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Felsen, Gidon, et Zachary F. Mainen. « Midbrain contributions to sensorimotor decision making ». Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no 1 (1 juillet 2012) : 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01181.2011.
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Making decisions about future actions is a fundamental function of the nervous system. Classical theories hold that separate sets of brain regions are responsible for selecting and implementing an action. Traditionally, action selection has been considered the domain of high-level regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, whereas action generation is thought to be carried out by dedicated cortical and subcortical motor regions. However, increasing evidence suggests that the activity of individual neurons in cortical motor structures reflects abstract properties of “decision variables” rather than conveying simple motor commands. Less is known, though, about the role of subcortical structures in decision making. In particular, the superior colliculus (SC) is critical for planning and initiating visually guided, gaze-displacing movements and selecting visual targets, but whether and how it contributes more generally to sensorimotor decisions are unclear. Here, we show that the SC is intimately involved in orienting decisions based on odor cues, even though the SC does not explicitly process olfactory stimuli. Neurons were recorded from the intermediate and deep SC layers in rats trained to perform a delayed-response, odor-cued spatial choice task. SC neurons commonly fired well in advance of movement initiation, predicting the chosen direction nearly 1 s before movement. Moreover, under conditions of sensory uncertainty, SC activity varied with task difficulty and reward outcome, reflecting the influence of decision variables on the intercollicular competition thought to underlie orienting movements. These results indicate that the SC plays a more general role in decisions than previously appreciated, extending beyond visuomotor functions.
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Siegel, M., T. J. Buschman et E. K. Miller. « Cortical information flow during flexible sensorimotor decisions ». Science 348, no 6241 (18 juin 2015) : 1352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0551.
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Fooken, Jolande, et Miriam Spering. « Eye movements as a readout of sensorimotor decision processes ». Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no 4 (1 avril 2020) : 1439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00622.2019.
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Real-world tasks, such as avoiding obstacles, require a sequence of interdependent choices to reach accurate motor actions. Yet, most studies on primate decision making involve simple one-step choices. Here we analyze motor actions to investigate how sensorimotor decisions develop over time. In a go/no-go interception task human observers ( n = 42) judged whether a briefly presented moving target would pass (interceptive hand movement required) or miss (no hand movement required) a strike box while their eye and hand movements were recorded. Go/no-go decision formation had to occur within the first few hundred milliseconds to allow time-critical interception. We found that the earliest time point at which eye movements started to differentiate actions (go versus no-go) preceded hand movement onset. Moreover, eye movements were related to different stages of decision making. Whereas higher eye velocity during smooth pursuit initiation was related to more accurate interception decisions (whether or not to act), faster pursuit maintenance was associated with more accurate timing decisions (when to act). These results indicate that pursuit initiation and maintenance are continuously linked to ongoing sensorimotor decision formation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we show that eye movements are a continuous indicator of decision processes underlying go/no-go actions. We link different stages of decision formation to distinct oculomotor events during open- and closed-loop smooth pursuit. Critically, the earliest time point at which eye movements differentiate actions preceded hand movement onset, suggesting shared sensorimotor processing for eye and hand movements. These results emphasize the potential of studying eye movements as a readout of cognitive processes.
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Thura, David, Jean-François Cabana, Albert Feghaly et Paul Cisek. « Integrated neural dynamics of sensorimotor decisions and actions ». PLOS Biology 20, no 12 (15 décembre 2022) : e3001861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001861.
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Recent theoretical models suggest that deciding about actions and executing them are not implemented by completely distinct neural mechanisms but are instead two modes of an integrated dynamical system. Here, we investigate this proposal by examining how neural activity unfolds during a dynamic decision-making task within the high-dimensional space defined by the activity of cells in monkey dorsal premotor (PMd), primary motor (M1), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) as well as the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus (GPe, GPi). Dimensionality reduction shows that the four strongest components of neural activity are functionally interpretable, reflecting a state transition between deliberation and commitment, the transformation of sensory evidence into a choice, and the baseline and slope of the rising urgency to decide. Analysis of the contribution of each population to these components shows meaningful differences between regions but no distinct clusters within each region, consistent with an integrated dynamical system. During deliberation, cortical activity unfolds on a two-dimensional “decision manifold” defined by sensory evidence and urgency and falls off this manifold at the moment of commitment into a choice-dependent trajectory leading to movement initiation. The structure of the manifold varies between regions: In PMd, it is curved; in M1, it is nearly perfectly flat; and in dlPFC, it is almost entirely confined to the sensory evidence dimension. In contrast, pallidal activity during deliberation is primarily defined by urgency. We suggest that these findings reveal the distinct functional contributions of different brain regions to an integrated dynamical system governing action selection and execution.
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Thura, David, et Paul Cisek. « Microstimulation of dorsal premotor and primary motor cortex delays the volitional commitment to an action choice ». Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no 3 (1 mars 2020) : 927–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00682.2019.
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Humans and other animals are faced with decisions about actions on a daily basis. These typically include a period of deliberation that ends with the commitment to a choice, which then leads to the overt expression of that choice through action. Previous studies with monkeys have demonstrated that neural activity in sensorimotor areas correlates with the deliberation process and reflects the moment of commitment before movement initiation, but the causal roles of these regions are challenging to establish. Here, we tested whether dorsal premotor (PMd) and primary motor cortex (M1) are causally involved in the volitional commitment to a reaching choice. We found that brief subthreshold microstimulation in PMd or M1 delayed commitment to an action but not the initiation of the action itself. Importantly, microstimulation only had a significant effect when it was delivered close to and before commitment time. These results are consistent with the proposal that PMd and M1 participate in the commitment process, which occurs when a critical firing rate difference is reached between cells voting for the selected option and those voting for the competing one. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The neural substrates of decisions between actions are typically investigated by correlating neural activity and subjects’ decision behavior, but this does not establish causality. In a reaching decision task, we demonstrate that subthreshold microstimulation of the monkey dorsal premotor cortex or primary motor cortex delays the deliberation duration if applied shortly before choice commitment. This result suggests a causal role of the sensorimotor cortex in the determination of decisions between actions.
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Lekova, Anna K., Paulina Tsvetkova et Anna Andreeva. « Enhancing Brain Health and Cognitive Development Through Sensorimotor Play in Virtual Reality : Uncovering the Neural Correlates ». International Journal of Games and Social Impact 2, no 1 (1 janvier 2024) : 46–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24140/ijgsi.v2.n1.03.
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Brain health is a critical part of well-being because it is a foundation for the ability to communicate, make decisions and solve real-life problems. Virtual reality games involve motor and sensory activities that can help to improve brain connectivity by providing an immersive and interactive experience that engages multiple brain regions simultaneously. Reinforcing sensorimotor activities influences cognitive skills and improves brain health. Sensorimotor play in virtual reality is a relatively new concept that is gaining attention as a tool for promoting brain health and cognitive abilities. It is believed that this type of play can have positive impact on brain health and cognitive function, such as improving memory, enhancing focus, and reducing stress and anxiety. The aims of the current paper are (1) – to present evidence, based on neuro correlates, of the importance of the sensorimotor play to the brain health and (2) – to propose a conceptual model for a personalized VR game design using neurocognitive feedback obtained through Brain-Computer Interface that assesses brain areas during sensorimotor stimulation.
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Balsdon, Tarryn, Stijn Verdonck, Tim Loossens et Marios G. Philiastides. « Secondary motor integration as a final arbiter in sensorimotor decision-making ». PLOS Biology 21, no 7 (17 juillet 2023) : e3002200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002200.
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Sensorimotor decision-making is believed to involve a process of accumulating sensory evidence over time. While current theories posit a single accumulation process prior to planning an overt motor response, here, we propose an active role of motor processes in decision formation via a secondary leaky motor accumulation stage. The motor leak adapts the “memory” with which this secondary accumulator reintegrates the primary accumulated sensory evidence, thus adjusting the temporal smoothing in the motor evidence and, correspondingly, the lag between the primary and motor accumulators. We compare this framework against different single accumulator variants using formal model comparison, fitting choice, and response times in a task where human observers made categorical decisions about a noisy sequence of images, under different speed–accuracy trade-off instructions. We show that, rather than boundary adjustments (controlling the amount of evidence accumulated for decision commitment), adjustment of the leak in the secondary motor accumulator provides the better description of behavior across conditions. Importantly, we derive neural correlates of these 2 integration processes from electroencephalography data recorded during the same task and show that these neural correlates adhere to the neural response profiles predicted by the model. This framework thus provides a neurobiologically plausible description of sensorimotor decision-making that captures emerging evidence of the active role of motor processes in choice behavior.
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Sheppard, William E. A., Polly Dickerson, Rigmor C. Baraas, Mark Mon-Williams, Brendan T. Barrett, Richard M. Wilkie et Rachel O. Coats. « Exploring the effects of degraded vision on sensorimotor performance ». PLOS ONE 16, no 11 (8 novembre 2021) : e0258678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258678.
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Purpose Many people experience unilateral degraded vision, usually owing to a developmental or age-related disorder. There are unresolved questions regarding the extent to which such unilateral visual deficits impact on sensorimotor performance; an important issue as sensorimotor limitations can constrain quality of life by restricting ‘activities of daily living’. Examination of the relationship between visual deficit and sensorimotor performance is essential for determining the functional implications of ophthalmic conditions. This study attempts to explore the effect of unilaterally degraded vision on sensorimotor performance. Methods In Experiment 1 we simulated visual deficits in 30 participants using unilateral and bilateral Bangerter filters to explore whether motor performance was affected in water pouring, peg placing, and aiming tasks. Experiment 2 (n = 74) tested the hypothesis that kinematic measures are associated with visuomotor deficits by measuring the impact of small visual sensitivity decrements created by monocular viewing on sensorimotor interactions with targets presented on a planar surface in aiming, tracking and steering tasks. Results In Experiment 1, the filters caused decreased task performance—confirming that unilateral (and bilateral) visual loss has functional implications. In Experiment 2, kinematic measures were affected by monocular viewing in two of three tasks requiring rapid online visual feedback (aiming and steering). Conclusions Unilateral visual loss has a measurable impact on sensorimotor performance. The benefits of binocular vision may be particularly important for some groups (e.g. older adults) where an inability to complete sensorimotor tasks may necessitate assisted living. There is an urgent need to develop rigorous kinematic approaches to the quantification of the functional impact of unilaterally degraded vision and of the benefits associated with treatments for unilateral ophthalmic conditions to enable informed decisions around treatment.
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Liu, Taosheng, et Timothy J. Pleskac. « Neural correlates of evidence accumulation in a perceptual decision task ». Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no 5 (novembre 2011) : 2383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00413.2011.
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Sequential sampling models provide a useful framework for understanding human decision making. A key component of these models is an evidence accumulation process in which information is accrued over time to a threshold, at which point a choice is made. Previous neurophysiological studies on perceptual decision making have suggested accumulation occurs only in sensorimotor areas involved in making the action for the choice. Here we investigated the neural correlates of evidence accumulation in the human brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while manipulating the quality of sensory evidence, the response modality, and the foreknowledge of the response modality. We trained subjects to perform a random dot motion direction discrimination task by either moving their eyes or pressing buttons to make their responses. In addition, they were cued about the response modality either in advance of the stimulus or after a delay. We isolated fMRI responses for perceptual decisions in both independently defined sensorimotor areas and task-defined nonsensorimotor areas. We found neural signatures of evidence accumulation, a higher fMRI response on low coherence trials than high coherence trials, primarily in saccade-related sensorimotor areas (frontal eye field and intraparietal sulcus) and nonsensorimotor areas in anterior insula and inferior frontal sulcus. Critically, such neural signatures did not depend on response modality or foreknowledge. These results help establish human brain areas involved in evidence accumulation and suggest that the neural mechanism for evidence accumulation is not specific to effectors. Instead, the neural system might accumulate evidence for particular stimulus features relevant to a perceptual task.
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Cisek, Paul, et Alexandre Pastor-Bernier. « On the challenges and mechanisms of embodied decisions ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 369, no 1655 (5 novembre 2014) : 20130479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0479.
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Neurophysiological studies of decision-making have focused primarily on elucidating the mechanisms of classic economic decisions, for which the relevant variables are the values of expected outcomes and action is simply the means of reporting the selected choice. By contrast, here we focus on the particular challenges of embodied decision-making faced by animals interacting with their environment in real time. In such scenarios, the choices themselves as well as their relative costs and benefits are defined by the momentary geometry of the immediate environment and change continuously during ongoing activity. To deal with the demands of embodied activity, animals require an architecture in which the sensorimotor specification of potential actions, their valuation, selection and even execution can all take place in parallel. Here, we review behavioural and neurophysiological data supporting a proposed brain architecture for dealing with such scenarios, which we argue set the evolutionary foundation for the organization of the mammalian brain.
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Pärnamets, Philip, Petter Johansson, Lars Hall, Christian Balkenius, Michael J. Spivey et Daniel C. Richardson. « Biasing moral decisions by exploiting the dynamics of eye gaze ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no 13 (16 mars 2015) : 4170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415250112.
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Eye gaze is a window onto cognitive processing in tasks such as spatial memory, linguistic processing, and decision making. We present evidence that information derived from eye gaze can be used to change the course of individuals’ decisions, even when they are reasoning about high-level, moral issues. Previous studies have shown that when an experimenter actively controls what an individual sees the experimenter can affect simple decisions with alternatives of almost equal valence. Here we show that if an experimenter passively knows when individuals move their eyes the experimenter can change complex moral decisions. This causal effect is achieved by simply adjusting the timing of the decisions. We monitored participants’ eye movements during a two-alternative forced-choice task with moral questions. One option was randomly predetermined as a target. At the moment participants had fixated the target option for a set amount of time we terminated their deliberation and prompted them to choose between the two alternatives. Although participants were unaware of this gaze-contingent manipulation, their choices were systematically biased toward the target option. We conclude that even abstract moral cognition is partly constituted by interactions with the immediate environment and is likely supported by gaze-dependent decision processes. By tracking the interplay between individuals, their sensorimotor systems, and the environment, we can influence the outcome of a decision without directly manipulating the content of the information available to them.
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Nagano-Saito, Atsuko, Paul Cisek, Andrea S. Perna, Fatemeh Z. Shirdel, Chawki Benkelfat, Marco Leyton et Alain Dagher. « From anticipation to action, the role of dopamine in perceptual decision making : an fMRI-tyrosine depletion study ». Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no 2 (15 juillet 2012) : 501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00592.2011.
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During simple sensorimotor decision making, neurons in the parietal cortex extract evidence from sensory information provided by visual areas until a decision is reached. Contextual information can bias parietal activity during the task and change the decision-making parameters. One type of contextual information is the availability of reward for correct decisions. We tested the hypothesis that the frontal lobes and basal ganglia use contextual information to bias decision making to maximize reward. Human volunteers underwent functional MRI while making decisions about the motion of dots on a computer monitor. On rewarded trials, subjects responded more slowly by increasing the threshold to decision. Rewarded trials were associated with activation in the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex in the period preceding coherent dot motion, and the degree of activation predicted the increased decision threshold. Decreasing dopamine transmission, using a tyrosine-depleting amino acid mixture, abolished the reward-related corticostriatal activation and eliminated the correlation between striatal activity and decision threshold. These observations provide direct evidence that some reward-related functional MRI signals in the striatum are the result of dopamine neuron activity and demonstrate that mesolimbic dopamine transmission can influence perceptual and decision-making neural processes engaged to maximize reward harvest.
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Derosiere, Gerard, David Thura, Paul Cisek et Julie Duque. « Motor cortex disruption delays motor processes but not deliberation about action choices ». Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no 4 (1 octobre 2019) : 1566–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00163.2019.
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Decisions about actions typically involve a period of deliberation that ends with the commitment to a choice and the motor processes overtly expressing that choice. Previous studies have shown that neural activity in sensorimotor areas, including the primary motor cortex (M1), correlates with deliberation features during action selection. However, the causal contribution of these areas to the decision process remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether M1 determines choice commitment or whether it simply reflects decision signals coming from upstream structures and instead mainly contributes to the motor processes that follow commitment. To do so, we tested the impact of a disruption of M1 activity, induced by continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), on the behavior of human subjects in 1) a simple reaction time (SRT) task allowing us to estimate the duration of the motor processes and 2) a modified version of the tokens task (Cisek P, Puskas GA, El-Murr S. J Neurosci 29: 11560–11571, 2009), which allowed us to estimate subjects’ time of commitment as well as accuracy criterion. The efficiency of cTBS was attested by a reduction in motor evoked potential amplitudes following M1 disruption compared with those following a sham stimulation. Furthermore, M1 cTBS lengthened SRTs, indicating that motor processes were perturbed by the intervention. Importantly, all of the behavioral results in the tokens task were similar following M1 disruption and sham stimulation, suggesting that the contribution of M1 to the deliberation process is potentially negligible. Taken together, these findings favor the view that M1 contribution is downstream of the decision process. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Decisions between actions are ubiquitous in the animal realm. Deliberation during action choices entails changes in the activity of the sensorimotor areas controlling those actions, but the causal role of these areas is still often debated. With the use of continuous theta burst stimulation, we show that disrupting the primary motor cortex (M1) delays the motor processes that follow instructed commitment but does not alter volitional deliberation, suggesting that M1 contribution may be downstream of the decision process.
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Vakaliuk, T. A., I. A. Pilkevych, A. M. Tokar et R. I. Loboda. « CRITERIA FOR ESTIMATING THE SENSORIMOTOR REACTION TIME BY THE SMALL UAV OPERATOR ». Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control, no 2 (10 juillet 2021) : 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2021-2-19.
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Context. The rapid development of science and technology predetermines a significant expansion of the fields of application of UAVs different purposes. The key to the effective use UAVs is high-quality training of operators, an important element of which is the PPS of candidates, in particular, the assessment of their sensorimotor reactions. This can be achieved by selecting and justifying appropriate criteria. Objective. The goal of the work is the justification criteria for estimating the time sensorimotor reactions of a small UAV operator by analyzing the density distribution of statistical data. Method. A method has been developed to determine criteria for evaluating the time of sensorimotor reactions a small UAV operator based on the accumulation statistical material and its mathematical processing based on the results of a field experiment. The method allows to estimate numerical characteristics the distribution of the average reaction time in three modes: training production, in the conditions overload, in the conditions of overtraining and to obtain a generalized estimation. It was possible, by analyzing the occasional noninterruptible values, which take values within a certain range of values, to establish standards against which the obtained values the sensorimotor reaction time of the small UAV operator are compared and a decision is made on their suitability for training. Results. We obtained statistical series for the modes of assessment: skill development, under obstacle conditions, under conditions skill restructuring. For a visual representation of the series the corresponding histograms the distribution of the average reaction time duration were constructed. In order to eliminate the representativeness error, statistical series alignment was carried out by selecting a theoretical distribution curve for each series, which displays only essential features of the statistical material. For this purpose, we approximated the histogram of distribution by the polynomialf fourth degree. The interval theoretical density of distribution, in which the time sensomotor reaction of an arbitrary person is considered normal, with a given probability reliability such event – 0.95 has been established. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, algorithms for estimating the sensorimotor reaction time of a small UAV operator in three modes have been synthesized and the corresponding software that implements the proposed algorithms has been developed. Conclusions. The criteria for evaluating the sensorimotor reaction time for UAV operator to a visual stimulus using specialized software were substantiated. This allowed the previous PPS training candidates to take into account the requirements to the motor skills of the small UAV operator and the specificity his movements. The conducted experiments confirmed the validity of decisions made. Prospects for further research may include expansion of testing modes with justification for appropriate evaluation criteria.
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Hadar, Aviad A., Paula Rowe, Steven Di Costa, Alexander Jones et Kielan Yarrow. « Motor-evoked potentials reveal a motor-cortical readout of evidence accumulation for sensorimotor decisions ». Psychophysiology 53, no 11 (16 août 2016) : 1721–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12737.
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Yarrow, Kielan, Aviad Hadar, Paula Rowe, Steven Di Costa et Alex Jones. « Motor-evoked potentials reveal a motor-cortical readout of evidence accumulation for sensorimotor decisions ». Journal of Vision 15, no 12 (1 septembre 2015) : 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.49.
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Michalski, Julien, Andrea M. Green et Paul Cisek. « Reaching decisions during ongoing movements ». Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no 3 (1 mars 2020) : 1090–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00613.2019.
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Neurophysiological studies suggest that when decisions are made between concrete actions, the selection process involves a competition between potential action representations in the same sensorimotor structures involved in executing those actions. However, it is unclear how such models can explain situations, often encountered during natural behavior, in which we make decisions while were are already engaged in performing an action. Does the process of deliberation characterized in classical studies of decision-making proceed the same way when subjects are deciding while already acting? In the present study, human subjects continuously tracked a target moving in the horizontal plane and were occasionally presented with a new target to which they could freely choose to switch at any time, whereupon it became the new tracked target. We found that the probability of choosing to switch increased with decreasing distance to the new target and increasing size of the new target relative to the tracked target, as well as when the direction to the new target was aligned (either toward or opposite) to the current tracking direction. However, contrary to our expectations, subjects did not choose targets that minimized the energetic costs of execution, as calculated by a biomechanical model of the arm. When the constraints of continuous tracking were removed in variants of the task involving point-to-point movements, the expected preference for lower cost choices was seen. These results are discussed in the context of current theories of nested feedback control, internal models of forward dynamics, and high-dimensional neural spaces. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Current theories of decision-making primarily address how subjects make decisions before executing selected actions. However, in our daily lives we often make decisions while already performing some action (e.g., while playing a sport or navigating through a crowd). To gain insight into how current theories can be extended to such “decide-while-acting” scenarios, we examined human decisions during continuous manual tracking and found some intriguing departures from how decisions are made in classical “decide-then-act” paradigms.
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Ingram, Lewis A., Annie A. Butler, Matthew A. Brodie, Stephen R. Lord et Simon C. Gandevia. « Quantifying upper limb motor impairment in chronic stroke : a physiological profiling approach ». Journal of Applied Physiology 131, no 3 (1 septembre 2021) : 949–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00078.2021.
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Upper limb motor impairment is a common manifestation after stroke, compromising independence in fundamental daily activities involving the ability to reach, grasp, and manipulate objects. The upper limb Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) offers a means of quantifying performance of the individual sensorimotor domains that are essential for upper limb function. Establishing individual performance profiles based on age- and sex-based normative scores may facilitate individualized treatment decisions by identifying the stroke patient’s specific strengths and limitations.
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Gerasimenko, Yury, Dimitry Sayenko, Parag Gad, Chao-Tuan Liu, Niranjala J. K. Tillakaratne, Roland R. Roy, Inessa Kozlovskaya et V. Reggie Edgerton. « Feed-Forwardness of Spinal Networks in Posture and Locomotion ». Neuroscientist 23, no 5 (30 décembre 2016) : 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858416683681.
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We present a new perspective on the concept of feed-forward compared to feedback mechanisms for motor control. We propose that conceptually all sensory information in real time provided to the brain and spinal cord can be viewed as a feed-forward phenomenon. We also propose that the spinal cord continually adapts to a broad array of ongoing sensory information that is used to adjust the probability of making timely and predictable decisions of selected networks that will execute a given response. One interpretation of the term feedback historically entails responses with short delays. We propose that feed-forward mechanisms, however, range in timeframes of milliseconds to an evolutionary perspective, that is, “evolutionary learning.” Continuously adapting events enable a high level of automaticity within the sensorimotor networks that mediate “planned” motor tasks. We emphasize that either a very small or a very large proportion of motor responses can be under some level of conscious vs automatic control. Furthermore, we make a case that a major component of automaticity of the neural control of movement in vertebrates is located within spinal cord networks. Even without brain input, the spinal cord routinely uses feed-forward processing of sensory information, particularly proprioceptive and cutaneous, to continuously make fundamental decisions that define motor responses. In effect, these spinal networks may be largely responsible for executing coordinated sensorimotor tasks, even those under normal “conscious” control.
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Derosiere, Gerard, David Thura, Paul Cisek et Julie Duque. « Hasty sensorimotor decisions rely on an overlap of broad and selective changes in motor activity ». PLOS Biology 20, no 4 (7 avril 2022) : e3001598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001598.
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Humans and other animals are able to adjust their speed–accuracy trade-off (SAT) at will depending on the urge to act, favoring either cautious or hasty decision policies in different contexts. An emerging view is that SAT regulation relies on influences exerting broad changes on the motor system, tuning its activity up globally when hastiness is at premium. The present study aimed to test this hypothesis. A total of 50 participants performed a task involving choices between left and right index fingers, in which incorrect choices led either to a high or to a low penalty in 2 contexts, inciting them to emphasize either cautious or hasty policies. We applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on multiple motor representations, eliciting motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in 9 finger and leg muscles. MEP amplitudes allowed us to probe activity changes in the corresponding finger and leg representations, while participants were deliberating about which index to choose. Our data indicate that hastiness entails a broad amplification of motor activity, although this amplification was limited to the chosen side. On top of this effect, we identified a local suppression of motor activity, surrounding the chosen index representation. Hence, a decision policy favoring speed over accuracy appears to rely on overlapping processes producing a broad (but not global) amplification and a surround suppression of motor activity. The latter effect may help to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the chosen representation, as supported by single-trial correlation analyses indicating a stronger differentiation of activity changes in finger representations in the hasty context.
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Enachescu, Vince, Paul Schrater, Stefan Schaal et Vassilios Christopoulos. « Action planning and control under uncertainty emerge through a desirability-driven competition between parallel encoding motor plans ». PLOS Computational Biology 17, no 10 (1 octobre 2021) : e1009429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009429.
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Living in an uncertain world, nearly all of our decisions are made with some degree of uncertainty about the consequences of actions selected. Although a significant progress has been made in understanding how the sensorimotor system incorporates uncertainty into the decision-making process, the preponderance of studies focus on tasks in which selection and action are two separate processes. First people select among alternative options and then initiate an action to implement the choice. However, we often make decisions during ongoing actions in which the value and availability of the alternatives can change with time and previous actions. The current study aims to decipher how the brain deals with uncertainty in decisions that evolve while acting. To address this question, we trained individuals to perform rapid reaching movements towards two potential targets, where the true target location was revealed only after the movement initiation. We found that reaction time and initial approach direction are correlated, where initial movements towards intermediate locations have longer reaction times than movements that aim directly to the target locations. Interestingly, the association between reaction time and approach direction was independent of the target probability. By modeling the task within a recently proposed neurodynamical framework, we showed that action planning and control under uncertainty emerge through a desirability-driven competition between motor plans that are encoded in parallel.
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Tickle, Hannah, Maarten Speekenbrink, Konstantinos Tsetsos, Elizabeth Michael et Christopher Summerfield. « Near-optimal Integration of Magnitude in the Human Parietal Cortex ». Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no 4 (avril 2016) : 589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00918.
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Humans are often observed to make optimal sensorimotor decisions but to be poor judges of situations involving explicit estimation of magnitudes or numerical quantities. For example, when drawing conclusions from data, humans tend to neglect the size of the sample from which it was collected. Here, we asked whether this sample size neglect is a general property of human decisions and investigated its neural implementation. Participants viewed eight discrete visual arrays (samples) depicting variable numbers of blue and pink balls. They then judged whether the samples were being drawn from an urn in which blue or pink predominated. A participant who neglects the sample size will integrate the ratio of balls on each array, giving equal weight to each sample. However, we found that human behavior resembled that of an optimal observer, giving more credence to larger sample sizes. Recording scalp EEG signals while participants performed the task allowed us to assess the decision information that was computed during integration. We found that neural signals over the posterior cortex after each sample correlated first with the sample size and then with the difference in the number of balls in either category. Moreover, lateralized beta-band activity over motor cortex was predicted by the cumulative difference in number of balls in each category. Together, these findings suggest that humans achieve statistically near-optimal decisions by adding up the difference in evidence on each sample, and imply that sample size neglect may not be a general feature of human decision-making.
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Markkula, Gustav, Erwin Boer, Richard Romano et Natasha Merat. « Sustained sensorimotor control as intermittent decisions about prediction errors : computational framework and application to ground vehicle steering ». Biological Cybernetics 112, no 3 (16 février 2018) : 181–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00422-017-0743-9.
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Sanclemente, Drew, Jeffrey A. Belair, Kiran S. Talekar, Johannes B. Roedl et Stephen Stache. « Return to Play Following Concussion : Role for Imaging ? » Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 28, no 02 (14 mars 2024) : 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1778031.
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AbstractThis review surveys concussion management, focusing on the use of neuroimaging techniques in return to play (RTP) decisions. Clinical assessments traditionally were the foundation of concussion diagnoses. However, their subjective nature prompted an exploration of neuroimaging modalities to enhance diagnosis and management. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides information about metabolic changes and alterations in the absence of structural abnormalities. Diffusion tensor imaging uncovers microstructural changes in white matter. Functional magnetic resonance imaging assesses neuronal activity to reveal changes in cognitive and sensorimotor functions. Positron emission tomography can assess metabolic disturbances using radiotracers, offering insight into the long-term effects of concussions. Vestibulo-ocular dysfunction screening and eye tracking assess vestibular and oculomotor function. Although these neuroimaging techniques demonstrate promise, continued research and standardization are needed before they can be integrated into the clinical setting. This review emphasizes the potential for neuroimaging in enhancing the accuracy of concussion diagnosis and guiding RTP decisions.
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Corina, David P., et Eva Gutierrez. « Embodiment and American Sign Language ». Gesture 15, no 3 (28 novembre 2016) : 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.15.3.01cor.
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Little is known about how individual signs that occur in naturally produced signed languages are recognized. Here we examine whether sign understanding may be grounded in sensorimotor properties by evaluating a signer’s ability to make lexical decisions to American Sign Language (ASL) signs that are articulated either congruent with or incongruent with the observer’s own handedness. Our results show little evidence for handedness congruency effects for native signers’ perception of ASL, however handedness congruency effects were seen in non-native late learners of ASL and hearing ASL-English bilinguals. The data are compatible with a theory of sign recognition that makes reference to internally simulated articulatory control signals — a forward model based upon sensory-motor properties of one’s owns body. The data suggest that sign recognition may rely upon an internal body schema when processing is non-optimal as a result of having learned ASL later in life. Native signers however may have developed representations of signs which are less bound to the hand with which it is performed, suggesting a different engagement of an internal forward model for rapid lexical decisions.
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Lawlor, Victoria M., Christian A. Webb, Thomas V. Wiecki, Michael J. Frank, Madhukar Trivedi, Diego A. Pizzagalli et Daniel G. Dillon. « Dissecting the impact of depression on decision-making ». Psychological Medicine 50, no 10 (8 juillet 2019) : 1613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001570.
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AbstractBackgroundCognitive deficits in depressed adults may reflect impaired decision-making. To investigate this possibility, we analyzed data from unmedicated adults with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and healthy controls as they performed a probabilistic reward task. The Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Model (HDDM) was used to quantify decision-making mechanisms recruited by the task, to determine if any such mechanism was disrupted by depression.MethodsData came from two samples (Study 1: 258 MDD, 36 controls; Study 2: 23 MDD, 25 controls). On each trial, participants indicated which of two similar stimuli was presented; correct identifications were rewarded. Quantile-probability plots and the HDDM quantified the impact of MDD on response times (RT), speed of evidence accumulation (drift rate), and the width of decision thresholds, among other parameters.ResultsRTs were more positively skewed in depressed v. healthy adults, and the HDDM revealed that drift rates were reduced—and decision thresholds were wider—in the MDD groups. This pattern suggests that depressed adults accumulated the evidence needed to make decisions more slowly than controls did.ConclusionsDepressed adults responded slower than controls in both studies, and poorer performance led the MDD group to receive fewer rewards than controls in Study 1. These results did not reflect a sensorimotor deficit but were instead due to sluggish evidence accumulation. Thus, slowed decision-making—not slowed perception or response execution—caused the performance deficit in MDD. If these results generalize to other tasks, they may help explain the broad cognitive deficits seen in depression.
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Horička, Pavol, Jaromír Šimonek, Ľubomír Paška, Marek Popowczak et Jaroslaw Domaradzki. « Evaluation of offensive and defensive agility depending on the type of visual cue and personal decision-making styles in basketball ». Physical Activity Review 12, no 1 (2024) : 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2024.12.09.
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Background: The specific goal was to determine the level and differences in the performance of reactive agility (RA) depending on the type of visual stimulus and to identify the role of selected psychological patterns in the decision-making process. Method: 13 female basketball players (17.12 ± 1.09 years; mean BW 58.17 kg ± 7.68 kg; mean BH 1.73 ± 0.11, BMI 19.53 ± 3.86) playing top Slovak junior league. The diagnosis of specific game reactions was carried out using a Y-shaped reaction agility test. The stimulus for the action effect was a light direction indicator and a video sequence. Decision-making style was assessed using the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ). Results: The significance of the differences between offensive actions according to the type of stimulus was revealed by statistically significant differences between offensive reaction agility to a light stimulus and a stimulus with a contextual stimulus, and also in the case of defensive actions. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between offensive and defensive skills in the light stimulus, between the performance in offensive skills in the light stimulus, between the two types of defensive agility (light and video) and in the context stimulus, and a correlation between vigilance and both offensive activities was also found. Conclusion: The player's sensorimotor mechanisms are different depending on the type of stimulus, not on the type of actions, which leads to the conclusion that specific contextual information can lead to faster and more accurate decisions during the game 1:1 and improve the timing of action effects.
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Strand, Edythe A. « Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing : A Treatment Strategy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech ». American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no 1 (7 février 2020) : 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-0005.
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Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe a treatment approach, Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC), and to provide clinicians and clinical researchers a clear understanding of the theory and principles that contributed to the design of the treatment as well as the clinical decisions that must be made when implementing it. While brief descriptions of DTTC have been provided in textbooks, a complete summary of the rationale, essential elements, method, and procedures has not yet been published. Such a summary is important so that clinicians can gain a better understanding of and more confidence in using the method for appropriate children. Furthermore, this article provides clinicians and clinical researchers essential information for measurement of fidelity. Method The important elements of the DTTC method with rationale for their inclusion are described. The temporal hierarchy of DTTC is depicted, and the dynamic procedure is described in detail, with suggestions for fidelity measurement. Finally, a discussion of important decisions clinicians must make when implementing DTTC is presented. Conclusions The goal of DTTC is to improve the efficiency of neural processing for the development and refinement of sensorimotor planning and programming. The rationale for DTTC in general, as well as the key elements important to its administration, are supported by models of speech production and theories of motor learning. Important clinical decisions regarding stimuli, organization of practice, and feedback are based on principles of motor learning in order to facilitate acquisition, retention, and continued improvement of motor speech skills.
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Baltar, Adriana, Daniele Piscitelli, Déborah Marques, Lívia Shirahige et Kátia Monte-Silva. « Baseline Motor Impairment Predicts Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Physical Therapy-Induced Improvement in Individuals with Chronic Stroke ». Neural Plasticity 2020 (25 novembre 2020) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8859394.
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can enhance the effect of conventional therapies in post-stroke neurorehabilitation. The ability to predict an individual’s potential for tDCS-induced recovery may permit rehabilitation providers to make rational decisions about who will be a good candidate for tDCS therapy. We investigated the clinical and biological characteristics which might predict tDCS plus physical therapy effects on upper limb motor recovery in chronic stroke patients. A cohort of 80 chronic stroke individuals underwent ten to fifteen sessions of tDCS plus physical therapy. The sensorimotor function of the upper limb was assessed by means of the upper extremity section of the Fugl-Meyer scale (UE-FM), before and after treatment. A backward stepwise regression was used to assess the effect of age, sex, time since stroke, brain lesion side, and basal level of motor function on UE-FM improvement after treatment. Following the intervention, UE-FM significantly improved ( p < 0.05 ), and the magnitude of the change was clinically important (mean 6.2 points, 95% CI: 5.2–7.4). The baseline level of UE-FM was the only significant predictor ( R 2 = 0.90 , F 1 , 76 = 682.80 , p < 0.001 ) of tDCS response. These findings may help to guide clinical decisions according to the profile of each patient. Future studies should investigate whether stroke severity affects the effectiveness of tDCS combined with physical therapy.
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Bonnet, Frank, Rob Mills, Martina Szopek, Sarah Schönwetter-Fuchs, José Halloy, Stjepan Bogdan, Luís Correia, Francesco Mondada et Thomas Schmickl. « Robots mediating interactions between animals for interspecies collective behaviors ». Science Robotics 4, no 28 (20 mars 2019) : eaau7897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aau7897.
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Self-organized collective behavior has been analyzed in diverse types of gregarious animals. Such collective intelligence emerges from the synergy between individuals, which behave at their own time and spatial scales and without global rules. Recently, robots have been developed to collaborate with animal groups in the pursuit of better understanding their decision-making processes. These biohybrid systems make cooperative relationships between artificial systems and animals possible, which can yield new capabilities in the resulting mixed group. However, robots are currently tailor-made to successfully engage with one animal species at a time. This limits the possibilities of introducing distinct species-dependent perceptual capabilities and types of behaviors in the same system. Here, we show that robots socially integrated into animal groups of honeybees and zebrafish, each one located in a different city, allowing these two species to interact. This interspecific information transfer is demonstrated by collective decisions that emerge between the two autonomous robotic systems and the two animal groups. The robots enable this biohybrid system to function at any distance and operates in water and air with multiple sensorimotor properties across species barriers and ecosystems. These results demonstrate the feasibility of generating and controlling behavioral patterns in biohybrid groups of multiple species. Such interspecies connections between diverse robotic systems and animal species may open the door for new forms of artificial collective intelligence, where the unrivaled perceptual capabilities of the animals and their brains can be used to enhance autonomous decision-making, which could find applications in selective “rewiring” of ecosystems.
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Zakirov, Bahti, Georgios Charalambous, Raphael Thuret, Irene M. Aspalter, Kelvin Van-Vuuren, Thomas Mead, Kyle Harrington, Erzsébet Ravasz Regan, Shane Paul Herbert et Katie Bentley. « Active perception during angiogenesis : filopodia speed up Notch selection of tip cells in silico and in vivo ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 376, no 1821 (8 février 2021) : 20190753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0753.
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How do cells make efficient collective decisions during tissue morphogenesis? Humans and other organisms use feedback between movement and sensing known as ‘sensorimotor coordination’ or ‘active perception’ to inform behaviour, but active perception has not before been investigated at a cellular level within organs. Here we provide the first proof of concept in silico / in vivo study demonstrating that filopodia (actin-rich, dynamic, finger-like cell membrane protrusions) play an unexpected role in speeding up collective endothelial decisions during the time-constrained process of ‘tip cell’ selection during blood vessel formation (angiogenesis). We first validate simulation predictions in vivo with live imaging of zebrafish intersegmental vessel growth. Further simulation studies then indicate the effect is due to the coupled positive feedback between movement and sensing on filopodia conferring a bistable switch-like property to Notch lateral inhibition, ensuring tip selection is a rapid and robust process. We then employ measures from computational neuroscience to assess whether filopodia function as a primitive (basal) form of active perception and find evidence in support. By viewing cell behaviour through the ‘basal cognitive lens' we acquire a fresh perspective on the tip cell selection process, revealing a hidden, yet vital time-keeping role for filopodia. Finally, we discuss a myriad of new and exciting research directions stemming from our conceptual approach to interpreting cell behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens’.
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Thura, David, Guido Guberman et Paul Cisek. « Trial-to-trial adjustments of speed-accuracy trade-offs in premotor and primary motor cortex ». Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no 2 (1 février 2017) : 665–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00726.2016.
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Recent studies have shown that activity in sensorimotor structures varies depending on the speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) context in which a decision is made. Here we tested the hypothesis that the same areas also reflect a more local adjustment of SAT established between individual trials, based on the outcome of the previous decision. Two monkeys performed a reaching decision task in which sensory evidence continuously evolves during the time course of a trial. In two SAT contexts, we compared neural activity in trials following a correct choice vs. those following an error. In dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), we found that 23% of cells exhibited significantly weaker baseline activity after error trials, and for ∼30% of these this effect persisted into the deliberation epoch. These cells also contributed to the process of combining sensory evidence with the growing urgency to commit to a choice. We also found that the activity of 22% of PMd cells was increased after error trials. These neurons appeared to carry less information about sensory evidence and time-dependent urgency. For most of these modulated cells, the effect was independent of whether the previous error was expected or unexpected. We found similar phenomena in primary motor cortex (M1), with 25% of cells decreasing and 34% increasing activity after error trials, but unlike PMd, these neurons showed less clear differences in their response properties. These findings suggest that PMd and M1 belong to a network of brain areas involved in SAT adjustments established using the recent history of reinforcement. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Setting the speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) is crucial for efficient decision making. Previous studies have reported that subjects adjust their SAT after individual decisions, usually choosing more conservatively after errors, but the neural correlates of this phenomenon are only partially known. Here, we show that neurons in PMd and M1 of monkeys performing a reach decision task support this mechanism by adequately modulating their firing rate as a function of the outcome of the previous decision.
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Schaper, Marie-Monique, et Narcis Pares. « Co-design Techniques for and with Children based on Physical Theatre Practice to promote Embodied Awareness ». ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 28, no 4 (31 octobre 2021) : 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3450446.
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Research in Full-Body Interaction suggests the benefits of activities based on using embodied resources to strengthen the sensorimotor, cognitive and socio-emotional aspects of the user experience. However, scholars in this field have been often primarily concerned with the comprehension of and design for the user's mind. Little attention has been drawn on its connection to the bodily experience. The scarcity of adequate co-design methods with and for children to raise an awareness of their body during design risks of deriving interaction design decisions only from the perspective of adult designers. In this article, we present our research on novel co-design techniques to elicit children's embodied awareness. These techniques were analysed in the context of a design workshop series with a local theatre school. For the analysis, we used the Think4EmCoDe research framework, a tool to foreground key aspects of an embodied co-design technique for children. Results indicate the benefits of techniques based on physical theatre practice that (1) help children understand their body and space as mediators of ideas and meaning making processes; (2) allow them to incorporate the specific features of Full-Body Interaction in their co-design.
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Maruska, Karen P., et Julie M. Butler. « Endocrine Modulation of Sending and Receiving Signals in Context-Dependent Social Communication ». Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no 1 (13 mai 2021) : 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab074.
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Abstract Animal communication requires senders to transmit signals through the environment to conspecific receivers, which then leads to context-dependent behavioral decisions. Sending and receiving sensory information in social contexts, however, can be dramatically influenced by an individual’s internal state, particularly in species that cycle in and out of breeding or other physiological condition like nutritional state or social status. Modulatory substances like steroids, peptides, and biogenic amines can influence both the substrates used for sending social signals (e.g., motivation centers, sensorimotor pathways, and muscles) as well as the peripheral sensory organs and central neural circuitry involved in the reception of this information and subsequent execution of behavioral responses. This issue highlights research from neuroethologists on the topic of modulation of sending and receiving social signals and demonstrates that it can occur in both males and females, in different senses at both peripheral sensory organs and the brain, at different levels of biological organization, on different temporal scales, in various social contexts, and across many diverse vertebrate taxa. Modifying a signal produced by a sender or how that signal is perceived in a receiver provides flexibility in communication and has broad implications for influencing social decisions like mate choice, which ultimately affects reproductive fitness and species persistence. This phenomenon of modulators and internal physiological state impacting communication abilities is likely more widespread than currently realized and we hope this issue inspires others working on diverse systems to examine this topic from different perspectives. An integrative and comparative approach will advance discovery in this field and is needed to better understand how endocrine modulation contributes to sexual selection and the evolution of animal communication in general.
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Camerer, Colin, George Loewenstein et Drazen Prelec. « Neuroeconomics : How Neuroscience Can Inform Economics ». Journal of Economic Literature 43, no 1 (1 février 2005) : 9–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0022051053737843.
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Neuroeconomics uses knowledge about brain mechanisms to inform economic analysis, and roots economics in biology. It opens up the “black box” of the brain, much as organizational economics adds detail to the theory of the firm. Neuroscientists use many tools— including brain imaging, behavior of patients with localized brain lesions, animal behavior, and recording single neuron activity. The key insight for economics is that the brain is composed of multiple systems which interact. Controlled systems (“executive function”) interrupt automatic ones. Emotions and cognition both guide decisions. Just as prices and allocations emerge from the interaction of two processes—supply and demand— individual decisions can be modeled as the result of two (or more) processes interacting. Indeed, “dual-process” models of this sort are better rooted in neuroscientific fact, and more empirically accurate, than single-process models (such as utility-maximization). We discuss how brain evidence complicates standard assumptions about basic preference, to include homeostasis and other kinds of state-dependence. We also discuss applications to intertemporal choice, risk and decision making, and game theory. Intertemporal choice appears to be domain-specific and heavily influenced by emotion. The simplified ß-d of quasi-hyperbolic discounting is supported by activation in distinct regions of limbic and cortical systems. In risky decision, imaging data tentatively support the idea that gains and losses are coded separately, and that ambiguity is distinct from risk, because it activates fear and discomfort regions. (Ironically, lesion patients who do not receive fear signals in prefrontal cortex are “rationally” neutral toward ambiguity.) Game theory studies show the effect of brain regions implicated in “theory of mind”, correlates of strategic skill, and effects of hormones and other biological variables. Finally, economics can contribute to neuroscience because simple rational-choice models are useful for understanding highly-evolved behavior like motor actions that earn rewards, and Bayesian integration of sensorimotor information. Who knows what I want to do? Who knows what anyone wants to do? How can you be sure about something like that? Isn't it all a question of brain chemistry, signals going back and forth, electrical energy in the cortex? How do you know whether something is really what you want to do or just some kind of nerve impulse in the brain. Some minor little activity takes place somewhere in this unimportant place in one of the brain hemispheres and suddenly I want to go to Montana or I don't want to go to Montana. (White Noise, Don DeLillo)
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Amir, J., et E. Kobayashi. « P.008 Functional network reorganization in temporal lobe epilepsy : looking beyond the hippocampus ». Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 49, s1 (juin 2022) : S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2022.111.
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Background: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has been redefined as a disorder associated with network-level dysfunction not limited to the epileptic zone. As such, as resting state (rs) fMRI has been used to evaluate the implicated resting state networks (RSN) and their ensuing functional impairments. However, few studies have analyzed patients with (TLE-HS) and without (TLE-nonHS) hippocampal sclerosis independently. Whereas TLE-HS often warrants surgical intervention, drug-resistant TLE-nonHS might pose challenges for diagnosis and treatment decisions. Methods: This study aimed to investigate functional connectivity changes (FC) of RSNs beyond the hippocampus using rs-fMRI. Rs-fMRI data was acquired from 16 TLE-HS and nine TLE-nonHS, along with 25 healthy controls (HC). RSNs were established using a data-driven independent component analysis approach, in order to determine significant connections between HC and patient groups ipsilateral and contralateral to the seizure focus. Results: When comparing TLE-HS to HC, FC changes were found for the dorsal-attentional (DAN), visual, fronto-parietal (FPN), sensorimotor and default-mode networks (DMN). Alterations in the DAN, DMN and FPN were found when comparing TLE-nonHS to HC. Conclusions: This study demonstrated widespread network reorganization across TLE subtypes. These FC patterns hold promise as a prognostic biomarker, and may be used to define subsequent function and dysfunction in this patient population.
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Hikosaka, Okihide, Kae Nakamura et Hiroyuki Nakahara. « Basal Ganglia Orient Eyes to Reward ». Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no 2 (février 2006) : 567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00458.2005.
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Expectation of reward motivates our behaviors and influences our decisions. Indeed, neuronal activity in many brain areas is modulated by expected reward. However, it is still unclear where and how the reward-dependent modulation of neuronal activity occurs and how the reward-modulated signal is transformed into motor outputs. Recent studies suggest an important role of the basal ganglia. Sensorimotor/cognitive activities of neurons in the basal ganglia are strongly modulated by expected reward. Through their abundant outputs to the brain stem motor areas and the thalamocortical circuits, the basal ganglia appear capable of producing body movements based on expected reward. A good behavioral measure to test this hypothesis is saccadic eye movement because its brain stem mechanism has been extensively studied. Studies from our laboratory suggest that the basal ganglia play a key role in guiding the gaze to the location where reward is available. Neurons in the caudate nucleus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata are extremely sensitive to the positional difference in expected reward, which leads to a bias in excitability between the superior colliculi such that the saccade to the to-be-rewarded position occurs more quickly. It is suggested that the reward modulation occurs in the caudate where cortical inputs carrying spatial signals and dopaminergic inputs carrying reward-related signals are integrated. These data support a specific form of reinforcement learning theories, but also suggest further refinement of the theory.
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Vatansever, Deniz, Natali S. Bozhilova, Philip Asherson et Jonathan Smallwood. « The devil is in the detail : exploring the intrinsic neural mechanisms that link attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology to ongoing cognition ». Psychological Medicine 49, no 07 (5 décembre 2018) : 1185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718003598.
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AbstractBackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental condition that profoundly affects quality of life. Although mounting evidence now suggests uncontrolled mind-wandering as a core aspect of the attentional problems associated with ADHD, the neural mechanisms underpinning this deficit remains unclear. To that extent, competing views argue for (i) excessive generation of task-unrelated mental content, or (ii) deficiency in the control of task-relevant cognition.MethodsIn a cross-sectional investigation of a large neurotypical cohort (n = 184), we examined alterations in the intrinsic brain functional connectivity architecture of the default mode (DMN) and frontoparietal (FPN) networks during resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging in relation to ADHD symptomatology, which could potentially underlie changes in ongoing thought within variable environmental contexts.ResultsThe results illustrated that ADHD symptoms were linked to lower levels of detail in ongoing thought while the participants made more difficult, memory based decisions. Moreover, greater ADHD scores were associated with lower levels of connectivity between the DMN and right sensorimotor cortex, and between the FPN and right ventral visual cortex. Finally, a combination of high levels of ADHD symptomology with reduced FPN connectivity to the visual cortex was associated with reduced levels of detail in thought.ConclusionsThe results of our study suggest that the frequent mind-wandering observed in ADHD may be an indirect consequence of the deficient control of ongoing cognition in response to increasing environmental demands, and that this may partly arise from dysfunctions in the intrinsic organisation of the FPN at rest.
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Sawaguchi, Toshiyuki, et Itaru Yamane. « Properties of Delay-Period Neuronal Activity in the Monkey Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex During a Spatial Delayed Matching-to-Sample Task ». Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no 5 (1 novembre 1999) : 2070–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2070.
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The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been implicated in visuospatial memory, and its cellular basis has been extensively studied with the delayed-response paradigm in monkeys. However, using this paradigm, it is difficult to dissociate neuronal activities related to visuospatial memory from those related to motor preparation, and few studies have provided evidence for the involvement of PFC neurons in visuospatial memory of a sensory cue, rather than in motor preparation. To extend this finding, we examined neuronal activities in the dorsolateral PFC while a rhesus monkey performed a spatial delayed matching-to-sample (SDMTS) task, which allows us to adequately access visuospatial memory independent of any sensorimotor components. The SDMTS task required the subject to make a lever-holding NOGO response or a lever-releasing GO response when a visuospatial matching cue (white spot, one of four peripheral locations, 15° in eccentricity) matched or did not match a sample cue (physically the same as the matching cue) that had been presented prior to a delay period (3 s). Thus, the SDMTS task requires the subject to remember visuospatial information regarding the sample cue location during the delay period and is suitable for accessing visuospatial memory independent of any sensorimotor components, such as motor preparation, for directed movements. Of a total of 385 task-related neurons, 184 showed a sustained increase in activity during the delay period (“delay-period activity”). Most of these neurons (n = 165/184, 90%) showed positional delay-period activity, i.e., delay-period activity where the magnitude differed significantly with the position of the sample cue. This activity appears to be involved in visuospatial memory and to form a “memory field.” To quantitatively examine the properties of positional delay-period activity, we introduced a tuning index (TI) and a discriminative index (DI), which represent the sharpness of tuning and the discriminative ability, respectively, of positional delay-period activity. Both TI and DI varied among neurons with positional delay-period activity and were closely related to the time from the onset of the sample cue to the onset of positional delay-period activity; positional delay-period activity with sharper tuning and a greater discriminative ability had a slower onset. Furthermore, at the population level, both TI and DI were increased during the delay period in the neuronal population with a high DI value. These results extend previous findings to suggest that integrative, convergent processes of neuronal activities for increasing the accuracy of visuospatial memory may occur in the dorsolateral PFC. Thus, a critical role of the dorsolateral PFC in visuospatial memory may be to sharpen it to guide behaviors/decisions requiring accurate visuospatial memory.
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Alexeeva, N. T., S. V. Klochkova, D. A. Sokolov et D. B. Nikityuk. « Contemporary data on the structural and functional organization of the insular lobe of cerebral hemispheres ». Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 13, no 2 (4 juillet 2024) : 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2024-13-2-79-92.
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The article presents an analysis of contemporary literature data on the structural and functional organization of the insular lobe of cerebral hemispheres. In adults, the insular lobe is located deep in the lateral sulcus under the frontoparietal and temporal opercula and is divided by the central sulcus of insula into two lobes – anterior and posterior. The relief of the sulci and gyri of the insula has individual variability. The insula receives blood supply from the M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery. The description of the cytoarchitectonics of the insular cortex according to different authors has significant differences. It is believed that the insular cortex is a transitional area from the paleocortex to the neocortex. In the domestic literature, two main cytoarchitectonic fields are described – 13, corresponding to the posterior parts of the insula and 14, occupying the anterior central gyrus of the insula, its short gyri, as well as a number of subregions. In foreign literature, seven cytoarchitectonic zones are distinguished: Ia1, Ig3, Id2, Id3, Id4, Id5, Id6. The insular lobe receives afferent projections from the thalamic nuclei and a number of parts of the cerebral cortex responsible for the perception of sensory stimuli. There are connections with the amygdala and some structures of the limbic system, the associative cortex. Efferent projections of the insular cortex diverge both to the structures of the brainstem and to the subcortical formations: the lateral hypothalamus, amygdala, pontine nuclei, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, the nucleus of the solitary tract and a number of other formations associated with the control of autonomic functions. In functional terms, four sections are distinguished in the insula: sensorimotor, socioemotional, cognitive, chemosensory. The sensorimotor department ensures a number of visceral reactions, which indicates its participation in the regulation of the autonomic functions of the body. It ensures the perception of somatically sensitive impulses from the face and upper limbs. The role of the insula in thermo- and nociception is described. It is known about the participation of the insular cortex in functioning of the auditory analyzer, processing of taste sensations, vestibular signals, and olfaction. It is believed that the anterior-ventral part of the insula plays a key role in the formation of emotions and subjective sensations, as well as in making decisions associated with risk. The anterior-dorsal department is responsible for the integration of sensory stimuli from the external environment with internal data on the state of the body and the emotional state in order to coordinate the work of brain networks and initiate switching between the network of the passive mode of brain operation and the network of operational problem solving.
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Gallivan, Jason P., Craig S. Chapman, Daniel M. Wolpert et J. Randall Flanagan. « Decision-making in sensorimotor control ». Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, no 9 (8 août 2018) : 519–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0045-9.
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Körding, Konrad P., et Daniel M. Wolpert. « Bayesian decision theory in sensorimotor control ». Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10, no 7 (juillet 2006) : 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.05.003.
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Sinitsyn, Dmitry O., Ilya S. Bakulin, Alexandra G. Poydasheva, Liudmila A. Legostaeva, Elena I. Kremneva, Dmitry Yu Lagoda, Andrey Yu Chernyavskiy, Alexey A. Medyntsev, Natalia A. Suponeva et Michael A. Piradov. « Brain Activations and Functional Connectivity Patterns Associated with Insight-Based and Analytical Anagram Solving ». Behavioral Sciences 10, no 11 (8 novembre 2020) : 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10110170.
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Insight is one of the most mysterious problem-solving phenomena involving the sudden emergence of a solution, often preceded by long unproductive attempts to find it. This seemingly unexplainable generation of the answer, together with the role attributed to insight in the advancement of science, technology and culture, stimulate active research interest in discovering its neuronal underpinnings. The present study employs functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to probe and compare the brain activations occurring in the course of solving anagrams by insight or analytically, as judged by the subjects. A number of regions were activated in both strategies, including the left premotor cortex, left claustrum, and bilateral clusters in the precuneus and middle temporal gyrus. The activated areas span the majority of the clusters reported in a recent meta-analysis of insight-related fMRI studies. At the same time, the activation patterns were very similar between the insight and analytical solutions, with the only difference in the right sensorimotor region probably explainable by subject motion related to the study design. Additionally, we applied resting-state fMRI to study functional connectivity patterns correlated with the individual frequency of insight anagram solutions. Significant correlations were found for the seed-based connectivity of areas in the left premotor cortex, left claustrum, and left frontal eye field. The results stress the need for optimizing insight paradigms with respect to the accuracy and reliability of the subjective insight/analytical solution classification. Furthermore, the short-lived nature of the insight phenomenon makes it difficult to capture the associated neural events with the current experimental techniques and motivates complementing such studies by the investigation of the structural and functional brain features related to the individual differences in the frequency of insight-based decisions.
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Bushana, Priyanka N., John N. Koberstein, Theresa Nguyen, Daniel O. Harvey et Christopher J. Davis. « Performance on the mouse vibration actuating search task is compromised by sleep deprivation ». Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no 2 (1 février 2020) : 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00826.2018.
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As we go about our daily routines we are continuously bombarded with environmental feedback that requires appraisal and response. Sleep loss can compromise the efficiency by which these cognitive processes function. Operationally, poor performance caused by insufficient sleep translates to increased health and safety risks in settings where attention and timely and/or accurate decisions to respond are critical (e.g., at work, on the road, etc.). Current rodent tasks that assess altered cognition after sleep deprivation (SD) do not accurately model the continuous multisensory feedback that informs goal-oriented behavior in humans. Herein, we describe the vibration actuating search task (VAST), which consists of a vibrating open field with pseudo-randomly selected entrance and target destination points. To successfully complete a trial, mice use feedback from rotary motor-induced floor vibrations to navigate from the entrance point to the target destination. Sets of 20 trials were conducted on 3 consecutive days, and before testing on the third day control mice were undisturbed while other mice were sleep deprived for 10 h. On the first 2 days mice learned the task with high success rates. Alternatively, VAST performance was compromised following SD as measured by increased failures in task completion, time to target, time spent immobile, and decreased speed as compared with undisturbed mice. The VAST enables the analysis of continuous feedback via multiple sensory modalities in mice and is applicable to a variety of operational settings. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The vibration actuating search task (VAST) is a novel performance assay that uses continuous auditory and haptic feedback to motivate and direct search behaviors in mice. The VAST is rapidly acquired by mice and performance is disrupted by sleep deprivation. The VAST has practical application in occupational settings. The cognitive aspects of the sensorimotor integration in the VAST may prove useful for rodent models of neurodegenerative disease.
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Bohman, Tony, Matteo Bottai et Martin Björklund. « Predictive models for short-term and long-term improvement in women under physiotherapy for chronic disabling neck pain : a longitudinal cohort study ». BMJ Open 9, no 4 (avril 2019) : e024557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024557.
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ObjectivesTo develop predictive models for short-term and long-term clinically important improvement in women with non-specific chronic disabling neck pain during the clinical course of physiotherapy.DesignLongitudinal cohort study based on data from a randomised controlled trial evaluating short-term and long-term effects on sensorimotor function over 11 weeks of physiotherapy.Participants and settingsEighty-nine women aged 31–65 years with non-specific chronic disabling neck pain from Gävle, Sweden.MeasuresThe outcome, clinically important improvement, was measured with the Patient Global Impression of Change Scale (PGICS) and the Neck Disability Index (NDI), assessed by self-administered questionnaires at 3, 9 and 15 months from the start of the interventions (baseline). Twelve baseline prognostic factors were considered in the analyses. The predictive models were built using random-effects logistic regression. The predictive ability of the models was measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Internal validity was assessed with cross-validation using the bootstrap resampling technique.ResultsFactors included in the final PGICS model were neck disability and age, and in the NDI model, neck disability, depression and catastrophising. In both models, the odds for short-term and long-term improvement increased with higher baseline neck disability, while the odds decreased with increasing age (PGICS model), and with increasing level of depression (NDI model). In the NDI model, higher baseline levels of catastrophising indicated increased odds for short-term improvement and decreased odds for long-term improvement. Both models showed acceptable predictive validity with an AUC of 0.64 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.73) and 0.67 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.75), respectively.ConclusionAge, neck disability and psychological factors seem to be important predictors of improvement, and may inform clinical decisions about physiotherapy in women with chronic neck pain. Before using the developed predictive models in clinical practice, however, they should be validated in other populations and tested in clinical settings.
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Barker, Alison J., et Herwig Baier. « Sensorimotor Decision Making in the Zebrafish Tectum ». Current Biology 25, no 21 (novembre 2015) : 2804–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.055.
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Dias-Ferreira, Eduardo, João C. Sousa, Irene Melo, Pedro Morgado, Ana R. Mesquita, João J. Cerqueira, Rui M. Costa et Nuno Sousa. « Chronic Stress Causes Frontostriatal Reorganization and Affects Decision-Making ». Science 325, no 5940 (30 juillet 2009) : 621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1171203.
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The ability to shift between different behavioral strategies is necessary for appropriate decision-making. Here, we show that chronic stress biases decision-making strategies, affecting the ability of stressed animals to perform actions on the basis of their consequences. Using two different operant tasks, we revealed that, in making choices, rats subjected to chronic stress became insensitive to changes in outcome value and resistant to changes in action-outcome contingency. Furthermore, chronic stress caused opposing structural changes in the associative and sensorimotor corticostriatal circuits underlying these different behavioral strategies, with atrophy of medial prefrontal cortex and the associative striatum and hypertrophy of the sensorimotor striatum. These data suggest that the relative advantage of circuits coursing through sensorimotor striatum observed after chronic stress leads to a bias in behavioral strategies toward habit.
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Sherstan, Craig, Shibhansh Dohare, James MacGlashan, Johannes Günther et Patrick M. Pilarski. « Gamma-Nets : Generalizing Value Estimation over Timescale ». Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no 04 (3 avril 2020) : 5717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.6027.
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Temporal abstraction is a key requirement for agents making decisions over long time horizons—a fundamental challenge in reinforcement learning. There are many reasons why value estimates at multiple timescales might be useful; recent work has shown that value estimates at different time scales can be the basis for creating more advanced discounting functions and for driving representation learning. Further, predictions at many different timescales serve to broaden an agent's model of its environment. One predictive approach of interest within an online learning setting is general value function (GVFs), which represent models of an agent's world as a collection of predictive questions each defined by a policy, a signal to be predicted, and a prediction timescale. In this paper we present Γ-nets, a method for generalizing value function estimation over timescale, allowing a given GVF to be trained and queried for arbitrary timescales so as to greatly increase the predictive ability and scalability of a GVF-based model. The key to our approach is to use timescale as one of the value estimator's inputs. As a result, the prediction target for any timescale is available at every timestep and we are free to train on any number of timescales. We first provide two demonstrations by 1) predicting a square wave and 2) predicting sensorimotor signals on a robot arm using a linear function approximator. Next, we empirically evaluate Γ-nets in the deep reinforcement learning setting using policy evaluation on a set of Atari video games. Our results show that Γ-nets can be effective for predicting arbitrary timescales, with only a small cost in accuracy as compared to learning estimators for fixed timescales. Γ-nets provide a method for accurately and compactly making predictions at many timescales without requiring a priori knowledge of the task, making it a valuable contribution to ongoing work on model-based planning, representation learning, and lifelong learning algorithms.
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Semple, Bridgette D., Raha Sadjadi, Jaclyn Carlson, Yiran Chen, Duan Xu, Donna M. Ferriero et Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein. « Long-Term Anesthetic-Dependent Hypoactivity after Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries in Adolescent Mice ». Developmental Neuroscience 38, no 3 (2016) : 220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000448089.
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Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (rmTBIs) culminate in neurological impairments and chronic neurodegeneration, which have wide-ranging implications for patient management and return-to-play decisions for athletes. Adolescents show a high prevalence of sports-related head injuries and may be particularly vulnerable to rmTBIs due to ongoing brain maturation. However, it remains unclear whether rmTBIs, below the threshold for acute neuronal injury or symptomology, influence long-term outcomes. To address this issue, we first defined a very mild injury in adolescent mice (postnatal day 35) as evidenced by an increase in Iba-1- labeled microglia in white matter in the acutely injured brain, in the absence of indices of cell death, axonal injury, and vasogenic edema. Using this level of injury severity and Avertin (2,2,2-tribromoethanol) as the anesthetic, we compared mice subjected to either a single mTBI or 2 rmTBIs, each separated by 48 h. Neurobehavioral assessments were conducted at 1 week and at 1 and 3 months postimpact. Mice subjected to rmTBIs showed transient anxiety and persistent and pronounced hypoactivity compared to sham control mice, alongside normal sensorimotor, cognitive, social, and emotional function. As isoflurane is more commonly used than Avertin in animal models of TBI, we next examined long-term outcomes after rmTBIs in mice that were anesthetized with this agent. However, there was no evidence of abnormal behaviors even with the addition of a third rmTBI. To determine whether isoflurane may be neuroprotective, we compared the acute pathology after a single mTBI in mice anesthetized with either Avertin or isoflurane. Pathological findings were more pronounced in the group exposed to Avertin compared to the isoflurane group. These collective findings reveal distinct behavioral phenotypes (transient anxiety and prolonged hypoactivity) that emerge in response to rmTBIs. Our findings further suggest that selected anesthetics may confer early neuroprotection after rmTBIs, and as such mask long-term abnormal phenotypes that may otherwise emerge as a consequence of acute pathogenesis.
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Hermosillo, R., A. Ritterband-Rosenbaum et P. van Donkelaar. « Predicting Future Sensorimotor States Influences Current Temporal Decision Making ». Journal of Neuroscience 31, no 27 (6 juillet 2011) : 10019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0037-11.2011.
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