Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Sensori di ga »

Menjaga kestabilan suhu dalam distribusi ikan segar merupakan bagian penting dari rantai pasokan industri perikanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan Logika Fuzzy Tsukamo dalam menjaga kestabilan suhu pada proses pengemasan ikan sampai pada penyaluran dan distribusi. Pembahasan difokuskan pada penggunaan sensor DS18B2 untuk pembacaan perubahan suhu yang terjadi dalam styrofoam box penyimpanan ikan secara tradisional di pelabuhan PPI (Pelelangan Pembongkaran Ikan) Batulicin Simpang Empat Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik observasi lapangan dan uji akurasi data yang dihasilkan dari sensor. Pada proses pengemasan dan distribusi ikan secara tradisional umumnya menggunakan es balok yang hanya dapat mempertahankan suhu rendah dalam waktu tidak terlalu lama. Suhu ideal dari dalam styrofoam box tempat pengemasan ikan adalah 10˚C yang diukur dengan menggunakan alat pengukur suhu / termometer ruangan biasa. Pemantauan suhu pada saat perjalanan sangat tidak efektif, karena dilakukan dengan membongkar muatan dan mengecek box satu persatu secara manual. Dengan menggunakan sensor suhu DS18B2 dan pen-erapan logika fuzzy Tsukamoto dapat dibuat sebuah sarana sederhana yang memanfaatkan lampu LED sebagai notifikasi terhadap terjadinya perubahan suhu di dalam box pengemasan ikan secara real time, sehingga kestabilan suhu dapat dija-ga dan proses distribusi atau pengantaran ikan menjadi lebih efektif.

Kelurahan Wonokoyo adalah salah satu kelurahan di Kota Malang yang kaya akan potensi pertanian. Banyak komoditi pertanian tebu dan palawija yang dihasilkan kelurahan Wonokoyo khususnya di RW 5 yang dihimpun oleh Kelompok Tani Ainul Hayat. Namun karena kondisi iklim yang tidak menentu membuat curah hujan menjadi sulit diprediksi. Padalah jumlah curah hujan sangat menentukan awal masa tanam dan masa pemupukan. Selama ini para petani hanya mengandalkan pengalaman dalam menentukan awal masa tanam dan masa pemupukan, namun karena curah hujan tidak menentu sering terjadi kesalahan dalam memperkirakan curah hujan. Kesalahan dalam memprediksi curah hujan mengakibatkan hasil panen dan kulitas pemupukan menjadi tidak optimal. Alat prediksi curah hujan sangat dibutuhkan untuk memperkirakan rata-rata curah hujan yang akan turun selama sepuluh hari kedepan. Dengan mengetahui perkiraan curah hujan, petani akan mempunyai pedoman dalam menentukan apakah sepuluh hari kedepan baik digunakan untuk awal masa tanam atau masa pemupukan. Alat prediksi curah hujan dibuat dengan sensor pencatat data cuaca dan software embedded system untuk memprediksi curah hujan. Metode yang akan digunakan yaitu hybrid FIS-GA yang pernah digunakan sebagai metode prediksi curah hujan. Hasil luaran yang ditampilkan oleh alat prediksi curah hujan adalah rata-rata curah hujan yang akan terjadi sepuluh hari kedepan.

Cross-language McGurk Effects are used to investigate the locus of auditory–visual speech integration. Experiment 1 uses the fact that [], as in ‘sing’, is phonotactically legal in word-final position in English and Thai, but in word-initial position only in Thai. English and Thai language participants were tested for ‘n’ perception from auditory [m]/visual [] (A[m]V[]) in word-initial and -final positions. Despite English speakers’ native language bias to label word-initial [] as ‘n’, the incidence of ‘n’ percepts to A[m]V[] was equivalent for English and Thai speakers in final and initial positions. Experiment 2 used the facts that (i) [ð] as in ‘that’ is not present in Japanese, and (ii) English speakers respond more often with ‘tha’ than ‘da’ to A[ba]V[ga], but more often with ‘di’ than ‘thi’ to A[bi]V[gi]. English and three groups of Japanese language participants (Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced English knowledge) were presented with A[ba]V[ga] and A[bi]V[gi] by an English (Experiment 2a) or a Japanese (Experiment 2b) speaker. Despite Japanese participants’ native language bias to perceive ‘d’ more often than ‘th’, the four groups showed a similar phonetic level effect of [a]/[i] vowel context × ‘th’ vs. ‘d’ responses to A[b]V[g] presentations. In Experiment 2b this phonetic level interaction held, but was more one-sided as very few ‘th’ responses were evident, even in Australian English participants. Results are discussed in terms of a phonetic plus postcategorical model, in which incoming auditory and visual information is integrated at a phonetic level, after which there are post-categorical phonemic influences.

BackgroundMonitoring disease activity in patients with inflammatory arthritis is essential for effective treatment. While the health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) is commonly used to assess physical function, additional functional tests, such as isometric grip strength and the Moberg Pick-Up-Test (MPUT), provide objective measures for hand function and allow assessing hand function across different diseases (1). It remains unclear to date, if measured hand function is already reflected by the HAQ, as the most widely used patient reported outcome measure of physical function in arthritis.ObjectivesTo estimate the proportion of hand function and grip strength variability explained by HAQ, patient-reported hand function, and between-person variation in patients with inflammatory arthritis and non-arthritic controls.MethodsPatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), psoriasis without PsA (PsO) and healthy controls (HC) were investigated. Subject characteristics (age, sex, disease) and HAQ were recorded. Hand function was assessed by vigorimetric grip strength, MPUT, and a patient-reported tool (Michigan Hand Questionnaire, MHQ). Mixed pure-random-effect linear regression models were used to estimate the proportion of variance in measured hand function or grip strength explained by subject characteristics (age, hand dominance, sex, reported hand function, disease group).Results299 subjects were tested, 101 with RA (Age: 59.1±13.3 years, BMI: 27.2±5 kg/m2, HAQ-DI score: 0.9±06), 92 with PsA (Age: 58.8±11.6 years, BMI: 29±6.1kg/m2, HAQ-DI score: 0.6±0.7) and 106 non-arthritic controls (51 with Pso (Age: 47.3±14.1 years, BMI: 29.8±7.3 kg/m2, HAQ-DI score: 0.4±06) and 55 HC (Age: 54.6±16.5 years, BMI: 25.2±3.3 kg/m2, HAQ-DI score: 0.1±0.2). Overall variation of MPUT is mostly accounted for by between-person variation (43.1%), followed by HAQ (20.3%) and MHQ (20.2%) (Figure 1A). Overall variation in grip strength is mostly accounted for by sex (59.8%), between-person variation (21.1%) and HAQ (11.3%) (Figure 1B). Overall variation in MHQ is mostly accounted for by HAQ (59.2%) and residual variation (28.3%). Study group specific result are summarized in Table 1.Table 1.Variance proportions for each of the four study groups.Variance proportions (%)Hand function (MPUT)Grip strengthGroupControlPsAPsORAControlPsAPsORAMHQ3.439.00.00.00.02.10.00.0ID34.836.251.652.816.112.921.327.9Age0.013.80.00.78.48.40.00.0HAQ35.810.834.316.43.83.110.312.0Dominant hand0.60.20.00.03.50.61.30.2Sex12.10.00.04.364.268.963.755.0Residual13.30.014.125.83.94.03.45.0ConclusionWhile the variance variation in grip strength is mainly explained by sex and between-person variation for all subject groups, the proportions of explained variance for measured hand function is not similar between diseases. In all groups > 50% of the variation in measured hand function remains unexplained by the variables used. Especially in arthritis patients, HAQ explained less than 25% of the variance in measured hand function. Grip-strength can be considered a poor surrogate for hand function in this context due to its large gender dependence. The explainability of MHQ variation largely by HAQ indicates that it has limited potential to provide further information beyond overall functional impairment. In contrast, the large between-person variation in MPUT likely indicates unexplored movement patterns of hand motion that may be further dissected using sensor-based analyses (2) and can help identify movement components a potential for an in-depth assessment of subtle hand-function alterations in inflammatory arthritis.References[1]Liphardt AM et al. ACR Open Rheumatol 2020, 2, 734-740. 2. Phutane U et al. Sensors (Basel) 2021, 21.AcknowledgementsThis study was supported by the German Research Council (SFB 1483 – Project-ID 442419336, INST 90 / 985-1 FUGG, FOR2438/2886; SFB1181), the German Ministry of Science and Education (project MASCARA), the European Union (H2020 GA 810316 - 4D-Nanoscope European Research Council Synergy Project) and Novartis Germany GmbH.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

Il rilevamento di gas tossici e pericolosi è sempre stato necessario per motivi di sicurezza. Negli ultimi anni, in particolare, l’attenzione per lo sviluppo di sistemi portatili e a basso costo per il rilevamento dei gas è aumentata notevolmente. Questa tesi presenta circuiti CMOS versatili, veloci, ad alta precisione e basso consumo per applicazioni portatili di rilevamento di gas. I sensori target sono i Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOX). Questi sensori sono ampiamente utilizzati per la loro intrinseca compatibilità con le tecnologie MEMS integrate. Le tipologie di lettura scelte sono basate su un oscillatore controllato dalla resistenza del sensore stessa, in modo da ottenere una conversione resistenza-tempo. Ciò garantisce un ampio range dinamico, una buona precisione e la capacità di far fronte alle grandi variazioni di resistenza del sensore MOX. Quattro diversi prototipi sono stati sviluppati e testati con successo. Sono state anche eseguite misurazioni chimiche con un vero sensore SnO2 MOX, validando i risultati ottenuti. Le misure hanno mostrato come il sensore e l’interfaccia sia in grado di rilevare fino a 5ppm di CO in aria. Gli ASIC sono in grado di coprire 128 dB di DR a 4Hz di output data rate digitale, o 148 dB a 0.4Hz, garantendo un errore relativo percentuale sempre migliore dello 0,4% (SNDR> 48 dB). Le prestazioni target sono state raggiunte con aggressive strategie di progettazione e ottimizzazione a livello di sistema. È stata utilizzata una tecnologia CMOS a 130nm fornita da Infineon Technologies AG. La scelta di un nodo tecnologico così scalato (rispetto alle tipiche implementazioni in questo settore) ha consentito di ridurre ulteriormente i consumi fino a circa 450 μA. Inoltre, questo lavoro introduce la possibilità di utilizzare la stessa architettura basata su oscillatore per eseguire la lettura di sensori capacitivi. I risultati delle misurazioni con sensori capacitivi MEMS hanno mostrato 116 dB di DR, con un SNR di 74 dB a 10Hz di velocità di trasmissione dati digitale. Le architetture sviluppate in questa tesi sono compatibili con gli standard moderni nel settore del rilevamento del gas per dispositivi portatili.
Detection of toxic and dangerous gases has always been a need for safety purpose and, in recent years, portable and low-cost gas sensing systems are becoming of main interest. This thesis presents fast, high precision, low-power, versatile CMOS interface circuits for portable gas sensing applications. The target sensors are Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOX) sensors which are widely used due to their inherent compatibility with integrated MEMS technologies. The chosen readout typologies are based on the time-domain Resistor-Controlled Oscillator. This guarantees wide dynamic range, good precision and the ability to cope with the large MOX sensor resistance variations. Four different prototypes have been successfully developed and tested. Chemical measurements with a real SnO2 MOX sensor have also been performed to validate the results, showing a minimum CO detection capability in ambient air of 5 ppm. The ASICs are able to cover 128 dB of DR at 4 Hz of digital output data rate, or 148 dB at 0.4 Hz, while providing a relative error always better than 0.4% (SNDR >48 dB). Target performances have been achieved with aggressive design strategies and system-level optimization, and using a scaled (compared to typical implementations in this field) 130nm CMOS technology provided by Infineon Technologies AG. Power consumption is about 450 μA. Moreover, this work introduces the possibility to use the same oscillator-based architecture to perform capacitive sensors readout. Measurement results with capacitive MEMS sensors have shown 116 dB of DR in CSENS mode, with an SNR of 74 dB at 10 Hz of digital output data rate. The architectures developed in this thesis are compatible with the modern standards in the portable gas sensing industry.

Il progetto di ricerca discusso in questa tesi è suddiviso in due line principali: • la realizzazione di un database sullo stato dell’arte dei sensori di gas; • lo Sviluppo di prototipi di sensori innovativi per la rilevazione del monossido di carbonio e del DMMP. La suddivisione delle attività è mirata a fornire una descrizione completa delle tecniche di rilevazione di gas nocivi, partendo dall’analisi dello stato dell’arte e dei principi di funzionamento fino al progetto, realizzazione e test di prototipi basati su tecniche di traduzione innovative. Lo sviluppo del database, iniziato con la definizione di un modello dell’informazione e proseguito con la realizzazione dell’architettura, ha portato alla realizzazione di oltre 1000 file che descrivono i vari aspetti delle più comuni tecniche di traduzione utilizzate nella rilevazione di gas. La seconda linea di ricerca ha portato allo Sviluppo di prototipi di sensori per la rilevazione di CO e DMMP. La scelta del monossido di carbonio come gas target è stata dettata dalla elevata tossicità del composto e dalla necessità di sviluppare sensori più efficienti rispetto a quelli attualmente presenti sul mercato. Lo strato sensibile è stato realizzato con Porfirine di Ferro, di composizione analoga a quelle presenti nella molecola dell’emoglobina, per utilizzare un meccanismo di interazione simile a quello che in natura porta ai fenomeni di avvelenamento da CO. La tecnica di trasduzione scelta è basata su microbilance al quarzo (QMB), per poter rilevare il gas di interesse attraverso variazioni di massa del dispositivo sensibile. La qualità dei primi risultati ottenuti ha spinto verso la realizzazione di un dimostratore, punto di partenza per un futuro Sviluppo a livello di produzione industriale. Le possibili aree di applicazione di un sensore di questo tipo possono essere individuate in quei settori in cui è necessario stimare i livelli di esposizione al monossido di carbonio durante le attività lavorative. Il secondo composto di interesse è stato scelto in base a due considerazioni fondamentali: in primo luogo a causa del massiccio impiego a livello industriale, poi per le proprietà chimico-fisiche che lo rendono simulante del Sarin. La scelta dello strato sensibile (complessi di ioni lantanidi) è basata su studi preliminari sull’interazione tra questo tipo di complessi e sostanze chimiche che contengono gruppi P=O. La tecnica di trasduzione, anche in questo caso a variazione di massa, è stata implementata utilizzando dispositivi ad onda acustica superficiale (SAW). I risultati di questo studio sono stati molto incoraggianti, anche se un futuro sviluppo di tipo commerciale non può prescindere da un maggiore controllo delle condizioni sperimentali. Infine, è stato condotto uno studio di fattibilità sulla possibilità di realizzare biosensori basati su aminoacidi e microbalance al quarzo per la rilevazione di monossido di carbonio e DMMP. La fase sperimentale è stata condotta utilizzando un naso elettronico ed ha dimostrato che questo tipo di approccio potrà portare in futuro alla realizzazione di sensori dotati di ottime caratteristiche di sensibilità, selettività e stabilità. In conclusione, gli obiettivi perseguiti durante il periodo del Corso di Dottorato sono stati raggiunti con risultati soddisfacenti, tanto che è possible pensare ad un utilizzo a livello industriale sia del database che dei sensori di gas. Le attività svolte durante il Corso di Dottorato sono inserite nell’ambito del Progetto di Innovazione Industriale “Materiali e Tecnologie Innovative per Settori Avanzati”, in collaborazione con il Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.p.A.
The research project discussed within this thesis was split into two main lines: • realization of a database on the state of the art of gas sensors; • development of innovative sensors prototypes for carbon monoxide and DMMP detection. The strategy behind the above separation was to perform a comprehensive approach to dangerous gases detection, starting from a profound analysis of the state-of-the-art to designing and testing prototypes to implement new transduction techniques for detecting the analytes with high sensibility. Realization of the database required defining the model of information and implementing the architecture that up to now contains more that 1000 descriptive files concerning the most popular transduction techniques for gas analysis. The second activities line was aimed at developing CO and DMMP sensors prototypes. Carbon Monoxide was selected as a target mainly due to its high toxicity, which claims for better detecting systems. The innovative approach to CO sensing was based on a biomimetic technology which uses the high affinity of iron ions towards CO molecules for enhancing the sensor’s sensitivity and selectivity. The sensing layers were Fe-porphyrins, analogous the basic compounds of haemoglobin. Then, the research line intended to use the biological effect of CO poisoning to develop a new kind of sensor. The selected transduction technique is based on mass changes, thus using QMB devices for sensing. The preliminary results where good enough that an industrial demo unit has been realized with the objective of becoming the starting point for further industrial development. One of the main application areas of such a device can be envisaged in assessing the exposure to unknown amounts of CO during work activities. The second target compound was chosen according to two main considerations: first of all because of its large industrial use, then because of its chemical properties a simulant of the nerve agent Sarin. The composition of the sensitive layers (complexes of lanthanide ions), was chosen as a consequence of preliminary studies of the interaction mechanisms between lanthanide complexes and chemical compounds containing a P=O group. The transduction elements were Surface Acoustic Wave devices (SAW) that allowed implementing a mass change technique. Also the results of this study were encouraging enough, even though some additional work on controlling the environmental parameters and experimental conditions should be done. Then, great attention was devoted to studying the feasibility of biosensors based on amino acids and QMB, for detecting CO and DMMP. These experiments, carried out using an electronic nose, showed that this approach is promising for obtaining highly sensitive, selective and stable sensors. Finally, the goals have been reached with satisfactory results and a commercial exploitation of the prototypes, from the database to the biosensing devices, can be envisaged with a certain degree of confidence. The activities developed during this PhD course have been carried out within the frame of the “Innovative Materials and Technologies for Advanced Sectors” Industrial innovation project, in cooperation within the Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.p.A.