Bibliographies thématiques / SEM contourss

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « SEM contourss »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 7 juillet 2024
Mis à jour le 7 juillet 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "SEM contourss"

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Shalaby, Abouzeid M. « Isomorphic Hilbert spaces associated with different complex contours of the $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric (-x4) theory ». International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no 11n12 (25 avril 2014) : 1450059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14500596.

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In this work, we stress the existence of isomorphisms which map complex contours from the upper half to contours in the lower half of the complex plane. The metric operator is found to depend on the chosen contour but the maps connecting different contours are norm-preserving. To elucidate these features, we parametrized the contour [Formula: see text] considered in Phys. Rev. D 73, 085002 (2006) for the study of wrong sign x4 theory. For the parametrized contour of the form [Formula: see text], we found that there exists an equivalent Hermitian Hamiltonian provided that a2c is taken to be real. The equivalent Hamiltonian is b-independent but the metric operator is found to depend on all the parameters a, b and c. Different values of these parameters generate different metric operators which define different Hilbert spaces. All these Hilbert spaces are isomorphic to each other even for the parameter values that define contours with ends in two adjacent wedges. As an example, we showed that the transition amplitudes associated with the contour [Formula: see text] are exactly the same as those calculated using the contour [Formula: see text], which is not [Formula: see text]-symmetric and has ends in two adjacent wedges in the complex plane.
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Eckert, Aubrey, Nevin Martin, Ryan G. Coe, Bibiana Seng, Zacharia Stuart et Zachary Morrell. « Development of a Comparison Framework for Evaluating Environmental Contours of Extreme Sea States ». Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no 1 (25 décembre 2020) : 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010016.

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Environmental contours of extreme sea states are often utilized for the purposes of reliability-based offshore design. Many methods have been proposed to estimate environmental contours of extreme sea states, including, but not limited to, the traditional inverse first-order reliability method (I-FORM) and subsequent modifications, copula methods, and Monte Carlo methods. These methods differ in terms of both the methodology selected for defining the joint distribution of sea state parameters and in the method used to construct the environmental contour from the joint distribution. It is often difficult to compare the results of proposed methods to determine which method should be used for a particular application or geographical region. The comparison of the predictions from various contour methods at a single site and across many sites is important to making environmental contours of extreme sea states useful in practice. The goal of this paper is to develop a comparison framework for evaluating methods for developing environmental contours of extreme sea states. This paper develops generalized metrics for comparing the performance of contour methods to one another across a collection of study sites, and applies these metrics and methods to develop conclusions about trends in the wave resource across geographic locations, as demonstrated for a pilot dataset. These proposed metrics and methods are intended to judge the environmental contours themselves relative to other contour methods, and are thus agnostic to a specific device, structure, or field of application. The metrics developed and applied in this paper include measures of predictive accuracy, physical validity, and aggregated temporal performance that can be used to both assess contour methods and provide recommendations for the use of certain methods in various geographical regions. The application and aggregation of the metrics proposed in this paper outline a comparison framework for environmental contour methods that can be applied to support design analysis workflows for offshore structures. This comparison framework could be extended in future work to include additional metrics of interest, potentially including those to address issues pertinent to a specific application area or analysis discipline, such as metrics related to structural response across contour methods or additional physics-based metrics based on wave dynamics.
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Zhou, Han, Yikun Li, Ying Gu, Zetian Shen, Xixu Zhu et Yun Ge. « A deep learning based automatic segmentation approach for anatomical structures in intensity modulation radiotherapy ». Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 18, no 6 (2021) : 7506–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2021371.

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<abstract> <sec><title>Objective</title><p>To evaluate the automatic segmentation approach for organ at risk (OARs) and compare the parameters of dose volume histogram (DVH) in radiotherapy. Methodology: Thirty-three patients were selected to contour OARs using automatic segmentation approach which based on U-Net, applying them to a number of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), breast, and rectal cancer respectively. The automatic contours were transferred to the Pinnacle System to evaluate contour accuracy and compare the DVH parameters.</p> </sec> <sec><title>Results</title><p>The time for manual contour was 56.5 ± 9, 23.12 ± 4.23 and 45.23 ± 2.39min for the OARs of NPC, breast and rectal cancer, and for automatic contour was 1.5 ± 0.23, 1.45 ± 0.78 and 1.8 ± 0.56 min. Automatic contours of Eye with the best Dice-similarity coefficients (DSC) of 0.907 ± 0.02 while with the poorest DSC of 0.459 ± 0.112 of Spinal Cord for NPC; And Lung with the best DSC of 0.944 ± 0.03 while with the poorest DSC of 0.709 ± 0.1 of Spinal Cord for breast; And Bladder with the best DSC of 0.91 ± 0.04 while with the poorest DSC of 0.43 ± 0.1 of Femoral heads for rectal cancer. The contours of Spinal Cord in H &amp; N had poor results due to the division of the medulla oblongata. The contours of Femoral head, which different from what we expect, also due to manual contour result in poor DSC.</p> </sec> <sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The automatic contour approach based deep learning method with sufficient accuracy for research purposes. However, the value of DSC does not fully reflect the accuracy of dose distribution, but can cause dose changes due to the changes in the OARs volume and DSC from the data. Considering the significantly time-saving and good performance in partial OARs, the automatic contouring also plays a supervisory role.</p> </sec> </abstract>
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Poom, Leo. « Visual Inter-Attribute Contour Completion ». Perception 30, no 7 (juillet 2001) : 855–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3222.

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A new visual phenomenon, inter-attribute illusory (completed) contours, is demonstrated. Contour completions are perceived between any combination of spatially separate pairs of inducing elements (Kanizsa-like ‘pacman’ figures) defined either by pictorial cues (luminance contrast or offset gratings), temporal contrast (motion, second-order-motion or ‘phantom’ contours), or binocular-disparity contrast. In a first experiment, observers reported the perceived occurrence of contour completion for all pair combinations of inducing elements. In a second experiment they rated the perceived clarity of the completed contours. Both methods generated similar results—contour completions were perceived even though the inducing elements were defined by different attributes. Ratings of inter-attribute clarity were no lower than in either of the two corresponding intra-attribute conditions and seem to be the average of these two ratings. The results provide evidence for the existence of attribute-invariant Gestalt processes, and on a mechanistic level indicate that the completion process operates on attribute-invariant contour detectors.
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Director, Hannah M., Adrian E. Raftery et Cecilia M. Bitz. « Improved Sea Ice Forecasting through Spatiotemporal Bias Correction ». Journal of Climate 30, no 23 (décembre 2017) : 9493–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0185.1.

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A new method, called contour shifting, is proposed for correcting the bias in forecasts of contours such as sea ice concentration above certain thresholds. Retrospective comparisons of observations and dynamical model forecasts are used to build a statistical spatiotemporal model of how predicted contours typically differ from observed contours. Forecasted contours from a dynamical model are then adjusted to correct for expected errors in their location. The statistical model changes over time to reflect the changing error patterns that result from reducing sea ice cover in the satellite era in both models and observations. For an evaluation period from 2001 to 2013, these bias-corrected forecasts are on average more accurate than the unadjusted dynamical model forecasts for all forecast months in the year at four different lead times. The total area, which is incorrectly categorized as containing sea ice or not, is reduced by 3.3 × 105 km2 (or 21.3%) on average. The root-mean-square error of forecasts of total sea ice area is also reduced for all lead times.
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Baumann, Brian C., Walter Bosch, Amit Bahl, Alison J. Birtle, Rodney H. Breau, Amarnath Challapalli, Albert Chang et al. « Development and validation of contouring guidelines for post-cystectomy adjuvant radiation of bladder cancer. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no 2_suppl (10 janvier 2016) : 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.2_suppl.409.

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409 Background: Several organizations are developing clinical trials to evaluate adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for bladder cancer patients at elevated risk of locoregional failure (LF). However, the clinical target volumes (CTVs) & organs at risk (OARs) for this treatment have not been defined in detail. Our purpose was to define multi-institutional consensus CTVs & OARs for male & female bladder cancer patients undergoing adjuvant RT in clinical trials. Methods: We convened a multi-disciplinary group of bladder cancer specialists from 9 centers in 3 countries. 5 radiation oncologists (ROs) & 7 urologists participated in the development of the proposed contours. The group proposed initial language for the CTVs & OARs and contoured them on CT scans of a male & female cystectomy patient with input from ≥ 1 urologist at each center. Using the binomial maximum-likelihood estimates method, we generated 95% level initial contours. We evaluated the contours for level of agreement using the Landis & Koch interpretation of the K statistic. Based on the initial contouring, the group updated its descriptions of the CTVs & OARs. To determine if the revised language produced consistent contours, the cystectomy bed (CB) contour was redrawn on the CT sets by an additional 5 ROs. Results: The group proposed that patients at elevated risk for LF with R0 resections should be treated to the pelvic nodes alone (internal/external iliac, distal common iliac & presacral) whereas patients with ≥ R1 resections should be treated to the pelvic nodes & CB. The group proposed the rectum, bowel space, bone marrow & urinary diversion as OARs. The level of agreement for the initial CTVs & OARs from the group varied substantially (Table). Consensus language to describe CTV & OAR structures where the initial contours varied was successfully developed. Contours & feedback from the validation group are being analyzed. Conclusions: Initial descriptions of CTVs & OARs have been successfully developed. External validation & feedback are pending. The results will be applicable to clinical trials of adjuvant RT in bladder cancer. [Table: see text]
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Zhao, Zhouxiang, Hongwu Wu, Meng Zhang, Shiqiang Fu et Kang Zhu. « Fiber Orientation Reconstruction from SEM Images of Fiber-Reinforced Composites ». Applied Sciences 13, no 6 (14 mars 2023) : 3700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063700.

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The orientation of fibers in composites reinforced with short fibers can provide insight into the microstructure of the material and considerably affect its macroscopic characteristics. However, the present standard techniques for detecting fiber orientation and length based on microscopic image processing have faults in practical applications, including high effort, low efficiency, and unreliable measurement results. In this study, a method for measuring fiber orientation based on 3D reconstructions of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images is provided. The geodesic active contour (GAC) model is applied to segment the fibers in the SEM images. Matching the fiber contours with the scale-invariant feature transformation (SIFT) algorithm successfully extracts 3D orientation information from the fiber contours. The unit vector of the fiber axis is fitted from the extracted point cloud using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. With a maximum deviation of 3.83° and an average deviation of 1.50°, the measurement findings of this method are substantially comparable to those of the image-measuring instrument. This paper offers a quantitative approach to studying the microstructure of short fiber-reinforced composites, thereby furnishing objective evidence to support the development and research of such materials.
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Wrang, Linus, Eirini Katsidoniotaki, Erik Nilsson, Anna Rutgersson, Jesper Rydén et Malin Göteman. « Comparative Analysis of Environmental Contour Approaches to Estimating Extreme Waves for Offshore Installations for the Baltic Sea and the North Sea ». Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no 1 (18 janvier 2021) : 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010096.

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At the stage of design load analysis for offshore installations such as wave energy systems, a critical step is the determination of environmental cases to be evaluated for the definition of the characteristic design load. A commonly used methodology for load case selection, applied in multiple studies and recommended by technical specifications and guidelines, is the environmental contour approach. Here, 50-year environmental contours were generated for four study sites located in the North Sea, Skagerrak and the Baltic Sea by considering both observations and hindcast (model) data. For the construction of the contours, the well-established inverse first-order method (I-FORM) and a modified version using principal component analysis (PCA) were both examined. Furthermore, a 2-dimensional peaks-over-threshold (2D POT) method was evaluated. It was found that a version of the regular I-FORM was able to produce satisfactory contours which properly accounted for the highest waves. When using PCA, the dependency in the data was not properly captured by the probability functions under consideration. The 2D POT method, where applicable, was found to underestimate the extreme sea states. Comparisons between contours obtained from observations and hindcast data showed that the contours may differ substantially depending on the site and method, and thus care must be exercised when using hindcast data for such purposes.
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Mikulić, Antonio, et Joško Parunov. « Environmental Contours in the Adriatic Sea for Design and Analysis of Marine Structures ». Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no 5 (23 avril 2023) : 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11050899.

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The environmental contours represent an approach for defining extreme environmental conditions, resulting in extreme responses of marine structures with a given return period. Over the past decade, an increasing number of studies have been developed dealing with the methods for defining environmental contours and enhancing their practical application in different marine environments. In the present study, environmental contours describing significant wave heights and peak wave periods are created for the Adriatic Sea. This small semi-enclosed sea basin within the Mediterranean Sea encounters increasing maritime and offshore activities. Considering also a great but still unused potential for the installation of renewable energy facilities, the main motives for the presented study are concluded. The environmental contours are established based on 24 years of hindcast wave data extracted from the WorldWaves database. Joint distributions consisting of the marginal distribution of significant wave height and conditional distributions of peak wave periods are used as a basis for the creation of environmental contours using the IFORM and ISORM methods. Return periods of 1 year, 25 years, and 100 years are considered relevant for the marine operation, design of ships, and offshore structures, respectively. A possibility of environmental contour practical application to the calculation of global wave loads upon ship structures is presented. Based on the uncertainty assessment performed, conservative environmental contours for the whole Adriatic are also presented.
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Kozma, P., I. Kovács et G. Benedek. « Late Maturation (Age >5 Years) of Long-Range Spatial Interactions in Humans ». Perception 26, no 1_suppl (août 1997) : 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970113.

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We have studied the development of long-range spatial interactions in children (age 5 – 14 years) with normal vision. In our field study involving 410 normal children we used a battery of contour-integration cards that were developed earlier to test amblyopic patients (Kovács, Polat, and Norcia, paper presented at ARVO 1996). Each card consisted of a closed chain of collinearly aligned Gabor patches (contour) and a background of randomly oriented and positioned Gabor patches (noise). Subjects were asked to identify the location of the contour, and also to trace the contour within each card. The value of P was varied across cards (1.1 > P > 0.65), where P is the ratio of noise spacing to contour spacing. It is assumed that long-range, orientation-specific facilitatory interactions connect collinear contour segments together for P < 1. The strength of long-range interactions is defined by the minimal value of P yielding contour segregation. Children in the 13 – 14 years age group were able to see most of the contours ( Pmin < 0.7), while 5 – 6-year-old children missed the contours in about half of the cards ( Pmin < 0.9). This result indicates a very late maturation of long-range spatial interactions. It is possible that the late formation of horizontal connections in superficial layers of the human primary visual cortex (Burkhalter et al, 1993 Journal of Neuroscience13 1916 – 1931) is the neural basis of our developmental finding.
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Thèses sur le sujet "SEM contourss"

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Bourguignon, Thibaut. « Implémentation et évaluation de la mesure Overlay in-situ par microscopie électronique pour la production de puces électroniques ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALT001.

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Les circuits intégrés sont fabriqués via un empilement de diverses couches. L’alignement précis de ces niveaux, dit « overlay (OVL)», est critique pour assurer la fiabilité des puces. Les spécifications sont très strictes : sur une plaque de 300mm de diamètre, chaque motif doit être aligné avec une précision de quelques nanomètres. Les méthodes actuelles, basées sur l'observation optique de mires dédiées, montrent leurs limites en termes de représentativité et d'évaluation de la variabilité locale.Cette thèse propose une approche novatrice, exploitant la microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM), afin de mesurer avec précision ces variations locales et d'appréhender les biais induits par les mires. Pour cela, un algorithme innovant permettant la mesure de l’overlay à partir de contours SEM a été développé. Par le recalage de contours de référence sur les contours extraits, l’overlay est mesuré directement sur le produit, nécessiter de mire spécifique, même en présence de niveaux partiellement masqués.Suite à l'évaluation de cette méthode sur des images synthétiques, son application sur des plaques de production a permis de quantifier la variabilité locale de l'overlay sur le produit, de mettre en évidence les écarts par rapport aux mesures en ligne, tout en révélant les limites de la métrologie SEM-OVL
Integrated circuits are manufactured via a stack of various layers. The precise alignment of these layers, known as "overlay" (OVL), is critical to chip reliability. The specifications are very strict: on a 300mm-diameter wafer, each pattern must be aligned to within a few nanometres. Current methods, based on optical observation of dedicated test patterns, show their limitations in terms of representativeness and assessment of local variability.This thesis proposes an innovative approach, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to accurately measure these local variations and to understand the biases induced by the test patterns. To this end, an algorithm for measuring the overlay from SEM contours has been developed. By registering reference contours on the extracted contours, the overlay is measured directly on the product, without the need for a specific test pattern, even in the presence of partially masked levels.Following the evaluation of this method on synthetic images, its application to production wafers enabled us to quantify the local variability of the overlay on the product, highlighting deviations from on-line measurements, while revealing the limits of SEM-OVL metrology
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Angel, Paul Nathan. « Multiscale image analysis for the automated localisation of taxonomic landmark points and the identification of species of parasitic wasp ». Thesis, University of South Wales, 1999. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/multiscale-image-analysis-for-the-automated-localisation-of-taxonomic-landmark-points-and-the-identification-of-species-of-parasitic-wasp(3fc37701-6392-4036-b5e7-4c04b66179d4).html.

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Automating the identification of biological specimens from 2D image data poses difficult problems given the natural variation, specimen damage and background clutter that can exist. The tools used by taxonomists tend to be manual or semi-automated, where the operator locates salient image features from which the system automatically derives taxonomic measurements for identification. Fully automating the extraction of taxonomic features and the subsequent identification task would allow for more robust and accurate identification and provide tools for users in the field who do not possess expert knowledge. This work focuses on the automatic localisation of taxonomic landmark points and the identification of species of parasitic wasps of the order Hymenoptera using SEM images of their heads. These images present significant analysis problems. Image feature extraction techniques investigated to solve this problem include deformable contour models, texture analysis and the Mallat wavelet transform. Deformable contour models perform poorly given the textural clutter in the images while texture analysis techniques introduce correlated noise into the segmented image, which can reduce landmark localisation accuracy to 25%. The wavelet transform overcomes this problem by filtering textural clutter at larger scales of analysis. A novel technique is presented which recombines the wavelet transform to create a single contour map where textural clutter is filtered out. This is based on the interaction between edge events which is calculated within a region of interest (ROI) that expands as the scale decreases. In configuring the ROI, a balance must be achieved between filtering textural clutter and eroding salient contours. The landmark localisation accuracy is directly related to this ROI expansion. This represents the main contribution to knowledge. A fast expansion at the high end of the scale range results in a landmark localisation accuracy of 95%. Applying these landmarks to a neural network classifier results in a 91% correct identification rate. This represents a significant improvement over the 65% identification rate obtained by taxonomists and is robust to landmark displacement as a result of contour erosion.
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Liozon, Fabrice. « Méthodes semi-automatiques de détection du contour ventriculaire en scintigraphie cardiaque planaire ». Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120074.

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En medecine nucleaire la determination de la fonction ventriculaire gauche necessite une detection de contour ventriculaire et sa precision depend de l'exactitude de ce contour. Les images des cavites cardiaques doivent etre filtrees avant tout traitement, dans cette etude, nous avons utilise le filtre de wiener. Nous avons developpe deux outils d'aide a la detection (methodes semi-automatiques) visant a aider l'operateur dans son trace du contour ventriculaire et lui eviter des erreurs liees a la repetitivite. Pour le premier, appele algorithme adaptatif, nous partons des traces tele-systolique et tele-diastolique etablis par l'operateur. Nous recherchons secteur par secteur la methode de detection de contour qui minimise l'erreur quadratique de position avec le contour trace par l'operateur. Pour chaque secteur, la methode retenue est alors utilisee pour tracer le contour de toutes les images du cycle cardiaque. Pour la deuxieme methode proposee, appelee algorithme des contours actifs, nous cherchons a reduire la part de l'operateur. Nous partons d'un modele developpe dans la litterature que nous avons ameliore en rendant ces parametres de reglage plus explicites en terme d'image. L'operateur place autour de la zone ventriculaire gauche une ellipse ideale ; ce contour initial subit des deformations par l'action d'un potentiel d'attraction pour se stabiliser sur les bords ventriculaires. Nous avons valide les deux algorithmes au moyen de contours manuels executes par des experts. Ces deux algorithmes permettent d'annuler les erreurs de reproductibilite inter et intra-individuelles. Notre etude est en faveur de l'utilisation de l'algorithme adaptatif, car il donne une erreur quadratique de position plus faible que le deuxieme algorithme. De meme les parametres de la fonction ventriculaire sont plus proches des valeurs de reference. Nous concluons egalement que l'algorithme des contours actifs doit etre reserve aux images de contraste eleve.
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Samarawickrama, Saman Priyantha. « Long-term tide and wave-induced sedimentation at a lagoon entrance ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325317.

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Zhou, Jianlong. « Semi-automatic transfer function generation for volumetric data visualization using contour tree analyses ». Phd thesis, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9326.

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Fontecave, Jallon Julie. « Extraction semi-automatique des mouvements du tractus vocal à partir de données sinaradiographiques ». Grenoble INPG, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00203082.

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Nous proposons une technique pour faciliter l'extraction des contours du conduit vocal à partir de séquences cinéradiographiques de locuteurs. La méthode combine l'expertise humaine pour marquer manuellement un petit nombre d'images clefs et un traitement automatique de l'information vidéo (coefficient DCT basses fréquences des images). Nous estimons l'erreur de marquage. Pour chaque séquence les articulateurs (langue, lèvre, vélum,. . . ) sont traités indépendemment. Puis les contours obtenus sont combinés pour reconstruire le conduit vocal complet en mouvement. A partir de ces données, nous conduisons une analyse des relations articulatori-acoustiques basée sur deux approches concurrentes : un modèle associatif et un modèle acoustique. Ce dernier utilise les fonctions d'aire déterminées à partir d'une grille et mène à la synthèse de parole. Nous évaluons d'un point de vue phonétique la validité des contours extraits et des formants estimés
We propose a technique for facilitating the extraction of vocal tract contours from complete sequences of large existing cineradiographic databases. The method combines the human expertise required for marking a small number of key images and the automatic processing of the video data (low frequency DCT components of the image). We estimate the marking error. For each sequence, the articulators (tongue, velum, lips, etc. ) are processed independently. The acquired contours are then combined to reconstruct the movements of the entire vocal tract. Using these data, we carry out an analysis of articulatory-acoustic relationships, based on two competing approaches: an associatice model and an acoustic one. The latter uses the area functions calculated using a grid and leads to speech synthesis. We phonetically evaluated the validity of the extracted contours and the estimated formants
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Nöjdh, Oscar. « Intelligent boundary extraction for area and volume measurement : Using LiveWire for 2D and 3D contour extraction in medical imaging ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Programvara och system, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-136448.

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This thesis tries to answer if a semi-automatic tool can speed up the process of segmenting tumors to find the area of a slice in the tumor or the volume of the entire tumor. A few different 2D semi-automatic tools were considered. The final choice was to implement live-wire. The implemented live-wire was evaluated and improved upon with hands-on testing from developers. Two methods were found for extending live-wire to 3D bodies. The first method was to interpolate the seed points and create new contours using the new seed points. The second method was to let the user segment contours in two orthogonal projections. The intersections between those contours and planes in the third orthogonal projection were then used to create automatic contours in this third projection. Both tools were implemented and evaluated. The evaluation compared the two tools to manual segmentation on two cases posing different difficulties. Time-on-task and accuracy were measured during the evaluation. The evaluation revealed that the semi-automatic tools could indeed save the user time while maintaining acceptable (80%) accuracy. The significance of all results were analyzed using two-tailed t-tests.
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Smith, Robert K. « The contour-advective semi-Lagrangian hybrid algorithm approach to weather forecasting and freely propagating inertia-gravity waves in the shallow-water system ». Thesis, St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/716.

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Chiu, Bernard. « A new segmentation algorithm for prostate boundary detection in 2D ultrasound images ». Thesis, Waterloo, Ont. : University of Waterloo, [Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering], 2003. http://etd.uwaterloo.ca/etd/bcychiu2003.pdf.

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Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Waterloo, 2003.
"A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering". Includes bibliographical references.
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Frandon, Julien. « IRM cardiaque : mise au point d'un logiciel semi-automatique pour l'étude de la trabéculation du ventricule gauche Semiautomatic detection of myocardial contours in order to investigate normal values of the left ventricular trabeculated mass using MRI Semi-automatic detection of myocardial trabeculation using cardiovascular magnetic resonance : correlation with histology and reproducibility in a mouse model of non-compaction ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAS045.

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La non compaction du ventricule gauche est une pathologie rare, avec une incidence chez l’adulte estimée à 0,014 %. Son pronostic est mal connu, avec une symptomatologie variable (insuffisance cardiaque, trouble du rythme cardiaque, épisodes emboliques) pouvant aller jusqu’à la transplantation cardiaque et au décès.Il n’existe pas de gold standard diagnostique. Une non compaction est suspectée devant un aspect hypertrabéculé du myocarde avec un épaississement de la couche non compactée et de profonds récessus. Certains auteurs ont proposé des critères 2D basés sur des rapports de longueurs entre couche compactée et non compactée comme Jenni et al en échographie cardiaque ou Petersen et al en IRM. Jacquier et al ont proposé une mesure de la masse non compactée totale en utilisant le volume complet de l’acquisition IRM mais avec une segmentation manuelle incluant le sang entre les trabéculations.L’objectif de ce travail est la mise au point d’un logiciel de segmentation semi automatique de la trabéculation en IRM cardiaque pour avoir des mesures plus précises et reproductibles des trabécules en supprimant le sang. Le logiciel a été validé techniquement sur des IRM 1,5 et 3 Tesla de pratique clinique courante. Il permet une segmentation précise et reproductible en 15 minutes de la masse compactée et non compactée du myocarde. Les mesures de masse ont été comparées à des mesures histologiques réelles sur modèle murin, avec une corrélation excellente. Le logiciel a été testé sur une large cohorte de patients sains, permettant de définir les valeurs normales de trabéculation par tranche d’âge et par sexe. Il est en cours de validation sur les patients atteints de non compaction
Left ventricular non-compaction is a rare cardiomyopathy with an incidence of 0,014 % in adult patients. Its prognosis remains little known. Untreated, it can lead to heart failure, cardioembolic events, tachyarythmia, heart transplant and death.Non compaction is suspected on echocardiography or CMR when a characteristic double-layered aspect of the myocardium with a thick, non-compacted endocardial layer, prominent trabeculations and deep recesses are observed, but there is no gold standard for the diagnosis. Some have proposed 2D criteria based on ratios of lengths between compacted and non compacted layers evaluated by sonography or MRI. Jacquier and al have proposed a quantification of the total amount of LV trabeculation on CMR but with a manual contouring including blood inside the trabeculae.Our purpose was the development of a semi-automatic software package to calculate the non-compacted mass that suppresses blood from the trabeculae and evaluates the total amount of compacted and non compacted mass. The feasibility of this trabeculation quantification algorithm was illustrated in multicenter, multivendor 1,5 and 3 T MRI. The software allows a precise and reproductible segmentation in about 15 mins. The quantification software was compared with histology, and tested for accuracy and reproducibility in a mouse model of non-compaction. The software was tested in a large cohort of healthy subjects to provide the range of normal values of trabeculae across age and gender. Clinical validation on patients with non compaction is in progress
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Livres sur le sujet "SEM contourss"

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Lynch, Annette. Porn chic : Exploring the contours of raunch eroticism. London : Berg, 2012.

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Norton-Piliavsky, Jonathan. Contours in the text : Textual variation in the writings of Paul, Josephus and the Yaḥad. London : T & T Clark, 2011.

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Biryukova, Ol'ga, Marina Glazatova, Irina Il'ina, Ol'ga Klochko, Anna Kurapova, Aleksandr Larionov, Anastasiya Lihacheva et al. New approaches to Russia’s foreign economic strategy : analytical report. ru : Publishing Center RIOR, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/978-5-7133-1766-9.

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The analytical report deals with the development features and shifts in the international trading system that affect the global economic landscape and the participation of countries in the international exchange of goods, services, and intellectual property. There is a need to reassess approaches to the set of trade policy instruments used to support national producers and build economic relations with foreign partners. Possible contours of Russian trade policy are proposed that meet both existing global trends and new challenges and shocks. The analytical report uses the results of the project “New approaches to Russia’s foreign economic strategy”, carried out as part of the research program of the Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs of the National Research University Higher School of Economics in 2023.
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Anderson, Barton L. Improbable Illusory Contours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0062.

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Illusory contours are one of the most widely studied kinds of visual illusion. Illusory contours are often understood as an adaptive response to filling-in missing information created from conditions of camouflage. This chapter describes a new class of very vivid illusory contours that appear impossible to understand as forms of rational inference. It presents a set of illusory contours that emerge in conditions for which there is no missing information or need for their synthesis. It argues that such contours provide a valuable testing ground for both specific theories of illusory contour formation, and general theories of perceptual organization. Videos made specifically for this chapter help illustrate the concepts discussed.
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Yamamoto, Koji. Contexts and Contours. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739173.003.0002.

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This chapter sketches the contours of projecting as a discourse and the concrete activities during the period covered by the book. Combining data drawn from patents for inventions and the English Short Title Catalogue, it identifies two peaks of projecting, first in the 1630s and 1640s, and then from the end of the seventeenth century. The first is related to monopolies and fiscal exactions authorized by prerogative during the Personal Rule of Charles I, the second to joint-stock companies and patented inventions in the age of the financial revolution. Existing accounts have tended to treat them separately. Projects across these evolving circumstances, however, display certain commonalities if we set them against medieval antecedents. This chapter thereby establishes projecting in early modern England as a tangible subject for historical inquiry. It concludes by juxtaposing English and European trajectories.
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Lynch, Annette. Porn Chic : Exploring the Contours of Raunch Eroticism. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2013.

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Rao, P. V. India's Naval Diplomacy : Contours and Constraints. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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Rao, P. V. India's Naval Diplomacy : Contours and Constraints. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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Rao, P. V. India's Naval Diplomacy : Contours and Constraints. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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Beaulieu, Marie-Claire, dir. A Cultural History of the Sea in Antiquity. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474207201.

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The sea is omnipresent in the ancient cultures of the Mediterranean basin. It is an inexhaustible source of food, but also a well-traveled roadway and a means to communicate, trade with, or wage war against one’s neighbors. Perhaps because these practical meanings of the sea were so deeply embedded in daily life, the sea also had a profound religious and symbolic significance for ancient people, from the worship of sea-deities by anxious mariners to the creation of intricate literary devices based on ‘the wine-dark sea’ and concepts such as insularity. People even imagined that, at the edge of the world, where the ocean meets the sky, was the entrance to the Underworld as well as to Olympus, the realm of the gods. In between these distant mythical shores and the well-known contours of the Mediterranean was a space where all utopias and dystopias could be projected—a space to discover and rediscover endlessly. This volume addresses the constant interplay between the real and the imaginary significance of the sea in ancient thought, from philosophy and science to shipbuilding, trade routes, military technology, poetry, mythmaking, and iconography. The volume spans a period of almost two millennia and an area that covers Spain to India and China, and West Africa to the British Isles, demonstrating the global interconnection of cultures and trade, conceived in its broadest possible sense, in the ancient world.
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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "SEM contourss"

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Gerbino, Walter, et Gaetano Kanizsa. « Can We See Constructs ? » Dans The Perception of Illusory Contours, 246–52. New York, NY : Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4760-9_27.

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Sarma, Biswajit Dev, Meghamallika Sarma et S. R. M. Prasanna. « Semi-automatic Segmentation and Marking of Pitch Contours for Prosodic Analysis ». Dans Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 127–37. New Delhi : Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2464-8_10.

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Lauer, Sascha, Sebastian Rieck, Martin-Christoph Wanner et Wilko Flügge. « Partial Automated Multi-Pass-Welding for Thick Sheet Metal Connections ». Dans Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2021, 399–410. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74032-0_33.

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AbstractThe production of tubular-node-connections, which are required for the construction of offshore wind energy plants or converter platforms, is subject to high manufacturing standards. The welding process is currently carried out manually and requires a great deal of experience on the part of the welder. In this process, one or more branch member pipes are welded to a base pipe, which vary in their diameters and alignment to each other. This results in a small batch size for which no standard automation solution can be considered. The approach of a pre-defined offline path-planning is not expedient, since the weld metal forms differently with the multiple curved geometries and the desired target result cannot be achieved with an integrated compensation. The approach for automation combines the experience of a skilled welder with the accuracy of an industrial-robot. For implementation, the robot system moves along the welding contour with a 2D-profile sensor. The joint profile is recorded at defined measurement points. Parallel to the seam cross-section, the current gradient of the geometry in relation to the horizontal plane is stored. After all the information has been generated, it is visualized for the operator in a graphical user interface. The operator can use his experience in the field of welding technology and can carry out the positioning of the weld seam in every single scan generated. The decisions on positioning are stored in the system and serve as a base for a future implementation of an automatic system for positioning welding beads on multi-curved contours.
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Duy Dao, Son, Ngoc-Tan Truong, Edwige Pissaloux, Katerine Romeo et Lilia Djoussouf. « Semi-automatic Contour “Gist” Creation for Museum Painting Tactile Exploration ». Dans Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 270–77. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08648-9_31.

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Sutradhar, Brajendra C. « Advances and Challenges in Inferences for Elliptically Contoured t Distributions ». Dans Advances and Challenges in Parametric and Semi-parametric Analysis for Correlated Data, 3–39. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31260-6_1.

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He, Wenchong, Arpan Man Sainju, Zhe Jiang et Da Yan. « Deep Neural Network for 3D Surface Segmentation based on Contour Tree Hierarchy ». Dans Proceedings of the 2021 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (SDM), 253–61. Philadelphia, PA : Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611976700.29.

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Benedettini, Riccardo. « Il teatro di violenze domestiche di Ágota Kristóf ». Dans Studi di letterature moderne e comparate, 31–39. Florence : Firenze University Press, USiena Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0278-7.04.

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For Ágota Kristóf, theatrical and novel communication are not as clearly different as we would expect given the difference between the two literary genres. The first plays, written in French-speaking Switzerland starting from the end of the 1970s, contain those motifs that would later build the imaginative system of the most famous novels. Violence, latent or manifest, dominates all sentimentality and outlines, in its precise contours of abuse of the body, what will be the constant controversy in all of the writer's activity in the theatre, in the novel, in poetry. In the features of violence we see a detached testimony of social relationships, that accumulation of frustrations that causes individual events to transform into episodes of a broader human story.
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Peutz, Nathalie. « Small Things ». Dans Migration, Displacement, and Higher Education, 279–93. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12350-4_23.

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AbstractIn 2018 and 2019, students from NYU Abu Dhabi spent a week participating, observing, and learning in a refugee camp in Djibouti as a part of an intensive January term course on Displacement and Migration across the Red Sea. This chapter discusses the contours of this student-and-refugee engagement and its relation to the author’s prior ethnographic research and collaborative photography projects in the camp. Revisiting how the university students and their refugee hosts experienced these events, and addressing questions of ethics, value, and privilege, the chapter unsettles common assumptions about who was teaching and helping whom. As flawed and uneven as these educational journeys can be, the chapter argues that what is to be gained from these encounters are not just “small things.”
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Farmaki, C., K. Marias, V. Sakkalis et N. Graf. « A spatially adaptive active contour method for improving semi-automatic medical image annotation ». Dans IFMBE Proceedings, 1878–81. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03882-2_499.

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Finneran, James J., Jason Mulsow et Carolyn E. Schlundt. « Using Reaction Time and Equal Latency Contours to Derive Auditory Weighting Functions in Sea Lions and Dolphins ». Dans The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II, 281–87. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_33.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "SEM contourss"

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Armstrong, Curtis, Christopher Chin, Irene Penesis et Yuriy Drobyshevski. « Sensitivity of Vessel Responses to Environmental Contours of Extreme Sea States ». Dans ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41680.

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A comparative study of two methods for the generation of the environmental contours is presented investigating the sensitivity of the predicted extreme vessel responses to the type of the contour lines. Two approaches for the generation of environmental contours of the significant wave height and peak period are compared: the Inverse First Order Reliability Method (IFORM) and Constant Probability Density (CPD) approach. Case studies include several global responses of a ship-shaped weather-vaning vessel and a semisubmersible platform. The case studies reveal that the differences between the IFORM and CPD contours are more pronounced in the range of long wave periods. Vessel responses which are less sensitive to long wave periods exhibit less difference (less than 1.0%) in their maximum values between the two types of contours. In contrast, responses which are sensitive to long wave periods show significantly larger differences of up to 7.0%. Uncertainties also exist in the predicted extreme responses where the environmental contour and the response isoline behave tangentially. Differences between the extreme responses produced by the two contours generally decrease with an increase in return period; however exceptions exist due to the tangential behaviour. It is advised that these sensitivities should be taken into consideration when the environmental contours are used in the design.
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Weisbuch, François, Jirka Schatz, Sylvio Mattick, Nivea Schuch, Thiago Figueiro et Patrick Schiavone. « Investigating SEM-contour to CD-SEM matching ». Dans Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Semiconductor Manufacturing XXXV, sous la direction de Ofer Adan et John C. Robinson. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2583715.

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Yakovlev, Nikita, Alexander Vladimirovich Khvostikov et Andrey Serdjevich Krylov. « Method for automatic initialization of trainable active contours for instance segmentation in histological images ». Dans 33rd International Conference on Computer Graphics and Vision. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/graphicon-2023-598-608.

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The method of trainable active contour is one of the semi-automatic segmentation methods that can be applied to segment glands in histological images. In this paper, we propose a method for automatic initialization of trainable active contour model, which makes the segmentation method fully automatic. Using a U-Net like architecture, a preprocessed image segmentation masks is predicted for the input image, from which initial approximations of contours are calculated for each gland. The proposed method correctly marks 96.2 % part for the glands on the test set of the PATH-DT-MSU S1-v2 dataset. As a result, we get initial approximations located inside each gland in the image.
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Weisbuch, François, A. Omran et Kenneth Jantzen. « Calibrating etch model with SEM contours ». Dans SPIE Advanced Lithography, sous la direction de Kafai Lai et Andreas Erdmann. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2180271.

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Schneider, L., V. Farys, E. Serret et C. Fenouillet-Beranger. « Framework for SEM contour analysis ». Dans SPIE Advanced Lithography, sous la direction de Martha I. Sanchez et Vladimir A. Ukraintsev. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2258059.

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Vasek, Jim, Edita Tejnil, Ir Kusnadi, Ofer Lindman, Ovadya Menadeva et Ram Peltinov. « SEM-contour based mask modeling ». Dans SPIE Advanced Lithography. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.776669.

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Thrift, A. A., K. A. Thole et S. Hada. « Effects of an Axisymmetric Contoured Endwall on a Nozzle Guide Vane : Convective Heat Transfer Measurements ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2010 : Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22970.

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Heat transfer is a critical factor in the durability of gas turbine components, particularly in the first vane. An axisymmetric contour is sometimes used to contract the cross sectional area from the combustor to the first stage vane in the turbine. Such contouring can lead to significant changes in the endwall flows thereby altering the heat transfer. This paper investigates the effect of axisymmetric contouring on endwall heat transfer of a nozzle guide vane. Heat transfer measurements are performed on the endwalls of a planar and contoured passage whereby one endwall is modified with a linear slope in the case of the contoured passage. Included in this study is upstream leakage flow issuing from a slot normal to the inlet axis. Each of the endwalls within the contoured passage presents a unique flowfield. For the contoured passage, the flat endwall is subject to an increased acceleration through the area contraction while the contoured endwall includes both increased acceleration and a turning of streamlines due to the slope. Results indicate heat transfer is reduced on both endwalls of the contoured passage relative to the planar passage. In the case of all endwalls, increasing leakage mass flow rate leads to an increase in heat transfer near the suction side of the vane leading edge.
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Oya, Masahiro, Yosuke Okamoto, Shinichi Nakazawa, Kotaro Maruyama, Yuichiro Yamazaki, Shinji Murakami, Yoshihiro Midoh et Noriyuki Miura. « Utilization of active contour model with 3D-SEM simulation for see-through BSE image of high voltage SEM ». Dans Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control XXXVIII, sous la direction de Matthew J. Sendelbach et Nivea G. Schuch. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3011075.

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Vanem, Erik, et Elzbieta M. Bitner-Gregersen. « Alternative Environmental Contours for Marine Structural Design : A Comparison Study ». Dans ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23252.

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A new approach to estimating environmental contours has recently been proposed, where the contours are estimated in the original physical space by Monte Carlo simulations from the joint distribution directly rather than applying the Rosenblatt transformation. In this paper, the new and the traditional approach to estimating the contours are presented and the assumptions on which they are based are discussed. The different results given by these two methods are then compared in a number of case studies. Simultaneous probability density functions are fitted to the joint distribution of significant wave height and wave period for selected ocean locations and, for each area, environmental contours are estimated for both methods. The chosen locations are characterised by different wave climates. Thus, the practical consequences of the choice of approach are assessed. Particular attention is given to mixed sea systems, i.e. a combination of wind sea and swell. In these situations, the new approach for environmental contours may fail to identify realistic conditions along some parts of the contours while for other wave conditions the contours are quite similar. The paper also briefly discusses possible ways of amending the new approach to estimating the contours to obtain more realistic conditions all along the contour lines.
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Ghafoor, Abdul, et Jian S. Dai. « Torsional Stiffnesses of the Soft Contact of a Soft-Robotic-Finger ». Dans ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57381.

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This paper investigates the equivalent contour representation of the soft contact, proposes torsional stiffness coefficients relating the contact contour to a soft-robotic-finger contact and develops the finite elastic elements of the soft finger. The contact is modeled between a grasped object and a soft fingertip as a number of contours with a set of equivalent elastic contact points arranged on each contour. The stiffness matrix model is presented and related to the torsional stiffness coefficients. The paper further reveals the effect of the robotic finger stiffness on the stiffness coefficients by modeling the finger with a finite number of elastic elements arranged serially. The couples which arise from the elastic elements give translational and torsional stiffness characteristics of the soft contact. This presents a way of measuring soft contact stiffness. In particular, the torsional stiffness is investigated with its variance with the contours. A case study is presented at the end.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "SEM contourss"

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Ray, Laura, Madeleine Jordan, Steven Arcone, Lynn Kaluzienski, Benjamin Walker, Peter Ortquist Koons, James Lever et Gordon Hamilton. Velocity field in the McMurdo shear zone from annual ground penetrating radar imaging and crevasse matching. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), décembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42623.

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The McMurdo shear zone (MSZ) is strip of heavily crevassed ice oriented in the south-north direction and moving northward. Previous airborne surveys revealed a chaotic crevasse structure superimposed on a set of expected crevasse orientations at 45 degrees to the south-north flow (due to shear stress mechanisms). The dynamics that produced this chaotic structure are poorly understood. Our purpose is to present our field methodology and provide field data that will enable validation of models of the MSZ evolution, and here, we present a method for deriving a local velocity field from ground penetrating radar (GPR) data towards that end. Maps of near-surface crevasses were derived from two annual GPR surveys of a 28 km² region of the MSZ using Eulerian sampling. Our robot-towed and GPS navigated GPR enabled a dense survey grid, with transects of the shear zone at 50 m spacing. Each survey comprised multiple crossings of long (> 1 km) crevasses that appear in echelon on the western and eastern boundaries of the shear zone, as well as two or more crossings of shorter crevasses in the more chaotic zone between the western and eastern boundaries. From these maps, we derived a local velocity field based on the year-to-year movement of the same crevasses. Our velocity field varies significantly from fields previously established using remote sensing and provides more detail than one concurrently derived from a 29-station GPS network. Rather than a simple velocity gradient expected for crevasses oriented approximately 45 degrees to flow direction, we find constant velocity contours oriented diagonally across the shear zone with a wavy fine structure. Although our survey is based on near-surface crevasses, similar crevassing found in marine ice at 160 m depth leads us to conclude that this surface velocity field may hold through the body of meteoric and marine ice. Our success with robot-towed GPR with GPS navigation suggests we may greatly increase our survey areas.
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Rousseau, Henri-Paul. Gutenberg, L’université et le défi numérique. CIRANO, décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/wodt6646.

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Introduction u cours des deux derniers millénaires, il y a eu plusieurs façons de conserver, transmettre et même créer la connaissance ; la tradition orale, l’écrit manuscrit, l’écrit imprimé et l’écrit numérisé. La tradition orale et le manuscrit ont dominé pendant plus de 1400 ans, et ce, jusqu’à l’apparition du livre imprimé en 1451, résultant de l’invention mécanique de Gutenberg. Il faudra attendre un peu plus de 550 ans, avant que l’invention du support électronique déloge à son tour le livre imprimé, prenant une ampleur sans précédent grâce à la révolution numérique contemporaine, résultat du maillage des technologies de l’informatique, de la robotique et de la science des données. Les premières universités qui sont nées en Occident, au Moyen Âge, ont développé cette tradition orale de la connaissance tout en multipliant l’usage du manuscrit créant ainsi de véritables communautés de maîtres et d’étudiants ; la venue de l’imprimerie permettra la multiplication des universités où l’oral et l’écrit continueront de jouer un rôle déterminant dans la création et la transmission des connaissances même si le « support » a évolué du manuscrit à l’imprimé puis vers le numérique. Au cours de toutes ces années, le modèle de l’université s’est raffiné et perfectionné sur une trajectoire somme toute assez linéaire en élargissant son rôle dans l’éducation à celui-ci de la recherche et de l’innovation, en multipliant les disciplines offertes et les clientèles desservies. L’université de chaque ville universitaire est devenue une institution florissante et indispensable à son rayonnement international, à un point tel que l’on mesure souvent sa contribution par la taille de sa clientèle étudiante, l’empreinte de ses campus, la grandeur de ses bibliothèques spécialisées ; c’est toutefois la renommée de ses chercheurs qui consacre la réputation de chaque université au cours de cette longue trajectoire pendant laquelle a pu s’établir la liberté universitaire. « Les libertés universitaires empruntèrent beaucoup aux libertés ecclésiastiques » : Étudiants et maîtres, qu'ils furent, ou non, hommes d'Église, furent assimilés à des clercs relevant de la seule justice ecclésiastique, réputée plus équitable. Mais ils échappèrent aussi largement à la justice ecclésiastique locale, n'étant justiciables que devant leur propre institution les professeurs et le recteur, chef élu de l’université - ou devant le pape ou ses délégués. Les libertés académiques marquèrent donc l’émergence d'un droit propre, qui ménageait aux maîtres et aux étudiants une place à part dans la société. Ce droit était le même, à travers l'Occident, pour tous ceux qui appartenaient à ces institutions supranationales que furent, par essence, les premières universités. À la fin du Moyen Âge, l'affirmation des États nationaux obligea les libertés académiques à s'inscrire dans ce nouveau cadre politique, comme de simples pratiques dérogatoires au droit commun et toujours sujettes à révision. Vestige vénérable de l’antique indépendance et privilège octroyé par le prince, elles eurent donc désormais un statut ambigu » . La révolution numérique viendra fragiliser ce statut. En effet, la révolution numérique vient bouleverser cette longue trajectoire linéaire de l’université en lui enlevant son quasi monopole dans la conservation et le partage du savoir parce qu’elle rend plus facile et somme toute, moins coûteux l’accès à l’information, au savoir et aux données. Le numérique est révolutionnaire comme l’était l’imprimé et son influence sur l’université, sera tout aussi considérable, car cette révolution impacte radicalement tous les secteurs de l’économie en accélérant la robotisation et la numérisation des processus de création, de fabrication et de distribution des biens et des services. Ces innovations utilisent la radio-identification (RFID) qui permet de mémoriser et de récupérer à distance des données sur les objets et l’Internet des objets qui permet aux objets d’être reliés automatiquement à des réseaux de communications .Ces innovations s’entrecroisent aux technologies de la réalité virtuelle, à celles des algorithmiques intelligentes et de l’intelligence artificielle et viennent littéralement inonder de données les institutions et les organisations qui doivent alors les analyser, les gérer et les protéger. Le monde numérique est né et avec lui, a surgi toute une série de compétences radicalement nouvelles que les étudiants, les enseignants et les chercheurs de nos universités doivent rapidement maîtriser pour évoluer dans ce Nouveau Monde, y travailler et contribuer à la rendre plus humain et plus équitable. En effet, tous les secteurs de l’activité commerciale, économique, culturelle ou sociale exigent déjà clairement des connaissances et des compétences numériques et technologiques de tous les participants au marché du travail. Dans cette nouvelle logique industrielle du monde numérique, les gagnants sont déjà bien identifiés. Ce sont les fameux GAFAM (Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon et Microsoft) suivis de près par les NATU (Netflix, Airbnb, Tesla et Uber) et par les géants chinois du numérique, les BATX (Baidu, Alibaba, Tenant et Xiaomi). Ces géants sont alimentés par les recherches, les innovations et les applications mobiles (APPs) créées par les partenaires de leurs écosystèmes regroupant, sur différents campus d’entreprises, plusieurs des cerveaux qui sont au cœur de cette révolution numérique. L’université voit donc remise en question sa capacité traditionnelle d’attirer, de retenir et de promouvoir les artisans du monde de demain. Son aptitude à former des esprits critiques et à contribuer à la transmission des valeurs universelles est également ébranlée par ce tsunami de changements. Il faut cependant reconnaître que les facultés de médecine, d’ingénierie et de sciences naturelles aux États-Unis qui ont développé des contacts étroits, abondants et suivis avec les hôpitaux, les grandes entreprises et l’administration publique et cela dès la fin du 19e siècle ont été plus en mesure que bien d’autres, de recruter et retenir les gens de talent. Elle ont énormément contribué à faire avancer les connaissances scientifiques et la scolarisation en sciences appliquées ..La concentration inouïe des Prix Nobel scientifiques aux États-Unis est à cet égard très convaincante . La révolution numérique contemporaine survient également au moment même où de grands bouleversements frappent la planète : l’urgence climatique, le vieillissement des populations, la « déglobalisation », les déplacements des populations, les guerres, les pandémies, la crise des inégalités, de l’éthique et des démocraties. Ces bouleversements interpellent les universitaires et c’est pourquoi leur communauté doit adopter une raison d’être et ainsi renouveler leur mission afin des mieux répondre à ces enjeux de la civilisation. Cette communauté doit non seulement se doter d’une vision et des modes de fonctionnement adaptés aux nouvelles réalités liées aux technologies numériques, mais elle doit aussi tenir compte de ces grands bouleversements. Tout ceci l’oblige à s’intégrer à des écosystèmes où les connaissances sont partagées et où de nouvelles compétences doivent être rapidement acquises. Le but de ce texte est de mieux cerner l’ampleur du défi que pose le monde numérique au milieu universitaire et de proposer quelques idées pouvant alimenter la réflexion des universitaires dans cette démarche d’adaptation au monde numérique. Or, ma conviction la plus profonde c’est que la révolution numérique aura des impacts sur nos sociétés et notre civilisation aussi grands que ceux provoqués par la découverte de l’imprimerie et son industrialisation au 15e siècle. C’est pourquoi la première section de ce document est consacrée à un rappel historique de la révolution de l’imprimerie par Gutenberg alors que la deuxième section illustrera comment les caractéristiques de la révolution numérique viennent soutenir cette conviction si profonde. Une troisième section fournira plus de détails sur le défi d’adaptation que le monde numérique pose aux universités alors que la quatrième section évoquera les contours du changement de paradigme que cette adaptation va imposer. La cinquième section servira à illustrer un scénario de rêves qui permettra de mieux illustrer l’ampleur de la gestion du changement qui guette les universitaires. La conclusion permettra de revenir sur quelques concepts et principes clefs pour guider la démarche vers l’action. L’université ne peut plus « être en haut et seule », elle doit être « au centre et avec » des écosystèmes de partenariats multiples, dans un modèle hybride physique/virtuel. C’est ainsi qu’elle pourra conserver son leadership historique de vigie du savoir et des connaissances d’un monde complexe, continuer d’établir l’authenticité des faits et imposer la nécessaire rigueur de la science et de l’objectivité.
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