Thèses sur le sujet « Semantic variation »
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Ward, Nick. « The Semantics of ja and ye : Semantic variation in Marathi motion verbs ». Thesis, Department of Linguistics, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5837.
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Ja and ye ('go' and 'come' respectively, from the Indian language Marathi) are first semantically examined as basic verbs of physical motion. Then instances which vary from this basic 'sense' of the words are analysed with respect to theories of polysemy via semantic extension (through metaphor and metonymy), and deixis. Some evidence is found to support theories of 'figurative' deixis, utilizing the concept of 'subjectivity' as a primary grounding force in our construction of meaning. Subjectivity is also implicated in the dominant mechanism of semantic shift by 'result' metonymy, wherein the word designating the event is semantically narrowed to designate only the result or outcome of the event. In discussing semantic extension through metaphor, the fundamental problem of distinguishing metaphorical from literal meaning is addressed, and 'image schemas' are invoked in the analysis of ja and ye. Data are chiefly from books on Ayurveda, and hence largely focus on the use of the ja and ye with reference to the human body.
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Robinson, Justyna Anna. « Semantic variation and change in present-day English ». Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2232/.
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ORGLER, EDUARDO. « SEMANTIC VARIATION ON ADVERBIAL CONSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCED BY WHEN IN PORTUGUESE ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9371@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEste trabalho tem como objetivo primordial investigar as possibilidades de variação de significado decorrentes das orações adverbiais introduzidas pela conjunção quando. Consideramos que, para além da idéia temporal - à qual boa parte de nossas gramáticas costuma se limitar - outras circunstâncias adverbiais, como causa e condição principalmente, podem coexistir nas construções formadas pela chamada oração principal e pela oração subordinada adverbial. Para tanto, baseamos nossa pesquisa na análise de 60 exemplos retirados do jornal O Globo e da revista Veja, dois dos principais veículos de comunicação escrita em língua portuguesa. Ao fim, chegamos à conclusão de que, apesar do importante papel exercido por fatores sintático-gramaticais, como as diferentes combinações entre os tempos e os modos verbais, o sentido final das construções examinadas é, em última análise, resultado de fatores de ordem semântica, isto é, das relações de significado que se estabelecem entre o predicado e cada um dos termos que o constituem.
This dissertation´s main objective is to investigate the possibilities of semantic variation on adverbials sentences introduced by the conjunction quando. We consider that, beyond the idea of time - to which some of our grammars use to be restricted - other adverbials circumstances, like cause and condition mainly, can coexist on the constructions formed by main clause and adverbial clause. To reach our goals, we based our study on the analysis of 70 examples found on O Globo journal and on Veja magazine., two of the most important vehicles of written communication in Portuguese. As a result, we concluded that, despite of the great importance of the role played by syntactical and grammatical factors, like the different combinations between verbal times and modes, the final meaning of the constructions that we examined is, definitely, determined by semantic factors, that is, the relationship of meanings established between the predicate and each of its terms.
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Malmqvist, Anita. « Sparsamkeit und Geiz, Grosszügigkeit und Verschwendung : ethische Konzepte im Spiegel der Sprache ». Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Moderna språk, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-61584.
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The object of this study is to analyse the lexemes and phraseological units that constitute the semantic fields employed in naming four abstract domains, greed, thrift, generosity, and extravagance that make up the ethical concept <Attitude to Ownership> in German. On the assumption that ideas are accessible to us through the lexicalised items of a language, recent theories in the field of semantic analysis and conceptualisation were applied to the source material. In each domain key words were identified and their definitions in modern and historical dictionaries were analysed. Various dimensions of meaning, which proved to be inherent in the lexical items, emerged from this analysis. The oppositions a/o (action directed to others vs. to oneself), right/wrong (virtues vs. vices) and too much/ too little vs. the ideal mean were established as central. To achieve a more precise description of meaning tentative explications of cognitive levels were proposed. By means of these the underlying ideas, as they were reflected in the lexical units, could be described. The analysis showed greater variation and expressivity in words, idioms, and proverbs referring to the two vices compared to the virtues. Furthermore, a diachronic study produced evidence of semantic and conceptual changes. On the basis of such observations conclusions could be drawn about changes in the ethical system. The data derived from a contrastive corpus analysis of the German and Swedish key words showed numerous similarities as well as some conspicuous differences in the conceptualisation and valuation of attitudes pertaining to the four abstract domains. Moreover, the key words denoting the two virtues showed a clear domination in frequency, indicating that these are more central conceptual categories in today's society than the vices. An ongoing shift in meaning could be established for the key words naming the latter. Applying modern theories of metaphor and metonymy the experiential basis of meaning and thought was explored, showing that the structures forming the ethical concepts studied in this work are grounded in experiences of a physical and socio- cultural nature. The metaphorical concept ILLNESS emerged as a common source domain for the two vices, while the PATH- concept was shown to form the basis of metaphors expressing the o-virtue but not the a-virtue. Among the numerous métonymie concepts HAND proved to be a characteristic of all four domains.digitalisering@umu
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Ivanova-Sullivan, Tania Dontcheva. « Lexical variation in the Slavonic Thekara Texts : semantic and pragmatic factors in medieval translation praxis ». Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1124287659.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 254 p.; also includes facsimiles, graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 196-205). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Tyson, Rodney Eldred. « Korean color naming and Korean-English language contact : A study in linguistic variation and semantic change ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186990.
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This study investigates the effects of language contact, particularly contact with English, on the Korean language. One chapter reviews the historical and sociocultural background of the three major influences on modern Korean--Chinese, Japanese, and English. Another chapter discusses the patterns of English lexical borrowing and semantic changes that occur during the borrowing process, both in the English words and related Korean words in the same semantic fields. A third chapter describes some other uses of English in Korea, including advertising, product naming, and current slang. Finally, a substantial part of the dissertation is devoted to a study of the influence of contact with English on the Korean semantic field of color. Data were elicited from forty-four consultants in two age groups (18-24 and 47-85) using Munsell color samples as stimulus materials in a three-part interview procedure based on the work of MacLaury (1986, 1992) that asked consultants to: (1) name 330 different loose color chips to determine their individual vocabulary of color terms; (2) choose a focus for each term from an array of the same color chips; and (3) map the range of each term on the array. It was found that consultants varied greatly in the number of color categories they used, with age, sex, level of education, and attitude toward the topic as possible influences. A number of English color terms were used by consultants of both sexes and in both age groups, and it is suggested that two of these, orange and pink, have possibly become the most basic terms for naming their categories for some of the consultants. It is also suggested that these two terms, as well as contact with English in general, are partly responsible for certain semantic changes in related Korean words. Another specific finding was that Korean seems to have color categories in addition to Berlin and Kay's (1969) eleven basic categories, including LIGHT BLUE, DARK BLUE, and YELLOW-GREEN, which is similar to the situation that Stanlaw (1987) found in Japanese.
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Hoff, Mark Randall. « Settledness and Mood Alternation : A Semantic-Pragmatic Analysis of Spanish Future-Framed Adverbials ». The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555349686252856.
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Fionda, Maria Ida. « Spanish in contact with French and English in Montreal lexical borrowings, semantic extensions, loan translations and morphosyntactic variation / ». [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0022778.
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Kossmann, Bianca. « Rich and poor in the history of English : corpus-based analyses of lexico-semantic variation and change in Old and Middle English ». [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:25-opus-46897.
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Mucha, Anne [Verfasser], Malte Akademischer Betreuer] Zimmermann et Lisa [Akademischer Betreuer] [Matthewson. « Temporal interpretation and cross-linguistic variation : A formal semantic analysis of temporal and aspectual reference in Hausa and Medumba / Anne Mucha ; Malte Zimmermann, Lisa Matthewson ». Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2016. http://d-nb.info/121839997X/34.
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Mucha, Anne [Verfasser], Malte [Akademischer Betreuer] Zimmermann et Lisa [Akademischer Betreuer] Matthewson. « Temporal interpretation and cross-linguistic variation : A formal semantic analysis of temporal and aspectual reference in Hausa and Medumba / Anne Mucha ; Malte Zimmermann, Lisa Matthewson ». Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2016. http://d-nb.info/121839997X/34.
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Russo, Rosa. « L’expression de l’espace dynamique en français L2 par des apprenants italophones ». Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080054.
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Les recherches qui se sont intéressées à l’étude des événements de mouvement ont démontré que, pour les coder, les langues utilisent des stratégies de lexicalisation différentes. Selon la proposition de Talmy (1985), les langues romanes correspondent au type ‘verb-framed’(VF), tandis que les langues germaniques sont considérées ‘satellite-framed’(SF). Cette classification qui permet d’identifier des distinctions intéressantes au niveau macro-typologique, mais sa rigidité ne consent pas d’observer la variabilité inter- et intra-typologiques. La thèse étude les événements de mouvement de deux perspectives complémentaires. D’un côté, du point de vue de la typologie, on observe les différences existantes entre les langues appartenant au même groupes typologique et à la même famille génétique. De l’autre côté, du point de vue acquisitionnel, on analyse l’impact des facteurs typologiques sur l’acquisition du français L2 chez apprenants italophones. Dans ce but, on a été construit un corpus de productions sur la base d’un support qui montre des mouvements volontaires et provoqués soumis auprès quatre groupes d’informateurs: deux groupes de natifs (francophones et italophones) et deux groupes d’italophones apprenant le français L2 de deux niveaux de compétence. Les résultats montrent qu’il y a des différences intratypologiques entre les langues génétiquement proches, comme l’italien et le français. De même, ces mêmes différences intratypologiques engendrent des transfert en influençant la restructuration du penser pour parlerRecent research is interested in studying motion events in different languages by showing that, they follow different lexicalization strategies to code motion events. In light of Talmy’s proposal (1985), romance languages are classified as ‘verb-framed’ (VF), while the Germanic ones are considered as ‘satellite-framed’ (SF). The Talmy’s classification legitimated a large number of studies that confirm the validity of this dichotomy, which is the identification of interesting distinctions on a macro-typological level. Nevertheless its rigidity does not allow to observe the inter- and intra-typological variability. The study investigates motion events from two complementary perspectives. On the one hand, the differences within languages of the same typological group and the same genetic family are observed from the point of view of the semantic type On the other hand, the impact of typological factors on French acquisition as L2 by Italian speakers is analyzed from the acquisitional point of view. For this purpose, a corpus of productions was collected in a controlled situation on the basis of a support containing voluntary and caused movements submitted to four groups of informants: two groups of native (French and Italian speakers) and two groups of Italian learners of French L2 of two different skill levels. The results show that there are differences between intra-typological languages which are genetically very close, such as Italian and French. Similarly, these same intra-typological languages generate some transfer that influences the restructuring of thinking for speaking
Le recenti ricerche in psicolinguistica e in linguistica cognitiva si sono interessate allo studiodegli eventi di movimento in diverse lingue del mondo dimostrando che, per codificare glieventi di movimento, le lingue seguono strategie di lessicalizzazione differenti. Alla luce dellaproposta di Talmy (1985, 2000), le lingue romanze sono classificate nel tipo ‘verb-framed’(VF), ovvero a quadro verbale, mentre le lingue germaniche sono considerate ‘satelliteframed’(SF), ossia lingue a quadro satellitare. I due tipi si differenziano essenzialmente per ildiverso locus di codifica delle componenti semantiche: le lingue a quadro verbale, come ilfrancese e l’italiano, tendono a lessicalizzare l’informazione semantica della Traiettoria nelverbo principale, mentre la Maniera è omessa o espressa in una proposizione subordinata.Invece, le lingue a quadro satellitare come l’inglese, esprimono la Maniera nella radiceverbale e la Traiettoria mediante dei satelliti, ovvero degli elementi associati al verbo(avverbi, prefissi, particelle, etc). La classificazione di Talmy ha giustificato un gran numerodi studi che hanno confermato la validità di questa dicotomia, che permette di individuaredelle interessanti distinzioni a livello macro-tipologico, ma la sua rigidità non consente diosservare la variabilità inter- e intratipologica (Ibarretxe-Antuñano, 2004b,d, 2009a; Slobin,2004). La variabilità tipologica che le lingue mostrano nella concettualizzazione degli eventidi movimento, condiziona il modo in cui i locutori selezionano le informazioni semantiche(Traiettoria e Maniera) e, di conseguenza, il modo in cui un apprendente esprime lecomponenti di un evento di movimento in L2. La tesi studia gli eventi di movimento da dueprospettive complementari. Da un lato, dal punto di vista della tipologia semantica, siosservano le differenze esistenti tra le lingue appartenenti allo stesso gruppo tipologico e allastessa famiglia genetica. Dall’altro lato, dal punto di vista acquisizionale, si analizza l’impattodei fattori tipologici sull’acquisizione del francese L2 di apprendenti italofoni. A questoscopo, è stato costruito un corpus di produzioni raccolte in una situazione controllata sullabase di un supporto che mostra dei movimenti volontari e provocati sottoposti a quattrogruppi di informatori: due gruppi di informatori nativi (francofoni e italofoni) e due gruppi diapprendenti italofoni di francese L2 di due livelli di competenza (intermedio e avanzato).I risultati mostrano che vi sono delle differenze intratipologiche tra lingue geneticamentemolto vicine, come l’italiano e il francese. Analogamente, queste stesse differenze intratipologiche generano dei transfert influenzando la ristrutturazione del pensare perparlare
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McDonald, Brian Edison. « Constraint variational semantics ». [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3274279.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Philosophy, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: A, page: 2977. Adviser: Anil Gupta. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Apr. 9, 2008).
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Perrier, Pierre. « Étude des schémas actanciels des verbes agglomérés en -hada, -tweda et -sikhida en coréen moderne ». Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL131.
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Cette étude descriptive a pour but l’analyse morphosyntaxique, avec corrélats sémantiques, des schémas actanciels des verbes agglomérés du coréen moderne, de patron [ N - V ], N étant un nom d’action constituant la base lexicale et V un verbe grammaticalisé parmi hada, to͡eda et çikhida. L’examen des faits conduit à s’intéresser aux verbes d’une certaine productivité, formant le paradigme suivant : hada, to͡eda, patta, taŋhada et çikhida. L’étude repose sur un échantillon de 35 bases lexicales compatibles avec au moins trois des verbes grammaticalisés cités, dont -hada, ainsi que sur un corpus d’énoncés extraits du Web, fondés par les verbes agglomérés incluant ces bases et qui atteste de leur usage dans un registre de langue orale de niveau formel. Le corpus d’énoncés permet une étude contrastive des énoncés fondés par des verbes de même base lexicale. Les résultats obtenus sont interprétés selon le modèle de l’actance de Lazard. Il en ressort que les verbes grammaticalisés cités permettent des variations d’actance de trois ordres : marquage différentiel de l’objet, construction indirecte et variation de dia-thèse. Ces variations de diathèse ont recours à deux opérations de transformation du schéma actanciel associé à la base lexicale, diathèse et transitivation selon les termes de Creissels. L’ensemble des faits examinés montre que les variations d’actance observées dépendent principalement des facteurs suivants : visée communicative, télicité du procès, type sémantique de procès et caractérisation sémantique des arguments en termes d’animéité et d’intentionnalitéThe aim of this descriptive study is to carry out a morphosyntactic analysis, with semantic correlates, of the actancial patterns of the agglomerated verbs of modern Korean, with pattern [ N - V ], N being an action noun constituting the lexical base and V a grammaticalized verb which can be hada, to͡eda or çikhida. The examination of linguistic data leads to consider the following paradigm of verbs of a certain productivity : hada, to͡eda, patta, taŋhada and çikhida. The study is based on a sample of 35 lexical bases compatible with at least three of these grammaticalized verbs cited, including hada. It also analyses a corpus of statements extracted from the Web, based on aggregated verbs including these bases and attesting to their use in the formal register of oral lan-guage. The corpus of utterances allows a contrastive study of the utterances that were based on verbs with the same lexical base. The results obtained are interpreted according to Lazard's actance model. The results show that the grammaticalized verbs quoted allow actance variations of three orders: differential marking of the ob-ject, indirect construction and diathesis variation. These diathesis variations use two operations of transfor-mation of the actancian scheme associated with the lexical base, diathesis and transitivation according to Creis-sels' terms. The set of facts examined shows that the actance variations observed mainly depend on the follow-ing factors: communicative aim, telicity of the process, semantic type of process and semantic characterization of the arguments in terms of animosy and intentionality
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Kostina, Irina. « La variación conceptual de los términos en el discurso especializado ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7513.
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Esta tesis describe la variación conceptual en terminología. Entendemos por variación conceptual el proceso cognitivo que conduce a cambios graduales en un concepto y se manifiesta lingüística y semánticamente en grados diferentes de equivalencia entre los sentidos de una unidad léxica o entre los sentidos de sus variantes léxico-semánticas. Este estudio se basa en los fundamentos de la Teoría Comunicativa de la Terminología (TCT) (Cabré, 1999), en la teoría del término (Averboukh, 2005) y en la teoría de variación léxico-semántica (Karcevski, 1926 en Zviagintsev (ed.), 1965; Kury³owicz, 1955; Vinogradov, 1944; Smirnitsky, 1954; Ajmanova, 1957/2004; Nikitin 1974; Shmelev 1973/2008; Ufimtseva: 1986/2002; Solntsev, 1984, 1998, entre otros).
Es un trabajo teórico, descriptivo y cualitativo que combina los postulados de la lingüística estructural y cognitiva y dos perspectivas del análisis del léxico: la semasiológica y la onomasiológica. La parte empírica de este estudio se basa en el método de estudio de casos e incluye el análisis de tres tipos de casos.
En el caso A se comprueba que la situación prototípica de una acción nombrada por una unidad léxica nominal deverbal se proyecta en otros tipos de situaciones, conservando el Esquema nuclear o concepto básico. En el caso B se constata que una unidad léxica potencialmente polisémica actualiza diferentes significados y sentidos en el discurso especializado con dos tipos de relación entre ellos: intersección (polisemia irregular interdominio o intradominio) e inclusión (polisemia regular intradominio o interdominio). Se demuestra también que el comportamiento sintáctico y semántico del término en el discurso puede revelar pistas de la variación conceptual del mismo. Y en el caso C se demuestra que los expertos conceptualizan y categorizan sus objetos de estudio de maneras diversas, usando diversas estrategias cognitivas en los discursos que construyen.
This thesis describes conceptual variation in Terminology. By conceptual variation we understand the cognitive process leading up to gradual changes in a concept and which can be observed in different degrees of equivalence among senses of a lexical unit or among senses of the related lexical-semantic variants in discourse.
This study is based on the Communicative Theory of Terminology (Cabré, 1999), the Theory of the Term (Averboukh, 2005), and the Theory of Lexical-Semantic Variation (Karcevski, 1926 in Zviagintsev (ed.), 1965; Kury³owicz, 1955; Vinogradov, 1944; Smirnitsky, 1954; Ajmanova, 1957/2004; Nikitin 1974; Shmelev 1973/2008; Ufimtseva: 1986/2002; Solntsev, 1984, 1998, etc.). It is a theoretical, descriptive, and qualitative study, which combines principles of Structural and Cognitive Linguistics and the semasiological and onomasiological perspectives of lexical analysis. The empirical part of the research consists of three cases following the case study methodology.
In Case A, we see that the prototypical situation of an action named by a deverbal noun is mapped onto different kinds of situations preserving the Nuclear Scheme or basic concept. In Case B, it is proven that a potentially polysemic lexical unit activates various meanings and senses in specialized discourse, thus establishing two types of relations between them: intersection (inter- and intradomain irregular polysemy) and inclusion (inter- and intradomain regular polysemy). It is also demonstrated that the syntactic and semantic behaviour of terminological units in discourse can provide clues about conceptual variation. In Case C, it is confirmed that experts conceptualize and categorize their objects of study in different ways and construe their discourse using different cognitive strategies.
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HAYDEN, KLICIA NOGUEIRA. « SEMANTICS VARIATION AND CHANGE : PREPOSITION POR MEANING PURPOSE ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14737@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROA proposta deste trabalho foi discutir as ocorrências da preposição por com valor final em textos portugueses dos séculos XIII ao XX, observando as ocasiões que fizeram com que ela fosse gradativamente substituída por outra preposição: para. Vê-se que, em textos mais antigos, a ocorrência de por com valor final prevalecia e, nos mais recentes, predomina para.O emprego de por final tornou-se estilístico. Pretendeu-se, neste trabalho, arrolar os diferentes valores das preposições em estudo, exemplificando com autores brasileiros do século XIX, como Machado de Assis, José de Alencar e Lima Barreto, e do século XX, como Jorge Amado e José Lins do Rego. A acepção de finalidade em por não foi encontrada em autores do século XX. Ela foi levantada para ilustrar o desaparecimento contínuo deste uso ao longo dos anos. O trabalho tem cunho histórico. Segue um enfoque funcionalista e, na pesquisa dos dados, apoia-se na sociolinguística variacional, nos moldes de Labov, tal como foi divulgada entre nós por Tarallo (1986 e 1990).
The aim of this work is to discuss the occurrence of the preposition por meaning purpose in texts in Portuguese language from XIII to XX centuries, observing the ocasions that this preposition have been gradually replaced by another one: the preposition para. It’s noticeable that, in older texts, occurrences of preposition por meaning purpose are majority, whereas, in most recent texts, preposition para occurs more frequently. The use of preposition por meaning purpose became only a matter of style. We intended to understand the different meanings of the prepositions we’re analyzing, through illustrations from Brazilian authors from the XIX century, Machado de Assis, José de Alencar and Lima Barreto; and from the XX century, Jorge Amado and José Lins do Rego. The particular meaning of purpose in preposition por has not been found in any author from the XX century. We intended to demonstrate the process of continuous disappearance of proposition por meaning purpose throughout the XX century. This work follows a historical approach. It adopts a functionalist perspective, and the collecting of data is based on Labov’s variationist sociolinguistics, as introduced in Brazil by Tarallo (1986 e 1990).
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Courbon, Bruno. « Étude sémantique des mots "chance", "fortune", "hasard" et "risque" du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle : perspectives sur le lexique du français et ses usages ». Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20041.
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La recherche a pour objet la structuration du champ lexical des mots « chance », « fortune », « hasard » et « risque » du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle. Témoin de mutations qu’a connues la civilisation occidentale durant cette période, ce champ, qui se rattache à la notion de fortune / hasard, présente une relative homogénéité sémantique.Les mots (et leurs dérivés) sont étudiés à travers le déploiement, la régulation et la répartition des normes d’usages, non seulement en français hexagonal, mais aussi en français québécois. L’étude se fonde sur l’exploitation de deux types de corpus. D’une part, un corpus d’articles extraits d’une cinquantaine de dictionnaires sert à mettre en évidence la productivité morphosémantique et sémantique de ces unités dans une perspective historique large. D’autre part, un grand ensemble d’énoncés diversifiés permet, par la mise au jour de types de contextes, d’effectuer un suivi diachronique des usages. L’approche continuiste des différences d’usages s’appuie sur une représentation fréquentielle des changements sémantiques.La thèse apporte une contribution à la question de la variation des usages et du changement sémantique, qui ouvre sur plusieurs perspectives. Elle se veut d’abord une réflexion sur la théorie et la méthodologie descriptives, appréhendées à la lumière de l’analyse de la nature et du rôle des corpus. Elle met ensuite en évidence l’importance de la dimension intersubjective dans l’activité de signification, en particulier le rôle déterminant des structures syntagmatiques dans l’établissement de nouveaux usages sémantiques. Enfin, elle permet de mettre en relation le changement sémantique avec les conditions sociohistoriques et les représentations collectivesThe present study deals with the way in which the lexical field regrouping the words “chance”, “fortune”, “hazard” and “risqué” has been structured in the French language from the eighteenth century till the present day. Revealing major changes in western societies during this period of time, the field, which corresponds to the linguistic representation of the notion of fortune / hasard, presents a certain coherence.We have examined these words and their derived forms through the display, regulation, and distribution of norms of use, not only in Hexagonal French, but also in Quebec French. Two types of corpora have been analysed. On the one hand, a corpus of articles from around 50 dictionaries has been used to emphasize the lexical and semantic productivity of the different units on a large historical scale. On the other hand, in revealing context types, a set of texts reflecting French language varieties has allowed for carrying out a diachronic analysis of lexical uses. The continuist approach to semantic differences rests upon a frequential representation of semantic changes.The thesis brings a significant contribution to the question of usage variations and semantic change, providing new perspectives. It first deals with theory and methodology of lexical description, considered through the analysis of the nature and the role of corpora. It then evidences the central role of syntagmatic structures in the setting of new semantic uses. The study has finally put into relation semantic changes with their historical background and the collective representations of the time
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Tomioka, Naoko. « Resultative constructions : cross-linguistic variation and the syntax-semantics interface ». Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102217.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines constructions known as resultative constructions. In addition to the well-known adjectival resultative construction in English, I investigate the resultative V-V compound, found in Japanese, and the resultative serial verb construction, found in Edo.I propose a new classification of these constructions, which focuses on the argument structure of the construction. In Japanese resultative V-V compounds, the argument structure of a compound reflects the argument structure of the second verb only, while in Edo, the argument structure of the construction reflects the argument structure of both verbs involved. With this criterion, English resultative constructions are divided into two classes---a resultative construction containing an intransitive verb is classified with Japanese resultative V-V compounds, and a resultative construction containing an object-selecting verb is classified with Edo resultative serial verb constructions.
Based on the classification provided here, I investigate two types of syntactic operations which license the concatenation of the predicates in resultative constructions. I argue that English intransitive resultative constructions and Japanese resultative V-V compounds are formed by adjoining one of the predicates on the other. The adjunction structure is then interpreted as conjunction called event identification. In contrast, English transitive resultative constructions and Edo resultative serial verb constructions are licensed by treating one of the predicates as a causative predicate. I argue that one of the predicates in these constructions undergoes lexical coercion, and acquires a causative meaning. The newly-formed causative verb takes the other predicate of the construction as its complement. This structure is then interpreted with function-application. I hence argue that the structural difference between the two types of resultative constructions also mirrors the difference in the type of semantic operations used to interpret these constructions.
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Klemola, K. J. « Non-standard periphrastic DO : a study in variation and change ». Thesis, University of Essex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336883.
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Kaatari, Henrik. « Adjectives complemented by that- and to-clauses : Exploring semantico-syntactic relationships and genre variation ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-313799.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present compilation thesis investigates adjectives complemented by that- and to-clauses. More specifically, the thesis is concerned with extraposed (e.g. it is likely that she will win and it is important to win) and post-predicate clauses (e.g. I’m sure that he’s alive and I’m glad to see you). The thesis is most fundamentally concerned with the study of linguistic variation. Thus the aim of the thesis is to explain why a certain construction is used in a given context. The data used in the studies comes from the British National Corpus (BNC). Study I proposes a semi-automated approach to variable patterns in corpus data. The study describes the creation of a computer program which has been designed to facilitate the extraction and coding of corpus data. In Study II, extraposed and post-predicate that- and to-clauses are contrasted in terms of their variation across genres, their lexical diversity and the meanings expressed by the adjectives most frequently found in each construction. Study III tests the applicability of the Complexity Principle and the Uniform Information Density Principle on adjectival data, by examining the variation between retaining and omitting the complementizer that across extraposed and post-predicate clauses. Study IV tests whether the syntactic status of I’m sure is similar to that of I think, i.e. whether it exhibits the same signs of grammaticalization. The results show that extraposed and post-predicate that-clauses are associated with similar meanings but differ in most other respects. Compared to post-predicate that-clauses, extraposed that-clauses are more frequent in formal genres, they are found with fewer instances of that-omission, and they are found to be more frequently represented in cognitively complex environments. Similarly, the results also show that extraposed and post-predicate to-clauses are associated with similar meanings, but differ in terms of their genre distribution. Instead, in terms of meaning, extraposed that- and to-clauses on the one hand, and post-predicate that- and to-clauses on the other, are similar to each other. The thesis highlights the importance of studying adjectival complementation in its own right, and not to treat it as subordinate to, or part of, verbal complementation.
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Diebold, Julia [Verfasser], Daniel [Akademischer Betreuer] Cremers et Gabriele [Akademischer Betreuer] Steidl. « Convex Variational Methods for Semantic Image Analysis / Julia Diebold. Betreuer : Daniel Cremers. Gutachter : Gabriele Steidl ; Daniel Cremers ». München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080592288/34.
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Berger, Mikael. « Ledföljdsvariation i svenska : Verb, semantik och syntax i samband med lång objektsflytt ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-32232.
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The term ‘Object Shift’ means that a weak object pronoun has been raised to a position to the left of a sentence adverbial. Primarily, there are two positions to which a weak object pronoun can be raised; one of them is called Long Object Shift. In this paper, I primarily deal with finite verb frequencies in sentences with Long Object Shift in Swedish. Also, in order to further define the verbs in these sentences I discuss verb semantic and syntactic valence in relation to the shifted object. Furthermore, I discuss the search methods which have generated sentences with Long Object Shift in written sources in Swedish; an equivalent study has never been done before. The most salient results of my study indicate that: verbs with physical denotation, and specifically vänta, möta and slå, frequently recur in sentences with Long Object Shift in written sources in Swedish; monotransitive verbs appear more often than ditransitive ones; shifted objects are most often assigned the semantic role of experiencer in the studied sentences; the search methods show divergent results, which indicates the significance of sentence adverbial initiating sentences with Long Object Shift. Lastly, the results show that semantic analyses, terminology and search methods need to be extended in order to further define the finite verb in sentences with Long Object Shift in Swedish.
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Colin, Nathalie. « English and Swedish Animal Idioms : A Study of Correspondence and Variation in Content and Expression ». Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Culture and Communication, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-13.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Idioms are found in every language and learning them is an important aspect of the mastery of a language. The English language is no exception as it contains a large number of idioms, which are extensively used. However, because of their rather rigid structure and quite unpredictable meaning, idioms are often considered difficult to learn. Although little research has been done to date on the nature of idioms as well as how they are used, a better understanding of variations in idioms can nevertheless be acquired by looking at some theories and thoughts about their use and their structure.
The aim of this paper is to examine a number of animal idioms, focusing primarily on English idioms and the similarities and differences found in equivalent Swedish idioms, even when the Swedish idioms do not contain an animal. Two types of studies are presented. In the first one, the English and Swedish animal idioms collected are grouped into four categories. The results of such a categorization show that half of the English animal idioms found have an equivalent in Swedish containing an animal. In the second study, the content, structure, wording, semantics and metaphorical meaning of the animal idioms are analysed and compared. The results indicate that the Swedish animal idioms that correspond to the English animal idioms have, for the most part, the same structures and similar variations in degree of literalness, fixity, manipulation and transformation. Furthermore, the use of metaphor, personification and simile appears to be common both in English and Swedish animal idioms. The role of context and literal and figurative translation are also addressed in this study.
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Garg, Sourav. « Robust visual place recognition under simultaneous variations in viewpoint and appearance ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/134410/1/Sourav%20Garg%20Thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis explores the problem of visual place recognition and localization for a mobile robot, particularly dealing with the challenges of simultaneous variations in scene appearance and camera viewpoint. The proposed methods draw inspiration from humans and make use of semantic cues to represent places. This approach enables effective place recognition from similar or opposing viewpoints, despite variations in scene appearance caused by different times of day or seasons. The research contributions presented in the thesis advance visual place recognition techniques, making them more useful for deployment in a wide range of robotic and autonomous vehicle scenarios.
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Kessai, Fodil. « Élaboration d'un dictionnaire électronique de berbère avec annotations étymologiques ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCF029/document.
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Le berbère est généralement présenté comme un ensemble de dialectes, distincts, avec des frontières plus ou moins hermétiques, qui, le plus souvent, sont étudiés et enseignés de façon clivée voire exclusive. Cette atomisation et cette pratique différenciative occultent l’unité structurale (grammaire et fonds lexical communs) qui forme cette langue commune à laquelle référent tous ces dialectes et n’en donnent qu’une vue fragmentaire.Le domaine de la lexicographie ne déroge pas à cet usage. Chaque dictionnaire est consacré à un seul dialecte avec une graphie et une orthographe propres, et c’est au plan du lexique notamment que le berbère apparaît le plus disparate. Pour aller au-delà du particularisme et appréhender la langue dans sa globalité, nous explorons, à travers le matériau lexical, un panel de dialectes (17) représentant toute la diversité berbère. Nous établissons, par approche comparative, des passerelles inter-dialectales puis rassemblons les éléments communs du lexique recueillis à ce jour. Nous relevons ensuite les changements phonétiques, phonologiques, morphologiques et sémantiques observés dans les unités lexicales afin de mieux comprendre l'évolution du système lexical.Pour ce faire, nous élaborons un E-dictionnaire bilingue (berbère <-> français) qui permet, en tant qu’outil didactique, d’étudier la langue berbère aussi bien dans son unité que dans sa diversité dialectale, et en tant que moyen heuristique de recherche et d'analyse, d’étudier l’étymologie et les faits linguistiques en synchronie et en diachronie.Enfin, nous proposons un outil statistique (le « taux d’homogénéité ») qui mesure la proximité entre les lexiques (ou dialectes)The Berber language is usually presented as a set of distinct dialects, with more or less hermetic boundaries, which are, most often, studied and taught in a cleaved or even exclusive way.This atomization and this differentiating practice obscure the structural unity (grammar and lexical bases) which founds that common language to which all these dialects refer and give only a fragmentary view of it. The field of lexicography does not depart from this usage. Each dictionary is devoted to a single dialect with a specific spelling, and it is in the lexicon in particular that Berber appears the most disparate.To go beyond particularism and grasp the language as a whole, we explore, through the lexical material, a panel of dialects (17) representing all of Berber diversity. We establish, by comparative approach, inter-dialectal bridges and then gather the common elements of the lexicon collected to date. We then note the phonetic, phonological, morphological and semantic changes observed in lexical units in order to better understand the evolution of the lexical system.To do this, we develop a bilingual E-dictionary (Berber <-> French) which allows - as a didactic tool - for the studying of the Berber language in its unity as well as in its dialectal diversity and - as a heuristic means of research and analysis - for etymology and linguistics facts in synchrony and diachrony.Finally, we introduce a statistical tool (the “homogeneity rate”) that measures the proximity between lexicons (or dialects)
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Leoue, Jean Gilbert. « Semantique Et Grammaticalisation De 'Do' En Anglais : Approche Contrastive (The Semantax And Grammaticalization Of 'Do' In English : A Contrastive Study) ». Diss., Université Paris III - Sorbonne Nouvelle, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71565.
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The subject of this contrastive study is fourfold: (a) it takes into account the inference of languages in contact in the diachronic development of English language; and it builds up a hypothesis on the origin of periphrastic DO; (b) this study lays its foundations on established facts from diachrony and etymology to claim that the grammaticalization of DO did not entail any process of desemantisation; (c) it also resorts to an invariant-meaning approach to show that the auxiliary DO – just like its lexical counterpart – is not meaningless in natural language; (d) it carries out a critical analysis of current trends on either a binary categorization or a ternary categorization for DO-forms (lexical verb (vs. proverb) vs. auxiliary). Then, this study shows that the proform DO SO can indeed substitute for purely stative predicates; and, as an operator of ‘thesis’, DO has an enunciative function which accounts for its occurrences as well as its non-occurrences in the linear structuring.
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Rasom, Sabrina. « Lazy concord in the central Ladin feminine plural DP : a case study on the intercation between morphosintax and semantics ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425043.
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This work analyses a construction of the feminine plural DP in Central Ladin, which is particularly interesting in order to inquire DP structure and the morphosyntactic dynamics triggering agreement and concord.
According to lazy concord, adjectives and modifiers in prenominal position never acquire plural marking, but only gender, whereas nouns in preadjectival position can optionally receive number features.
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Jones, Bevan Keeley. « Learning words and syntactic cues in highly ambiguous contexts ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15959.
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The cross-situational word learning paradigm argues that word meanings can be approximated by word-object associations, computed from co-occurrence statistics between words and entities in the world. Lexicon acquisition involves simultaneously guessing (1) which objects are being talked about (the ”meaning”) and (2) which words relate to those objects. However, most modeling work focuses on acquiring meanings for isolated words, largely neglecting relationships between words or physical entities, which can play an important role in learning. Semantic parsing, on the other hand, aims to learn a mapping between entire utterances and compositional meaning representations where such relations are central. The focus is the mapping between meaning and words, while utterance meanings are treated as observed quantities. Here, we extend the joint inference problem of word learning to account for compositional meanings by incorporating a semantic parsing model for relating utterances to non-linguistic context. Integrating semantic parsing and word learning permits us to explore the impact of word-word and concept-concept relations. The result is a joint-inference problem inherited from the word learning setting where we must simultaneously learn utterance-level and individual word meanings, only now we also contend with the many possible relationships between concepts in the meaning and words in the sentence. To simplify design, we factorize the model into separate modules, one for each of the world, the meaning, and the words, and merge them into a single synchronous grammar for joint inference. There are three main contributions. First, we introduce a novel word learning model and accompanying semantic parser. Second, we produce a corpus which allows us to demonstrate the importance of structure in word learning. Finally, we also present a number of technical innovations required for implementing such a model.
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Ilnytska, Oksana. « La variation des noms du genre commun en russe et en ukrainien : morphologie, syntaxe, pragmatique ». Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040193.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La présente thèse est consacrée à l’étude de la catégorie des noms du genre commun dans deux langues slaves : le russe et l'ukrainien. Les noms de cette catégorie ont deux particularités. Premièrement, la plupart d’entre eux sont expressifs et font partie des axiologiques. Nous montrons que leur expressivité peut dépendre de leur contenu phonétique et morphologique ainsi que des constructions syntaxiques dans lesquelles ces noms sont employés. Deuxièmement, les noms de cette catégorie présentent des particularités morphosyntaxiques : ils peuvent appeler l’accord syntaxique ainsi que l’accord sémantique. Nous montrons que le choix du genre de l’accord non seulement satisfait au besoin de référence, mais a également une fonction pragmatiqueSummaryThe present work deals with the category of common gender in two Slavic languages: Russian and Ukrainian. The nouns of this category have two major peculiarities. Firstly, most of them are expressive and axiological nouns. We reveal that the expressivity of this nouns depends on their phonetical and morphological content and on the type of syntactical constructions in which this nouns occur. Secondly, the nouns of this category present morphosyntactical peculiarities: the agreement with this nouns can be semantical and grammatical. We reveal that the choice of the gender of agreement depends not only on semantic and reference, it has also a pragmatic function
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Mikhaylov, Nikita. « Творительный падеж в русском языке XVIII века ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för moderna språk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183609.
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The aim of this dissertation is to describe the sphere of use of the Russian Instrumental case in written sources from the eighteenth century. The research is based on approximately 11,300 instances of the use of the Instrumental and almost 2,400 constructions with other cases, excerpted from documents of various genres and styles. The corpus includes texts written by forty eighteenth-century authors, and contains works of poetry and drama, literary prose, letters, memoirs and learned tracts. Previous studies of the Instrumental case have in the main dealt with the development of the system of its meanings in the Old Russian period, or else have described its condition in modern times. The present work attempts to systematise its most typical uses and to trace the changes in the function of the Instrumental that took place during the period when a national literary language was coming into being in Russia. The research is primarily focused on the competition between the Instrumental case and other means of expression of particular meanings. In particular it describes (with statistical data) the variation in case forms within the predicate, with the function of an object, and also of the agent in passive constructions. A detailed description is given of those meanings of the Instrumental which are known from the earliest period and still in active use in the eighteenth century, but nowadays perceived as archaic. The most important of these are the Instrumental of cause, and also various uses of the Instrumental without a preposition to indicate time or place.
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Bé, Obame Yacinthe. « Les transferts de représentations dans la langue en situation multiculturelle : l’exemple du français du Gabon ». Thesis, Rennes 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN20022/document.
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Le Gabon est l’un des rares pays en Afrique Centrale pour lequel la langue française est à la fois langue officielle et langue nationale. Quoique comptant une cinquantaine de langues ethniques, la langue de Molière constitue le seul trait d’union entre les différents groupes sociolinguistiques. Néanmoins le français parlé au Gabon comporte des différences aveccelui parlé en France ; en ce sens que, quoique parlant la même langue, certains mots français prennent une toute autre signification au Gabon. Dans notre travail, cette dichotomie sera mise en lumière via la théorie de la sémantique cognitive et conceptuelle des schémas conceptuels intégrés élaborée par le Professeur Marie Luce SELOSSEHONESTE, qui met la culture comme curseur explicatif dans le mode de retrait de sensGabon is one of the few countries in Central Africa where the French language is both an official language and a national language. Although the language of Molière is about 50 ethnic languages, it is the only link between the various sociolinguistic groups. Nevertheless, French spoken in Gabon differs from that spoken in France; In that, although speaking the same language, some French words take on a different meaning in Gabon. In our work, this dichotomy will be brought to light via the theory of the cognitive and conceptual semantics of integrated conceptual schemas developed by Professor Marie Luce SELOSSE-HONESTE, that puts culture as an explanatory cursor in the mode of withdrawal of meaning
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Howe, Lewis Chadwick. « Cross-dialectal features of the Spanish present perfect a typological analysis of form and function / ». Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1154122894.
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Averyanov, Oleg. « Les tours pronominaux et non pronominaux français à l’Âge classique (1610-1715) : étude des descriptions et des usages ». Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses.paris-sorbonne.fr/2020SORUL072.pdf.
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Dans l’histoire de la langue française, bon nombre de lexèmes verbaux se sont déclinés en tours pronominaux et non pronominaux (se + V./V.) ayant entretenu des rapports de concurrence contextuelle. La nature de ces rapports n’a pas jusqu’ici fait l’objet d’une étude systématique pour la période du long XVIIe siècle, connue dans l’historiographie comme une période de standardisation du français. Cette époque, incluant les français appelés préclassique et classique, est cependant marquée par l’apparition non seulement de grands dictionnaires et d’une riche gamme de nouvelles grammaires, mais aussi des observations sur la langue française – les remarques – commentant, entre autres, les différents emplois des tours pronominaux et non pronominaux correspondants. Au travers d’une étude, d’un côté, d’ouvrages métalinguistiques, et, de l’autre, d’occurrences effectives dans des textes de divers genres et statuts, nous procédons dans cette thèse à une analyse linguistique des comportements de certains de ces tours en vue de mettre au jour des lois syntaxiques, sémantiques et syntagmatiques présidant à l’apparent flottement entre les emplois pronominal et non pronominal d’un lexème, ainsi que les enjeux du regard porté sur ces tours par les savants au XVIIe siècle. Nous nous intéressons, par ce biais, à l’éventualité du phénomène de variation lors d’une période de normalisation linguistique, tout en prêtant une attention particulière aux choix opérés par les auteurs des textes analysés. Ce faisant, nous nous interrogeons enfin sur le rôle du clitique se et sur la fonction qu’il remplit au sein du tour pronominal et dans la proposition en français de l’Âge classiqueThroughout the history of the French language, many verbal lexemes have been broken down into reflexive and non-reflexive structures (se + V./V.) that have maintained contextual competitive relationships. The nature of these relationships has not yet been the subject of systematic study for the long period of the 17th century, known in historiography as a period of standardization of French. This period, which includes the French known as preclassical and classical, is, however, marked by the appearance not only of extensive dictionaries and a rich array of new grammars, but also of observations on the French language – remarques – commenting, among other things, on the different uses of the corresponding pronominal and non-pronominal structures. Through a study of both metalinguistic works and of actual occurrences in texts of various genres and statuses, this thesis proceeds in a linguistic analysis of the behaviour of some of these structures in order to uncover syntactic, semantic and syntagmatic laws governing the apparent wavering between the pronominal and non-pronominal uses of a lexeme, as well as the challenges in the way these structures were viewed by scholars in the 17th century. We are thus interested in the possibility of the phenomenon of variation during a period of linguistic standardization, while paying close attention to the choices made by the authors of the texts analyzed. Finally, we examine the role of the se clitic and the function it fulfils within the pronominal structure and in the French proposition of the Classical Age
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Tognotti, Aurelia Ghjacumina. « La vigne et l'olivier en Corse : études de géolinguistique et de sémantique lexicale ». Thesis, Corte, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CORT0008/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le programme Nouvel Atlas Linguistique de la Corse et Banque de Données Linguistiques Corses et plus particulièrement dans la préparation du quatrième volume consacré à l’agriculture. A partir d’une collecte sur le terrain du lexique et des techniques relatifs à l’oléiculture et à la viticulture, une étude de géolinguistique et de sémantique lexicale est réalisée, à partir du corpus oral comprenant les données de la BDLC et d’enquêtes personnelles. L’examen de la répartition géolinguistique porte sur l’ensemble des variétés dialectales insulaires et est accompagné de commentaires étymologiques et sémantiques de chaque terme correspondant aux thèmes abordés. Pour conduire ce travail, nous nous sommes en particulier appuyés sur les travaux réalisés dans le reste du domaine italo-roman, notamment à travers un dépouillement systématique de dictionnaires étymologiques, historiques et dialectaux ; ce qui permet de donner une dimension comparatiste à notre étude. Cette recherche propose un développement de deux principaux axes : d’une part, l’évaluation de la diversité linguistique et la mise en évidence des rapports avec les aires voisines à la Corse et d’autre part, établir les processus de formation lexicale permettant, outre de retracer le cheminement de la langue, d’observer les caractéristiques des lexiques oléicole et viticole (lexique spécifique vs lexique général ; lexique hérité vs constructions motivées ; les analogies et les différences)This thesisis part of the Program calledNew Linguistic Atlas of Corsica and LinguisticCorsican Data Bank and more specifically in the preparation of the fourth volume devoted to agriculture. From a field collection of vocabulary and techniques related to the viticulture and winegrowing, a study of geo-linguistic and lexical semantics has been done, from the spoken corpus data includingBLDC and personalsurveys. Examination of the distribution geolinguisticcovers all the islanddialects and isaccompanied by etymological and semanticcommentseachtermcorresponding to the topicdiscussed. To conductthiswork, weparticularlyrelied on the workdone in the rest of the Italian-Roman field -, includingthrough a systematicanalysis of etymologicaldictionaries, historical and dialectological ,whichallows to give a comparative dimension to ourstudy.This research proposes a development of two main areas: first, evaluate the linguisticdiversity and highlightrelationshipswithneighboring areas to Corsica and secondly, establishprocesses for lexical training, also to trace the language, observe the characteristics of the wine and olive lexicons (specificlexicon vs. generallexicon; lexiconinherited vs motivated constructions and the similarities and differences)
S’iscriviistatesi in u prugrammaNouvel Atlas Linguistique de la Corse è Banque de Données Linguistiques Corses è più particularmenti in a priparazioni di u quartuvulumu à prò di l’agricultura. À partasi di unaracoltaannant’àlocu è di u lessicu è di i tecnichi di a vigna è di l’alivu, hèfattuunustudiu di geolinguistica è di semanticalessicale, à partasi di un corpus uralichìcunteni i dati di a BDLC è di inchiestiparsunali. L’esamini di a ripartizionigeoliguisticatratta di l’insemi di i varietàdialettaliisulani è ghjèaccumpagnata di cummentietimulogichi è semantichi d’ugniterminicurrispundanti à i temaammintati. Da stradàistutravaddu, ci simuaiutatipà u più di i travaddirializatiind’è u restu di u duminiuitalorumanzu, in particularicù un spoddusistematicu di dizziunariaetimulogichi, storichi et dialettali ; ciòchìparmetti di dàuna misura cumparatista à u nosciustudiu. Istaricercapruponaunusviluppu di duiiassiprincipali : d’un cantu, a valutazioni di a diversitàlinguistica è a messa in luci di i leiaincù l’aghjivicini à a Corsica et d’un altrucantu, stabiliscia i prucessi di furmazionilessicalichìparmettani, aldilà di ritraccià l’andatura di a lingua, di fidighjà i caratteristichi di i lessichi di l’alivu è di a vigna (lessicuspecificu vs lessicughjinirali ; lessicueridatu vs custruzzionimutivati ; l’analugii è i sfarenzi).Parollichjavi : dialettulugia, geografialinguistica, corsica, aliva, vigna, etimulugia, semantisimu
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Al, emam Randah. « Etude comparative entre proverbes arabes et proverbes français : point de vue linguistique, thématique, culturel ». Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0063.
Texte intégralRésumé :
On oppose souvent, dans les discours médiatiques ou particuliers, les cultures d'origine Arabe et la culture occidentale. En nous appuyant sur une exploration des proverbes, nous nous sommes demandé si cette opposition avait lieu d'être et quelles étaient les relations entre ces deux ensembles culturels. A partir de ce constat et de ce questionnement, nous avons construit la problématique suivante : Jusqu'à quel point les proverbes jordaniens et syriens se ressemblent-ils et quelles sont leurs convergences et divergences avec leurs équivalents français ? A travers eux, quelles différences ou ressemblances culturelles se dégagent ? L’objectif principal de notre étude est de décrire les modes et les moyens de la langue, et de comparer des proverbes dans les langues d'origine arabe et française, en étudiant convergences et divergences de ces proverbes. Nous avons procédé à une analyse thématique et sémantique sur deux cent quarante-huit proverbes recueillis auprès de leurs locuteurs natifs. Notre étude a nécessité plusieurs enquêtes et des entretiens menés sur terrain auprès d'individus originaires des trois pays, en nous focalisant sur l'utilisation et sur le sens des proverbes recueillis. Les définitions données par les auteurs français et les auteurs arabes sont presque semblables. Le proverbe est en effet bien défini comme une expression sentencieuse anonyme, comportant une norme, une vérité générale. Les trois études thématiques ont démontré qu'au-delà de l’universalité vérifiée des concepts, il existe des concordances. Les images de certains animaux trouvé dans les proverbes révèle un patrimoine commun à différentes cultures et comme une image générale et universelle. La description des proverbes sur l’image de la femme syrienne n’est pas dans l’ensemble très flatteuse. Elle la cantonne un statut bien inférieur à l’hommeIn media and particular discourses, there is often a contrast between Arabic cultures and Western culture. Basing on an exploration of proverbs, we wondered whether this opposition was and what were the relations between these two cultural ensembles. From this observation and this questioning, we constructed/ consider the following problem: To what extent do the Jordanian and Syrian proverbs resemble each other and what are their convergences and divergences with their French equivalents? Through them, what cultural differences and similarities emerge? The main objective of our study is to describe the modes and means of the language, and to compare proverbs in Arabic and French languages, by studying convergences and divergences of these proverbs. We carried out a thematic and semantic analysis of two hundred and forty-eight proverbs collected from their native speakers. Our study involved several surveys and field interviews of individuals from the three countries; we focused on the use and the meaning of the collected proverbs. The proverb is indeed defined as an anonymous sententious expression, including a norm, and a general truth. The three thematic studies have shown that, beyond the verified universality of concepts, there are concordances. The images of some animals found in proverbs reveal a common heritage to different cultures and as a general and universal image. The description of the proverbs about the image of the Syrian woman is not on the whole very flattering. It confines it to a status inferior to man
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HUANG, CHEN-HSUAN, et 黃木臻萱. « A Cognitive Sociolinguistic Study on Semantic Variation in Chinese Classifiers ». Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85nw6d.
Texte intégralRésumé :
博士國立中正大學
語言學研究所
105
Classifier is one of the most striking features of Mandarin Chinese, and it is also one of the devices that show human categorization. However, little attention has been paid to the classifier variations and their uses in the society. This work addressed the lacuna by investigating two classifier sets: “liang (輛), bu (部),tai (台)” and “ge (個), ke (顆), li (粒)” using cognitive and variationist sociolinguistic analyses. For internal factors, Qualia structure (Pustejovsky, 1995) was adopted to classify the semantics, and finally identified the best influential factors through the logistic regression analyses. For the internal factors, first, rapid and anonymous observation was applied to investigate to see how car dealers and market shoppers use classifiers. Second, forty scout members were recruited to examine how gender, age, and Southern Min frequency affect the use of classifiers. Third, the language attitude survey was meant to understand how college students evaluate the classifiers, and tries to find out the possible reasons for the variation. The findings of internal factors are as follows. Liang (輛) is used for four-wheeled or non-personal use vehicles; bu (部) and tai (台) highlight the appearance and function of the vehicles. Though the object size is a critical factor for “ge (個), ke (顆), li (粒)”, the semantic expansion in ke (顆) makes it have higher usage frequency. For external factors, it found that liang (輛) is not used by car sales; bu (部) is preferred by middle ranking, senior males while tai (台) is popular among young females in higher ranking and used car dealers. In addition, ge (個) is used by senior females in the supermarket. Young people in the traditional markets tend to use li (粒) while males like ke (顆). For the sociolinguistic interviews, liang (輛) is favored by senior females who use Southern Min at work once a while. Males who use Southern Min often at work would use bu(部). Young people who use Southern Min often at home tend to choose tai (台). ge (個) is used for males who often use Southern Min often at work while young females prefers ke (顆). Males who rarely use Southern Min at home would choose li (粒).Finally, gender and residential area have influential impact on the use of classifiers. Taipei residents prefer liang (輛) while Kaohsiung favor tai (台). Females like the use of ge (個) while males favor ke (顆). The results demonstrated that the use of Chinese classifier is not arbitrary, but instead follow cognitive-based categories. More importantly, it reflects the classifier uses in contemporary Taiwan society.
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Vernillo, Paola. « METAPHORS AND ACTIONS : AN IMAGE-SCHEMATIC APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF ITALIAN ACTION VERBS' SEMANTICS ». Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1201200.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Action verbs encode typologically different action concepts and events (e.g., primary variation: Panunzi & Moneglia 2004). They may, in fact, refer to a large array of actions, each one of which is defined by specific motor schemas, perceptual properties, and spatial relationships. Yet, action verbs are also pervasively used in non-strictly action contexts, to express abstract concepts and convey figurative meanings (e.g., marked variation: Brown 2014). These predicates, thus, contain a significant amount of information not only about how action concepts and events are linguistically categorized, but also about the way metaphorical processes are represented in natural language.
The exploration of the role that action verbs play in the representation of abstract thinking and, more in particular, in the encoding of metaphorical contents is the immediate aim of this thesis. From this point of view, the description of the kind of bond that ties together concrete and metaphorical uses of a given action verb stands as a first step toward a greater understanding of how sensory-motor information is re-used, in language, to shape highly abstract domains of knowledge. Moreover, the observation of action verbs’ behavior in metaphorical contexts enhances the understanding of how conceptual metaphors (Lakoff & Johnson 1980) may be encoded through language. Finally, the exploration of the semantic structure of single action verbs may shed light on the metaphorical potential of verbs that recur in the same linguistic and pragmatic contexts to encode the same events (e.g., local equivalent verbs).
The analysis of the metaphorical variation of action verbs was limited to two internally cohesive groups of Italian verbs, one clustering together verbs that refer to vertically oriented actions (alzare, ‘to raise’; abbassare, ‘to lower’; salire, ‘to rise’; scendere, ‘to descend’; sollevare, ‘to lift’) and the other clustering verbs that refer to force patterns (premere, ‘to press’; spingere, ‘to push’; tirare, ‘to pull’; trascinare ‘to drag’). The annotation was started with the extraction of about 11,000 occurrences from Italian spoken corpora, such as IMAGACT and Opus (Italian subtitles). From these, a smaller set of sentences (about 600) was selected and annotated in detail. For each verb, metaphorical uses were gathered in classes organized by similarity, with respect to the meaning and the concept denoted. Each metaphorical class was associated to at least one conceptual metaphor (Lakoff et al. 1991) and to salient differential traits, presented in the form of image-schematic components (Johnson 1987; Lakoff 1987). Finally, the metaphorical variation of each action verb was evaluated and compared to that of the other verbs included in the same group (e.g., alzare vs. sollevare).
Overall, this thesis offers a potential approach to the analysis of those phenomena that seem to systematically operate in the processes of sense extension within the semantic variation of action verbs, taking Italian as a case study. In this frame, the image-schematic investigation of the semantic mechanisms that are involved in processes of meaning construction and conveyance stands as an attempt to motivate, on a purely semantic level, the apparent discrepancies existing between the axes of the semantics of action and of metaphorical extension of a given action verb.
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Obwoge, Beatrice Kemunto Charity. « A lexico-semantic analysis of EkeGusii circumcision social varieties ». Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14485.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The study is based on the lexical choices in the social context of EkeGusii circumcision and the meaning of the various lexical items used in the social context of circumcision and gender differentiation in the choice of the lexicon of EkeGusii circumcision. This special variety is also used within EkeGusii standard variety but when used in the context of circumcision, the meaning of the lexical items is understood based on context. It is believed that language embodies traditional values and that these values are socially conditioned. This study considers the social conditioning of the circumcision social varieties. Linguistic traditional values of EkeGusii language are reflected in, among others, gender differentiation in the choice of the lexicon in the social context of circumcision. The study was based on two theories; the social theory and contrastive lexico-semantic theory. Social theory was useful in analyzing language in society and what language means to its users while contrastive lexico-semantic theory was useful in analyzing EkeGusii culture-specific meaning which does not translate readily to English. Participatory observation, interview schedules, informers, questionnaires and introspection were used to collect data. Data was analyzed qualitatively in view of the choice of the lexicon within language variation. Findings showed that the sound plays an important role in postulating meaning of EkeGusii Circumcision Social Varieties (ECSV) through vowel lengthening. The lexicon of ECSV comprises nouns and verbs and that this lexicon is a style as well as register of EkeGusii. Gender differentiation in the language is a case of socialization rather than biological. Finally, meaning relations established by the lexicon of ECSV include synonymy, hyponymy, polysemy as well as antonymy. It is recommended in this study that teachers should be trained on Sociolinguistics, carry out classroom research to identify the learners’ sociolinguistic culture and integrate an individual learner with others in the same level especially since the school has taken the role of socialization of an individual.African Languages
M.A. (African languages)
39
MUTLAK, MERFAT. « I verbi di azione dell'arabo standard nell'ontologia dell'azione IMAGACT ». Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1159323.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Action verbs have many meanings, covering actions in different ontological types. Moreover, each language categorizes action in its own way. One verb can refer to many different actions and one action can be identified by more than one verb. The range of variations within and across languages is largely unknown, causing trouble for natural language processing tasks. IMAGACT is a corpus-based ontology of action concepts, derived from English and Italian spontaneous speech corpora, which makes use of the universal language of images to identify the different action types extended by verbs referring to action in English, Italian, Chinese, Arabic, Spanish, etc. This paper presents the infrastructure and the various linguistic information the user can derive from it. IMAGACT makes explicit the variation of meaning of action verbs within one language and allows comparisons of verb variations within and across languages. Because the action concepts are represented with videos, extension into new languages beyond those presently implemented in IMAGACT is done using competence-based judgments by mother-tongue informants without intense lexicographic work involving underdetermined semantic description.
40
Kossmann, Bianca [Verfasser]. « Rich and poor in the history of English : corpus-based analyses of lexico-semantic variation and change in old and middle English / vorgelegt von Bianca Kossmann ». 2008. http://d-nb.info/988205092/34.
Texte intégral
41
« Cognitive universality and cultural variation in the conceptual structure of language about meaning : A cognitive semantic lexicography of the intangible in Old English, Kiswahili, and Yucatec Maya ». Tulane University, 2008.
Trouver le texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation concerns why and how human beings are able to talk and think about intangible phenomena, which is to say phenomena which exist only in minds, 'meaning.' The analysis uses patterns of correlation between linguistic form and meaning at multiple levels of linguistic form, including the distribution of topics in the lexical inventory of each language, types of lexicalization, etymology metaphor, morphology, and usage in discourse. The enquiry synthesizes this data to define both culturally unique and putatively universal aspects of the conceptual/cognitive structures of the intangible, including major ontological categories, conceptual metaphors, lexical conceptual structures, and ideas embodied in cultural discourses about 'meaning.' At the same time, the study compares ideas about language about meaning evident in bodies of oral literature in Old English, Swahili, and Yucatec Maya. The literatures examined were composed by semi-legendary poet-heroes in each culture who seem to have functioned as shamans in their societies. The author argues that the conclusions of the linguistic analysis and the ideas about language expressed by these shaman poets both point to the hypothesis that the ability to speak and think about the intangible is an evolutionary adaptation to problems inherent in the development of consciousness in human beingsacase@tulane.edu
42
Van, Niekerk Lariza. « Funksionele aspekte van Afrikaanse eksosentriese komposita ». Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2338.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Text in AfrikaansAn account of certain functional aspects of Afrikaans exocentric compounds is presented in this dissertation. This study builds on the preliminary survey presented in the dissertation 'n Korpusanalise van Afrikaanse eksosentriese komposita (Van Niekerk, 2001). Exemplary material is obtained from an extensive corpus, consisting of lexicographical and academic matter, as well as colloquial spoken language. Language is man's primary means of communication, used to convey knowledge and information. Lexical items are used to name and refer to all kinds of concepts, aspects, objects, persons and other references. Of particular importance to this study, however, is the expressive functionality of language, whereby it is used as an instrument to voice affect, judgement, opinion, perception and other emotional aspects. Exocentric compounds are singled out as lexemes of particular importance, utilized by Afrikaans speakers/writers to express themselves referentially and emotionally. In this study the researcher has endeavored to describe and explain certain aspects of exocentric compounds in terms of the cognitive process of conceptual blending, as explained in The way we think by Fauconnier and Turner (2003). Exocentric compounding is highly functional with regard to etnobiological naming of botanic and zoological references, especially as bahuvrihi compounds. More prominent, however, is the use of compounds to voice a wide variety of expressive values and connotations, both positive and negative. Humor is constantly referred to as probably the most important function of exocentric compounds. Other expressive functional aspects of exocentric compounds are discussed, such as insult, scorn and ridicule in nicknames and slurs, the softening effect of euphemism in contrast to the intensifying effect of dysphemism, idiomaticity, irony, et cetera, some of these aspects overlapping significantly. Exocentric compounds are creatively used as highly descriptive expressions in the informal register of colloquial Afrikaans, as well as in different dialects and sociolinguistic varieties. Based on observations in connection with the diverse use and optimal functionality of exocentric compounds in domains of every possible kind, the conclusion is reached that exocentric compounds is an essential part of the Afrikaans lexicon.
Afrikaans & Theory of Literature
D.Litt. et Phil.(Afrikaans)
43
Gumbo, Lettiah. « Term creation : an analysis of the strategies used in some selected Shona specialised terms dictionaries ». Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21015.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study is in the area of terminology activities in Zimbabwe and it analyses the term
creation used in the following selected specialised terms dictionaries: Duramazwi Reurapi
Neutano (Dictionary of Biomedical Terms), Duramazwi Remimhanzi (Dictionary of Shona
Musical Terms), and Duramazwi Redudziramutauro NeUvaranomwe (Dictionary of Shona
Linguistic and Literature Terms). The study specifically analyses and explores how
terminographers together with health, music, language and literature specialists made use of
their term creation skills and strategies in the creation of new specialised terms for the field of
music, health and linguistics. In addition, this research takes into account the impact of
factors such as culture, socio- economic, etymological purity, attitudes of the target users,
language policy, as well as availability of resourceson term creation. Hence, term creation is
an exercise that involves many aspects and interlinked factors.
This research advances the argument that while some term creation strategies (compounding,
coining and derivation) can be adequate and appropriate, however, at times; they are some
which result in created terms that are rather cumbersome, vague, artificial, and difficult to
master and remember. In addition, this study found out that some term creation strategies
(semantic expansion and loan translations) are unproductive; that means they do not add any
value on the Shona language vocabulary. Moreover, the borrowing term creation strategy was
analysed on the basis of whether it is promoting and elevating the Shona language or is it
undermining its value and vitality. This study emphasises the need for a collaborative
approach to term creation, with terminologists, linguists, subject area specialists and target
language users during the different phases of word formation processes for the collective
ownership of the created term and their acceptability to the target users. This study highlights
that, through good term creation strategies the Shona Language can significantly contribute to the promotion and development of Shona language in Zimbabwe. Overally, the
research yields a substantial amount of information in the terminological formation processes
as well as the identification of factors that can be used to improve term creation strategies in
order to develop indigenous languages for use in all spheres of life.The major contribution of
this study is the identification and highlighting of the major strength and weaknesses of term
creation strategies as a way of developing indigenous languages. The useful findings in this
study will benefit the indigenous language development and language policy planners and
terminologists in Zimbabwe and other African languages in similar situations.
The significant amount of information about term creation that was used in the analysis of
term creation in the three dictionaries was solicited from questionnaires and interviews that
were carried out with linguists, the specialised dictionary compilers, music students, medical
students and high school students doing Shona language and literature subject in Zimbabwe.
More information on the term creation was done through content analysis of the three
specialised dictionaries and the present researcher’s own experiences as a former Shona high
school teacher, linguist and above all as a Shona language speaker.African Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)
44
Thakker, Dhaval, S. Karanasios, E. Blanchard, L. Lau et V. Dimitrova. « Ontology for cultural variations in interpersonal communication : building on theoretical models and crowdsourced knowledge ». 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10246.
Texte intégralRésumé :
YesThe domain of cultural variations in interpersonal communication is becoming increasingly important in various areas, including human-human interaction (e.g. business settings) and humancomputer interaction (e.g. during simulations, or with social robots). User generated content (UGC) in social media can provide an invaluable source of culturally diverse viewpoints for supporting the understanding of cultural variations. However, discovering and organizing UGC is notoriously challenging and laborious for humans, especially in ill-defined domains such as culture. This calls for computational approaches to automate the UGC sensemaking process by using tagging, linking and exploring. Semantic technologies allow automated structuring and qualitative analysis of UGC, but are dependent on the availability of an ontology representing the main concepts in a specific domain. For the domain of cultural variations in interpersonal communication, no ontological model exists. This paper presents the first such ontological model, called AMOn+, which defines cultural variations and enables tagging culture-related mentions in textual content. AMOn+ is designed based on a novel interdisciplinary approach that combines theoretical models of culture with crowdsourced knowledge (DBpedia). An evaluation of AMOn+ demonstrated its fitness-for-purpose regarding domain coverage for annotating culture-related concepts mentioned in text corpora. This ontology can underpin computational models for making sense of UGC.
45
Bromhead, Helen. « Mountains, rivers, billabongs : ethnogeographical categorization in cross-linguistic perspective ». Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines the topic of ethnogeographical categorization by way of looking at the contrastive lexical semantics of a selection of landscape terms in a number of languages. The main languages in focus are English, including the Australian variety of English, French, Spanish, and the Australian Aboriginal language, Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara. The thesis argues that languages and cultures categorize the geographical environment in diverse ways. Common elements of classification are found across the selected languages, but it is argued that different priorities are given to these factors. Moreover, the thesis finds that there are language-specific aspects of the landscape terms, often motivated by culture and land use. Notably, this thesis presents ethnogeographical concepts as being anchored in an anthropocentric perspective, based on human vision and experience in space. The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) technique of semantic analysis is used throughout. The use of the universal concepts and language of NSM allows me to clearly state the cross-cultural and cross-linguistic similarities and differences in the semantics of the landscape terms examined. It is argued that this methodology provides an effective tool in the exploration of ethnogeographical categories. Areas of landscape vocabulary covered in this thesis include words for 'long flowing-water places', such as river, in chapter 3; words for 'standing-water places', such as lake, in chapter 4; words for 'elevated places', such as mountain, in chapter 5; seascape terms, such as coast, in chapter 6; and words for larger areas of the land, such as desert and the bush, in chapters 7 and 8. The thesis also offers suggestions new directions for research.
46
Pitsch, Hagen. « Die Grammatik prädikativer Ausdrücke im Polnischen und Russischen ». Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E4F-1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Diese Dissertation untersucht die lexikalischen und morphosyntaktischen Eigenschaften polnischer und russischer Prädikatsnomina sowie der Kopula (des Kopulalexems). Sie stellt die Kasusvariation (Nominativ vs. Instrumental) sowie die Formvariation (Kurz- vs. Langformadjektiv) an diesen Prädikativen in den Mittelpunkt und hat das Ziel, ihre grammatische Quelle, Funktionsweise und Interpretation bzw. Lesart zu erklären. Dabei werden sowohl die primäre als auch die sekundäre Prädikation betrachtet. Im Rahmen der Formulierung der theoretischen Grundlagen wird ein Vorschlag gemacht, der es gestattet, den viel diskutierten Begriff "Prädikation" referenzsemantisch zu erfassen. Ferner wird vorgeschlagen, Flexionsmorphologie und Semantik (im Sinne von "grammatischer Bedeutung") voneinander zu trennen. In diesem Sinne leistet die vorgelegte Dissertation auch einen Beitrag zur Forschung über die Schnittstelle zwischen Morphosyntax und Semantik.
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Mabuza, James Khuthala Ntele. « Stylistic techniques in the short stories of D.B.Z. Ntuli ». Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17279.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This is a semantic study, dealing with style and technique in the short stories of D. B. Z. Ntuli.
The study as a whole analyses Ntuli' s first six volumes of short stories.
The first chapter is an introduction, dealing with the aim of the study. The second sub-section
after aim is Ntuli's biographical notes. Full details of this author from high school attendance to
his contribution during his working experience are given. Ntuli's biography is followed by the
scope of study. Under this sub-heading, short story volumes to be analysed are clearly stated.
The fourth sub-heading is the method of approach and a conclusion.
Chapter two deals with various types of repetition, a literary technique. It analyses Ntuli's use of
language, and repetition of sentences approaching it from different angles.
Chapter three and four deal with choice of words. The former chapter handles the various types
of language elements semantically and the latter deals specifically with the ideophone. The
ideophone is sub-divided into two sub-sections: classification and usage.
Chapter five deals with proverbial expressions and these are sub-divided into two sections:
idioms and proverbs. The usage of idiomatic expressions is discussed under: verbs, nouns and
qualificatives, while the proverbs are analysed under classification and syntax.
Imagery is dealt with in chapter six. Imagery is further sub-divided into four categories:
metaphor, simile, personification and symbolism. Style and structure are discussed in chapter
seven. In this chapter various elements of language forms are handled: types of sentenceidiophonic;
negative forms of the ideophone, with conjunctives; sentences with adverbs; the
demonstratives; titles of short story volumes and naming of characters.
Chapter eight is the general conclusion, reflecting on Ntuli's style and technique with special
emphasis on his unique use of the language. Reference is made to discoveries regarding the
author's use of vocabulary, and his techniques in using repetition as well as avoiding it, which is
part of his style. His choice of words and how he arranges them on paper is also discussed.
Ntuli's choice of titles in naming his short story volumes is summed up showing that these have
been influenced by his background. The study concludes by suggesting areas that still require
further analysis in Ntuli 's short stories.African Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)