Bibliographies thématiques / Setting mechanism

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Setting mechanism »

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Publié le 25 mai 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Setting mechanism"

Gorokh, Artur, Siddhartha Banerjee et Krishnamurthy Iyer. « From Monetary to Nonmonetary Mechanism Design via Artificial Currencies ». Mathematics of Operations Research 46, n^o 3 (août 2021) : 835–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/moor.2020.1098.

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Nonmonetary mechanisms for repeated allocation and decision making are gaining widespread use in many real-world settings. Our aim in this work is to study the performance and incentive properties of simple mechanisms based on artificial currencies in such settings. To this end, we make the following contributions: For a general allocation setting, we provide two black-box approaches to convert any one-shot monetary mechanism to a dynamic nonmonetary mechanism using an artificial currency that simultaneously guarantees vanishing gains from nontruthful reporting over time and vanishing losses in performance. The two mechanisms trade off between their applicability and their computational and informational requirements. Furthermore, for settings with two agents, we show that a particular artificial currency mechanism also results in a vanishing price of anarchy.

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ANDERSON, J. T. « SCALE-SETTING WITHOUT THE HIGGS MECHANISM ». Modern Physics Letters A 03, n^o 16 (novembre 1988) : 1629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773238800194x.

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It is shown for the Higgs model that ɸ*ɸ must have a lower bound in order to assure the gauge convariance of Aµ and remove the non-analytic singularities of ϕ and Aμ. The boundary value is evaluated and provides a scale without the Higgs mechanism.

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Guo, Mingyu. « VCG Redistribution with Gross Substitutes ». Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 25, n^o 1 (4 août 2011) : 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v25i1.7883.

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For the problem of allocating resources among multiple strategic agents, the well-known Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism is efficient, strategy-proof, and it never incurs a deficit. However, in general, under the VCG mechanism, payments flow out of the system of agents, which reduces the agents' utilities. VCG redistribution mechanisms aim to return as much of the VCG payments as possible back to the agents, without affecting the desirable properties of the VCG mechanism. Most previous research on VCG redistribution mechanisms has focused on settings with homogeneous items and/or settings with unit-demand agents. In this paper, we study VCG redistribution mechanisms in the more general setting of combinatorial auctions. We show that when the gross substitutes condition holds, we are able to design mechanisms that guarantee to redistribute a large fraction of the VCG payments.

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Romano, Giulia, Gianluca Tartaglia, Alberto Marchesi et Nicola Gatti. « Online Posted Pricing with Unknown Time-Discounted Valuations ». Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, n^o 6 (18 mai 2021) : 5682–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i6.16713.

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We study the problem of designing posted-price mechanisms in order to sell a single unit of a single item within a finite period of time. Motivated by real-world problems, such as, e.g., long-term rental of rooms and apartments, we assume that customers arrive online according to a Poisson process, and their valuations are drawn from an unknown distribution and discounted over time. We evaluate our mechanisms in terms of competitive ratio, measuring the worst-case ratio between their revenue and that of an optimal mechanism that knows the distribution of valuations. First, we focus on the identical valuation setting, where all the customers value the item for the same amount. In this setting, we provide a mechanism M_c that achieves the best possible competitive ratio, discussing its dependency on the parameters in the case of linear discount. Then, we switch to the random valuation setting. We show that, if we restrict the attention to distributions of valuations with a monotone hazard rate, then the competitive ratio of M_c is lower bounded by a strictly positive constant that does not depend on the distribution. Moreover, we provide another mechanism, called M_pc, which is defined by a piecewise constant pricing strategy and reaches performances comparable to those obtained with M_c. This mechanism is useful when the seller cannot change the posted price too often. Finally, we empirically evaluate the performances of our mechanisms in a number of experimental settings.

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Bigi, Adriana, Silvia Panzavolta et Katia Rubini. « Setting Mechanism of a Biomimetic Bone Cement ». Chemistry of Materials 16, n^o 19 (septembre 2004) : 3740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm049363e.

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Biswas, Sharlene, et Chris Akroyd. « The governance of inter-firm co-development projects in an open innovation setting ». Pacific Accounting Review 28, n^o 4 (7 novembre 2016) : 446–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-03-2016-0030.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the governance of inter-firm co-development in an open innovation setting and show how a stage-gate product development process can be used to support this relationship. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopt a qualitative case-study approach informed by ethnomethodology. Data were obtained via semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Findings They found that in an open innovation setting – where the producing partner relies on a research partner for all product development activities – a stage-gate product development process can act as a governance mechanism, as it enables the development of trust and cooperation which supports the co-development relationship. Research limitations/implications The implication of this finding is that a stage-gate process can be a flexible governance mechanism, which can adapt over time in relation to the needs of the co-development partners in an open innovation setting. This also lays the groundwork for future research to explore the applicability of this tool in other settings, e.g. outsourcing arrangements as well as help guide the design and implementation of future governance mechanisms. Originality/value In the context of accounting research, this paper helps practitioners and academics understand how a stage-gate process can be used as a governance mechanism to manage and control co-development projects in an open innovation setting.

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Zhang, Lianzhen, Rangang Yu, Qingsong Zhang, Rentai Liu, Huijun Feng et Yuntian Chu. « Permeation grouting diffusion mechanism of quick setting grout ». Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 124 (juin 2022) : 104449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104449.

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He, Di, Wei Chen, Liwei Wang et Tie-Yan Liu. « Online learning for auction mechanism in bandit setting ». Decision Support Systems 56 (décembre 2013) : 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2013.07.004.

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Soudée, E., et J. Péra. « Mechanism of setting reaction in magnesia-phosphate cements ». Cement and Concrete Research 30, n^o 2 (février 2000) : 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(99)00254-9.

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Ruan, Zhi Gang, et Yi Xue Ren. « Specialties Problems and Countermeasures in Higher Vocational Road and Bridge Engineering ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (mai 2014) : 889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.889.

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By analyzing the current situation of higher vocational road and bridge engineering setting in our country, this paper summarizes the problems existing in current professional settings. According to our country's vocational education development demand and road and bridge engineering industry needs, this paper puts forward improvement suggestions and countermeasures to various problems from the aspects of professional macro planning, the establishment of linkage mechanism of local education authorities and higher vocational colleges, and setting up professional evaluation mechanism.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Setting mechanism"

Haegele, Joseph. « A mechanism based approach to evaluating adverse drug reactions in a medico-legal setting ». Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12408.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
The following thesis is an evaluation of the various mechanistic underpinnings of adverse drug reactions, including prescription drug-drug, drug-food, and dru gsupplement interactions, as well as "type B" adverse drug reactions, and adverse drug reactions arising from medication errors. The mechanisms associated with each of these categories are presented and supported through published studies and case reports. Furthermore, the aforementioned adverse drug reactions are associated with risk factors and severe, or fatal, adverse drug reactions are assessed within a medico-legal context for their relevance and prevalence. It was found that there is an insufficient amount of published data, especially within the United States, to determine the overall degree to which fatal adverse drug reactions may influence post-mortem analysis and outcomes of medico-legal investigation.

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Yu, Jason Jusheng Shaw Donald Lewis. « The psychological mechanism of agenda setting developing a cognitive process model to test consumer perception of cause-related marketing / ». Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2303.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 26, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication." Discipline: Journalism and Mass Communication; Department/School: Journalism and Mass Communication, School of.

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Drotsky, Willem Abraham. « Goalsetting as a motivational mechanism for therapeutic intervention ». Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10222004-142201.

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Greco, Claudio. « Transfer Learning and Attention Mechanisms in a Multimodal Setting ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/341874.

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Humans are able to develop a solid knowledge of the world around them: they can leverage information coming from different sources (e.g., language, vision), focus on the most relevant information from the input they receive in a given life situation, and exploit what they have learned before without forgetting it. In the field of Artificial Intelligence and Computational Linguistics, replicating these human abilities in artificial models is a major challenge. Recently, models based on pre-training and on attention mechanisms, namely pre-trained multimodal Transformers, have been developed. They seem to perform tasks surprisingly well compared to other computational models in multiple contexts. They simulate a human-like cognition in that they supposedly rely on previously acquired knowledge (transfer learning) and focus on the most important information (attention mechanisms) of the input. Nevertheless, we still do not know whether these models can deal with multimodal tasks that require merging different types of information simultaneously to be solved, as humans would do. This thesis attempts to fill this crucial gap in our knowledge of multimodal models by investigating the ability of pre-trained Transformers to encode multimodal information; and the ability of attention-based models to remember how to deal with previously-solved tasks. With regards to pre-trained Transformers, we focused on their ability to rely on pre-training and on attention while dealing with tasks requiring to merge information coming from language and vision. More precisely, we investigate if pre-trained multimodal Transformers are able to understand the internal structure of a dialogue (e.g., organization of the turns); to effectively solve complex spatial questions requiring to process different spatial elements (e.g., regions of the image, proximity between elements, etc.); and to make predictions based on complementary multimodal cues (e.g., guessing the most plausible action by leveraging the content of a sentence and of an image). The results of this thesis indicate that pre-trained Transformers outperform other models. Indeed, they are able to some extent to integrate complementary multimodal information; they manage to pinpoint both the relevant turns in a dialogue and the most important regions in an image. These results suggest that pre-training and attention play a key role in pre-trained Transformers’ encoding. Nevertheless, their way of processing information cannot be considered as human-like. Indeed, when compared to humans, they struggle (as non-pre-trained models do) to understand negative answers, to merge spatial information in difficult questions, and to predict actions based on complementary linguistic and visual cues. With regards to attention-based models, we found out that these kinds of models tend to forget what they have learned in previously-solved tasks. However, training these models on easy tasks before more complex ones seems to mitigate this catastrophic forgetting phenomenon. These results indicate that, at least in this context, attention-based models (and, supposedly, pre-trained Transformers too) are sensitive to tasks’ order. A better control of this variable may therefore help multimodal models learn sequentially and continuously as humans do.

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Perera, K. Ruwan P. A. « Comparative analysis of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism with other mechanisms of settling international trade and investment disputes : a protectionist view ». Thesis, University of Hull, 2003. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5491.

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Sun, Jinju. « Modelling variable stator vane setting in multistage axial flow compressors ». Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11396.

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A numerical approach for modelling variable stator stagger in multistage stage axial flow compressors is presented. The development of such an approach has been motivated by the requirements of an optimisation methodology for stator vane setting and active control of instability using controlled stator vane setting. The optimisation methodology has been further developed but active control approaches are discussed as future considerations. Varying upstream stator vane stagger . changes the incident flow angle on . the downstream rotor thus affecting the entire flow distribution within the compression systems. The approach therefore begins by investigating the effect of a change in stator stagger setting on stage performance. A meanline method was used for nu- merical prediction of stage characteristics as it can simulate the effect of a change in stagger settings and ( or) in rotational speeds. Overall compressor performance was obtained by stacking the (experimental or predicted) stage characteristics and the surge conditions predicted using a stage-by-stage dynamic compression model where the compressibility was considered explicitly. This approach for variable stagger set- ting was incorporated into a FORTRAN code and validated using the data from the 12-stage HP SPEY jTAY variable geometry compressor. To optimise the setting, a direct search method incorporating a Sequential Weight Increasing Factor Technique (SWIFT) algorithm was incorporated into the variable stagger model. The objective function in this optimisation is penalised externally 11 with an updated factor which helped to accelerate convergence. The methodology has been incorporated into a FORTRAN program and its validations were conducted using the data from the 7-stage LP OLYMPUS and the 12-stage HP SPEY /TAY compressors. Results have demonstrated that variable stagger setting is a powerful method to rematch stages and which can be used to improve the desired overall performance, and that the potential benefits of introducing additional rows of variable setting vanes can be achieved. Future work arising from the present study has been discussed and highlighted, which involves the enhancement of the model capacity and development of active control approaches. In addition the thesis involves several reviews focusing on different topics. Most reviews contain considerable information and it is expected that the information can be of help for the interested readers to trace more relevant references. These reviews consist of a general review in chapter 1; a brief review on stage characteristics modelling in chapter 2; a comparative review on incompressible and compressible surge models in chapter 3; a review of various optimisation methods for practical problems, especially for constrained non-smooth problems, in chapter 4; and a review of the state-of-the-art active approaches in chapter 7. The suitability of various approaches has been highlighted. Steinke's meanline method is suitable for investigating the in- influence of stagger resetting on stage performance. To predict the surge conditions for a (high-speed) multistage environment, the stage-by-stage compressible models are III more promising. For constrained non-smoothed optimisation, the SWIFT algorithm can be an alternative. The controlled stator vane regulated through nonlinear control law will permit the robust control of compressor instabilities.

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Pousa, Claudio Eduardo. « The impact of coaching on salesperson's performance and the mechanisms that regulate this relationship ». Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6104.

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Companies worldwide are facing a severe competition from an increasing number of domestic and foreign competitors, who put extra pressure on the achievement of market efficiency and performance. In this context, research and transference of managerial tools aimed at increasing performance has become decisive for organizations. One particular tool, the coaching of the sales force, has been largely praised by practitioners and scholars alike as a central managerial activity increasing employee's performance. As salespeople's performance is a key antecedent of organizational performance, research on sales coaching as a tool for increasing performance is critical. Despite its importance, research on coaching has been scarce and inconsistent, and published work has been predominantly practice-driven and guru-led, lacking solid theoretical basis. Additionally, the relationship between coaching and performance has not received conclusive support, and the mediating variables linking coaching with performance have not been studied; these restrictions limited the explanations and predictive capacity of present models. This research tries to close the gap between what is presently known about coaching and what should be known in the opinion of both practitioners and scholars, by answering two general research questions: 1) does coaching by the sales manager have an impact on salesperson's performance?; and 2) what are the mediating mechanisms that turn coaching by the sales manager into salesperson's performance? This dissertation presents a model based on two institutionalized' theories, Leader-member Exchange (LMX) Theory and Goal-setting Theory; LMX is a dyadic, relational theory, useful to explain the high quality relationship developed between coach and coaché during the coaching intervention, and some of the proximal outcomes of this relationship; goal-setting theory is particularly useful in sales contexts, where salespeople have clearly defined goals, to understand how the coaching intervention can mobilize salesperson's cognition and motivation in order to achieve the goals. The model explores the motivational and cognitive process enacted by the coaching intervention that have an impact on salesperson's performance, and proposes different ways through which coaching could be translated into increased performance; according to the model, the coaching intervention helps the salesperson to develop new task-specific strategies , which increases his capacity of adapting to different selling situations; additionally, the characteristics of the coaching intervention increases his goal commitment and his self-efficacy ; in consequence, the salesperson will spend more effort , with greater persistence , and will choose better strategies; as a consequence of increased sales adaptability, new strategies, goal commitment, self-efficacy and effort, salesperson's performance will also increase. The model was tested using data collected early in 2011; a local Latin-American branch of a global industrial company and a Canadian bank accepted to participate in the study, and invitations to take a web-based survey were sent to their sales forces. I received 186 complete, usable responses, for a total response ratio of 40.43%, which were used to test the model using Structural Equation Modeling. Results supported the main hypotheses; the conclusion of the dissertation is that the coaching intervention actually enacts motivational and cognitive mechanisms in the salesperson that allows him to increase his performance. These mechanisms are increased effort, adaptive selling, sales planning, new strategies, goal commitment and self-efficacy. The dissertation contributes to the solution of the research problem in several ways. First, it proposes a model of coaching mediators, an issue that has not been addressed by previous research. The model represents an original perspective that advances the field of coaching research by enlarging our understanding of the processes addressed by the coaching intervention. Second, the model proposes two complementary ways for achieving performance; one that considers the motivational aspects of the coaching intervention, where an increased performance is achieved through increased goal commitment and effort; the other one considers the cognitive aspects of the coaching intervention, where an increased performance is achieved through increased adaptive selling and sales planning behavior, and the development and implementation of new task-related strategies. These two ways are consistent with present research on adaptive selling and sales performance. Third, the model is based on two institutionalized theories: LMX and Goal-setting Theory. The use of these theories is an original approach, useful to understand how coaching work in sales contexts. As the proposed model is not based on any particular practitioner's model or set of experiences, it can potentially be generalized through a large series of organizational settings. Finally, the results of this research contributes: 1) to the advancement of scientific knowledge through the development of an original, theory-based model of coaching mediators, as well as 2) to the solution of a managerial problem by providing practical insights to practitioners willing to implement successful coaching processes in their organizations.

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Vieira, Chaves Eduardo Walter. « A There Dimensional Setting for Strong Discontinuities Modelling in Failure Mechanics ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6861.

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El estudio de la mecánica computacional de fallo ha ganado creciente popularidad en los últimos años. Modelizar el comportamiento poscrítico de estructuras puede alcanzar un grado elevado de complejidad, debido a la multiplicidad de aspectos que es necesario considerar. Desde el punto de vista de la mecánica de medios continuos, el fallo está estrechamente relacionado con la localización de deformaciones. Se dice que un sólido presenta localización de deformaciones cuando existen bandas en las cuales se producen modos de deformación intensos. Este fenómeno ha sido clasificado como una inestabilidad material, ya que está ligado a modelos constitutivos con ablandamiento o con reglas de flujo no asociadas. Un enfoque fenomenológico del problema de localización de deformaciones permite su estudio mediante saltos en el campo de desplazamientos, conocidos como discontinuidades fuertes. Este trabajo propone varias técnicas numéricas que contribuyen a la modelización de discontinuidades fuertes en sólidos bidimensionales dentro del marco de la mecánica de medios continuos. Con este objetivo, se hace una revisión sistemática de los fundamentos teóricos con los cuales se puede emprender el estudio del fallo en estructuras sin salir del ámbito de la mecánica de medios continuos clásica. En primer lugar, mediante el análisis de bifurcación discontinua, se establecen las condiciones necesarias para la aparición de discontinuidades en sólidos.

El presente trabajo trata sobre la simulación de la localización de deformaciones en sólidos mediante el método de las discontinuidades fuertes (Strong Discontinuity Approach). Las principales hipótesis de trabajo son la de régimen cuasiestático isotérmico, la de pequeñas deformaciones y rotaciones, y la de homogeneidad e isotropía del material.
Esta teoría se desarrolla en el ámbito de la Mecánica de Medios Continuos. En lo referente a la modelización constitutiva, se adopta un modelo de daño isótropo y sus variantes, los cuales pueden utilizarse en la simulación de materiales cuasifrágiles como el hormigón, los cerámicos, las rocas y el hielo.
Se presentan los ingredientes básicos de la formulación de elementos finitos con discontinuidades internas en tres dimensiones, además de los ingredientes para la transición del régimen de discontinuidades débiles al de discontinuidades fuertes (modelo de ancho de banda variable).
Por otra parte, se realiza un detallado análisis de bifurcación material, el cual nos proporciona la información necesaria para la propagación de discontinuidades.
Finalmente, se proponen dos posibles algoritmos de trazado de la discontinuidad.
Varios ejemplos numéricos demuestran la eficiencia del método. Además, su concordancia con resultados experimentales se pone de relieve. Este trabajo proporciona las herramientas necesarias para la extensión del método al estudio de ejemplos más complejos que requieren, a su vez, modelos constitutivos más complejos.

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Devore, Sasha. « Neural correlates and mechanisms of sound localization in everyday reverberant settings ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54452.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-176).
Nearly all listening environments-indoors and outdoors alike-are full of boundary surfaces (e.g., walls, trees, and rocks) that produce acoustic reflections. These reflections interfere with the direct sound arriving at a listener's ears, distorting the binaural cues for sound localization. Yet, human listeners have little difficulty localizing sounds in most settings. This thesis addresses fundamental questions regarding the neural basis of sound localization in everyday reverberant environments. In the first set of experiments, we investigate the effects of reverberation on the directional sensitivity of low-frequency auditory neurons sensitive to interaural time differences (ITD), the principal cue for localizing sound containing low frequency energy. Because reverberant energy builds up over time, the source location is represented relatively faithfully during the early portion of a sound, but this representation becomes increasingly degraded later in the stimulus. We show that the directional sensitivity of ITD-sensitive neurons in the auditory midbrain of anesthetized cats and awake rabbits follows a similar time course. However, the tendency of neurons to fire preferentially at the onset of a stimulus results in more robust directional sensitivity than expected, suggesting a simple mechanism for improving directional sensitivity in reverberation. To probe the role of temporal response dynamics, we use a conditioning paradigm to systematically alter temporal response patterns of single neurons. Results suggest that making temporal response patterns less onset-dominated typically leads to poorer directional sensitivity in reverberation. In parallel behavioral experiments, we show that human lateralization judgments are consistent with predictions from a population rate model for decoding the observed midbrain responses, suggesting a subcortical origin for robust sound localization in reverberant environments. In the second part of the thesis we examine the effects of reverberation on directional sensitivity of neurons across the tonotopic axis in the awake rabbit auditory midbrain. We find that reverberation degrades the directional sensitivity of single neurons, although the amount of degradation depends on the characteristic frequency and the type of binaural cues available. When ITD is the only available directional cue, low frequency neurons sensitive to ITD in the fine-time structure maintain better directional sensitivity in reverberation than high frequency neurons sensitive to ITD in the envelope. On the other hand, when both ITD and interaural level differences (ILD) cues are available, directional sensitivity is comparable throughout the tonotopic axis, suggesting that, at high frequencies, ILDs provide better directional information than envelope ITDs in reverberation. These findings can account for results from human psychophysical studies of spatial hearing in reverberant environments. This thesis marks fundamental progress towards elucidating the neural basis for spatial hearing in everyday settings. Overall, our results suggest that the information contained in the rate responses of neurons in the auditory midbrain is sufficient to account for human sound localization in reverberant environments.
by Sasha Devore.
Ph.D.

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Wongwuthikun, Krisdakorn. « An appraisal of third-party mechanisms in settling international environmental disputes ». Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/368e5d23-b96f-4c29-8a2c-9bfd6bf30e7b.

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International environmental disputes frequently have characteristics that distinguish them from other kinds of international disputes. Such characteristics of international environmental disputes include the following. Firstly, a dispute may be bilateral, multilateral or hybrid in character. Secondly, international environmental disputes frequently have a multi-dimensional character which includes the complexity of the scientific or technical information associated with a dispute and the complexity of questions relating to social, economic and political choice. Thirdly, international environmental disputes may entail difficulties in identifying the source of the alleged breach of an international environmental obligation. Fourthly, international environmental disputes may involve complex questions of quantifying damages. Lastly, international environmental disputes may involve the interpretation and application of procedural obligations. International environmental obligations of a procedural character. Given the characteristics of international environmental disputes, this thesis aims to study the suitability and effectiveness of the existing third-party mechanisms in settling such disputes. This thesis attempts to find suitable means by examining the nature of each dispute settlement mechanism and making an evaluation in order to find out how each mechanism can provide processes or procedures that correspond to the special characteristics of environmental disputes. With regard to the question of effectiveness, criteria of effectiveness will be established and then each of the mechanisms will be assessed in the light of those criteria. This thesis also proposes some recommendations that would have a chance of being carried out in practice in order to address problems or drawbacks that appear to be an obstacle to the better resolution of international environmental disputes. This thesis shows that judicial means are suitable for deciding bilateral environmental disputes and interpreting and applying procedural obligations. They are not suitable for deciding cases involving multiple parties, multidimensional disputes, quantifying environmental damages or identifying the sources of breach of environmental obligations, except ad hoc arbitration where parties can set up arbitral procedures which suit a specific characteristic of the environmental disputes at issue. Diplomatic means are suitable for deciding bilateral and multilateral disputes, multidimensional disputes but they are not suitable for awarding environmental damages and interpreting and applying procedural obligations. As far as the effectiveness is concerned, this thesis shows that most of the disputes brought before judicial and non-judicial means were settled and the parties complied with the judgments, awards, findings and recommendations. However, in most cases, they have had only a limited impact on the behaviour of the parties in the sense that they were not successful in changing States’ behaviour so discourage future violations and deter the emergence of future disputes. This thesis suggests that all of the dispute settlement mechanisms can be used in a collaborative manner. The fact that the parties decide to litigate in international courts does not mean that the other mechanisms would be excluded. Before or during the course of the judicial proceedings, diplomatic means can always be resorted to. Successful environmental dispute resolution depends partly on the readiness of the parties to end a dispute and partly on the structure of the dispute settlement mechanism. Governments would have to decide what mechanisms could accommodate the unique characteristics of international environmental disputes that are at issue, taking into account all of the considerations discussed in this thesis.

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Livres sur le sujet "Setting mechanism"

Serbia. Setting-up of National Preventive Mechanism in Serbia : Initial 6 months : Getting ready, no monitoring. Belgrade : Protector of Citizens (Ombudusman) of Republic of Serbia, 2011.

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Hippolyte, Ralph. Setting : From the mechanics to the art. Scone : Dark Horse Publishing, 1997.

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Norton, George W. Priority-setting mechanisms for national agricultural research systems : Present experience and future needs. Hague : International Service for National Agricultural Research, 1987.

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Norton, George W. Priority-setting mechanisms for national agricultural research systems : Present experience and future needs. Hague, Netherlands : International Service for National Agricultural Research, 1987.

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Norton, George W. Priority-setting mechanisms for national agricultural research systems : Present experience and future needs. The Hague : ISNAR, 1987.

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Upreti, Bishnu Raj. Settling local conflicts in Nepal : Different mechanisms and practices : discussion paper. Kathmandu, Nepal : Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research, 2014.

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Nalwanga-Sebina. Land dispute resolution mechanisms in Uganda : What works in the rural settings ? [Kampala] : Makerere Institute of Social Research, 2003.

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Barczak, Thomas M. A model of shield-strata interaction and its implications for active shield setting requirements. Washington, D.C : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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Barczak, Thomas M. A model of shield-strata interaction and its implications for active shield setting requirements. Washington, D.C : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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Barczak, Thomas M. A model of shield-strata interaction and its implications for active shield setting requirements. Washington, D.C : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Setting mechanism"

Rall, Jack A. « Setting the Stage : Myosin, Actin, Actomyosin and ATP ». Dans Mechanism of Muscular Contraction, 1–27. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2007-5_1.

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Sielken, Robert L. « Combining Physiology, Carcinogenic Mechanism, and Interindividual Variation in Cancer Dose-Response Extrapolations ». Dans Risk Assessment in Setting National Priorities, 43–58. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5682-0_4.

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Ngassam, Rhode Ghislaine Nguewo, Jean Robert Kala Kamdjoug et Samuel Fosso Wamba. « Setting up a Mechanism for Predicting Automobile Customer Defection at SAHAM Insurance (Cameroon) ». Dans Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 878–88. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77712-2_83.

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Zhang, Zhengyu, Puwen Wei et Haiyang Xue. « Tighter Security Proofs for Post-quantum Key Encapsulation Mechanism in the Multi-challenge Setting ». Dans Cryptology and Network Security, 141–60. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31578-8_8.

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Babkin, Aleksandr, Elena Mylnikova, Galina Chernovalova, Svetlana Belmas et Nadezhda Nagibina. « Information-Infrastructure Mechanism for Managing Industrial Enterprise Self-Development in the Setting of Digitization ». Dans XIV International Scientific Conference “INTERAGROMASH 2021", 762–70. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81619-3_85.

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Widdicombe, S., M. C. Austen, M. A. Kendall, R. M. Warwick et M. B. Jones. « Bioturbation as a mechanism for setting and maintaining levels of diversity in subtidal macrobenthic communities ». Dans Island, Ocean and Deep-Sea Biology, 369–77. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1982-7_34.

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D’Angelo, Alessio. « Migration Policy and Welfare Chauvinism in the United Kingdom : European Divergence or Trend-Setting ? » Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 229–45. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26002-5_12.

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AbstractGrowing hostility towards large-scale immigration following the EU enlargement (2004) and, later, the increase in South-North flows due to the global financial crisis (2008), played a major role in the Brexit referendum of 2016. This marked the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union and from its mechanisms of “free movement”. Such hostility was not framed simply in terms of xenophobia but, rather, as “welfare chauvinism”. This chapter critically examines the last few decades of policy and political debates around intra-European migration in the United Kingdom, the key trends that have led to the (not so) unpredictable Brexit referendum, and the scenarios which have been set in motion with the UK-EU Agreement of 2020. In spite of the strong sense of British exceptionalism which has informed UK discussions, some of the fundamentals underpinning this process have much in common with what we are witnessing elsewhere in Europe, with the stratification of (welfare) rights for different categories of migrants being used as a pragmatic – if not cynical – mechanism to regulate entry and settlement. In fact, what at political and institutional level appears yet as the major rapture within the European framework, may end up revealing itself as part of a wider trend among both Northern and Southern European regimes: the restrictionist reconfiguration of the welfare-migration nexus. This race to the welfare bottom is not only affecting newly arrived migrants, but eroding the rights of the wider population.

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Shu, Zhong, Boer Deng, Luo Tian, Fen Duan, Xinyu Sun, Liangzhe Chen et Yue Luo. « Construction of SDN Network Management Model Based on Virtual Technology Application ». Dans Proceeding of 2021 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications, 257–68. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2456-9_28.

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AbstractThis paper designs a virtual SDN network management model constrained by fair and equal network management information access mechanisms by analyzing the problems existing in the universality of existing SDN network management models. Starting with the three-tier structure of the SDN network management system, the main parameters involved in the network management service function, information processing and transmission channel construction in the system were strictly and normatively defined. The design of virtual nodes is regarded as the core element of the network management system, and the information transmission inside it adopts logical operation; The network management service function and the channel for realizing the network management service function are isolated, and the iterative search, analysis and update mechanism is enabled in the network management information transmission channel. By constructing the experimental verification platform and setting the evaluation parameters of the system performance objectives, the scalability and timeliness of the model were evaluated from two aspects: the deployment of network virtual nodes and the dynamic control of network management information channels. The collected experimental core evaluation parameters, the realization time of the network management service function, can show that the dynamic distribution mechanism of network management information can be cross-applied to each virtual node, and the channel update mechanism of network management information can adjust the information processing queue in real-time. The network management system model that has been built realizes the separation of management and control of the network management system and has the characteristics of independent operation, autonomous function, self-matching, rapid deployment and dynamic expansion.

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Iannotta, Professor Giuliano. « Price Setting Mechanisms ». Dans Investment Banking, 79–98. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-93765-4_5.

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Bevan, John A. « The Interaction between Flow-Induced Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation : A Mechanism for Setting the Level of Vascular Tone ». Dans Ion Flux in Pulmonary Vascular Control, 297–315. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2397-0_22.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Setting mechanism"

Chauhan, Dushyant Singh, Asif Ekbal et Pushpak Bhattacharyya. « An Efficient Fusion Mechanism for Multimodal Low-resource Setting ». Dans SIGIR '22 : The 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3477495.3531900.

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Wang, Wenzong, Xiaojie Shi, Charles Brewster et Aminul Huque. « Oscillation Mechanism and Setting Guideline for Inverter Volt-Var Control ». Dans 2020 IEEE 47th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc45281.2020.9300547.

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Aziz, Haris, Serge Gaspers et Zhaohong Sun. « Mechanism Design for School Choice with Soft Diversity Constraints ». Dans Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/22.

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We study the controlled school choice problem where students may belong to overlapping types and schools have soft target quotas for each type. We formalize fairness concepts for the setting that extend fairness concepts considered for restricted settings without overlapping types. Our central contribution is presenting a new class of algorithms that takes into account the representations of combinations of student types. The algorithms return matchings that are non-wasteful and satisfy fairness for same types. We further prove that the algorithms are strategyproof for the students and yield a fair outcome with respect to the induced quotas for type combinations. We experimentally compare our algorithms with two existing approaches in terms of achieving diversity goals and satisfying fairness.

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Zhu, Honggeng, Rentian Zhang, Bin Xi et Dapeng Hu. « Internal Flow Mechanism of Axial-Flow Pump With Adjustable Guide Vanes ». Dans ASME 2013 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2013-16613.

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Axial-flow pumps are widely used in many fields where low pumping head and large flow rate are required such as irrigation and drainage, flood control, bio-environmental protection and inter-basin water diversion. Conventional axial-flow pump diffuser is designed with post fixed guide vanes to eliminate circulation, diffuse water and decrease flow velocity while converting dynamic energy to pressure energy. Under designed flow rate the inlet setting angle of the fixed guide vanes is designed to be equal to the outlet flow angle of the impeller blades which is regarded to be the best operating condition. Under off-design conditions the outlet flow angle of the impeller blades does not match the inlet setting angle of guide vanes any more. As a result hydraulic losses are increased, flow separation appeared and vortex generated inside the diffuser, the operation conditions of pump is deteriorated, bringing in bad cavitation characteristics, more energy consumption and lower pumping efficiency. The proposal of Axial-flow pumps with adjustable guide vanes are put forward in this paper, in which the inlet setting angle of guide vanes can be adjusted to coordinate with the change of flow rate and impeller blade setting angle and guarantee the outlet flow angle of impeller blades matching the inlet setting angle of guide vanes. The three-dimensional time-averaged N-S equations, closed by the standard κ–ε turbulence model, are adopted to simulate the internal flow fields of axial-flow pumps with fixed and adjustable guide vanes, and their performances are predicted. The internal flow mechanism of an axial-flow pump with adjustable guide vanes is investigated, and computational fluid dynamics is adopted to simulate and analyze the internal flow fields. Computation results indicate that the value of the highest pumping efficiency is slight changed while the vane setting angle is adjusted when the inlet setting angles of blades are fixed and the setting angles of guide vanes are regulated. Under off-design conditions the flow conditions inside the diffuser of axial-flow pump with adjustable guide vanes can be improved, the hydraulic loss reduced and the pumping efficiency can be raised effectively.

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Li, Zihao, Shengxin Liu, Xinhang Lu et Biaoshuai Tao. « Truthful Fair Mechanisms for Allocating Mixed Divisible and Indivisible Goods ». Dans Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/313.

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We study the problem of designing truthful and fair mechanisms when allocating a mixture of divisible and indivisible goods. We first show that there does not exist an EFM (envy-free for mixed goods) and truthful mechanism in general. This impossibility result holds even if there is only one indivisible good and one divisible good and there are only two agents. Thus, we focus on some more restricted settings. Under the setting where agents have binary valuations on indivisible goods and identical valuations on a single divisible good (e.g., money), we design an EFM and truthful mechanism. When agents have binary valuations over both divisible and indivisible goods, we first show there exist EFM and truthful mechanisms when there are only two agents or when there is a single divisible good. On the other hand, we show that the mechanism maximizing Nash welfare cannot ensure EFM and truthfulness simultaneously.

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Peel, Frank. « The Setting and Possible Mechanism of the 2006 Green Canyon Seismic Event ». Dans Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/19032-ms.

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Jian-gang, Du, Li Wen-zhong et Sun Ying. « An Empirical Assessment of Customer's Emotional Mechanism under the Service Failure Setting ». Dans 2007 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2007.4421999.

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Nishioka, Takahiro, Toshio Kanno et Hiroshi Hayami. « Rotating Stall Inception From Spike and Rotating Instability in a Variable-Pitch Axial-Flow Fan ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2008 : Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51466.

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End wall flow fields at the two stagger-angle settings for the rotor blades in the low-speed axial-flow fan are experimentally and numerically investigated to elucidate the mechanism of stall inception. Rotating instability is confirmed near the maximum pressure-rise point at both design and large stagger-angle settings. This instability is induced by the interaction between the incoming flow, tip leakage flow, and backflow from the trailing edge. The stall-inception pattern, however, differs at the two stagger-angle settings. The stall inception from a spike is observed at the design stagger-angle setting, and the stall inception without the spike and modal disturbance is observed at the large stagger-angle setting. The rotating instability seems to influence the formation of stall cell at the large stagger-angle setting. Tip-leakage vortex breakdown occurs at both design and large stagger angle settings. This breakdown induces the three-dimensional separation on the suction surface of the rotor blade at the tip. Three-dimensional separation at the design stagger-angle setting is stronger than that at the large stagger-angle setting. The strong separation grows into a three-dimensional separation vortex, which crosses the blade passage near the trailing edge. This separation vortex seems to be one of the conditions for spike initiation.

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de Keijzer, Bart, et Dominik Wojtczak. « Facility Reallocation on the Line ». Dans Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/26.

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We consider a multi-stage facility reallocation problems on the real line, where a facility is being moved between stages based on the locations reported by n agents. The aim of the reallocation mechanism is to minimize the social cost, i.e., the sum over the total distance between the facility and all agents at all stages, plus the cost incurred for moving the facility. We also study this problem both in the offline setting and online setting. In the offline case the mechanism has full knowledge of the agent locations in all future stages, and in the online setting the mechanism does not know these future locations and must decide the location of the facility on a stage-per-stage basis. For both cases, we derive the optimal mechanism, where for the online setting we show that its competitive ratio is (n+2)/(n+1). As neither of these mechanisms turns out to be strategyproof, we propose another strategyproof mechanism which has a competitive ratio of (n+3)/(n+1) for odd n and (n+4)/n for even n, which we conjecture to be the best possible. We also consider a generalization with multiple facilities and weighted agents, for which we show that the optimum can be computed in polynomial time for a fixed number of facilities.

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Brehm, Samuel, Hunter Adams et Aneel Damaraju. « IV Cutoff Mechanism for Low Resource Settings ». Dans ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24537.

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Abstract Intravenous (IV) fluid regulation is necessary in developing nations to prevent IV-overhydration in the pediatric patients of low-resource hospitals. Traditionally, regulation is achieved by calculating the total fluid outflow from an IV bag and restricting flow before the patient is injected with dangerous levels of fluid. However, standard fluid regulation devices include infusion pumps and burettes, which are costly and often ill-suited for low-resource environments. This research proposes a low-cost, easy to use device that regulates the volume of intravenous (IV) fluid delivered to a patient in a low-resource clinical setting. Laboratory accuracy tests (N = 32) over a range of clinically-relevant fluid volumes yielded a median and max error of 4 and 8mL respectively, falling within specific error thresholds (p < le-5). Non-clinical usability tests (N = 25) showed median and max device setup times to be 40 and 55 seconds respectively (p < le-5). Additionally, all participants found the device “easy to use” and were able to set up and use the device with less than 20 minutes of training.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Setting mechanism"

Amaya, Carlos Andrés. Interest rate setting and the colombian monetary transmission mechanism. Bogotá, Colombia : Banco de la República, septembre 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.352.

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Meissner, A. L., Thomas W. Perkins et Edwina Chesky. Product Improvement Program for the M577 Fuze. Volume 3. Redesign of Setting Mechanism. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, mars 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada153668.

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Pinzón-Puerto, Freddy, et Mauricio Villamizar-Villegas. Do Actions Speak Louder than Words ? A Foreign Exchange Intervention Analysis. Banco de la República Colombia, janvier 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1223.

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We revisit an old question but with a new identification strategy, namely the difference in exchange rate effects between announced (“vocal”) and secret (“dirty”) foreign exchange intervention. Using a Regression Discontinuity Design, we exploit a rule-based intervention mechanism enacted by the Central Bank of Colombia that, under observable and deterministic conditions, triggered either the issuance of FX options or the ability to exercise them. We take the former (issuance) as central bank announcements under a sharp setting, since the rule and information that triggered the issuance of options was public, and we take the latter (exercise) as secret trades under a fuzzy setting, since traders could have chosen (but were not required) to exercise their options in the following days after issuance. Our results indicate that, unconditionally, both announcements and secret trades carry similar effects. However, the effects of announcements are considerably amplified conditional on: (i) higher central bank credibility, (ii) less frequent announcements, and (iii) episodes of higher FX volatility.

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Bedford, Philip, Alexis Long, Thomas Long, Erin Milliken, Lauren Thomas et Alexis Yelvington. Legal Mechanisms for Mitigating Flood Impacts in Texas Coastal Communities. Sous la direction de Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, mai 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.mitigatingfloodimpactstx.

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Flooding is a major source of concern for Texas’ coastal communities. It affects the quality of infrastructure, the lives of citizens, and the ecological systems upon which coastal communities in Texas rely. To plan for and mitigate the impacts of flooding, Texas coastal communities may implement land use tools such as zoning, drainage utility systems, eminent domain, exactions, and easements. Additionally, these communities can benefit from understanding how flooding affects water quality and the tools available to restore water bodies to healthy water quality levels. Finally, implementing additional programs for education and ecotourism will help citizens develop knowledge of the impacts of flooding and ways to plan and mitigate for coastal flooding. Land use tools can help communities plan for and mitigate flooding. Section III addresses zoning, a land use tool that most municipalities already utilize to organize development. Zoning can help mitigate flooding, drainage, and water quality issues, which, Texas coastal communities continually battle. Section IV discusses municipal drainage utility systems, which are a mechanism available to municipalities to generate dedicated funds that can help offset costs associated with providing stormwater management. Section V addresses land use and revenue-building tools such as easements, eminent domain, and exactions, which are vital for maintaining existing and new developments in Texas coastal communities. Additionally, Section VI addresses conservation easements, which are a flexible tool that can enhance community resilience through increasing purchase power, establishing protected legal rights, and minimizing hazardous flood impacts. Maintaining good water quality is important for sustaining the diverse ecosystems located within and around Texas coastal communities. Water quality is regulated at the federal level through the Clean Water Act. As discussed in Section VII, the state of Texas is authorized to implement and enforce these regulations by implementing point source and nonpoint source pollutants programs, issuing permits, implementing stormwater discharge programs, collecting water quality data, and setting water quality standards. The state of Texas also assists local communities with implementing restorative programs, such as Watershed Protection Programs, to help local stakeholders restore impaired water bodies. Section VIII addresses ecotourism and how these distinct economic initiatives can help highlight the importance of ecosystem services to local communities. Section VIX discusses the role of education in improving awareness within the community and among visitors, and how making conscious decisions can allow coastal communities to protect their ecosystem and protect against flooding.

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Carter, Becky. Integrating Local Voices into Programme Governance in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings. Institute of Development Studies, juillet 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.110.

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This rapid literature review explores how local people’s views and perspectives on their concerns, needs and capabilities (beyond asking about their experiences with aid) have been integrated into the national-level governance mechanisms of humanitarian assistance and development programmes in fragile and conflict-affected settings. There is limited systematic evidence available on this topic. There are a few cases of including civil society in national-level programme or sector governance bodies; there is more documented experience of including local actors in humanitarian response coordination. There is also relevant learning from feedback mechanisms, analysis and research, and people-centred approaches to aid planning and management more generally. The literature highlights the importance of conflict-sensitive approaches underpinned by regular conflict and political economy analysis; consulting with local actors on how they want to communicate and engage, and setting up safe and effective spaces for engagement; investing in long-term partnerships and capacity building to strengthen local organisations; and undertaking participatory, qualitative research that starts from ‘people’s own reading of how their lives are changing over time’ (Daigle, 2022: 15).

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Andrian, Leandro Gaston, Oscar Valencia, Jorge Hirs et Ivan Leonardo Urrea Rios. Fiscal Rules and Economic Cycles : Quality (Always) Matters. Inter-American Development Bank, janvier 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004570.

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Governments can issue public debt for both good and bad reasons. The former include intertemporal tax smoothing, fiscal stimulus, and asset management. In contrast, the bad reasons, which generate higher indebtedness, are mainly associated with political cycles, rent capture, intergenerational transfers, and common pool problems. Fiscal rules aim to eliminate the problem of time inconsistency of public finances and minimize debt accumulation by setting debt limits. Despite the theoretical relevance of fiscal rules and institutions to the proper management of fiscal processes in different countries, the evidence indicates mixed results regarding the effectiveness of this type of mechanism for fiscal performance. To understand the effect that fiscal rules have on public debt, this paper studies the effect of different types of rules on debt behavior and their differential effects with respect to the economic cycle. Using a dynamic panel, which enables us to control for endogeneity problems, and the use of a fiscal rule quality index (Schaechter et. al., 2012), this paper finds that fiscal rules only have a significant effect on the reduction of public debt during the positive side of the economic cycle if adequate institutional arrangements accompany them. Furthermore, only some types of fiscal rules (expenditure rules) show a significant effect during the negative part of the cycle. These results have relevant policy implications, as they underscore the importance of (1) developing institutional arrangements that promote the proper functioning of fiscal rules and (2) considering economic cycle asymmetries in order to ensure the appropriate operation of fiscal rules and the fulfillment of policy objectives.

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Bunn, Sarah. Science Diplomacy. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, février 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn568.

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A POSTnote which explains what science diplomacy involves, outlining the mechanisms and settings that encourage organisations and individuals to build international relations through science-related activities.

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Lopes da Silva, Diego, Nan Tian et Alexandra Marksteiner. Pathways for Reducing Military Spending in Post-civil Conflict Settings. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, janvier 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/ywho8693.

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High military spending is a common and consequential legacy of civil conflict. Reducing military spending can yield valuable economic gains and further contribute to the recovery of post-civil conflict societies. However, little is known about the conditions that enable military spending reductions in a conflict’s aftermath. This SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security tackles this issue and provides a comparison of post-civil conflict conditions and military burden—military spending as a share of gross domestic product—outcomes. It builds on a comparative analysis of 19 post-civil conflict episodes between 1970 and 2020, as well as three detailed case studies, to identify common pathways to post-civil conflict military burden reductions. This research finds that reductions in military burden usually follow peace agreements that encompass trustworthy and legitimate verification mechanisms, the strengthening of institutional means to resolve grievances, and improvements in relations with neighbouring countries.

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Naess, Lars Otto, Jan Selby et Gabrielle Daoust. Climate Resilience and Social Assistance in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.002.

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This paper aims to improve our understanding of the nature, causes, and multiple dimensions of how social assistance may address climate vulnerability and resilience within fragile and conflict-affected settings (FCAS), as part of the inception phase of the Better Assistance in Crises (BASIC) Research programme. Over recent years, social assistance, such as cash transfers and voucher programmes, has been seen as a way of reducing the impacts of climate-related shocks and stressors, and of increasing the resilience of recipient households and communities. It has also been seen as a mechanism for delivering adaptation funding, showing promise in tackling short-term shocks as well as longer-term adaptation to climate change. Yet despite FCAS hosting some of the most vulnerable populations in the world, so far there has been little attention to these settings. We examine the linkages between social assistance and climate resilience in FCAS and in turn, implications for BASIC Research. Specifically, we ask what the evidence is on whether existing approaches to social assistance are appropriate to reducing climate vulnerabilities and building climate resilience in FCAS, and, if not, how they might be reformed. We address this through three sub-questions. First, what are the major conceptual discussions on climate resilience and social assistance, and what is the extent of work in FCAS? This is addressed in section 2.1, based on an extensive literature review. Second, to what extent does the literature on social assistance and climate resilience apply to the particular concerns of FCAS? This is covered in section 2.2, based on a framework informed by work in political economy and political ecology. Third, what are possible future research directions? We conclude with reflections on what BASIC Research may contribute in section 3.

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Shey Wiysonge, Charles. Which outreach strategies increase health insurance coverage for vulnerable populations ? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1608142.

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Health insurance refers to a health financing mechanism that involves the pooling of eligible, individual contributions in order to cover all or part of the cost of certain health services for all those who are insured. Health insurance scheme coverage in low-income countries is low, especially among vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, women, low-income individuals, rural population, racial or ethnic minorities, immigrants, informal sector workers, and people with disability or chronic diseases. Consequently, thousands of vulnerable people suffer and die from preventable and treatable diseases in these settings.

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