Articles de revues sur le sujet « Scienza romanistica »

Der Diskurs ist über das Konzept der ‚Diskurstraditionen‘ in der deutschsprachigen Romanistik als sprachwissenschaftlicher Untersuchungsgegenstand etabliert. Eine theoretisch und methodologisch fundierte Diskursanalyse existiert bisher jedoch nicht; vielmehr behelfen sich romanistische Arbeiten mit einem Rückgriff auf diskurslinguistische Ansätze aus der Germanistik. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Diskurslinguistik in der deutschsprachigen Romanistik und arbeitet zentrale Schwierigkeiten sowie Lösungswege heraus. Im Mittelpunkt steht das Spannungsfeld, das sich aus den traditionsreichen diskursanalytischen Zugriffsweisen des französischsprachigen Wissenschaftsraumes einerseits und der deutschsprachigen Germanistik andererseits ergibt.

Polish Romanistic Research in the Last Two Years (2006/2007 – 2007/2008)SummaryThe article presents publications of Polish romanists published in the last two academic years. They include editions of the sources, their translations accompanied by commentaries, as well studies on Roman private law covering the law of persons, family law, law of property, succession, obligations and procedure. An important part of the recent studies is devoted to public law: above all criminal law and broadly understood administrative law. Several authors addressed the problem of the influence of Roman law on the legal culture of Europe. Research was done as well on the history of law faculties and the romanists who lectured there. All these studies indicate a slight change in the scientific interest of the Polish romanists. We welcome the fact that more interest was paid to various problems of public law, in this way the romanistic research may be able to show the roots of the later and modern jurisprudence. One could postulate further studies not on the classical period of Roman law but also on its later developments. Scholars should never limit themselves to study of subjects reflecting contemporary legal science, as we never know if the one day the ‘dated’ institutions should not revive in a slightly changed form: such is the case of the modern construction of transfer of ownership as a security for debt functionally reflecting the Roman fiducia cum creditore contracta. In this manner the analysis of the ancient legal structures may provide for better understanding of the presently binding norms.

Józefat Zielonacki - A Forgotten Polish Romanist of XIX C. An Outline of a BiographySummaryJ. Zielonacki was born on 28 November 1818 in a village called Goniczki, situated the Grand Duchy of Poznan, which belonged to his family.He spent his childhood in his family estate. After completing education in schools in Trzemeszno and Poznan he studied in Berlin, where he graduated in 1845 and conferred a doctor degree (dr) in both laws. In 1848 (or 1849) he was qualified as an assistant professor (dr hab) at Wroclaw University, where he subsequently lectured the Roman law.In 1850 Prof. Zielonacki succeeded to be a head of the Roman law department at the Jagiellonian University.At that time Galicia was in the period of absolutist reaction after the People’s Spring, distinguished by the suppression of civil liberties and a regime of terror. The declaration of a state of siege on 10.01.1849 led to handing over a full authority to Austrian generals, subsequent military commanders of the country, to whose authority - legitimately and in practice - (in these circumstances) the Galician governor - Agenor hr. Goluchowski was - submitted. The University was in practice deprived of its autonomy; all important matters were meticulously directed and supervised by the central authorities in Vienna. Appointments to professorships depended exclusively on the Austrian Ministry of Education, which also examined in detail ‘the political conformity’ of each candidate. Prof. Zielonacki was put up as a candidate by the minister Leon hr. Thun, who wrote in the application to the Emperor about a “great talent” but also “unblemished political attitude” of the candidate.J. Zielonacki lectured the Roman law in Cracow for two years and a half - until the end of December 1852. He was popular amongst the students and was respected amongst scholars as an eminent expert of the Roman law.On 1.01.1853 - without giving any justification, Prof. Zielonacki was removed from the University together with the following Professors: A. Malecki, W. Pol, A. Z. Helcel. The reasons for the dismissal have not been fully explained; at present it is considered as a revenge of the authorities for “the national attitude of the university full of dignity and visible efforts to maintain the Polish character” or even “acts of terror”. The direct reason for dismissing the “inconvenient” Professors was a denunciation against Prof. Malecki and Prof. Pol (and possibly Kremer), which drew the attention of the police to the whole academic environment. The head of the police in Cracow - Carol Neusser - who was commissioned to check the grounds of the denunciation, invigilated all university professors. It was claimed in his report (written on 21.03.1852) that some of the lecturers were particularly dangerous for the authorities. Prof. Zielonacki was described to be an impulsive person, having - “apart from Polish revolutionary tendencies, plenty of Prussian prejudices against Austria”, behaving “always unfriendly” towards the government. Thus, the removal of the professors had a clear political context - no particular accusations were however formulated. After the dismissal from the Jagiellonian University, Prof. Zielonacki was moved to Innsbruck, where he was the head of the Roman law department (until 1855), and afterwards he took over the same post at the Karol University in Prague.In 1857 Prof. Zielonacki, at his own request, was moved to the Lwow University, where he taught Roman law until he retired in 1870.In 1861 he tried to go back to Cracow to take over a vacant post in the Roman Law department but the authorities rejected his candidacy.Prof. Zielonacki made major contributions to the polonization of the Lwow University - he was the first and - for a long time - the only professor lecturing in Polish. In intense disputes with German professors he managed to win the right to use the Polish legal terminology during the lectures, subsequently a right for lectures in Polish, and afterwards to use Polish during exams. Fighting for the polonization of the university had an impact on his professorship career - after he was elected to be the dean of the Law Faculty for the first time for the academic year 1861/61 - he was ostentatiously neglected by his colleagues in elections to this post.Prof. Zielonacki, apart from his work with students, was also active in other areas: between 1867 and 1873 he was a member of the Autrian State Tribunal, and above all an active member of the Science Academy (from 1873 - since it was established). After Prof. Kramers death, from 1875 to 1878, he was a director of the Philosophy and History Faculty and played a significant role in establishing the Commission of Law in the Science Academy.Prof. Zielonacki died in his family estate in Goniczki on 28.04.1884.His scientific output is very ample - he wrote numerous articles and dissertations (in Latin, German and Polish) mainly on possession and usucaption. He is also an author of two monographs on servitudes (Wroclaw 1849) and on possession (Poznan 1854). The latter was also issued in Polish. The work of his lifetime was a two pans manual “Pandekta, i.e. a lecture on the Roman private law as it is the basis of the new laws” published in Polish in Cracow (1862/63, issue II 1870/1871), dedicated to “Polish youth devoting to the legal profession”. This work was greatly appreciated at his times.At present Prof. Zielonacki is groundlessly forgotten. He belonged to the most eminent Romanists of his times, he was an expen in Latin and German literature on the Roman law. He also substantially contributed to the polonization of law teaching. His personage - as an eminent scholar and patriot - it worth recalling.

It has been believed for many years, indeed centuries, that the Channel between Great Britain and Continental Europe could be crossed only by boat. This belief has come to an end, albeit—at least for the time being—at a price which does not allow huge financial investments to be turned into a profit. The belief that in the legal field differences between English or Anglo-American common law and French and German—or, rather, Romanistic and Germanistic—legal systems are unbridgeable (or should I say “un-chunnelable”?) is even more widespread. That is the subject of this article: to show that differences between legal systems may, as a result of the European Union, be less unbridgeable than before, at least in certain areas of the law.

Abstract The following paper undertakes the presentation and subsequent analysis of the initial section of an extended, although only partially preserved letter exchange between two salient German scholars settled in Argentina and Chile from the end of the 19th century on, and during the first decades of the 20th century: Rudolf Lenz, trained in linguistics and Romance languages at the renowned Romanistik School of Bonn, who worked at the Instituto Pedagógico in Santiago de Chile, and Robert Lehmann-Nitsche, a Prussian physician and anthropologist who was in charge of the Anthropological Section of a brand new modern Museum in Argentina’s recently founded city of La Plata. The letter exchange between them lasted from 1897 until 1928 and the analysis of its initial pieces (1897–1898) allows us to see how personal and scientific networks were constructed, and how German science and sociability managed to settle down in such distant locations and still remain connected with its system of origin.

AbstractCurrently, at least three approaches to judicial governance coexist in the European continent: the judicial council model, the courts service model, and the Ministry of Justice model. Although doctrinal and case-specific literatures abound on this topic, examples of cross-country studies explaining choices on these models of judicial governance are rather scarce. More particularly, we lack so far knowledge on how different factors interact in leading to the implementation of the judicial council model. This is striking, given the importance of judicial councils for the operation of the rule of law. Furthermore, explanations on the choices of models of judicial governance are essential to understanding the intricate issue of the political rationalities underlying macrolevel design of judicial institutions. Using qualitative comparative analysis and focusing on European liberal democracies, this article contributes to the literature in the field. It is shown that judicial councils are created when postauthoritarian countries implement new constitutions either in romanistic law countries or in countries subject to Europeanizing pressures.

The article examines the use and translation of key terms of Roman law: “proprietas”, “possessio” and “detentio”, which were used in medieval texts in one way or another; at least when it comes to the act material of medieval Italy. Despite the fact that the translation of “possessio” as «владение» has been established in Russian romanistics, the translator must take into account that in Russian the use of the words «владение», «владелец» has certain features. The main problem is that until now, often (with the exception of scientific works of lawyers), the term «владелец» is used to refer to the person who owns the property right, the owner, contrary to the dichotomy between the concepts of «владение» and «собственность». Problems also arise when translating into English. Belonging of England to the Anglo-Saxon legal system leads to difficulties in transferring legal terms of the continental system based on Roman law. Researchers and translators of Latin legal texts can avoid accusations of inaccuracy by resorting to the use of legal terms in Latin in the text, or by duplicating the Latin translation of such a term into English or another language.

A partir del siglo XX la Literatura Hispanoamericana destacó por su notable y original narrativa. Este ensayo de carácter lingüístico analiza la obra innovadora en el campo de la renovación de la lengua del escritor mexicano Dante Medina. El estudio que presentamos tiene un enfoque romanista al tratarse de un escritor que trabaja con distintas lenguas: el español, el italiano y el francés. Sus textos en la mayoría tienen una gran riqueza lingüística que evitan el pensamiento tradicional, provocando una nueva edición y escritura en sus textos, los cuales abarcan intuiciones, convicciones, innovaciones, y emociones. Dante Medina es un delicado artista del lenguaje. En su práctica lexicográfica, propone una edición distinta de la narrativa en la que en su discurso también recrea personajes, acorde al cambio de la presentación de los párrafos. El autor juego y explora nuevos géneros literarios, que, aunque retorcidos, enriquece las unidades narratológicas latinoamericanas. Desde la perspectiva de la lingüística, es posible analizar la narrativa que Dante Medina ha engendrado en los últimos cincuenta años, uno de los modelos estructurales e iniciadores de la invención del lenguaje en el siglo XXI en Jalisco. Su narrativa, aunque sea de ficción, conserva sus propias reglas, creando sistemas semióticos que sirven precisamente para seguir fecundando nuevos niveles de sentido en el texto. Su obra permite enriquecer la Lengua Española y, con ello, abrir otras posibilidades de vanguardia fantástica en el siglo XXI.

A partir del siglo XX la Literatura Hispanoamericana destacó por su notable y original narrativa. Este ensayo de carácter lingüístico analiza la obra innovadora en el campo de la renovación de la lengua del escritor mexicano Dante Medina. El estudio que presentamos tiene un enfoque romanista al tratarse de un escritor que trabaja con distintas lenguas: el español, el italiano y el francés. Sus textos en la mayoría tienen una gran riqueza lingüística que evitan el pensamiento tradicional, provocando una nueva edición y escritura en sus textos, los cuales abarcan intuiciones, convicciones, innovaciones, y emociones. Dante Medina es un delicado artista del lenguaje. En su práctica lexicográfica, propone una edición distinta de la narrativa en la que en su discurso también recrea personajes, acorde al cambio de la presentación de los párrafos. El autor juego y explora nuevos géneros literarios, que, aunque retorcidos, enriquece las unidades narratológicas latinoamericanas. Desde la perspectiva de la lingüística, es posible analizar la narrativa que Dante Medina ha engendrado en los últimos cincuenta años, uno de los modelos estructurales e iniciadores de la invención del lenguaje en el siglo XXI en Jalisco. Su narrativa, aunque sea de ficción, conserva sus propias reglas, creando sistemas semióticos que sirven precisamente para seguir fecundando nuevos niveles de sentido en el texto. Su obra permite enriquecer la Lengua Española y, con ello, abrir otras posibilidades de vanguardia fantástica en el siglo XXI.

Es handelt sich um die Rezension des folgenden Buches: Verena Weiland (2020): Sprachwissenschaftliche Zugriffe auf Diskurse. Ein korpuslinguistischer Ansatz am Beispiel des Themas „Sicherheit und Überwachung“ in Frankreich. Heidelberg: Winter Verlag, 365 S.