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Brancoli, Daniel Luz 1986. « O efeito da ivermectina na duração das fases de decomposição, sobre os insetos necrófagos e interpretação termográfica da distribuição espacial da massa larval de dípteros em carcaças de cabras (Capra aegragrus hircus L.,1758) ». [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317460.
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Orientador: Arício Xavier LinharesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A estimativa do intervalo pós-morte (IPM), período entre a ocorrência da morte e o momento em que o corpo ou carcaça é encontrado, é uma das principais utilizações de insetos na área forense. A partir de informações sobre a biologia, ecologia e distribuição geográfica dos insetos, bem como do comportamento de toda fauna presente em um corpo é possível estimar o menor intervalo da ocorrência da morte. Diversos fatores tais como temperatura, umidade, presença de substâncias tóxicas nos tecidos de uma carcaça, podem interferir no ciclo de vida de um inseto, afetando diretamente a estimativa do IPM quando esta é baseada em parâmetros biológicos do inseto. Por isso, múltiplos fatores devem ser considerados para que a perícia seja mais precisa. Com o aumento no número de mortes de animais de importância econômica devido à intoxicação medicamentosa, se faz necessárias pesquisas voltadas para a entomotoxicologia, uma área que carece de estudos específicos. Assim, o presente trabalho visou identificar a entomofauna associada a carcaças de cabras (Capra aegagrus hircus L.) mortas após tratamento com ivermectina, expostas em ambiente natural, além de averiguar possíveis diferenças na atratividade, no desenvolvimento dos imaturos que utilizaram esse substrato para alimentação e se a temperatura e o padrão de colonização da massa larval divergem entre as carcaças de animais mortos por intoxicação. Esse último parâmetro foi avaliado por meio de registros termográficos realizados em intervalos de 12 horas. Além da importância de fatores abióticos como luminosidade, temperatura, umidade e pluviosidade, pôde-se observar a ação da ivermectina nas carcaças tratadas, interferindo na composição da fauna colonizadora, no tempo total e em cada estágio da decomposição, assim como no padrão físico e comportamental das massas larvais em comparação ao grupo controle. Ainda foi demonstrado que a termografia pode ser utilizada como uma nova ferramenta em estudos periciais, auxiliando de forma significativa a avaliação dos parâmetros das massas larvais
Abstract: The estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI), period between the occurrence of death and the time at which the body or casing is found, is one of the main uses of insects in the forensic field. Using information on the biology, ecology and geographical distribution of insects, as well as the behavior of the entire fauna present in a body, is possible to estimate the time of death. Several factors such as temperature, humidity, presence of toxic substances in the tissues of a carcass, may interfere with the life cycle of an insect, directly affecting the estimate of PMI when it is based on biological parameters of the insect. Therefore, multiple factors should be considered so that the forensic analysis is more accurate. With the increase in the number of animal's deaths of economic importance due to drug intoxication, becomes necessary a research on entomotoxicology, an area with lack of specific studies. Thus, the present study aimed to identify the insect fauna associated with carcasses of goats (Capra aegagrus hircus L.) killed after treatment with ivermectin and exposed in the natural environment. Still, investigate possible differences in attractiveness, the immature development that used this substrate for feeding and if the temperature and the colonization pattern of larval mass differ between carcasses of animals killed after ivermectin inoculation. This last parameter was evaluated by thermographic shots performed at intervals of 12 hours. Besides the importance of abiotic factors such as luminosity, temperature, humidity and rainfall, the action of ivermectin on carcasses couse interferense in the composition of the colonizing fauna, the total time of colonization and the time of the decomposition stages, as well as the physical patterns and behavior of larval masses compared to the control group. Although it has been shown that thermography can be used as a new tool in forensic studies, helping to evaluate the parameters of larval mass
Mestrado
Parasitologia
Mestre em Parasitologia
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Salem, Roberta Sue. « Developing a one-semester course in forensic chemical science for university undergraduates ». Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1333.
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Lerer, Leonard Brian. « Forensic epidemiology : the interface between forensic science and public health ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25827.
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陳家麗 et Ka-lai Chan. « Some statistical aspects in forensic science ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222237.
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Rinke, Caitlin. « Selective Multivariate Applications in Forensic Science ». Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5459.
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A 2009 report published by the National Research Council addressed the need for improvements in the field of forensic science. In the report emphasis was placed on the need for more rigorous scientific analysis within many forensic science disciplines and for established limitations and determination of error rates from statistical analysis. This research focused on multivariate statistical techniques for the analysis of spectral data obtained for multiple forensic applications which include samples from: automobile float glasses and paints, bones, metal transfers, ignitable liquids and fire debris, and organic compounds including explosives. The statistical techniques were used for two types of data analysis: classification and discrimination. Statistical methods including linear discriminant analysis and a novel soft classification method were used to provide classification of forensic samples based on a compiled library. The novel soft classification method combined three statistical steps: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Target Factor Analysis (TFA), and Bayesian Decision Theory (BDT) to provide classification based on posterior probabilities of class membership. The posterior probabilities provide a statistical probability of classification which can aid a forensic analyst in reaching a conclusion. The second analytical approach applied nonparametric methods to provide the means for discrimination between samples. Nonparametric methods are performed as hypothesis test and do not assume normal distribution of the analytical figures of merit. The nonparametric permutation test was applied to forensic applications to determine the similarity between two samples and provide discrimination rates. Both the classification method and discrimination method were applied to data acquired from multiple instrumental methods. The instrumental methods included: Laser Induced-Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Some of these instrumental methods are currently applied to forensic applications, such as GC-MS for the analysis of ignitable liquid and fire debris samples; while others provide new instrumental methods to areas within forensic science which currently lack instrumental analysis techniques, such as LIBS for the analysis of metal transfers. The combination of the instrumental techniques and multivariate statistical techniques is investigated in new approaches to forensic applications in this research to assist in improving the field of forensic science.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Chemistry
Sciences
Chemistry
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Chan, Ka-lai. « Some statistical aspects in forensic science / ». Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2148241X.
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Tagesson, Samuel. « Anti-forensik mot minnesforensik : En litteraturstudie om anti-forensiska metoder mot minnesdumpning och minnesanalys ». Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17818.
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IT-forensiker möter många svårigheter i sitt arbete med att inhämta och analysera data. Brottslingar använder mer och mer anti-forensiska metoder för att gömma bevis som kan användas emot dem. En vanligt förekommande anti-forensisk metod är kryptering. För att IT-forensiker skall kunna komma åt den krypterade informationen kan krypteringsnyckeln hittas i minnet på datorn. Vilket gör att datorns minne blir värdefullt att hämta och analysera. Däremot finns det flera anti-forensiska metoder som en förbrytare kan använda för att förhindra att minnet hämtas eller analyseras. Denna studie utför en systematisk litteraturstudie för att identifiera de aktuella anti-forensiska metoder mot minnesanalys och minnesdumpning på Windows system. Flera metoder tas upp där bland annat operativsystemet modifieras eller inbyggda säkerhetsfunktioner på CPUn används för att förhindra att information hämtas eller analyseras från minnet.IT forensics face many difficulties in their work of obtaining and analyzing data. Criminals are using more and more anti-forensic methods to hide evidence that can be used against them. One common anti-forensic method is encryption. In order for IT forensics to access the encrypted information, the encryption key can be found in the memory of the computer. This makes the computer's memory valuable to retrieved and analyze. However, there are several anti-forensic methods that a criminal can use to prevent the memory from being retrieved or analyzed. This study performs a systematic literature study to identify the current anti-forensic methods against memory analysis and memory dumping on Windows system. Several methods are addressed where, among other things, the operating system is modified or built-in security functions on the CPU are used to prevent information being retrieved or analyzed from memory.
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Wheate, Rhonda Marie Physical Environmental & Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. « Jury comprehension and use of forensic science ». Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38644.
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The ability of jurors and juries to comprehend and utilise scientific evidence in Australian criminal trials has been examined. From mock jury surveys relating to DNA profiling evidence, it was determined that most respondents were able to comprehend some basic and applied statistics, although their ability was in part related to their knowledge of English and their level of education. The point at which mock jurors were prepared to convict an accused solely on the basis of DNA profiling evidence was examined and found to be low compared with the strength of DNA profiling evidence commonly presented in Australian courts. Mock jurors also demonstrated the ability to process evidence that was presented in a Bayesian framework; commencing with prior odds, introducing new information and culminating in posterior odds. From a survey of Australian forensic scientists, including fraud investigators, it was found that most practitioners' concerns could be addressed by greater pre-trial consultation between experts and legal advocates. Improved knowledge within the legal profession concerning the jargon, principles, procedures, limitations and conclusions to be drawn from different scientific disciplines, prior to presenting this evidence in court, is recommended as the means by which complex evidence can be better adduced from expert witnesses and better presented to juries in criminal trials. Finally, from interviewing actual jurors in criminal trials in the Australian Capital Territory it was determined that where jurors' expectations of scientific evidence, particularly DNA profiling evidence, are not met, high levels of juror frustration and speculation may culminate in hung juries. The adversarial setting of criminal proceedings was also found to produce an environment in which jurors felt that information that would assist them in reaching a verdict was being deliberately withheld. The ability of the jury to ask questions and the allowed nature of those questions were also examined, with the resultant recommendation that juries be given more explicit information at the commencement of trials to inform them about their rights and obligations when asking questions.
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Chow, W. M. L. « Capilliary column gas chromatography in forensic science ». Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371945.
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Vidaki, Athina. « Novel uses of epigenetics in forensic science ». Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/novel-uses-of-epigenetics-in-forensic-science(24bcb357-bc36-4a6e-8e66-fda2bb423015).html.
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Body fluids such as blood are amongst the most important biological evidence recovered from crime scenes. Identification of the donor can be achieved through STR profiling; however, extracting additional information regarding the tissue type or the donor’s physical appearance such as age could prove very useful in police investigations. Firstly, the performance of existing tissue-specific mRNA-based systems was assessed via collaborative exercises. All proposed methods have shown to be highly sensitive; however, issues regarding markers’ specificity, especially for the vaginal detection, were observed. Analysing complex casework samples revealed the need for interpretation guidelines and the use of a scoring system when implementing mRNA profiling in casework. It was understood that developing DNA-based testing would overcome the limitations of existing methods so the main aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of DNA methylation profiling in forensics. Using three approaches various tissue-specific differentially methylated CpG sites in 18 different loci were evaluated by analysing various forensically relevant body fluids and tissues. As a result, a set of suitable blood- and semen-specific markers were validated using aged and mock casework samples; however, the identification of other tissues like saliva, vaginal fluid and menstrual blood seemed to be challenging. Regarding age prediction, a set of age-associated CpG sites were selected from genome-wide DNA methylation studies and the correlation of their blood methylation levels with age was assessed on two sequencing platforms. Using a subset of 16 CpG sites and taking advantage of artificial neural networks’ capabilities, age could be accurately predicted in 1,156 blood samples (mean error of 4.1 years). The applicability of the proposed prediction model was also tested by means of next generation sequencing. Although further research is required prior to implementing these results in casework, it can be concluded that epigenetics could shed light on the proposed forensic applications.
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Sust, Luise. « Forensic science in combat of human trafficking ». Thesis, Sust, Luise (2021) Forensic science in combat of human trafficking. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64890/.
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Although Forensic Science has become a crucial part of the investigation of many types of crime, the low number of scientific publications on the usage of Forensic Science to eliminate Human Trafficking or to speed up crime investigation, has given rise to the idea of conducting research on the role of Forensic Science in the investigation of Human Trafficking cases. The following literature review aims at judging the current importance of Forensic Science in solving and preventing Human Trafficking cases, at gathering ideas for the introduction of novel techniques and at identifying gaps of research within this field. For this purpose, a wider view, also addressing socio-economic topics, was applied.
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Swann, Lisa. « Chemical markers of decomposition for forensic science ». Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2103.
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This thesis describes investigations that were carried out to determine the chemical compounds produced during the decomposition of an animal model in the absence of a soil matrix. In order to do this, several analytical methods were developed for various classes of compounds. Stillborn piglets and whole adult pig carcasses were used to model the decomposition process.Samples for analysis were collected from field trials conducted at decomposition research facilities in Perth and Canada. Two separate locations were used to provide a ‘compare and contrast’ approach to the identities of compounds detected following the analysis of decomposition fluid.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for preliminary studies into short chain fatty acids that have the potential to show reproducible patterns over certain postmortem intervals. Samples were analysed following a simple aqueous dilution and filtration. Additional compounds were detected, including several long chain fatty acids, which were also investigated for their potential as indicators of postmortem interval. Samples collected from the two separate locations, Western Australia (Perth) and Southern Canada (Oshawa) were analysed. This enabled a comparison of components to be carried out under significantly different climatic conditions. To verify the identity of the compounds, the predicted fragmentation patterns and possible mechanisms based on the library search results were also determined and compared with the obtained mass spectral traces from the fluid samples.A simple capillary zone electrophoresis method with detection by ultraviolet absorbance spectrophotometry was developed for the determination of biogenic amines and amino acids. Resolution and total analysis time was improved after the method was subject to optimisation utilising a chemometric approach. A screening design followed by a central composite design was carried out, with peak resolution and total analysis time as response factors. The optimised method was applied to porcine decomposition samples with target analytes identified by migration time and spiking. Samples were analysed following a 1:4 dilution with methanol, followed by filtration.A method utilising liquid chromatography-electrospray-mass spectrometry was employed for the determination of 23 amino acids and amines in decomposition fluid. The effect of a complex sample matrix was investigated and found to have little to no effect on the analyte signal. Decomposition fluid samples required no sample preparation, other than filtration. To avoid overloading the column, optimum sample injection volume was 0.1 μL. Compounds were identified through precursor → product ion transition(s). The specificity of the LC-ESI-MS system enabled identification of all target compounds as being present in decomposition fluid. The identity of compounds that showed apparent trends in decomposition fluid was verified by predicting possible mechanisms for the precursor → product ion transition(s).Analysis of data from each developed analytical method was conducted to establish any distinct relationship between the levels of particular compounds produced with respect to time and temperature. Preliminary results indicate that fatty acids show an 8-day cyclic trend, whilst total amino acid abundance shows a 14-day cyclic trend. Other compounds such as indole and putrescine showed general increasing trends over the course of the field trials.Several analytical methods to analyse target compounds in decomposition fluid have been presented in this thesis, however, suggestions for future work are presented in the final chapter.
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Ward, Jennifer. « Origins and development of forensic medicine and forensic science in England, 1823-1946 ». Thesis, n.p, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Reidy, Lisa Jayne. « Stable isotope analysis : a new forensic science tool ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479310.
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Coelho, Alexandra Miranda. « Crenças e atitudes dos agentes policiais face à violência contra a mulher ». Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55356.
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Dias, Inês Isabel Marques Lourinhã. « Caracterização e prevalência de xenobióticos em vítimas fatais sujeitas a autópsia na Delegação do Norte do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, I.P de 2007 a 2008 ». Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62214.
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João, Guido Sozinho Teresa. « Avaliação do dano corporal pós-traumático por acidentes de viação e de trabalho em Angola ». Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63788.
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Coelho, Alexandra Miranda. « Crenças e atitudes dos agentes policiais face à violência contra a mulher ». Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55356.
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Dias, Inês Isabel Marques Lourinhã. « Caracterização e prevalência de xenobióticos em vítimas fatais sujeitas a autópsia na Delegação do Norte do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, I.P de 2007 a 2008 ». Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62214.
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João, Guido Sozinho Teresa. « Avaliação do dano corporal pós-traumático por acidentes de viação e de trabalho em Angola ». Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63788.
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Cervelli, Federico. « Methods and applications for forensic sciences ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/7443.
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2009/2010La scienza forense è quella branca della scienza che si occupa dell’analisi del ma- teriale probatorio. Lo scopo di questa analisi è quello di comprendere le dinamiche del delitto, al fine di trovare il colpevole. In questo lavoro sono stati studiati tre nuovi metodi per affrontare alcuni dei problemi che devono affrontare gli esperti di scienze forensi. Il primo è un sistema per l’identificazione automatica delle calzature, al fine di trovare la marca e il modello della scarpa che ha lasciato l’impronta sulla scena del crimine. Un algoritmo basato sulla distanza di Mahalanobis è stato impiegato per lo scopo ed è stato confrontato con altri sistemi disponibili in letteratura sia su tracce di scarpa sintetiche che su tracce di scarpa reali, ovvero sia tracce prodotte aggiungende sinteticamente rumore che tracce provenienti dalla scena del crimine, rispettivamente. In un secondo sistema studio è stato analizzato lo spettro di terzo ordine, cioè il bispettro. Il bispettro può essere utilizzato per restaurare segnali corrotti, ma molti degli algoritmi disponibili soffrono per la comparsa di una traslazione sconosciuta nel segnale ricostruito. L’algoritmo proposto esegue la ricostruzione utilizzando direzioni parallele del dominio del bispettro e offre una soluzione semplice per risolvere e dimostrare la soppressione del problema nel caso di segnali 1D. Nell’ultimo sistema studiato, viene svolta l’analisi di impronte digitali utiliz- zando tecniche non standard. Un microspettrometro a trasformata di Fourier nel- l’infrarosso (FT-IRMS) viene utilizzato per analizzare il contenuto delle impronte digitali. L’FT-IRMS produce un’immagine iperspettrale, ed il sistema proposto elabora ognuno degli spettri prima stimando il numero di gruppi funzionali che lo compongono e poi individuando i loro parametri. A completamento del qua- dro, sono state impiegate diverse metodiche basate sui raggi x per lo studio degli eventuali contaminanti presenti nell’impronta.
Forensic science is the branch of science dealing with the analysis of evidence material. Its aim is to understand the dynamics of the crime, in order to find the culprit. In this work three new methods have been studied as an aid for the forensic experts. The first one is a system for the automatic retrieval of footwear to find the make and model of the shoe that left its mark on the crime scene. A Mahalanobis distance based algorithm is employed for the purpose and is compared with other systems available in literature on both synthetic and real shoe marks, i.e. on both computer generated shoe marks and on marks coming from crime scene. In a second study the third order spectrum, i.e. the bispectrum, is analyzed. The bispectrum can be used to restore corrupted signals but many available al- gorithms suffer for the emergence of an unknown translation in the reconstructed signal. Here the procedure is performed using two parallel paths in the domain of the bispectrum and a simple solution to the unwanted translation is found and demonstrated in the case of a 1D signal. Finally, fingerprint analysis is performed using non standard techniques. A Fourier transform infrared microspectroscope (FT-IRMS) is used to analyze the content of fingerprints. The FT-IRMS produces a hyperspectral like image and the proposed system processes each spectrum to estimate the number of func- tional groups and to give their parameters. Finally contained contaminants have been studied with several x-ray based techniques to give a comprehensive picture of the fingerprint evidence.
XXIII Ciclo
1973
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Al-Dusri, Fahad. « The effectiveness of forensic science service in the State of Kuwait in criminal investigations and proceedings : forensic science practice in Kuwait ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288002.
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Barros, Franciéllen de. « Mensuração da espessura de tecidos moles da face de indivíduos brasileiros adultos / ». Araraquara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154031.
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Orientador: Clemente Maia da Silva FernandesResumo: A Reconstrução Facial Forense (RFF) é uma técnica das Ciências Forenses que possibilita o reconhecimento de um indivíduo, a partir da modelagem dos contornos dos tecidos faciais sobre um crânio encontrado sem identificação. Para isto é necessário ter o conhecimento da espessura dos tecidos moles faciais (ETMFs) que recobrem os pontos craniométricos no crânio subjacente, pois os mesmos são utilizados como base para a obtenção do contorno facial. Fatores como sexo, ancestralidade, idade, e índice de massa corporal (IMC) influenciam tais espessuras. O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar ETMFs de sujeitos brasileiros adultos vivos, a partir de imagens de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC), considerando-se as variáveis sexo, cor de pele, idade e índice de massa corporal. Foram efetuadas mensurações de 21 pontos craniométricos de referência através do uso do software Osirix Lite. Um total de 92 imagens foram analisadas (62 de sujeitos do sexo feminino e 30 do sexo masculino). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os homens, na maioria das vezes, apresentaram espessuras de tecidos moles faciais maiores do que as mulheres. Em relação às outras variáveis, houve interação com o sexo a cor de pele nos pontos glabela, nasion, infradentale, eminência frontal, supraorbital e linha oclusal, mas nos pontos eminência mentoniana e suborbital a significância foi correspondente à cor da pele. O IMC não evidenciou interação com o sexo, porém, nos pontos filtro médio e supradentale, os... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Forensic Facial Reconstruction (FFR) is a Forensic Science technique that enables the recognition of an individual, from modeling the contours of facial tissues on a skull found without identification. For this, it is necessary to know the thickness of the facial soft tissue that covers the craniometric points in the underlying skull, since they are used as the basis for obtaining the facial contour. Factors such as sex, ancestry, age, and body mass index (BMI) influence such thicknesses. The objective of this study was to measure the facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) of living adult Brazilian subjects using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, considering the variables sex, skin color, age and body mass index. Twenty-one reference craniometric points were measured using the Osirix Lite software. A total of 92 images were analyzed (62 females and 30 males). The results showed that men, for the most part, had greater facial soft tissue thicknesses than women. In relation to the other variables, there was interaction with the skin color at the glabella, nasion, infradentale, frontal eminence, supraorbital and occlusal lines, but at the eminence points of the chin and suborbital the significance was corresponding to the color of the skin. The BMI did not show interaction with the sex, however, in the medium and supradentale filter points, the men presented higher values of thickness, independently of the BMI. At the remaining points, only BMI influenced the thickness o... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Williams, Graham Andrew. « Identification and resolution of capability gaps in forensic science ». Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2012. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/17500/.
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Although forensic biology is a powerful tool in criminal investigations, there are a number of capability gaps; namely, the interpretation of low-level DNA mixtures, associating the DNA profile with a body fluid, and the issue of consent in sexual offences. A research strategy was developed that utilises whole genome amplification (WGA), messenger RNA and microRNA analysis, DNA profiling, and clothing damage analysis. An evaluation of a WGA technique – multiple displacement amplification - with and without a macromolecular crowding agent, indicated that this may be of use for DNA samples containing certain mixing ratios; however, for this to be truly of use, knowledge of the nature of the sample preanalysis is required, which is not feasible in a forensic environment. A SYBR Greenbased mRNA gene expression test was developed that was capable of distinguishing between saliva and blood by using relative quantitation on real-time PCR. However, the low specificity of the SYBR Green meant that a higher number of controls were required for this to work at forensic standard. A single channel simultaneous analytical test for DNA and microRNA was also developed, which meant that it could be possible to definitively identify the body fluid origin of a DNA profile. This represented a significant step forward in improving forensic biology capability. Reconstruction studies were carried out in response to a sexual assault case where consent was an issue. This study demonstrated that it was possible to cause significant damage to a bra without causing damage to the hook and eye fastening; thus, negating a hypothesis offered by the defence. A long term research strategy has been developed and significant progress has been made in improving the capability of the operational forensic biologist.
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Lawless, Christopher James. « Helping with inquiries : theory and practice in forensic science ». Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2098/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis investigates the reasoning practices of forensic scientists, with specific focus on the application of the Bayesian form of probabilistic reasoning to forensic science matters. Facilitated in part by the insights of evidence scholarship, Bayes Theorem has been advocated as an essential resource for the interpretation and evaluation of forensic evidence, and has been used to support the production of specific technologies designed to aid forensic scientists in these processes. In the course of this research I have explored the ways in which Bayesian reasoning can be regarded as a socially constructed collection of practices, despite proposals that it is simply a logical way to reason about evidence. My data are drawn from two case studies. In the first, I demonstrate how the Bayesian algorithms used for the interpretation of complex DNA profiles are themselves elaborately constructed devices necessary for the anchoring of scientific practice to forensic contexts. In the second case study, an investigation of a more generalised framework of forensic investigation known as the Case Assessment and Interpretation (CAI) model, I show how the enactment of Bayesian reasoning is dependent on a series of embodied, experiential and intersubjective knowledge-forming activities. Whilst these practices may seem to be largely independent of theoretical representations of Bayesian reasoning, they are nonetheless necessary to bring the latter into being. This is at least partially due to the ambiguities and liminalities encountered in the process of applying Bayesianism to forensic investigation, and also may result from the heavy informational demands placed on the reasoner. I argue that these practices, or 'forms of Bayes', are necessary in order to negotiate areas of ontological uncertainty. The results of this thesis therefore challenge prevailing conceptions of Bayes Theorem as a universal, immutable signifier, able to be put to work unproblematically in any substantive domain, Instead, I have been able to highlight the diverse range of practices required for 'Bayesian' reasoners to negotiate the sociomaterial contingencies exposed in the process of its application.
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Gueham, M. « Automatic classification of shoeprints for use in forensic science ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557608.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Shoeprints are routinely left at crime scenes and are reported to be present more frequently than fingerprints. It has been reported that 35 percent of crime scenes present shoe marks that can be recovered and used as forensic evidence. During investigations, a scene of crime shoeprint can be matched against a database of known shoeprints in order to identify the brand and the model of the corresponding shoe. TIlls is known as shoeprint classification and is, currently, performed manually or using some semi-automatic systems. These current approaches are time consuming and are not very reliable. Thus, the development of automatic shoeprint classification methods would offer valuable assistance to forensic scientists. TIlls thesis addresses the task of automatic shoeprint classification and its related challenges. This includes the problem of classifying partial, noisy and/or blurred shoeprint images. The issues of invariance to geometric distortions, e.g. translations and rotations, as well as rapid classification are also considered. The thesis proposes a number of different ideas and methods for the automatic classification of distorted shoeprint images including the use of Fourier-Mellin transform, modified phase-only correlation and two-dimensional advanced correlation filters. It also investigates the use of multiple one-dimensional correlation filters and classifier combination techniques, such as algebraic rules, Decision Templates and Support Vector Machine based combiners. The experimental results suggest that the investigated correlation-based methods can offer high accuracies when classifying low quality shoeprint images while providing tolerance to geometric distortions.
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Houck, Max Michael. « An investigation into the foundational principles of forensic science ». Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1568.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis lays the groundwork for a philosophy of forensic science. Forensic science is a historical science, much like archaeology and geology, which operates by the analysis and understanding of the physical remnants of past criminal activity. Native and non-native principles guide forensic science’s operation, application, and interpretations. The production history of mass-produced goods is embedded in the finished product, called the supply chain. The supply chain solidifies much of the specificity and resolution of the evidentiary significance of that product. Forensic science has not had an over-arching view of this production history integrated into its methods or instruction. This thesis offers provenance as the dominant factor for much of the inherent significance of mass-produced goods that become evidence.
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Tse, Wai-hin Kenneth, et 謝維軒. « Forensic analysis using FAT32 file cluster allocation patterns ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46605733.
Texte intégral
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Day, Donnah Marie. « Development of immature blowflies and their application to forensic science ». Access electronically, 2006. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060731.111615/index.html.
Texte intégral
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McEwen, Gordon John. « Colour image processing for textile fibre matching in forensic science ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336101.
Texte intégral
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Hartshorne, A. W. « The characterisation of single fibres in forensic science by microspectrophotometry ». Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380723.
Texte intégral
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Valiér, Claire Elizabeth. « Looking for the criminal : forensic science, criminal investigation, and subjectivity ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620966.
Texte intégral
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Apple, Kendra Kea. « Inquiry-based science for high school students : a forensic unit ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2585/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This project constitutes an instructional unit for honors biology that involves the use of science in the field of criminal investigation and forensics. Before beginning the unit, the learners should have mastered basic laboratory skills, including use of the microscope. They should also have an understanding of the basic structure and function of DNA and its role in heredity and protein synthesis. The standard time frame is 24 days with 70-minute periods, but can be easily adjusted to meet classroom needs. Several instructional strategies enhance student learning and make science fun. The unit is inquiry-driven and activity-based. Students are surprised by the crime, gather and analyze evidence, and work towards proposing an explanation. This real world problem involves the use of cooperative learning and a variety of assessment techniques.
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Tanui, Cecilia. « Development of a good practice frameworks in forensic science research ». Thesis, Tanui, Cecilia (2019) Development of a good practice frameworks in forensic science research. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/53899/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper focuses on the current best practices in the research methodology in the medical/ biomedical and biosciences disciplines and based on their recommendations and practices, developing best practice frameworks in forensic science research. Robust procedures have been identified and tested against several forensic papers that have been recently published to prove if they meet the selected criteria. The study will access the information acquired from previous forensic research papers and express the expectations of ideal forensic research, and this will lead to the development of a forensic framework that can be applied by researchers in different forensic disciplines. The idea that most of the forensic publications lack adequate scientific foundation is a critical issue that needs to be addressed to improve the validity and reliability of conclusions made in forensic science research. The 2009 National Academy of Sciences report Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward pointing out the unscientific state of various forensic subfields has a clear indication of a knowledge gap regarding the reliability of the methods used in the research process(61). The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology(62) report in 2016, has reviewed the matter and made recommendations for further progress in the challenges facing forensic science. The conclusion addresses the importance of developing forensic research culture that follows the selected procedures aimed at improving forensic science research.
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Regupathi, Sonita. « A critical review of the applications of DART in forensic science and its relevance to forensic investigations ». Thesis, Regupathi, Sonita (2018) A critical review of the applications of DART in forensic science and its relevance to forensic investigations. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/43233/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) was only introduced in 2005 and in this short period of time it has already proven to be an excellent analytical tool. Its ability to analyse samples in seconds without any sample preparation has allowed DART to perform exceedingly well in various applications. It even addresses the shortcomings of certain developed analytical techniques. In the field of forensic science, DART has the potential of becoming a key analytical tool as it is non-destructive and hence maintains the integrity of the sample. In this review, an overview of DART is given before the applications of DART in forensic science are explored to assess DART’s ability to complement and/or replace current analytical techniques.
Keywords: Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART), forensic science, analytical tool, forensic chemistry, analytical chemistry
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Steenberg, Lindsay. « Sexy/dead : gender and forensic science in the contemporary crime thriller ». Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501746.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Since the early 1990s, there has been a dramatic shift in the crime genre. The hunches and action-driven narratives of previous investigations have made way for experts whose knowledge of criminalistics and profiling has become the genre's primary procedure and spectacle. Similarly, female investigators are joining hyper-masculine and hardboiled detectives in scrutinising the genre's typically female murder victims. That specialised expert knowledge and female investigators should become a preoccupation of the genre at the same cultural moment demands further scrutiny. This thesis argues that they are interconnected - representing anxieties over women's changing professional roles, and a perception in postmodern and postfeminist media culture that women, in particular, are increasingly at risk of violent attack.
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James, Sarah Jane. « Changing faces, facing changes : forensic science in search of new horizons ». Thesis, University of Leicester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10173.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The focus of this thesis is a study of change in a public sector environment and the effect it has on that environment. It is a combination of an empirical study of the author’s former employer, specifically the Police Scientific Support Department, and a critical analysis of the technique used to carry out the study and its application, Soft Systems Analysis. The thesis is multi‐layered through the additional use of a diary, which gives a more personal view of what the author experienced during the project, along with a third more clinical and critical review of the project and its outcomes through Actor‐Network Theory. This allows the author to portray a number of different perspectives on the same reality. The author’s position within the force as project manager, allowed comprehensive access in which to carry out detailed action research through at‐home ethnography, unstructured interviews and documentary data collection. A police force’s forensic strategy and the way it conducts its business in order to provide a comprehensive service, offer value for money and work within a limited budget, is a complex process which is affected by many factors. Some of these include political issues over government finance, organisational issues surrounding staff levels and their deployment, as well as technical issues over available techniques, their success rates and how to make the most efficient and effective use of them. The case study covers a period during which the construction of a new Scientific Support single site is being carried out. Many departments are being moved to the new site, away from their city centre base, to provide a more comprehensive and extended service.
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Roux, Brian. « Application of Digital Forensic Science to Electronic Discovery in Civil Litigation ». ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1554.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Following changes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 2006 dealing with the role of Electronically Stored Information, digital forensics is becoming necessary to the discovery process in civil litigation. The development of case law interpreting the rule changes since their enactment defines how digital forensics can be applied to the discovery process, the scope of discovery, and the duties imposed on parties. Herein, pertinent cases are examined to determine what trends exist and how they effect the field. These observations buttress case studies involving discovery failures in large corporate contexts along with insights on the technical reasons those discovery failures occurred and continue to occur.
The state of the art in the legal industry for handling Electronically Stored Information is slow, inefficient, and extremely expensive. These failings exacerbate discovery failures by making the discovery process more burdensome than necessary. In addressing this problem, weaknesses of existing approaches are identified, and new tools are presented which cure these defects. By drawing on open source libraries, components, and other support the presented tools exceed the performance of existing solutions by between one and two orders of magnitude. The transparent standards embodied in the open source movement allow for clearer defensibility of discovery practice sufficiency whereas existing approaches entail difficult to verify closed source solutions.
Legacy industry practices in numbering documents based on Bates numbers inhibit efficient parallel and distributed processing of electronic data into paginated forms. The failures inherent in legacy numbering systems is identified, and a new system is provided which eliminates these inhibiters while simultaneously better modeling the nature of electronic data which does not lend itself to pagination; such non-paginated data includes databases and other file types which are machine readable, but not human readable in format.
In toto, this dissertation provides a broad treatment of digital forensics applied to electronic discovery, an analysis of current failures in the industry, and a suite of tools which address the weaknesses, problems, and failures identified.
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Jackson, Graham. « The development of Case Assessment and Interpretation (CAI) in forensic science ». Thesis, Abertay University, 2011. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/f257a491-8061-4bfd-ba08-d1477092ebcb.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Expert opinion has been, and still is, of undoubted assistance in the investigation of crime and the administration of criminal justice. It has also been the cause of a number of celebrated miscarriages of justice. Technological advances and greater investment in forensic science resources in the latter half of the 20 century meant that forensic science could be applied to many more cases than ever before. It also meant that forensic scientists had to meet new challenges in the way they formed and expressed opinions about their findings. The creation of a commercial market for forensic science in the 1990s in England and Wales put additional pressures on suppliers to provide value-for-money for their customers. In an attempt to satisfy the potentially conflicting demands of providing robust, reliable opinion and of giving value-for-money, a novel process called Case Assessment and Interpretation (CAI), based on the underlying logic of Bayes Theorem and the use of likelihood ratios, was proposed in 1998 as a model of good practice in forensic science. Over the course of the next 12 years, the model process was applied to most main-stream forensic science disciplines and, as a result, the ideas were refined and fresh insights on the nature of expertise were gained. This thesis describes the background to the initial development of the CAI model, sets out subsequent improvements, demonstrates how the model may have helped avoid misleading opinion being given and considers the current status of CAI. The conclusion of the thesis is that assessment of likelihood ratios, within the framework of the Case Assessment and Interpretation model, does provide a philosophical, yet practical, means of delivering robust, reliable opinion and value-for-money.
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Hendry, Stephen John. « Application of metallic profiling of teeth for environmental and forensic science ». Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.738485.
Texte intégral
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Woide, Daniela. « Modular submicroliter lab-on-a-chip in forensic sciences ». Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-119425.
Texte intégral
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Colavito, Melanie Meyers. « The Role of Science in Collaborative Forest Management ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/593634.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Forest health in the United States has been suffering due to threats such as climate change, wildfire, and human development. As a result, efforts are being undertaken to restore natural processes, improve health, and foster resilience in forested systems. Such efforts involve diverse stakeholders, land management agencies, scientists, and the public, who work together collaboratively to find common goals and agreeable solutions. Central to collaborative forest management is an emphasis on using science to inform decision-making. Yet there are many challenges to applying science in decision-making and developing actionable scientific information for management. Many of the efforts to better align science and decision-making have focused on climate research, and additional empirical evidence is needed to provide context-specific recommendations for connecting science and decision-making in different areas of natural resource management. To that end, this dissertation provides an assessment of the role of science in collaborative forest management. The central question that unifies this work is: how is science applied in decision-making for collaborative forest management, and in what ways can the use of science for decision-making in this context be improved? The first two appendices address this within the context of the Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program (CFLRP): Appendix A examines the role of science in the CFLRP; and Appendix B assesses how science informs decision-making in the CFLRP. Appendix C addresses the application, development, and communication of scientific information to support resilient forest management. This dissertation illustrates the importance of common goals, in-person interactions, and sustained communication between scientists and decision-makers in order to integrate science into the forest management process.
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Matoso, Rodrigo Ivo 1978. « Comparison of gunshot entrance morphologies caused by .40-caliber Smith & ; Wesson, .380-caliber, and 9-mm Luger bullets = a finite element analysis study = Comparação de morfologias de orifícios de entrada causados por projéteis de calibre .40 Smith & ; Wesson, calibre .380, e 9 mm Luger : estudo com análise de elementos finitos ». [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288834.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Orientador: Felippe Bevilacqua PradoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:43:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matoso_RodrigoIvo_M.pdf: 5791267 bytes, checksum: 01cfe26513615d72227501ff1a54a3c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Armas de fogo podem causar feridas fatais e serem identificadas pelos vestígios deixados no corpo ou em torno deste. Entretanto, há casos em que nem projétil e nem arma do delito estão dispostos no local de crime. Estudos balísticos envolvendo modelos de elementos finitos podem reproduzir condições biomecânicas computacionais, sem ferir princípios bioéticos, pois não ocorrem testes diretos em animais ou em seres humanos. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar as morfologias de orifícios de entrada causados por projéteis calibre .40 Smith & Wesson (S&W), calibre .380 e calibre 9x19 mm Luger. Um projétil .40 S&W encamisado total, um projétil .380 encamisado total e um projétil 9x19 mm Luger encamisado total foram computacionalmente disparados contra região de glabela do modelo de elementos finitos, à distância de 10 cm, com incidência perpendicular ao ponto do alvo. Os resultados apresentam diferentes morfologias nos orifícios de entrada produzidos pelos três projéteis, utilizando-se o mesmo modelo de crânio e na mesma distância de tiro. Os resultados e as características dos orifícios de entrada foram discutidos. Modelos de elementos finitos permitem pesquisas balísticas computacionais praticáveis, que podem ser úteis para peritos forenses quando da comparação e análise de dados relacionados a feridas por arma de fogo na região frontal do crânio
Abstract: Firearms can cause fatal wounds, which can be identified by traces on or around the body. However, there are cases where neither the bullet nor gun is found at the crime scene. Ballistic research involving finite element models can reproduce computational biomechanical conditions, without compromising bioethics, as they involve no direct tests on animals or humans. This study aims to compare the morphologies of gunshot entrance holes caused by .40-caliber Smith & Wesson (S&W), .380-caliber, and 9x19-mm Luger bullets. A fully metal-jacketed .40 S&W projectile, a fully metal-jacketed .380 projectile, and a fully metal-jacketed 9x19-mm Luger projectile were computationally fired at the glabellar region of the finite element model from a distance of 10 cm, at perpendicular incidence. The results show different morphologies in the entrance holes produced by the three bullets, using the same skull at the same shot distance. The results and traits of the entrance holes are discussed. Finite element models allow feasible computational ballistic research, which may be useful to forensic experts when comparing and analyzing data related to gunshot wounds in the forehead
Mestrado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental
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Smith, Lisa L. « The role of pre-trial attitudes about forensic science evidence : developing and testing a forensic evidence evaluation bias scale ». Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9896.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The unique decision making task entrusted to lay juries in adversarial legal systems has attracted the attention of legal psychologists for decades, but more recently technological advances in forensic science have highlighted the importance of understanding how jurors perceive this often ambiguous and complicated type of evidence. This thesis begins by investigating the forensic awareness of lay participants, and the ability of mock jurors to discriminate between varying probative values of forensic evidence. The findings suggest that the perception of weak forensic evidence is affected by contextual information, and there was wide disagreement among participants about the probative value of weak evidence. In an effort to explain the variance in perceived evidence strength, a measure of pre-trial attitudes about forensic science was developed (the Forensic Evidence Evaluation Bias Scale – FEEBS) and administered to 446 participants ranging from students, to jury eligible members of the public, to actual jury venire persons. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified two distinct clusters of attitudes measured by the FEEBS, which correspond conceptually to the hypothesised juror beliefs described in the CSI Effect literature. These attitudes were found to have a significant indirect effect on verdict preference, for trial vignettes describing murder, robbery, and sexual assault scenarios containing weak (or absent) forensic DNA evidence. The implications of these findings for voir dire hearings are discussed, with reference to the cognitive models of juror decision making and the CSI Effect literature.
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Rayaud, Sophie. « Stable isotope analyses of keratin for human provenance : implications for forensic science ». Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590134.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research explores the application of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen isotopic analysis of modem human hair and nail tissues for forensic purposes. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures are transferred from the environment to plants and to human tissues through trophic levels, therefore reflecting the diet. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes are closely linked to the geographical location of the individuals through precipitation. drinking water and food products. The use of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen isotopic analysis of "hair and nail tissues can therefore be applied to diet-reconstruction and geo-localisation of individuals, which has been widely used on older human remains. Hair and nail are ideal tissues for obtaining a precise temporal archive of diet and location due to their known and relatively constant growth rates. The high keratin content of these tissues (between 65 and 95% by weight) enables analysis of small sample sizes, without prior chemical purification, which makes them ideal matrices in forensic investigations where sample size is often a limiting factor. The easy and non• invasive sampling of hair and nail tissues enables the transfer of this application to living humans, which has been the focus of forensic scientists for several years. In this study, hair and nail samples were collected from 134 volunteers from Reading (UK) with known diet and geographical movements. A total of 43 hair samples and 74 fingernail samples were also collected from volunteers living in Kenya, whose recent travel record was known. A total of 17 hair samples and 10 fingernail samples were also collected from a group of27 individuals claiming to be of Somalian origin but who could have been Kenyan, as part of the British Human Provenance Project. These samples were compared to the two reference groups from Reading and Kenyan volunteers in order to assess their likely area of origin, and to determine their diet. The results obtained in this study confirm the potential of carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis of modem human hair and nail tissues in discriminating between the different levels of protein intake of omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian (OL V) and vegan diets. Through the largest dataset analysed so far (mostly from Europe and Kenya), this research confidently reports the effect of location on δ13C, δ 2H and δ 180 values of human tissues. Hair and nail δ13C values show significant differences between locations with diverse proportion of C3/C4 food product intake (USA and Kenya versus Europe), while locations such as Kenya, Australia and Turkey show significantly enriched 02H and δ180 values than locations at higher latitudes such as Spain, France, Germany and the United-Kingdom. The level of location discrimination is however increased by a simultaneous combined approach of δJ3C and δ2H analysis, which enables the determination of the likely area of origin of samples from uncertain location to a greater extent than the isotope ratio pairs (δ13C- δ15N, δ2H- δ18O). This study also presents a unique dataset of a series of hair and nail samples from the same individual (n=74 for δ13C and δ 15N and n=60 for δ 2H and δ 18O), showing strong correlations between these two tissues.
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Yang, Chi-ting, et 楊志婷. « Pharmacokinetics of alcohol using breath measures and some statisticalaspects in forensic science ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46506159.
Texte intégral
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Schober, Cassandra C. (Cassandra Carolyn). « The Evolution, Applications, and Statistical Interpretations of DNA Typing in Forensic Science ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332776/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines the evolution, applications, and statistical interpretations of DNA typing as a tool in the field of forensic science as well as in our criminal justice system. The most controversial aspect of DNA typing involves the determination of how likely it is that two people share the same DNA profile. This involves the use of population genetics and databases of allelic frequencies as well as some assumptions about population structuring.
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Hamby, James Edward. « Forensic firearms examination ». Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27327.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The history of forensic firearms examination was evaluated to determine how the field has developed during the past 200 years; especially within the past 100 years. As aresult of this evaluation, some related issues were identified for study. The economic and general uses of firearms reference collections were considered as the collections represent potential security considerations within forensic laboratories. A survey was conducted to determine how firearms examiners used their collections, as well as their receptivity to augmenting the collections with modem technology such as photographs and CD-ROM's. A world-wide survey resulted in responses from 110 forensic laboratories. Examiners stated that the collections were used for training, repairing damaged evidence firearms, and demonstration purposes, and whilst they were prepared to accept modem techriology to augment their collection, stated that such augmentation could not replace the actual collection. Research was conducted to partially answer some legal issues, such as Daubert, et al., by test firing bullets from consecutively rifled barrels to obtain best known 'match' and 'non-match' bullets. To date, some 201 examiners from several countries have evaluated the bullet test sets with no errors. Further research was conducted by test firing four cartridges from 617 similar 9mm Glock pistols and microscopically evaluating the fired cartridge casings to determine if they were identifiable to themselves and not the other casings. All of the casings were identifiable to themselves and not to the other 616 casings. Advances in technology have allowed the development of automated ballistics imaging systems. Research, using the previously cited test bullets and cartridge casings, was conducted to evaluate the capability of the various systems, in conjunction with the abilities offirearms examiners. Three different automated systems were used to evaluate the bullets from the l0-barrel test results. One automated system was used to evaluate the 617 cartridge casings, again with excellent results.
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Smakaj, Paola. « Applicazione di strumenti e metodi dell'Informatica Forense ai dati contenuti negli autoveicoli ». Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23045/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La tesi si colloca nel perimetro dell'Informatica Forense, o Digital Forensics, la scienza forense che «studia l'insieme delle attività che sono rivolte all'analisi e alla soluzione dei casi legati alla criminalità informatica, comprendendo tra questi i crimini realizzati con l'uso di un computer, diretti a un computer o in cui il computer può comunque rappresentare una fonte di prova». Gli oggetti e i dispositivi che utilizziamo conservano tracce che, se estratte e analizzate da un esperto informatico forense, possono aiutare nell'accertamento di un fatto giuridicamente rilevante. Tuttavia, come si vedrà, occorre operare nel rispetto di regole tecniche e norme processuali perché il risultato sia resistente dal punto di vista probatorio e al contempo garantisca il diritto di difesa. In particolare, l'elaborato prende in esame l'applicazione dei principi e metodi dell'Informatica Forense alle potenziali prove digitali memorizzate in moduli, reti e messaggi automobilistici, la c.d. Car Forensics; i sistemi informatici delle vetture infatti registrano e archiviano dati e, ovunque ci siano dati, c'è l'opportunità di individuarli, estrarli ed analizzarli. All'analisi teorica si è affiancato un esperimento, condotto in laboratorio, con l'obiettivo specifico di acquisire e analizzare le informazioni archiviate nell'unità di controllo motore di un'Audi A4 del 2009. Il progetto è stato realizzato presso il laboratorio del consulente informatico forense Luca Mercuriali, con la supervisione del dott. Ulrico Bardari (Polizia di Stato), dopo aver svolto un periodo di tirocinio presso BIT4LAW, società che si occupa di consulenze tecniche nell'ambito dell'Informatica Forense. Lo scopo dell'indagine sarà quello di dimostrare come sia sempre plausibile condurre un'investigazione sul veicolo indipendentemente dal suo stato fisico, a patto che sia possibile restaurare i collegamenti tra le varie centraline e che sia preservata l'integrità delle memorie interne di queste ultime.
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Gallo, Jenny M. « Elemental analysis of cotton fiber evidence for use in the field of forensic science ». FIU Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3440.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this research is to introduce a method for the forensic elemental analysis of cotton fibers for the purpose of increasing the discrimination between otherwise similar cotton evidence using microwave digestion Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Laser Ablation- Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). A quadrupole ICP-MS and UV laser ablation (266nm) instruments were used for the analysis. A cotton standard reference material (IAEA V-9) was used to validate the developed methods producing good accuracy with typically 10 % bias and good precision (typically 5% RSD) for the element list: 25Mg, 27Al, 55Mn, 57Fe, 88Sr and 137Ba. It was found that the LA-ICP-MS method resulted in improved precision over the solution ICP-MS method. Twenty four (24) raw cotton samples and five white cotton T-Shirts were analyzed with the developed methods. It was also found that all the raw cotton samples from different sources were distinguishable from each other, as were all the cotton T-shirts resulting in zero type I errors and zero type II errors for the pairwise comparisons.