female GBM was characterized by decreased expression of intermediates in integrin signaling. To determine whether similar sex differences exist in pediatric brain tumors (pBTs), we accessed 860 pBT transcriptomes, representing all diagnostic categories and ages through the Children’s Brain Tumor Network. Unsupervised Bayesian nearest neighbor analysis of gene expression revealed distinct male and female expression patterns indicating fundamental differences exist in pBTs as a function of sex. Similar to our adult GBM analysis, male pBTs were distinguished from female pBTs by the involvement of cell cycle regulatory pathways. In contrast to adult GBM, female pBTs were characterized by involvement of metabolism and inflammatory/ immunity pathways. Interestingly, these sex differences were also evident in a parallel analysis of 209 of neuroblastoma cases. Focused analysis of the most common malignant pBTs (high-grade glioma, medulloblastoma, and ependymoma) revealed that each disease type exhibited significant sex differences in molecular profile, involving distinct pathways in each tumor type. Together, these data indicate that sex-based differences in molecular mechanisms exist in pBTs, and imply that sex-specific approaches to pBT treatment might yield improved outcomes for all patients.

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Yagil, Yoram, Martin Hessner, Herbert Schulz, Claudia Gosele, Larissa Lebedev, Ronit Barkalifa, Marina Sapojnikov, Norbert Hubner et Chana Yagil. « Geno-transcriptomic dissection of proteinuria in the uninephrectomized rat uncovers a molecular complexity with sexual dimorphism ». Physiological Genomics 42A, n^o 4 (décembre 2010) : 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00149.2010.

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Investigation of proteinuria, whose pathophysiology remains incompletely understood, is confounded by differences in the phenotype between males and females. We initiated a sex-specific geno-transcriptomic dissection of proteinuria in uninephrectomized male and female Sabra rats that spontaneously develop focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, testing the hypothesis that different mechanisms might underlie the pathophysiology of proteinuria between the sexes. In the genomic arm, we scanned the genome of 136 male and 111 female uninephrectomized F2 populations derived from crosses between SBH/y and SBN/y. In males, we identified proteinuria-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on RNO2 and 20 and protective QTLs on RNO6 and 9. In females, we detected proteinuria-related QTLs on RNO11, 13, and 20. The only QTL overlap between the sexes was on RNO20. Using consomic strains, we confirmed the functional significance of this QTL in both sexes. In the transcriptomic arm, we searched on a genomewide scale for genes that were differentially expressed in kidneys of SBH/y and SBN/y with and without uninephrectomy. These studies identified within each sex differentially expressed genes of relevance to proteinuria. Integrating genomics with transcriptomics, we identified differentially expressed genes that mapped within the boundaries of the proteinuria-related QTLs, singling out 24 transcripts in males and 30 in females, only 4 of which ( Tubb5, Ubd, Psmb8, and C2) were common to both sexes. Data mining revealed that these transcripts are involved in multiple molecular mechanisms, including immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, matrix deposition, and protease activity, with no single molecular pathway predominating in either sex. These results suggest that the pathophysiology of proteinuria is highly complex and that some of the underlying mechanisms are shared between the sexes, while others are sex specific and may account for the difference in the proteinuric phenotype between males and females.

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Xu, Joella, Guannan Huang et Tai L. Guo. « Bisphenol S Modulates Type 1 Diabetes Development in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mice with Diet- and Sex-Related Effects ». Toxics 7, n^o 2 (23 juin 2019) : 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics7020035.

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Bisphenol S (BPS) is a common replacement for bisphenol A (BPA) in plastics, which has resulted in widespread human exposure. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting from pancreatic β-cell destruction and has been increasing in incidence globally. Because of the similarities (e.g., endocrine disrupting) between BPS and BPA, and the fact that BPA was previously shown to accelerate T1D development in female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, it was hypothesized that BPS could contribute to the increasing T1D incidence by altering immunity with sex-biased responses. Adult female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were orally administered BPS at environmentally relevant doses (3, 30, 150 and 300 μg/kg), and males were given 0 or 300 μg/kg BPS. Females following 30 μg/kg BPS treatment on a soy-based diet had significantly delayed T1D development at the end of the study and decreased non-fasting blood glucose levels (BGLs) during the study. In contrast, BPS-exposed males on a soy-based diet showed an increased insulin resistance and varied BGLs. This might be a mixture effect with phytoestrogens, since males on a phytoestrogen-free diet showed improved glucose tolerance and decreased insulin resistance and CD25+ T cells. Additionally, while BPS altered BGLs in soy-based diet mice, minimal effects were observed concerning their immunotoxicity. Thus, BPS had sex- and diet-dependent effects on T1D and glucose homeostasis, which were likely caused by other mechanisms in addition to immunomodulation.

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Anderson, R. M., J. A. Crombie et B. T. Grenfell. « The epidemiology of mumps in the UK : a preliminary study of virus transmission, herd immunity and the potential impact of immunization ». Epidemiology and Infection 99, n^o 1 (août 1987) : 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800066875.

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SUMMARYMathematical models and statistical analyses of epidemiological data are employed to assess the potential impact of mass vaccination on the incidences of cases of mumps infection and cases of mumps related complications. The analyses reveal that in the United Kingdom the average age at infection with the mumps virus is currently between 6–7 years and that the inter-epidemic period of the infection is approximately 3 years. The critical level of vaccine uptake to eliminate mumps virus transmission is predicted to be approximately 85% of each cohort of boys and girls by the age of 2 years. Analyses of published data show that the risk of complication arising from mumps infection is markedly age- and sex-related. Model predictions suggest that the incidence of orchitis will be increased, over the level pertaining prior to mass vaccination, by levels of vaccine uptake (by 2 years of age) that are less than 70% of each yearly cohort of boys and girls. Moderate (over 00%) to high (75%) levels of vaccine uptake, however, are predicted to reduce the overall incidence of cases of mumps related complications (especially those with CNS involvement).

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Kelly, Clint D. « Effect of nutritional stress and sex on melanotic encapsulation rate in the sexually size dimorphic Cook Strait giant weta (Deinacrida rugosa) ». Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, n^o 11 (novembre 2016) : 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0108.

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Nutritional condition and sex are known to influence efficacy and investment in immune function. A poor diet is costly to immune function because it limits the resources (e.g., protein) available to effector systems (e.g., melanotic encapsulation), whereas males and females are expected to differ in how they allocate resources to fitness-related traits. Males are expected to invest less in immunity, and more in mating, than females, but this pattern could be reversed if fitness is more condition-dependent in males than in females. I tested the effects of nutritional condition and sex on melanotic encapsulation rate in the Cook Strait giant weta (Deinacrida rugosa Buller, 1871), an orthopteran insect exhibiting strong female-biased sexual size dimorphism that is, at least in part, the result of strong sexual selection for small male size. I found that male D. rugosa have a stronger encapsulation response than females, while nutritional condition has only a small positive effect on this particular effector system in both sexes. Whether the observed sex difference in encapsulation ability is due to a physiological constraint in females or whether males allocate more resources to this effector system because their fitness is more condition-dependent than female’s remains to be determined.

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Nunn, Charles L., Patrik Lindenfors, E. Rhiannon Pursall et Jens Rolff. « On sexual dimorphism in immune function ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 364, n^o 1513 (16 octobre 2008) : 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0148.

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Sexual dimorphism in immune function is a common pattern in vertebrates and also in a number of invertebrates. Most often, females are more ‘immunocompetent’ than males. The underlying causes are explained by either the role of immunosuppressive substances, such as testosterone, or by fundamental differences in male and female life histories. Here, we investigate some of the main predictions of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) in a comparative framework using mammals. We focus specifically on the prediction that measures of sexual competition across species explain the observed patterns of variation in sex-specific immunocompetence within species. Our results are not consistent with the ICHH, but we do find that female mammals tend to have higher white blood cell counts (WBC), with some further associations between cell counts and longevity in females. We also document positive covariance between sexual dimorphism in immunity, as measured by a subset of WBC, and dimorphism in the duration of effective breeding. This is consistent with the application of ‘Bateman's principle’ to immunity, with females maximizing fitness by lengthening lifespan through greater investment in immune defences. Moreover, we present a meta-analysis of insect immunity, as the lack of testosterone in insects provides a means to investigate Bateman's principle for immunity independently of the ICHH. Here, we also find a systematic female bias in the expression of one of the two components of insect immune function that we investigated (phenoloxidase). From these analyses, we conclude that the mechanistic explanations of the ICHH lack empirical support. Instead, fitness-related differences between the sexes are potentially sufficient to explain many natural patterns in immunocompetence.

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Li, Eric W., et Yongsheng Bai. « Computational Identification of Sex-Biased Biomarker MicroRNAs and Genes Associated with Immune Infiltration in Breast Cancer ». Genes 12, n^o 4 (14 avril 2021) : 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12040570.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) perform their functions through targeting messenger RNAs (mRNAs). X chromosome-located (X-linked) miRNAs have a broad role in cell lineage determination, immune regulation, and oncogenesis. The regulating roles of miRNAs in cancer and immunity are often altered when aberrant expression happens. Sex-biased genes could contribute to cancer sex bias in the context of their expression change due to targeting miRNAs. How biological roles and associations with immune cell abundance levels for sex-biased gene-miRNA pairs in gender-related cancer (e.g., breast cancer) change due to the alteration of their expression pattern to identify candidate therapeutic markers has not been investigated thoroughly. Upon analyzing anti-correlated genes and miRNAs within significant clusters of 12 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cancer types and the list of sex-biased genes and miRNAs reported from previous studies, 125 sex-biased genes (11 male-biased and 114 female-biased) were identified in breast cancer (BC). Seventy-three sex-biased miRNAs (40 male-biased and 33 female-biased) were identified across 5 out of 12 cancers (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), kidney chromophobe (KICH), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD)). Correlation between the BC sex-biased genes and tumor infiltrating immune cell types was further evaluated. We found eight genes having high correlation with immune infiltration. Fifteen candidate female-biased BC genes targeted by 3 X-linked miRNAs (has-mir-18hashsa-mir-221, and hsa-mir-224) were pinpointed in this study. Our computational result indicates that many identified female-biased genes which have positive associations with immune cell abundance levels could serve as alternative therapeutic markers. Our analysis suggests that female-biased expression of BC candidate genes is likely influenced by their targeting miRNA(s).

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Lindquist Liljeqvist, Moritz, Rebecka Hultgren, Otto Bergman, Christina Villard, Malin Kronqvist, Per Eriksson et Joy Roy. « Tunica-Specific Transcriptome of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and the Effect of Intraluminal Thrombus, Smoking, and Diameter Growth Rate ». Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 40, n^o 11 (novembre 2020) : 2700–2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.120.314264.

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Objective: There is no medical treatment to prevent abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) growth and rupture, both of which are linked to smoking. Our objective was to map the tunica-specific pathophysiology of AAA with consideration of the intraluminal thrombus, age, and sex, and to subsequently identify which mechanisms were linked to smoking and diameter growth rate. Approach and Results: Microarray analyses were performed on 246 samples from 76 AAA patients and 13 controls. In media and adventitia, there were 5889 and 2701 differentially expressed genes, respectively. Gene sets related to adaptive and innate immunity were upregulated in both tunicas. Media-specific gene sets included increased matrix disassembly and angiogenesis, as well as decreased muscle cell development, contraction, and differentiation. Genes implicated in previous genome-wide association studies were dysregulated in media. The intraluminal thrombus had a pro-proteolytic and proinflammatory effect on the underlying media. Active smoking resulted in increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis in all tissues and enriched lipid metabolism in adventitia. Processes enriched with active smoking in control aortas overlapped to a high extent with those differentially expressed between AAAs and controls. The AAA diameter growth rate (n=24) correlated with T- and B-cell expression in media, as well as lipid-related processes in the adventitia. Conclusions: This tunica-specific analysis of gene expression in a large study enabled the detection of features not previously described in AAA disease. Smoking was associated with increased expression of aneurysm-related processes, of which adaptive immunity and lipid metabolism correlated with growth rate.

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Gupta, Sarthak, Shuichiro Nakabo, Luz P. Blanco, Liam J. O’Neil, Gustaf Wigerblad, Rishi R. Goel, Pragnesh Mistry et al. « Sex differences in neutrophil biology modulate response to type I interferons and immunometabolism ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n^o 28 (29 juin 2020) : 16481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003603117.

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Differences between female and male immunity may contribute to variations in response to infections and predisposition to autoimmunity. We previously reported that neutrophils from reproductive-age males are more immature and less activated than their female counterparts. To further characterize the mechanisms that drive differential neutrophil phenotypes, we performed RNA sequencing on circulating neutrophils from healthy adult females and males. Female neutrophils displayed significant up-regulation of type I IFN (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs). Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis indicated that these differences are neutrophil specific, driven by a distinct neutrophil subset and related to maturation status. Neutrophil hyperresponsiveness to type I IFNs promoted enhanced responses to Toll-like receptor agonists. Neutrophils from young adult males had significantly increased mitochondrial metabolism compared to those from females and this was modulated by estradiol. Assessment of ISGs and neutrophil maturation genes in Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) males and in prepubescent children supported that differences in neutrophil phenotype between adult male and female neutrophils are hormonally driven and not explained by X chromosome gene dosage. Our results indicate that there are distinct sex differences in neutrophil biology related to responses to type I IFNs, immunometabolism, and maturation status that may have prominent functional and pathogenic implications.

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Dobosz, Paula, Maria Stępień, Anna Golke et Tomasz Dzieciątkowski. « Challenges of the Immunotherapy : Perspectives and Limitations of the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n^o 5 (5 mars 2022) : 2847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052847.

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Immunotherapy is a quickly developing type of treatment and the future of therapy in oncology. This paper is a review of recent findings in the field of immunotherapy with an emphasis on immune checkpoint inhibitors. The challenges that immunotherapy might face in near future, such as primary and acquired resistance and the irAEs, are described in this article, as well as the perspectives such as identification of environmental modifiers of immunity and development of anti-cancer vaccines and combined therapies. There are multiple factors that may be responsible for immunoresistance, such as genomic factors, factors related to the immune system cells or to the cancer microenvironment, factors emerging from the host cells, as well as other factors such as advanced age, biological sex, diet, many hormones, existing comorbidities, and the gut microbiome.

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Hoffmann, Manuela A., Helmut J. Wieler, Peter Enders, Hans-Georg Buchholz et Bodo Plachter. « Age- and Sex-Graded Data Evaluation of Vaccination Reactions after Initial Injection of the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine in a Local Vaccination Center in Germany ». Vaccines 9, n^o 8 (16 août 2021) : 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080911.

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A high vaccination rate of older and particularly chronically ill people against coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is likely one of the most important factors in containing the pandemic. When Germany’s vaccination campaign started on December 2020, vaccination prioritization was initially carried out starting with older population groups. Side effect rates in 1065 individuals who had received the first dose of the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccine BNT162b2 Tozinameran from BioNTech/Pfizer three weeks earlier were examined retrospectively. An age- and gender-graded data analysis showed clear age and gender differences with regard to vaccine-related adverse effects. In 77% of all individuals over 80 years of age, no local or systemic side effects were reported after the first vaccination, whereas in the age group up to 80 years, only 37% showed no side effects. In the whole study population, 64% of females and 73% of males reported no adverse effects. The initial vaccination with mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 shows an overall low profile of side effects. Particularly in those over 80 years, an extraordinarily good tolerance with equally good effectiveness is evident. The sex comparison showed that women suffer more often from adverse vaccination reactions. In order to achieve sufficient herd immunity, both age- and gender-dependent vaccination reactions and any difference in the maintenance of immunity should be considered in future vaccination strategies.

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Reid, Jane M., Peter Arcese, Lukas F. Keller, Kyle H. Elliott, Laura Sampson et Dennis Hasselquist. « Inbreeding effects on immune response in free-living song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ) ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 274, n^o 1610 (28 novembre 2006) : 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0092.

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The consequences of inbreeding for host immunity to parasitic infection have broad implications for the evolutionary and dynamical impacts of parasites on populations where inbreeding occurs. To rigorously assess the magnitude and the prevalence of inbreeding effects on immunity, multiple components of host immune response should be related to inbreeding coefficient ( f ) in free-living individuals. We used a pedigreed, free-living population of song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ) to test whether individual responses to widely used experimental immune challenges varied consistently with f . The patagial swelling response to phytohaemagglutinin declined markedly with f in both females and males in both 2002 and 2003, although overall inbreeding depression was greater in males. The primary antibody response to tetanus toxoid declined with f in females but not in males in both 2004 and 2005. Primary antibody responses to diphtheria toxoid were low but tended to decline with f in 2004. Overall inbreeding depression did not solely reflect particularly strong immune responses in outbred offspring of immigrant–native pairings or weak responses in highly inbred individuals. These data indicate substantial and apparently sex-specific inbreeding effects on immune response, implying that inbred hosts may be relatively susceptible to parasitic infection to differing degrees in males and females.

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Martin, M. Carmen, Ana Jimenez, Nuria Ortega, Alba Parrado, Isabel Page, M. Isabel Gonzalez et Lydia Blanco-Peris. « Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 total immunoglobulins in a series of convalescent plasma and blood donors ». PLOS ONE 17, n^o 2 (24 février 2022) : e0264124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264124.

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Background The vast majority of COVID-19 cases both symptomatic and asymptomatic develop immunity after COVID-19 contagion. Whether lasting differences exist between infection and vaccination boosted immunity is yet to be known. The aim of this study was to determine how long total anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies due to past infection persist in peripheral blood and whether sex, age or haematological features can influence their lasting. Material and methods A series of 2421 donations either of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma or whole blood from 1107 repeat donors from January 2020 to March 2021 was analysed. An automated chemiluminescence immunoassay for total antibodies recognizing the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 in human serum and plasma was performed. Sex, age, blood group, blood cell counts and percentages and immunoglobulin concentrations were extracted from electronic recordings. Blood donation is allowed after a minimum of one-month post symptom’s relapse. Donors were 69.7% males and their average age was 46. The 250 donors who had later donations after a positive one underwent further analysis. Both qualitative (positivity) and quantitative (rise or decline of optical density regarding consecutive donations) outcomes were evaluated. Results and discussion In 97.6% of donors with follow-up, anti-SARS-CoV-2 protein N total antibodies remained positive at the end of a follow-up period of 12.4 weeks median time (1–46, SD = 9.65) after the first positive determination. The blood group was not related to antibody waning. Lower lymphocyte counts and higher neutrophils would help predict future waning or decay of antibodies. Most recovered donors maintain their total anti-SARS-CoV-2 N protein antibodies for at least 16 weeks (at least one month must have been awaited from infection resolution to blood donation). The 10 individuals that could be followed up longer than 40 weeks (approximately 44 weeks after symptom’s relapse) were all still positive.

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Miliaraki, Marianna, Panagiotis Briassoulis, Stavroula Ilia, Kalliopi Michalakakou, Theodoros Karakonstantakis, Aikaterini Polonifi, Kalliopi Bastaki et al. « Oxidant/Antioxidant Status Is Impaired in Sepsis and Is Related to Anti-Apoptotic, Inflammatory, and Innate Immunity Alterations ». Antioxidants 11, n^o 2 (25 janvier 2022) : 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020231.

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Oxidative stress is considered pivotal in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Oxidants modulate heat shock proteins (Hsp), interleukins (IL), and cell death pathways, including apoptosis. This multicenter prospective observational study was designed to ascertain whether an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance is an independent sepsis discriminator and mortality predictor in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with sepsis (n = 145), compared to non-infectious critically ill patients (n = 112) and healthy individuals (n = 89). Serum total oxidative status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured by photometric testing. IL-6, -8, -10, -27, Hsp72/90 (ELISA), and selected antioxidant biomolecules (Ζn, glutathione) were correlated with apoptotic mediators (caspase-3, capsase-9) and the central anti-apoptotic survivin protein (ELISA, real-time PCR). A wide scattering of TOS, TAC, and TOS/TAC in all three groups was demonstrated. Septic patients had an elevated TOS/TAC, compared to non-infectious critically ill patients and healthy individuals (p = 0.001). TOS/TAC was associated with severity scores, procalcitonin, IL-6, -10, -27, IFN-γ, Hsp72, Hsp90, survivin protein, and survivin isoforms -2B, -ΔΕx3, -WT (p < 0.001). In a propensity probability (age-sex-adjusted) logistic regression model, only sepsis was independently associated with TOS/TAC (Exp(B) 25.4, p < 0.001). The AUCTOS/TAC (0.96 (95% CI = 0.93–0.99)) was higher than AUCTAC (z = 20, p < 0.001) or AUCTOS (z = 3.1, p = 0.002) in distinguishing sepsis. TOS/TAC, TOS, survivin isoforms -WT and -2B, Hsp90, IL-6, survivin protein, and repressed TAC were strong predictors of mortality (p < 0.01). Oxidant/antioxidant status is impaired in septic compared to critically ill patients with trauma or surgery and is related to anti-apoptotic, inflammatory, and innate immunity alterations. The unpredicted TOS/TAC imbalance might be related to undefined phenotypes in patients and healthy individuals.

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Navi, Babak B., Ryna Mathias, Carla P. Sherman, Julia Wolfe, Hooman Kamel, Scott T. Tagawa, Ashish Saxena et al. « Cancer-Related Ischemic Stroke Has a Distinct Blood mRNA Expression Profile ». Stroke 50, n^o 11 (novembre 2019) : 3259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.026143.

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Background and Purpose— Comorbid cancer is common in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). As blood mRNA profiles can distinguish AIS mechanisms, we hypothesized that cancer-related AIS would have a distinctive gene expression profile. Methods— We evaluated 4 groups of 10 subjects prospectively enrolled at 3 centers from 2009 to 2018. This included the group of interest with active solid tumor cancer and AIS and 3 control groups with active cancer only, AIS only, or vascular risk factors only. Subjects in the AIS-only and cancer-only groups were matched to subjects in the cancer-stroke group by age, sex, and cancer type (if applicable). Subjects in the vascular risk factor group were matched to subjects in the cancer-stroke and stroke-only groups by age, sex, and vascular risk factors. Blood was drawn 72 to 120 hours after stroke. Total RNA was processed using 3′ mRNA sequencing. ANOVA and Fisher least significant difference contrast methods were used to estimate differential gene expression between groups. Results— In the cancer-stroke group, 50% of strokes were cryptogenic. All groups had differentially expressed genes that could distinguish among them. Comparing the cancer-stroke group to the stroke-only group and after accounting for cancer-only genes, 438 genes were differentially expressed, including upregulation of multiple genes/pathways implicated in autophagy signaling, immunity/inflammation, and gene regulation, including IL (interleukin)-1, interferon, relaxin, mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, SQSTMI1 (sequestosome-1), and CREB1 (cAMP response element binding protein-1). Conclusions— This study provides evidence for a distinctive molecular signature in blood mRNA expression profiles of patients with cancer-related AIS. Future studies should evaluate whether blood mRNA can predict detection of occult cancer in patients with AIS. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02604667.

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Zhu, Hanmin, Qi Liu, Wei Li, Shuming Huang, Bo Zhang et Yumei Wang. « Biological Deciphering of the “Kidney Governing Bones” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine ». Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (29 mars 2022) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1685052.

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The description of the “kidney” was entirely different from modern medicine. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the kidney was a functional concept regulating water metabolism, which was closely related to the urinary system, reproductive system, nervous system, endocrine, skeleton, hearing, metabolism, immunity, etc. In particular, the kidney in TCM plays an important regulatory role in the processes of growth, development, prime, aging, and reproduction. Hence, “Kidney Governing Bone” (KGB) was a classical theory in TCM, which hypothesized that the function of the kidney was responsible for bone health. However, the related modern physiological mechanisms of this TCM theory are unclear. This present paper proposed a new understanding and explored the biological basis of the KGB theory. After searching through plenty of reported literature, we discovered that the functions of the kidney in TCM were closely associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in modern science. The physiological mechanism of the KGB was regulated by sex hormones and their receptors. This review deciphered the connotation of the KGB theory in modern medicine and further verified the scientificity of the basic TCM theory.

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