Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Serious sin manifest »

Resumen: La impunidad se define como la ausencia de castigo a los responsables de cometer delitos. En el caso de México, destaca la impunidad por el crimen de desaparición forzada de personas. La desaparición forzada se ha manifestado en México al menos en tres periodos: la Guerra Sucia, el conflicto Zapatista y la guerra contra las drogas. Los crímenes que se han cometido en esos contextos permanecen sin castigo, por lo que las víctimas permanecen sin ser reparadas de manera integral.El artículo busca dimensionar el caso mexicano sobre el crimen de la desaparición forzada a la luz de los elementos que componen el concepto de impunidad. Además, plantea una serie de propuestas tendientes a contribuir a la erradicación de la impunidad por graves violaciones a derechos humanos.Palabras clave: Derechos Humanos, impunidad, desaparición forzada, crimen, violencia.Abstract: Impunity is defined as the absence of punishment for those responsible for committing crimes. In the case of Mexico, impunity stands out for the crime of enforced disappearance of persons. The enforced disappearance has manifested in Mexico in at least three periods: the Dirty War, the Zapatista conflict and the war on drugs. The crimes that have been committed in those contexts remain unpunished, so that the victims remain without an integral reparation.The article seeks to analyze the Mexican case on the crime of forced disappearance considering the elements that make up the concept of impunity. In addition, it explores a series of proposals tending to contribute to the eradication of impunity for serious human rights violations.Keywords: Human Rights, impunity, forced disappearance, crime, violence.

Utopia is a universal concept, as manifested by the fact that it has attracted readers of five centuries and has influenced numerous writers. It is obvious that people, recognizing the abundant stupidities, corruptions, and injustice prevalent in their society, should attempt to plan a better system for living together. Whether they can reach such a society or not is the fundamental question found in most Vonnegut’s works. The utopian schemes in Vonnegut’s works such as the settlement of San Lorenzo in Cat’s Cradle, almost always backfire, often bringing about more problems than they promise to solve. Therefore, in this paper, it is aimed to emphasize Vonnegut’s Cat’s Cradle regarding the concepts of utopia and dystopia as well as apocalyptical notions. Apocalypse can be investigated in Cat’s Cradle and it gives a serious quality to Vonnegut’s work. The emptiness of mere survival is painfully described in Cat's Cradle, in which the earth is locked in frozen death.

T. Kryukova’s fairy tale “Prisoner of the mirror”, the central part of the tetralogy about Queen Zlata and Moon Knight, accumulates various mythological, folklore and literary models. It contains various forms of literary intertextuality, the most important role for understanding the hidden meanings of a fairy tale is played by mythopoetic images and representative allusions. The leitmotif of the looking-glass world, which is the main one for the fairy tale “Prisoner of the mirror”, continues the traditions of ancient mythology, and then Russian and European literature of the 19th–20th centuries, representing the world in a reflected form. The phenomenon of the dialogue of text with other texts, proposed by M.M. Bakhtin, makes it possible to reveal the deep content layers of the work in question. The technique of mythological bricolage, which is manifested in the use of characters and plot moves of ancient Greek mythology, makes it possible to demonstrate, according to Bakhtin, the “holiday of the meaning revival”: the characters of ancient myths Pan, Narcissus symbolize the demonic beginning and the hopelessness of sin, with the exception of the nymph Echo, who appears as the personification of selfless love and acts in an unusual role for her mythological status as a magical assistant to children. In the fairy tale there is also a mixture of heterogeneous characters, some combine the features of an ancient prototype and a character of Russian folklore (Odarka). The traditional characters of Russian folk tales (Bear, Fox, Cat) receive a new status of arbiters of judgment and punishment. Reminiscences from the fairy tales of Ch. Perrault and H.-C. Andersen, L. Carroll and V. Gubarev complicate the artistic drawing of the work. The fate theme, fate, which runs through the work, undergoes a serious transformation in the fairy tale. In ancient fate, as the plot develops, the features of divine providence in the Christian sense become more and more distinct. The position of Varga, who denies personal guilt and responsibility for sin, appears as untenable, the image of the Mirror of Judgment directly refers the reader to the ethical teachings of Christianity. Fairy tale discourse allows the author to declare the Christian paradigm of moral values in a complex interaction of borrowed and original characters, motives, plot moves.

The focus of this scientific paper is ecological conversion. The author sees it from the perspective of Pope Francis Laudato Si's Encyclical. Today it cannot be hidden that injustice to the environment, flora and fauna, natural resources, and fellow human beings is a serious problem. The author can call this problem ecological injustice. Because of that, the author takes the theme of ecological repentance in the light of the Encyclical Laudato Si. The purpose of this scientific writing is that the writer discover the concept of ecological conversion and realizes the concept of ecological conversion in the light of Laudato Si's Encyclical. In the process of scientific writing, the author uses two sources. The first source, let's say as a primary source, is the Encyclical Laudato Si. The second source as a secondary source is an article that has been previously written by another author. The author searches for these sources by using Google. The trick is to search for Google Scholar. The author uses the method of reading and analyzing primary sources and secondary sources as a reference to further strengthen the author's argument. After about 1 month, the writer managed to find two points as the purpose of this writing. First, the concept of repentance according to Laudato Si, realizes that the earth belongs together as brothers and sisters. This requires confessing sin as a form of God's presence in the world. What is prioritized is the motivation born of spirituality to preserve nature. Second, realizing the concept of ecological repentance. we must have education and spirituality as capital to view other creations as brothers. This from the Encyclical Laudato Si is proof that the Catholic Church has a living love, so that love is manifested with a sense of concern for God's fellow creatures.

Abstract Central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis has led to a significant improvement in the outcome of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Liposomal cytarabine (Enzon Pharmaceuticals, Piscataway, NJ; Skye Pharma, San Diego, CA), an intrathecal (IT) preparation of cytarabine with a prolonged half-life, has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of neoplastic meningitis. Liposomal cytarabine was given for CNS prophylaxis to 31 patients with newly diagnosed ALL. All patients were treated concurrently with hyper-CVAD chemotherapy (fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone) including high-dose methotrexate (MTX) and cytarabine on alternating courses. Liposomal cytarabine 50 mg was given intrathecally on days 2 and 15 of hyper-CVAD and day 10 of high-dose MTX and cytarabine courses until completion of either 3, 6, or 10 IT treatments, depending on risk for CNS disease. Five patients (16%) experienced serious unexpected neurotoxicity, including seizures, papilledema, cauda equina syndrome (n = 2), and encephalitis after a median of 4 IT administrations of liposomal cytarabine. Toxicities usually manifested after the MTX and cytarabine courses. One patient died with progressive encephalitis. After a median follow-up of 7 months, no isolated CNS relapses have been observed. Liposomal cytarabine given via intrathecal route concomitantly with systemic chemotherapy that crosses the blood-brain barrier such as high-dose MTX and cytarabine can result in significant neurotoxicity.

Abstract Introduction: Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) can provide a cure for myeloid malignancies partially through the graft-vs-leukemia effect (GVL), wherein donor-derived alloreactive T cells attack recipient leukemia cells. Preclinical data strongly suggested IFN-γ is crucial for effective GVL against myeloblastic leukemia. IFN-γ receptor gene-deficient myeloblastic leukemia were resistant to GVL in mouse models (Matte-Martone, Shlomchik JCI 2017). IFN-γ upregulated HLA expression in relapsed myeloblasts in vitro (Christopher NEJM 2018, Toffalori Nat Med 2019). We hypothesized that IFN-γ would sensitize myeloblasts to alloreactive T cells and promote GVL. Here, we present the results of a phase 1 study to evaluate the safety of IFN-γ combined with donor leukocyte infusions (DLI) for relapsed myeloblastic malignancies post-transplant (NCT04628338). Methods: HLA-matched donor alloSCT recipients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and no active graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were eligible. Patients self-administered 100mcg IFN-γ (Actimmune, Horizon Therapeutics) three times a week for 4 weeks (cohort 1) or 1 week (cohort 2), followed by DLI and concurrent IFN-γ for a total of 12 weeks. Flow cytometry-based surface HLA expression and single-cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) were analyzed using bone marrow (BM) collected before and after IFN-γ. Results: Seven patients with high-risk diseases (2 MDS and 5 AML) were enrolled. There were no serious adverse events during IFN-γ monotherapy. After DLI, 5 patients developed grade I-II GVHD along with immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (grade 1 or 2; n=2) and idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS; n=1). All immune-mediated toxicities, including IPS, resolved with corticosteroids. 4 out of 6 DLI recipients achieved minimal residual disease negative complete remissions and full donor hematopoietic cell reconstitution. The median overall survival was 579 days (range, 97-906) in responders. Myeloid blasts upregulated HLA-DR after IFN-γ, and enrichment of recipient malignant hematopoietic stem cells expressing CIITA was observed in post-IFN-γ BM by scRNAseq. Conclusions: This first in human use of IFN-γ to treat post-transplant relapse was safe, with a promising efficacy signal when combined with DLI. Correlative studies support our hypothesis that in vivo IFN-γ activates myeloblasts, manifest by HLA-DR upregulation and CIITA induction. We plan to design a phase 2 trial to formally test the efficacy of this novel immunotherapeutic approach to boost GVL in alloSCT. Citation Format: Sawa Ito, Emily Geramita, Kedwin Ventura, Biswas Neupane, Shruti Bhise, Scott N. Furlan, Warren D. Shromchik. IFN-γ and donor leukocyte infusion to treat relapsed myeloblastic malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr CT143.

AbstractBackground: Stigma towards severe mental illness manifests in different ways across cultures and only recently has a theoretical perspective emerged to understand such cultural differences. The ‘What Matters Most’ framework identifies culturally specific dimensions of stigma by identifying the interactions between cultural norms, roles, and values that impact personhood.Objective: This study explores the cultural underpinnings that create and maintain stigmatizing attitudes towards severe mental illness in Chile.Methods: In-depth interviews developed using the ‘Scale of Perceived Discrimination and Devaluation’, and the ‘What Matters Most’ framework were conducted with twenty people identified as having a severe mental illness. Interviews were coded and discussed until agreement was reached, then analyzed by an independent reviewer to determine inter-rater reliability.Results: A key factor shaping stigma among women was the loss of capacity to accomplish family roles (i.e. take care of children).or men, cultural notions of ‘Machismo’ prevented them from disclosing their psychiatric diagnosis as a means to maintain status and ability to work. A protective factor against stigma for men was their ability to guide and provide for the family, thus fulfilling responsibilities attributable to ‘Familismo’. Social appearances could play either a shaping or protecting role,contingent on the social status of the individual.Discussion: In Chilean culture, stigma is rooted in gendered social characteristics and shared familial roles. Interventions should aim to address these norms and incorporate culturally salient protective factors to reduce stigma experienced by individuals with serious mental illness in Chile and other Latin American settings. ResumenAntecedentes: Estigma hacia la enfermedad mental se manifiesta en diferentes formas dependiendo de la cultura, sin embargo solo recientemente se ha desarrollado una perspectiva teórica para entender dichas diferencias culturales. El abordaje de ‘what matter most’ es capaz de identificar dimensiones culturalmente específicas relativas al estigma por medio de la identificación y extracción de las normas culturales, roles y valores que impactan la identidad de las personas.Objetivo: El presente estudio explora los cimientos culturales que crean y mantienen las actitudes estigmatizantes hacia las enfermedades mentales en Chile. Métodos: Se desarrollaron 20 entrevistas en profundidad en personas con trastorno mental severo utilizando la ‘Escala de Discriminación y Devaluación Percibida’ y orientadas por el enfoque ‘What Matter Most’. Las entrevistas fueron codificadas y discutidas hasta alcanzar grados de acuerdo apropiados, cuestióndeterminada por un revisor independiente que calculó el grado de acuerdo inter-jueces.Resultados: Un aspecto clave para moldear la expresión del estigma entre mujeres fue la pérdida de la capacidad para cumplir con su rol de dueña de casa (i.e. cuidar de sus hijos), mientras en los hombres nociones culturales asociadas al ‘Machismo’ impidieron que ellos develaran sus respectivos diagnósticos psiquiátricos para mantener su estatus social y habilidad para trabajar. Por otra parte, un factor protector en contra del estigma en hombres fue mantener su habilidad para guiar y proveer a su familia, y así cumplir plenamente con las responsabilidades atribuidas al ‘Familismo’. Finalmente, las apariencias sociales pueden jugar tanto un rol moldeador o protector en contra del estigma, y esto parece ser contingente al estatus social del individuo.Discusión: Estigma se asocia a características sociales y roles familiares enraizadas en la cultura Chilena. Intervenciones deberían abordajes éstas dimensiones e incorporar aquellos factores protectores que son potenciales recursos para reducir el estigma hacia la enfermedades mentales en Chile y en otros contextos Latinoamericanos.

Abstract Introduction: Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is characterized by hypoxemia, portal hypertension, and intrapulmonary shunting and manifests as dyspnea. The portal hypertension may be a result of cirrhosis or non-cirrhotic causes such as nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver that is associated with drug therapy. Progressive hypoxemia often occurs despite stable liver function. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1; KADCYLA) is an antibody-drug conjugate comprised of a humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab covalently linked to the cytotoxic agent maytansine. T-DM1 is prescribed in the postneoadjuvant setting in persons with residual invasive HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer (BC) as well as in persons with metastatic HER2+ BC who were previously treated with trastuzumab and a taxane. Liver toxicities including an asymptomatic, transient increase in transaminases and nodular regenerative hyperplasia that results in portal hypertension have been described; however, HPS secondary to noncirrhotic portal hypertension occurring with long-term exposure to T-DM1 has not been reported. We have identified patients (pts) with this infrequent, yet serious complication, and we aim to better characterize their clinical course to guide earlier detection and hopefully prevent irreversible hypoxic respiratory failure. Methods: Institutional search tools were utilized to identify pts at Mayo Clinic with HER2+ BC treated with T-DM1 in either the postneoadjuvant or metastatic setting. Electronic health records were manually reviewed for HPS criteria including 1) hypoxemia 2) portal hypertension and 3) intrapulmonary shunt/vasodilation confirmed by contrast echocardiogram or macroaggregated albumin lung perfusion scan. For pts meeting criteria for HPS, imaging was independently reviewed by a hepatologist to determine whether there was preexisting liver disease or if changes occurred after initiation of T-DM1. Results: We identified 259 pts with HER2+ BC treated with T-DM1 in the postneoadjuvant (n=70) or metastatic setting (n=185). Four pts met criteria for HPS (1.5%) while receiving T-DM1 for metastatic disease (Table 1; listed in chronological order of onset of HPS). Median age was 43 (range 35 - 53 years), median prior lines of treatment was 1.5 (range 0 - 7), and the median number of cycles of T-DM1 prior to discontinuation was 68.5 (range 51 - 90). All pts had evidence of left atrial enlargement on echocardiogram, and evidence of portal hypertension as determined by the presence of varices, and splenomegaly. Three pts had documented telangiectasias as well as Grade 1-2 elevations in serum transaminases and bilirubin. Elevations in hemoglobin were noted in 2 pts during treatment with T-DM1. All pts had a confirmed intrapulmonary shunt via contrast echocardiogram and a lung perfusion scan. Three pts discontinued T-DM1 after diagnosis of HPS and experienced some clinical improvement in hypoxia. One pt died two months after stopping T-DM1 due to progression of BC. Conclusion: HPS may occur in the setting of prolonged exposure to T-DM1 and can be associated with severe hypoxic respiratory failure. Further data are required to characterize the spectrum of liver injury that occurs with long-term use of T-DM1 to provide further guidance to clinicians as regards monitoring for these adverse effects. Patients who developed hepatopulmonary syndrome while on T-DM1Age, yrsSites of metastases# lines of prior txCycles of T-DM1Presenting sign or symptomsNon-contrast ECHO findingsSupplemental oxygenTransaminitis; hyperbilirubinemiaEvidence of portal hypertensionTelangiectasiasHgb prior to T-DM1Hgb end of txLung perfusion studyContrast ECHOPt 153LN, bone090DOE, hypoxemia, clubbingleft atrial enlargement (62 mg/m2)YesNovarices, splenomegalyNot documented12.9 g/dL10.7 g/dL13.5%Yes, small shuntPt 235LN, bone, liver751DOEleft atrial enlargement (54 mg/m2)YesGrade 1; Grade 2varices, splenomegaly; thrombocytopeniaYes, face and handsn/a11.9 g/dL24%Yes, large shuntPt 338LN, bone251Hyperbilirubinemiaborderline left atrial enlargementYesGrade 1; Grade 2varices, splenomegalyYes, trunk, extremities, face11.7 g/dL16.2 g/dL17.8%Yes, moderate shuntPt 448LN, liver186DOEleft atrial enlargement (49 mg/m2)NoGrade 1; Grade 2varices, splenomegalyYes, trunk12.5 g/dL16.1 g/dL7.9%Yes, large shunt Citation Format: Ally Higgins, Adham K Alkurashi, Patrick S Kamath, Vivek N Iyer, Ciara O'Sullivan, Tufia C Haddad. Hepatopulmonary syndrome with long term use of ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-18-03.

Abstract Breast cancer is a serious disease that affects millions of women worldwide, and 700,000 people succumb to the disease annually. Breast cancers are divided into several functional subgroups based on molecular characteristics and growth pattern: Luminal A and B, HER2 positive (HER2+) and triple negative. The subgroups are important from a clinical perspective as they partially guide treatment strategies. In this study we wanted to investigate the difference in target engagement with four drugs indicated for treatment of different types of breast cancer: Alpelisib, Neratinib, Vinorelbine, and Docetaxel. Five different human breast cancer cell lines were included, representing Luminal A (MCF-7, T-47D), HER2+ (SK-BR-3, BT-474), and triple negative (BT-20). We used CETSA® (CEllular Thermal Shift Assay) coupled to mass spectrometry detection to assess proteome wide changes in protein thermal stability in intact breast cancer cell lines. CETSA is unique as a target engagement detection modality as it allows for target engagement assessment in intact cells with unaltered drug molecules. Also, as biology is intact in live cells it is possible to follow compound induced downstream signaling or phenotypic events that result in changed thermal stability of proteins. In addition to assessing protein thermal stability with CETSA, which is a short treatment of 1 h, we also subjected cells in culture to prolonged drug exposures, ≤72 h, in order to measure viability. This was done to correlate early changes in protein thermal stability to the viability phenotype that manifested later. In general, responses both in protein thermal stability and cell viability was heterogenous among the cell lines. The most homogenous response in viability was observed for the Phosphatidyl Inositol 3’ kinase inhibitor Alpelisib, which reduced viability to 20 - 40% in all cell lines. In contrast, partial resistance was shown to the other drugs by at least one of the cell lines. For Alpelisib, the amount and type of proteins that were thermally shifted correlated with the effect on viability. The covalent HER2 inhibitor Neratinib was most effective in inhibiting viability in HER2+ cells and proteins of the HER2 pathway were thermally shifted in these cells, which was not observed for the other cell lines. Viability of the other cell lines were also affected by Neratinib, but only at higher concentrations. Both microtubule inhibitors induced thermal stabilization of tubulins, but that did not always translate into efficacy in the viability assay. However, sensitive cell lines showed thermal shifts of tubulins at lower concentrations of compound. In oncology drug development it is important that effects on viability are driven by on-target efficacy and not by off-target effects. Here we show the benefit of connecting knowledge of target engagement and phenotypic readouts; what targets are engaged, at which concentrations, and what is the corresponding phenotype. Citation Format: Tomas Friman, Tuomas Tolvanen, Merve Kacal, Victoria Brehmer, Stina Lundgren, Laurence Arnold, Daniel Martinez Molina. Target engagement sheds light on difference in drug efficacy in breast cancer cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4723.

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful ACADEMIC INTEGRITY It is easier to describe academic integrity in terms of what it is not. Plagiarism is often associated with a lack of academic integrity. Lack of academic integrity is also manifested in the use of inaccurate data, misrepresentation of data, and misuse of artificial intelligence (AI) tools for paraphrasing in academic writing. In an article on ‘Research Ethics: Decoding Plagiarism and Attribution’, iThenticate describes ten forms of plagiarism and attribution issues as rated by several hundred scientific researchers according to their perceived degree of occurrence and seriousness. Failure to provide accurate citations and not citing a reference when paraphrasing were not the only types of common plagiarism mistakes. Many authors do not realise that reusing work from their own previously published articles without attribution is a case of self-plagiarism. Also, submitting a manuscript to multiple publications, resulting in the same article being published more than once, is a serious violation of research ethics and academic integrity. The latter was ranked second among the most common forms of plagiarism by the iThenticate report. The forms of plagiarism perceived as being most serious include: taking the work of another author and publishing it under one’s own name; verbatim copy-and-paste without proper attribution; providing inaccurate authorship; listing authors who made no contribution to the research; and denying credit to contributing authors. While it is the responsibility of authors to uphold the highest values associated with academic integrity, such as honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility, publishers and journal editors are equally responsible to ensure that submitted manuscripts do not breach academic conduct standards. Plagiarism detection software such as iThenticate or Turnitin is often used to detect the similarity index of the content with other sources, thus helping editors to determine if the content draws significantly from other publications or has been previously published elsewhere, either partly or in a substantially similar form, by the same authors. Submitted articles often have to be passed through such software multiple times and adjusted accordingly to ensure a consistently low similarity level at the different stages of the publication process. Based on the editor’s experience at ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance (IJIF), it has even been discovered, just as an article is about to be published, that an article of similar content was recently published elsewhere. Therefore, authors have the moral responsibility to explicitly declare if their submission draws from an unpublished conference paper or dissertation work and confirm the originality of their manuscripts. Following best practices in publishing, IJIF now requests authors to declare each author’s contribution in the work submitted, make a conflict of interest statement, acknowledge any research funding or grant received or any other forms of contribution, and make available a summary of their data which will be provided to readers upon request. This information is now published at the end of each article to meet the standards of publishing ethics. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ACADEMIC WRITING While technological advances have significantly facilitated the dissemination of research and made accessible a wealth of knowledge to writers, the advent of AI has posed additional challenges to academic integrity principles. Without the facility provided by AI tools, researchers used to make personal efforts and, at best, made use of synonyms to paraphrase others’ work and avoid literal copy-and-paste of texts. AI-powered tools such as plagiarism changers and word/text spinners can now paraphrase texts and even whole manuscripts while retaining the original ideas and meanings, maintaining coherence and improving language presentation. If ideas are not attributed to the original source through citations, this is still called paraphrasing plagiarism, irrespective of whether the intention was deliberate or unintentional. Plagiarism software detectors like Turnitin now provide details on the percentage of AI-written content within the similarity report issued for a new submission. In our opinion, a high AI similarity index, say beyond 30 per cent, would mean that it is highly unlikely that the authors have produced an original work. IJIF requests authors to explain a high similarity index for both plagiarism checks and AI-written content. IJIF Volume 15 Number 4 December 2023 This issue publishes seven articles on various areas of Islamic finance. As the Islamic finance industry is expanding in different jurisdictions, most of these articles cover aspects of Islamic finance development in leading countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia, as well as countries trying to advance Islamic finance such as Uzbekistan and Thailand. The key objectives of these articles are as follows: ‘An Exploratory Study of Manfaʿah (Usufruct) in Ijārah Accounting from the Sharīʿah Perspective’ by Rahmat Ullah, Irum Saba and Riaz Ahmad. This article addresses the Sharīʿah perspectives of treating manfaʿah (usufruct) in the ijārah (lease) contract as māl (asset) according to the new standards on leasing issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and on ijārah issued by AAOIFI. It particularly examines the legal status of ownership of usufruct following its treatment as māl in ijārah financing. ‘Viability of Cash Waqf-Linked Ṣukūk in Malaysia’ by Sherin Kunhibava, Aishath Muneeza, Zakariya Mustapha, Maryam Khalid and Thong Ming Sen. In view of the successful introduction of cash waqf-linked ṣukūk (CWLS) in Indonesia, this article examines the potential for implementing CWLS by Islamic financial institutions in Malaysia and discusses its viability under the relevant legal and regulatory frameworks of waqf and ṣukūk in the Malaysian context. ‘Legal Challenges in Establishing the Islamic Capital Market in Uzbekistan’ by Alam Asadov, Ikhtiyorjon Turaboev ‎and Mohd Zakhiri Md. Nor. The Islamic capital market is yet to be developed in Uzbekistan. This study discusses the possibility of its introduction and investigates the legal barriers impeding the process. ‘The Moderator Effects of Owner-Manager Knowledge on the Intention to Adopt Islamic Financing Facilities in Malaysia’ by Hazalina Mat Soha, Mohd Zukime Mat Junoh, Tunku Salha Tunku Ahmad and Md. Aminul Islam. This article assesses the role of owner-manager knowledge as a moderating factor in the relationship between innovation, organisational and environmental characteristics, and the intention to adopt Islamic financing facilities in the context of Malaysia. ‘Investigating Equity-Based Financing and Debt-Based Financing in Islamic Banks in Indonesia’ by Hasan Mukhibad and Doddy Setiawan. Using data over the period 2009–2019, this article investigates whether equity-based financing as practised by Islamic banks in Indonesia generates fixed income similar to debt-based financing. Factors Influencing Thai Muslims’ Willingness to Donate Cash Waqf to Religious Projects by Aris Hassama and Nor Asmat Ismail. This study looks into the motivational and economic factors that positively impact the willingness of cash waqf donors in the southernmost provinces of Thailand to donate to religious projects. ‘Exploration of a New Zakat Management System Empowered by Blockchain Technology in Malaysia’ by Amelia Nur Natasha Nazeri, Shifa Mohd Nor, Aisyah Abdul-Rahman, Mariani Abdul-Majid and Siti Ngayesah Ab. Hamid. This article seeks to examine how the proposed implementation of blockchain technology in the current zakat management system in Malaysia would work and how it would help improve efficiency in the zakat collection and distribution process. We congratulate the authors for the successful publication of their articles and wish our readers a pleasant read. Allah (SWT) is the Bestower of success, and He knows best. Beebee Salma SairallyISRA Research Management Centre, INCEIF University, Malaysia

La notion de bonnes mœurs, telle qu'elle fut reçue dans la tradition canonique, est-elle appelée à disparaître en droit canonique positif sous l'influence des évolutions récentes intervenues dans les droits séculiers de nombreux pays au cours de ces dernières décennies ? Telle est la question qui traverse l'ensemble des pages de cette recherche doctorale.Au cours de la décennie 1990, l'introduction de la notion d'autonomie personnelle dans les droits séculiers ouvrit la voie à de nombreuses évolutions en matière de libertés individuelles. On assista ainsi à la montée en puissance des droits subjectifs, notamment dans le domaine de la vie privée et familiale. Outre la multiplication des remariages après divorce, d'autres formes de conjugalités obtinrent leur reconnaissance juridique, mettant sérieusement à mal le modèle de l'institution matrimoniale traditionnelle protégée par le droit canonique.Dans ce contexte sociojuridique marqué par une grande mutation des structures familiales, l'Église catholique fut confrontée à des situations pastorales complexes et inédites, nécessitant de nouvelles réponses canoniques appropriées, c'est-à-dire des solutions qui prennent en compte les réalités sociologiques actuelles sans perdre de vue l'exigence de leur conformité aux principes moraux de droit divin. Jusqu'en 2016, l'Église réaffirma constamment l'impossibilité de faire évoluer la législation canonique pour répondre aux demandes tendant à relativiser l'enseignement de la morale chrétienne, fondée sur la Révélation divine.Mais, l'exhortation apostolique Amoris laetitia, publiée le 19 mars 2016 à la suite de deux synodes des évêques tenus en 2014 et 2015 sur le thème des défis pastoraux de la famille, opéra un véritable changement de paradigme dans l'attitude de l'Église en consacrant la catégorie du discernement personnel et pastoral. Il s'agit en réalité de la prise en compte du jugement la conscience éclairée du sujet de droit dans l'évaluation canonique de certaines situations personnelles de vie qui sont en contradiction objective avec les préceptes de la morale chrétienne.Aussi, est-on en droit de se demander si avec la consécration de cette nouvelle figure juridique, le droit canonique est encore fondé de sanctionner les comportements qui violent objectivement certaines normes de la morale chrétienne. La réponse doit être affirmative dans la mesure où le législateur canonique n'a pas abrogé les dispositions du Code en vigueur ayant vocation à protéger la conception théologique des boni mores, mais s'est contenté de créer un nouvel instrument d'assouplissement de leur application à certains fidèles qui se trouvent dans une situation conjugale complexe et à des conditions précises.Si cette catégorie juridique, encore émergente en droit canonique, permet désormais d'envisager des solutions adéquates, différenciées et équitables à la difficile question de l'intégration dans l'Église des personnes dont la situation de vie conjugale contredit objectivement les préceptes de la morale chrétienne, il faut néanmoins reconnaître que sa mise en œuvre a sans doute sonné le début d'une décadence progressive et irréversible de la notion traditionnelle de boni mores en droit canonique. En définitive, on pourrait se demander si la catégorie du discernement personnel et pastoral n'est pas in fine en droit canonique, la facette modérée de la notion d'autonomie personnelle dans les droits séculiers
Is the notion of good morals, as it has been received in the canonical tradition, destined to disappear in positive Canon Law under the influence of recent developments in the secular laws of many countries in recent decades? This is the question that runs through all the pages of this doctoral research.The introduction of the notion of personal autonomy in secular law paved the way for many developments in the area of individual freedoms. This led to the rise of subjective rights, particularly in the area of private and family life. In addition to the increase in remarriages after divorce, other forms of conjugality obtained legal recognition, seriously undermining the model of the traditional matrimonial institution protected by Canon Law.In this socio-juridical context marked by major changes in family structures, the Catholic Church was confronted with complex and unprecedented pastoral situations, requiring new and appropriate canonical responses, i.e solutions that take account of current sociological realities without losing sight of the requirement of their conformity to the moral principles of Divine Law. Until 2016, the Church constantly reaffirmed the impossibility of changing canonical legislation to respond to requests tending to relativize the teaching of Christian morality, based on divine Revelation.However, the apostolic exhortation Amoris laetitia, published on March 19, 2016 following two Synods of Bishops held in 2014 and 2015 on the pastoral challenges of the family, brought about a real paradigm shift in the Church's attitude by establishing the category of personal and pastoral discernment. In reality, this means taking into account the judgment of the enlightened conscience of the subject of law in the canonical evaluation of certain personal life situations that are in objective contradiction with the precepts of Christian morality.We are therefore entitled to ask whether, with the consecration of this new juridical figure, Canon Law is still justified in punishing behavior that objectively violates certain norms of Christian morality. The answer must be in the affirmative, insofar as the canonical legislator has not repealed the provisions of the Code in force designed to protect the theological conception of the boni mores, but has merely created a new instrument for relaxing their application to certain members of the faithful in particular situations and under specific conditions.While this juridical category, still emerging in Canon Law, now makes it possible us to envisage adequate, differentiated and equitable solutions to the difficult question of the integration into the Church of persons whose marital situation objectively contradicts the precepts of Christian morality, it must nevertheless be recognized that its implementation has without doubt begun a progressive and irreversible decline of the traditional notion of boni mores in Canon Law. Ultimately, one might ask whether the category of personal and pastoral discernment is not, in fine, in Canon Law, the moderate facet of the notion of personal autonomy in Secular Law

El aporte de este libro, nacido del ámbito de la Medicina, es presentar un panorama de las confrontaciones que generan riesgos a la salud humana desde su entorno. Muchos fenómenos que la afectan nacen del propio proceso evolutivo de la naturaleza, otros, de nuevos y numerosos ingenios antrópicos. Entre estos fenómenos, los hay cotidianos y episódicos, de repercusión individual y masiva, de presentación manifiesta o encubierta, de expresión inmediata o progresiva. La Medicina intenta diagnosticar y tratar sus consecuencias humanas. Con cierta frecuencia no alcanza a entrever la red que los liga al entorno, otras veces ve ciertos fenómenos que afectan la salud como marginales o exóticos. Sin embargo, su marco teórico los involucra a todos, al menos los conocidos, aunque sea en breves capítulos o apartados de los libros que lo contienen y actualizan. La Medicina no puede, por otra parte, entenderlos si no es con el concurso de otras profesiones y ciencias. Para componer este libro se han convocado especialistas provenientes de ramas diversas, todos ellos sólidos en sus trayectorias, algunos –más jóvenes– serios en sus profesiones. Respondieron generosamente, unos por trabajar o haber trabajado juntos, otros por cercanía y afecto, otros más por generosidad pura.

GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) es un observatorio internacional con carácter anual del fenómeno emprendedor. Su actividad en España se inicia en el año 1999 de la mano de London Business School y Babson College, y se viene plasmando en Informes de ámbito global, nacional, regional y local gracias al Consorcio de países que lo integran. El año 2011, el observatorio global sobre actividad emprendedora GEM, presenta su sexta edición en Murcia. Su principal misión es la de proporcionar datos acerca de la medición de la tasa de actividad emprendedora de las naciones, regiones y ciudades participantes, así como una amplia descripción de sus características, su relación con el desarrollo económico y un diagnóstico acerca del estado de las principales condiciones institucionales o de entorno para emprender. Así mismo, el GEM pretende que las instituciones y agentes relacionados con el emprendimiento en nuestra región dispongan de información de calidad e indicadores que permitan avanzar en materia de apoyo a la creación empresarial, contribuyendo al diseño de políticas públicas, programas gubernamentales, concepción de nuevos productos financieros, remodelación de planes y sistemas educacionales entre otros aspectos, mostrando los puntos fuertes y débiles del entorno inmediato que enfrentan todas aquellas personas que tienen una idea o una iniciativa empresarial para poner en marcha. Los resultados del presente informe muestran como la tasa de actividad emprendedora registrada por GEM en la población murciana de 18 a 64 años de edad el año 2011, es del 6,4%. Este resultado pone de manifiesto que pese al recrudecimiento de la crisis en el año 2011 el indicador TEA asciende un 56,4% respecto del resultado del ejercicio 2010. Este ascenso se debe a un aumento de las dos componentes del indicador: un 38% de aumento de actividad naciente en comparación con el registrado el año 2010 y un 103% de incremento de actividad nueva o en consolidación en comparación con el registrado el año 2010. Así mismo, el resultado de la actividad emprendedora obtenido para el 2011 pone de manifiesto que, al menos en el primer semestre del año, la dinámica de consolidación de iniciativas ha tenido un impulso muy significativo y que los negocios que están naciendo aumentan considerablemente. Sin embargo, la volatilidad del actual escenario económico, sometido a constantes fluctuaciones y las estimaciones pesimistas acerca de la evolución de los principales indicadores del mismo, nos sitúan en un escenario de inseguridad acerca de la recuperación de la actividad emprendedora en Murcia. Sin embargo, como dato muy positivo se observa como el crecimiento del índice ha supuesto el nacimiento de más de 36.000 iniciativas en este ejercicio, incluyendo aquellas que obedecen a casos de autoempleo. El estudio se completa con unas series temporales y comparaciones entre distintos tipos de economías y trasfondos culturales son, que aportan un gran valor para la comprensión y aprendizaje de los mecanismos que articulan el emprendimiento. Por ello, la continuidad que significa este sexto informe a nivel regional, nos permite observar la evolución de los principales parámetros relacionados con la creación empresarial.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

Chapter Fourteen ("Communism"): The global economic crash of 2007-08—as well as the subsequent government bailouts of the dominant bourgeois institutions responsible for it and their continued commitment to a program of social austerity in its wake around the world since—has dramatically revealed what is normally hidden behind the everyday glare of consumerism in the global North: capitalism systematically sacrifices the livelihood of the many to serving the interests of a privileged few. Suddenly millions were forced to confront the fact that capitalism is failing in exactly the way Marx and Engels predicted in The Manifesto of the Communist Party because it is "incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state, that it has to feed him, instead of being fed by him" (495-6). As more and more people are finding that capitalism is unable to "assure their existence" even in the midst of the superabundant wealth of the western democracies, it is no surprise to see that "class" has once again returned to the popular lexicon and there is a renewed interest in Marx, Marxism, and communism as workers begin to struggle to make sense of their immiserated lives and to investigate why the political means to address these conditions is so severely delimited (Barker). However, as I will explain, the contemporary engagement with Marx is predominantly "writerly" as it reinterprets class as a spectral presence in the circuits of the daily, rather than a serious engagement with the "speecherly" truth of class found in Marx, i.e., class as a matter of how "the mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life" (Preface to Contribution, 263). What will be of particular importance in the contemporary encounter with the intellectual and political legacy of Marx today, I argue, is to engage with Marx's speecherly theory of communism found in his speeches on the Paris Commune of 1871. This is because it is in them that Marx focuses his critique of the Commune on what he calls the "infantile" communism of the anarchists, whom he holds as largely responsible for its defeat because of how their doctrine of the "equality of classes" led them to support class collaborationist policies and to subvert the international solidarity required for the arrival of communism. Keywords: communism; Paris Commune; Marx; Marxism; Barthes; Badiou; Rancière; Lukács; readerly; writerly; speecherly.

La pregunta por el futuro de las humanidades y las humanidades del futuro se sitúa, sin decirlo, en el ámbito de la era de la técnica, una época de la historia humana, la nuestra, en la que la tendencia de la técnica a organizar la vida enteramente se pone cada vez más de manifiesto. Mirando el problema de las humanidades desde esta perspectiva epocal, entiendo la pregunta que se nos plantea no como una invitación a un ejercicio de prospectiva que anticipe qué pasará con las humanidades en el futuro, sino como una convocación, primero, a pensar las humanidades en nuestro propio presente, y, segundo, a explorar teóricamente caminos para una noción de humanitas que nos permita a los occidentales tomarnos en serio la toma de la palabra por las diversidades.

Neck pain and cervicalgia are common following concussion. The cervical spine should be carefully examined in any individual who has sustained a concussion, because neck pain may be a sign of more serious underlying cervical spine injury. Even when a more serious injury has been ruled out, it is noteworthy that the cervical structures are vulnerable to stress and injury at their end range of motion, and such motion occurs commonly in an accelerated fashion with concussion. Further, cervical spine injury may cause faulty proprioceptive input from the upper cervical spine, resulting in vestibular symptoms. Cervicalgia is a source of persistent symptoms following concussion and frequently manifests with dizziness and cervicogenic headache. Individuals with persistent symptoms of cervicalgia or cervicogenic headache may benefit from a combination of physical therapy and vestibular therapy.

Born in Bácsborsód, Hungary, László Moholy-Nagy was one of the most influential teachers, designers, and theoreticians of twentieth-century Modernism. As a professor at the Bauhaus (1923–8) and a central figure of International Constructivism, he pioneered modern interdisciplinary art and design practice and opposed traditional media hierarchies, thereby heralding the post-war media art revolution. In 1922, with Alfréd Kemény he authored ‘Dynamic-Constructive Energy System’, a manifesto of kinetic, participatory art applied in his proposal for an immersive Kinetic-Constructive System (1928). In 1922–3 he prefigured conceptual art in the Emaille series, ordered from an enamel sign-maker using graph-paper sketches and standardised colours. In Malerei, Photographie, Film (1927), a key manifesto of twentieth-century media art, he regarded technology as an extension of our sensorium, influencing media theorists Walter Benjamin, Sigfried Giedion, and Marshall McLuhan. Regarding light as ‘raw material’, Moholy-Nagy saw painting as just one possible form of ‘light art’. He conceptualised expanded cinema and coined the term ‘New Vision’ to refer to his call for sensory training and his reform of photography based on the camera’s technical capabilities. His mechanised Light Prop for an Electric Stage (1930) projected kinetic coloured light patterns, establishing kinetic light art. With Walter Gropius he edited bauhaus (1926–8) and the bauhausbücher series (1925–9).

El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar los tipos de gestión del capital de trabajo utilizados en el sector solidario y determinar la relación que tienen con el desempeño financiero en dicho sector en Colombia. Dentro de la categoría de Actividades financieras de fondos de empleados y otras formas asociativas del sector solidario, se seleccionó a su vez el sector cooperativo, en el que se aplicó un muestreo estratificado-propositivo, el cual arrojó una muestra de 3145 organizaciones distribuidas en seis subsectores (Ahorro y crédito, Multiactivas sin ahorro y crédito, Actividades diferentes a ahorro y crédito, Contribuciones y Créditos, Cooperativas de Trabajo Asociado, Fondos de empleados) y en cuatro tamaños de empresa (micro, pequeña, mediana y grande). Aplicando un análisis de componentes principales categóricos al capital de trabajo neto, razón corriente, prueba ácida, flujo de efectivo operacional, y ciclo de conversión de caja, se identificaron tres tipos de gestión de capital de trabajo (relajado, moderado y restringido) y, con un análisis multivariado de varianza, se observó su influencia sobre el desempeño financiero, expresada en el retorno sobre los activos, retorno sobre la inversión, retorno sobre la inversión en capital, y valor económico agregado. Los tipos de gestión de capital de trabajo fueron más influyentes que el subsector y el tamaño de la empresa, y el más utilizado fue el relajado orientado a la liquidez. Se concluye que el tipo de gestión de capital de trabajo de uso generalizado en el sector es el relajado, aunque con preferencia en los subsectores de Fondos de empleados, Multiactivas sin ahorro y crédito, y Contribuciones y créditos, e igualmente es el de mayor uso en empresas pequeñas; además, se pone de manifiesto que el tipo de gestión de capital de trabajo en el sector tiene gran relevancia en el desempeño financiero de las empresas y, de manera general, da lugar a un déficit en la creación de valor económico agregado y a una insuficiente eficiencia en el uso de los activos.

Abstract An account of Calvin’s teaching that spotlights only his apparent tendencies to nourish liberal individualism would remain seriously incomplete. For these tendencies compose only a part of Calvin’s vision for political community. To appreciate Calvin’s more subtle and distinct contributions to early modern thought, we must take note of his immediate sense of ambiguity and paradox in the face of God’s love and rule; we must see the creative tension in which he placed individual believers under the interposing eye of God’s sovereign grace. Although Calvin may have inadvertently nourished the emphasis on individual freedom we associate with liberalism, he was no liberal. In fact, in his essay Calvin warns his readers explicitly about the dangers of narrowly interpreting Christian freedom. The believer ought not to think that Christian freedom means to “shake off all obedience” or to “break out into unbridled license.” Christian freedom emphatically does not “take away all moderation, order and choice of things” (3.19.1, 834).3 Indeed, the cornerstone of a solid understanding of Christian freedom lies in Calvin’s concise statement: “Christian freedom is, in all its parts, a spiritual thing. Its whole force,” he goes on, “consists in quieting frightened consciences before God” (3.19.9, 840). No autonomous concept, Christian freedom reveals itself as “an appendage of justification” (3.19.1, 833).4 Because believers receive their justification before God only by means of Christ’s mediation and not from any self-deservedness, their freedom manifests itself as liberation from the “curse” of sin according to which they would otherwise be judged. The question is not, says Calvin, “how we may become righteous” but, rather, “how, being unrighteous and unworthy, we may be reckoned righteous” (3.19.2, 834). As the obverse of the irreducible individual, then, Calvin reveals to us the individual as partial and incomplete, as part of a larger whole beyond his “puny capacity” (3.6.5, 689) to understand. Here conscience plays its role less as independent vision and more as a link to larger duty.

The adage “those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it” is a powerful one for parents and teachers of deaf students. Myths that have grown from ignorance have dogged us in this field as far back as we can see, and faulty assumptions and overgeneralizations have been sustained through time. A study of history also reveals what at first might seem like a series of random events, but which actually manifest patterns that have influenced today’s educational policy (see Fischer & Lane, 1993; Van Cleve, 1993). These patterns are related to several themes critical to the emphases of this book. One such theme is the importance of parental involvement in the education of deaf children. History provides us with factual accounts and anecdotes that enrich our understanding of the advocacy roles parents have played, especially with regard to the establishment of school programs. As we shall see, research clearly supports the role of parental involvement in both formal and informal education, as evidenced in studies demonstrating the long-term influence of mother-child relationships and early communication and the need for providing deaf children with a variety of experiences during the early years. Another theme that emerges from a historical perspective relates to how deaf people have taken an increasingly greater role in influencing their own education. Histories have been published that describe how deafness was perceived in ancient times, how various societies changed with regard to their attitudes toward deaf people, and that highlight the turning points in the education and acceptance of people who are deaf. In most published histories of deaf education, we see the long-standing conflicts through the centuries pertaining to sign language and spoken communication philosophies and the contributions of the individuals who founded school programs or attempted to teach deaf children. Often, however, writers have neglected to examine how deaf people themselves have overcome barriers in many periods of history and under a wide variety of conditions to make important contributions in education and other fields. A history of the education of deaf individuals thus should be more than just a study of changes in educational practices.

La COVID-19 ha generado una crisis de salud pública. Ha hecho ver una anunciada falta de preparación a nivel mundial para este tipo de emergencias. También ha puesto de manifiesto diferencias importantes en las capacidades de hacerles frente en cada país, y en cada región dentro de ellos. Es indudable que la preparación para este tipo de crisis y la respuesta en el momento en que se desencadena tiene mucho que ver con la resiliencia de las instituciones existentes, con la relación entre ellas, con la población en general y con el gobierno central, pero también con lo que la ciencia puede decirnos al respecto. Las propuestas de teorías científicas de políticas públicas predominantes se basan en metodologías cuyo origen es el desarrollo de métodos experimentales en las ciencias naturales y en la noción de experimento controlado y reproducible. Estas teorías asumen un concepto de evidencia que remite a la posibilidad de inferir deductivamente (o confirmar) una hipótesis causal a partir de hechos (establecidos por ese tipo de experimento). Este supuesto lleva a promover la idea de que debemos esforzarnos por desarrollar teorías generales sobre políticas públicas, aunque éstas tengan que adecuarse de manera cuidadosa a sociedades o regiones particulares. En principio, es posible y deseable desarrollar teorías que postulen causas que nos sirvan para explicar diferentes procesos en distintos contextos, pues es esa generalidad de las explicaciones lo que nos permite decir que las teorías son científicas (véase la introducción a Sabatier 2007, por ejemplo). A este tipo de teorías las llamaremos teorías basadas en evidencia (TBE).1 En este capítulo argumento que enfoques que se toman en serio la importancia de narrativas y heurísticas en el establecimiento y evaluación de políticas públicas promueven propuestas de políticas públicas que se sitúan entre esos extremos. El estudio de las políticas públicas en teorías del tipo TBE han estado muy influidas por el desarrollo de lo que se conoce como medicina basada en evidencia (MBE). En la primera sección hago una breve presentación de la MBE y de algunas de las críticas que se le han hecho, que serán esenciales para entender las limitaciones de las TBE. En la segunda sección identifico los supuestos epistémicos y metodológicos de las TBE (en particular el concepto presupuesto de evidencia) que son cuestionables y que nos permiten concluir que la tesis fundacional de las TBE, es decir, la idea de que es posible establecer criterios basados en conceptos epistémicos (como causalidad y evidencia independientes de contexto) para diferenciar teorías “científicas” de las que no lo son, no se sostiene. Como parte de ese argumento expongo que los cuestionamientos que hace Sabatier (y otros) al tipo de teorías conocidas como de estadios heurísticos revela claramente esta dependencia de las teorías del tipo TBE de esas nociones rígidas de evidencia y causalidad. En la tercera sección presento otra forma de desarrollar políticas públicas en las que las narrativas juegan un papel central. En la sección cuatro resumo la discusión anterior y apunto a la trascendencia que puede tener la incorporación de metáforas y narrativas en teorías de políticas públicas. Las narrativas conforman patrones de razonamiento heurístico no en el sentido de que son atajos de un razonamiento lógico que tiene lugar en cabezas de individuos particulares, sino en el sentido de que organiza nuestras estrategias de indagación racional y de evaluación de hipótesis a nivel de colectivos o comunidades. En la quinta sección concluyo con un resumen del argumento y detallo algunas implicaciones que éste puede tener para el desarrollo de políticas públicas en tiempos de crisis.

En algunas ocasiones sucede que obras o construcciones realizadas por el ser humano con una finalidad concreta terminan siendo utilizadas para otras funciones muy distintas para las que fueron creadas. Este es el caso de las cuevas de Valdepeñas (Ciudad Real), realizadas con el propósito exclusivo de que sirvieran para almacenar y conservar el vino y, sin embargo, en épocas de guerra como la ocupación francesa y en plena Guerra Civil española fueron utilizadas como refugios para proteger a la población civil. Este trabajo pone de manifiesto esta otra funcionalidad de unas cuevas centenarias como cuevas-refugio, en un contexto bélico, y pretende arrojar un poco más de luz sobre estas construcciones subterráneas, hoy en serio peligro de abandono y degradación, proponiendo su recuperación, como parte que son de nuestra historia, como elementos patrimoniales y recursos turísticos que pueden ser plenamente rentables en pleno siglo XXI.

Introduction: Pompe disease (PD) affects lysosomal digestion due to absence or low action of the enzyme acid α-glucosidase (GAA), with accumulation of glycogen, causing overflow of enzymes and autophagy, which affects striated muscle. PD is divided into infantile, juvenile, and adult clinical forms, with severity determined by amount of residual GAA activity. Case: P1) 45-year-old man admitted with acute respiratory failure (RF), starts mechanical ventilation. History of weakness, dyspnea, dysphagia. He had decreased proximal muscle strength at lower limbs (LL). Sequencing of GAA gene: autosomal recessive deficiency of two variants. Apnea-hypopnea-index (AHI):10.5. GAA enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) was requested. Judicially denied by disease progression. P2) 40-year-old man presented with loss of muscle strength at LL for 15 years, associated with snoring, daytime somnolence. Brother with similar complaints. He had proximal muscle weakness at LL. Positive genetic panel for PD. AHI:23.5. Judicially released ERT treatment and reported improvement. Discussion: Adult form of PD manifests itself with mild phenotype, with presence of residual GAA activity, which causes different clinical expressions. Main manifestations are symmetric proximal muscle weakness in LL and Gowers’ sign. Frequent death cause in late form is RF, which occurs early, unlike other neuromuscular diseases. In Brazil, PD is underdiagnosed, with approximately 2500 cases. Treatment is performed with Myozyme®, an ERT, not available in SUS, which makes treatment difficult. Conclusion: PD is a serious condition, with high underdiagnosis because of its similarity to other myopathies, which allows disease progression. Furthermore, the variability of GAA mutations allows for distinct phenotypes

Tras la Independencia de Argentina, tiene lugar la ocupación del interior de la provincia de Buenos Aires mediante la fundación sistemática de poblaciones. Estas poblaciones tienen un elemento fundamental, la plaza central, que con una importante influencia de la tradición colonial, es sin embargo un claro exponente de la modernización urbana que se está llevando a cabo en el siglo XIX en el país. Este artículo pretende analizar la distribución, forma y estructura de estas plazas, sobre la base del análisis de casos, que permitirán observar el significado singular de este espacio, no sólo por su ubicación central en el trazado y su composición, sino fundamentalmente porque representan el proceso de modernización de una sociedad dirigido por el estado, frente al mundo colonial. Esto se manifiesta en la concentración de nuevas funciones alrededor de dicha plaza. After de Argentine Independence, the occupation of the Buenos Aires Province took place, with a strong strategy of settling new towns. In these new towns their central squares play a fundamental role. This space shows an evident relation with the Hispanic tradition, is however a clear example of the urban modernization that is happening in the 19th century in Argentina. This article attempts to analyse the distribution and form of these squares, with a series of case studies, that will lead us to see the singular meaning of these spaces, not only due to its urban central location and its composition, but fundamentally because they represent the modernisation process of the society driven by the state against the colonial tradition, with the institutions and functions that surround the central square.

For many decades in Tunisia, there has been a robust link between natural resource management and contentious national and local politics. These disputes manifest in the form of protests, sit-ins, the disruption of production and distribution and legal suits on the one hand, and corporate and government response using coercive and concessionary measures on the other. Residents of resource-rich areas and their allies protest the inequitable distribution of their local natural wealth and the degradation of their health, land, water, soil and air. They contest a dynamic that tends to bring greater benefit to Tunisia’s coastal metropolitan areas. Natural resource exploitation is also a source of livelihoods and the contentious politics around them have, at times, led to somewhat more equitable relationships. The most important actors in these contentious politics include citizens, activists, local NGOs, local and national government, international commercial interests, international NGOs and multilateral organisations. These politics fit into wider and very longstanding patterns of wealth distribution in Tunisia and were part of the popular alienation that drove the uprising of 2011. In many ways, the dynamic of the contentious politics is fundamentally unchanged since prior to the uprising and protests have taken place within the same month of writing of this paper. Looking onto this scene, commentators use the frame of margins versus centre (‘marginalization’), and also apply the lens of labour versus capital. If this latter lens is applied, not only is there continuity from prior to 2011, there is continuity with the colonial era when natural resource extraction was first industrialised and internationalised. In these ways, the management of Tunisia’s natural wealth is a significant part of the country’s serious political and economic challenges, making it a major factor in the street politics unfolding at the time of writing.