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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Science – social aspects – developing countries »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 26 juillet 2024

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Sheykhi, Mohammad. "Aging and Social Gerontology vs Social Accounting in Developing Countries." Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery 6, no. 1 (2020): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/105.

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Though aging is a gift in general, it may be a hard time for many in developing countries in particular. Aging may be defined as the combination of biological, social and psychological processes that affect people as they grow older. The first refers to the physical body, the second refers to cultural values, norms and role expectations that change with age, and the third refers to the change in one's emotional, cognitive and mental capabilities. Science, modern technologies, improved agriculture, sanitation, medicaments, improved nutrition and many more developments have brought about aging increase and declining mortality. Social aspects of aging or social gerontology as a new phenomenon needs to be taken into account through social accounting. As rapid changes are emerging in population structure in modern times, social accountants need to study and project different emerging changes of population including aging and gerontology. While aging is affected by the quality of the society, it affects society too. Such a phenomenon is currently appearing in the developing world. Similarly, aging people find a different psychology and lifestyle contradicting their younger ages. Such a dramatic change needs more applicable inspection including geriatrics and social accounting. However, complications in elderly life is ever appearing and increasing. Method of research used in the present paper is mainly based on a qualitative approach. Various subtitles discussed in the present paper, result from aging, or influence aging phenomenon. The paper concludes that social accounting widely affects healthy aging.

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Jamali, Dima, Peter Lund-Thomsen, and Søren Jeppesen. "SMEs and CSR in Developing Countries." Business & Society 56, no. 1 (2016): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650315571258.

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This article is the guest editors’ introduction to the special issue in Business & Society on “SMEs and CSR in Developing Countries.” The special issue includes four original research articles by Hamann, Smith, Tashman, and Marshall; Allet; Egels-Zandén; and Puppim de Oliveira and Jabbour on various aspects of the relationship of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries.

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DINIZ, DEBORA. "CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Developing World Bioethics 10, no. 1 (2010): ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8847.2010.00279.x.

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Kasturiaratchi, Nimal D. "Addressing Vulnerabilities in Developing Countries." Developing World Bioethics 1, no. 2 (2001): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-8847.00020.

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Drahos, Peter. "“Trust Me”: Patent Offices in Developing Countries." American Journal of Law & Medicine 34, no. 2-3 (2008): 151–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880803400205.

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Patent rules matter to the structure and evolution of pharmaceutical markets. If they did not, pharmaceutical multinationals would not spend resources on their globalization and content. The role of pharmaceutical multinationals in shaping the patent provisions of the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) has been well documented. The contributions of developing country coalitions and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on TRIPS and access to medicines have also been studied.One actor, the patent office, has largely escaped detailed scrutiny in the literature that has grown around intellectual property law and access to medicines. There is an obvious explanation. Patent offices are administrative bodies. They administer patent standards that are decided and defined by others – the courts, legislatures or the executive acting in the context of treaty negotiation. For those interested in the structural reform of pharmaceutical markets, reforming patent office administration has not been a high priority.

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Kottow, M. H. "Developing countries: whose views?" Journal of Medical Ethics 21, no. 1 (1995): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.21.1.56.

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Kottow, Miguel. "Intergenerational healthcare inequities in developing countries." Developing World Bioethics 20, no. 3 (2019): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12244.

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Gahukar, R. T. "Plant Protection Projects in Developing Countries: The Present Situation." Outlook on Agriculture 24, no. 2 (1995): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709502400206.

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Plant protection has received a lot of attention in developing countries because of the serious pest problems they suffer and the hazards of synthetic pesticides. However, information on plant protection is often fragmentary if it is available at all. Here, an account is given of the planning, monitoring and evaluation of plant protection projects run by various agencies, this being the means by which statistics on plant protection and data on associated social and ecological aspects are gathered. The lack of back-up research, large scale extension, infrastructure facilities, credit availability and market accessibility are identified as constraints to plant protection projects in developing countries. Suggestions for improving these projects are discussed.

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Starkl, Markus, Norbert Brunner, Sukanya Das, and Anju Singh. "Sustainability Assessment for Wastewater Treatment Systems in Developing Countries." Water 14, no. 2 (2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14020241.

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As the assessment of the economic, environmental, institutional, and social sustainability of wastewater treatment systems may have several conceivable goals and intended recipients, there are numerous different approaches. This paper surveys certain aspects of sustainability assessment that may be of interest to the planners of wastewater treatment systems. Here, the key criteria assess the system’s costs and financing, including its affordability for the users, the environmental impact, the benefits for health and hygiene, the cultural acceptance of the system and its recycled products, the technical functioning, and the administrative, political, and legal framework for its construction and operation. A multi-criteria approach may then be used to analyze possible trade-offs and identify the most suitable system for a certain location.

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Kochhar, Rajesh. "Promoting astronomy in developing countries: an historical perspective." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, SPS5 (2006): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392130700662x.

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AbstractAny international effort to promote astronomy world wide today must necessarily take into account its cultural and historical component. The past few decades have ushered in an age, which we may call the Age of Cultural Copernicanism. In analogy with the cosmological principle that the universe has no preferred location or direction, Cultural Copernicanism would imply that no cultural or geographical area, or ethnic or social group, can be deemed to constitute a superior entity or a benchmark for judging or evaluating others.In this framework, astronomy (as well as science in general) is perceived as a multi-stage civilizational cumulus where each stage builds on the knowledge gained in the previous stages and in turn leads to the next. This framework however is a recent development. The 19th century historiography consciously projected modern science as a characteristic product of the Western civilization decoupled from and superior to its antecedents, with the implication that all material and ideological benefits arising from modern science were reserved for the West.As a reaction to this, the orientalized East has often tended to view modern science as “their” science, distance itself from its intellectual aspects, and seek to defend, protect and reinvent “our” science and the alleged (anti-science) Eastern mode of thought. This defensive mind-set works against the propagation of modern astronomy in most of the non-Western countries. There is thus a need to construct a history of world astronomy that is truly universal and unselfconscious.Similarly, the planetarium programs, for use the world over, should be culturally sensitive. The IAU can help produce cultural-specific modules. Equipped with this paradigmatic background, we can now address the question of actual means to be adopted for the task at hand. Astronomical activity requires a certain minimum level of industrial activity support. Long-term maintenance of astronomical equipment is not a trivial task. There are any number of examples of an expensive facility falling victim to AIDS: Astronomical Instrument Deficiency Syndrome. The facilities planned in different parts of the world should be commensurate with the absorbing power of the acceptor rather than the level of the gifter.

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Glantz, Leonard H., George J. Annas, Michael A. Grodin, and Wendy K. Mariner. "Research in Developing Countries: Taking "Benefit" Seriously." Hastings Center Report 28, no. 6 (1998): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3528268.

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Mascie-Taylor, C. G. N. "Endemic disease, nutrition and fertility in developing countries." Journal of Biosocial Science 24, no. 3 (1992): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200001991x.

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The two main ways in which disease and nutrition can influence fertility are by reducing fecundity or by extending the birth interval. Fecundity refers to reproductive ability, that is the potential to breed, as compared to fertility which denotes actual childbearing (McFalls & McFalls, 1984). Reduced fecundity, which is usually referred to as subfecundity, results from impairment of any of the biological aspects of reproduction, including coital inability, conceptive failure as well as pregnancy loss. Subfecundity is only one factor operating to reduce fertility; other factors include those governing mate exposure (both formation and dissolution of unions as well as exposure to intercourse within unions) and birth control.

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Pawar, Manohar. "Community informal care and welfare systems in Asia-Pacific countries." International Social Work 47, no. 4 (2004): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872804046252.

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The significance, objectives and process of implementing the project in Asia-Pacific countries are discussed. The evaluation looks at successful and unsuccessful aspects, lessons learned and the expected impact of the target groups for the project. It examines strategies to implement follow-up plans, draws implications for developing professional networks and offers insights for replicating similar exercises elsewhere.

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Lixin, Hao. "Globalization and Its Contradictions: China’s Developing Path." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 20, no. 1-2 (2021): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341585.

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Abstract Globalization is a process of contradictions and value conflicts. Developing countries are faced with various challenges in this process. Economic globalization is essentially global-wide expansion of the capitalist economy. Inherent contradictions of economic globalization can be divided into original and derivative contradictions. The inherent contradiction of the capitalist economy determines its two different aspects, its corresponding effects upon the world history, as well as conflicts between economic, political, and cultural values. Being exposed to this process, China needs to make wise choices.

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ARNASON, GARDAR, and ANTON VAN NIEKERK. "Undue Fear of Inducements in Research in Developing Countries." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, no. 2 (2009): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109090215.

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Prematurely born children who have underdeveloped lungs may suffer a potentially fatal condition called respiratory distress syndrome. A U.S. company developed a drug, called Surfaxin, to treat such poorly functioning lungs. A placebo-controlled study was planned in four Latin American countries (Mexico, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru). At the time, in 2001, four treatments were already on the market, although not available to the research populations used in the study. This case is usually discussed as part of the standard of care debate or offered as an example of exploitation. However, what concerns us in this case is rather the choice given to the parents of a prematurely born child under these circumstances: “You can give consent for your child's participation in this study. Half of the babies enrolled will receive sham air and are as likely to die as if they had not enrolled. The other half will receive an active treatment and are more likely to survive.” The parents can vastly increase their baby's chances of survival by participating in the study. Can the consent be voluntary? Do the parents have any meaningful choice?

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Kapiriri, Lydia, and Douglas K. Martin. "A Strategy to Improve Priority Setting in Developing Countries." Health Care Analysis 15, no. 3 (2007): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10728-006-0037-1.

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Mathew, Sebastian. "Fishery-dependent information and the ecosystem approach: what role can fishers and their knowledge play in developing countries?" ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 8 (2011): 1805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr113.

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Abstract Mathew, S. 2011. Fishery-dependent information and the ecosystem approach: what role can fishers and their knowledge play in developing countries? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1805–1808. An ecosystem approach to fishery management is as much a mechanism to deal with the impact of fishing on targeted, associated, and dependent fish stocks, and on the habitat, as it is to deal with the impact of habitat degradation from natural and anthropogenic factors on fishing. In developing countries, often with little institutional capacity for generating timely and reliable information for managing fisheries, effective integration of the knowledge possessed by fishers and their communities regarding, for example, oceanographic, biological, economic, social, and cultural aspects can contribute to an ecosystem approach to fisheries. The challenge is to identify and validate such knowledge and to create policy and legal space to integrate it into management, also drawing upon good practice in industrialized countries. An attempt is made to identify such knowledge, to discuss its salient aspects, and to look at the conditions under which its practical value can be enhanced and integrated into formal fishery-management systems in developing countries.

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Ghazinoory, Sepehr, and Reza Ghazinouri. "NANOTECHNOLOGY AND SOCIOPOLITICAL MODERNITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; CASE STUDY OF IRAN." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 15, no. 3 (2009): 395–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1392-8619.2009.15.395-417.

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What we must keep in mind is that although nanotechnology is an emerging and high technology, it is still technology or, in other words, it has an instrumental nature and in order to study its effect on societies we have to consider the role of instruments’ evolution in societies and study nanotechnology as the most recent part of this trend. In this article we study the nature of modern technologies, role of technology based economy on different social and political aspects of developing countries; we have a review on the concept of social and political modernity and describe how development of nanotechnology will accelerate those countries’ modernization from social and political point of view in addition to modernizing their economy. So this paper is a cross‐disciplinary study between nanotechnology and social sciences. There are two different scenarios about the future of nanotechnology. One is the proof of radical nanotechnology and the other is the acceptance of the claim that nanotechnology is only an enabling technology. In the present paper, we studied the effects of both scenarios. The obstacles to modernity in Iran and potential effect of nanotechnology on them are studied as a case study. Santrauka Nors nanotechnologija yra nauja ir pažangi technologija, ji tėra tik instrumentas. Norint įvertinti jos reikšmę visuomenei, reikia išnagrinėti panašių instrumentų raidą visuomenėse ir vertinti nanotechnologiją kaip naujausią tendenciją. Šiame straipsnyje ištirta šiuolaikinių technologijų prigimtis, technologijos vaidmuo žinių ekonomikoje skirtingais besivystančių šalių socialiniais ir politiniais periodais, apžvelgtos socialinio ir politinio šiuolaikiškumo sąvokos, apibūdinta, kaip išsivysčiusios nanotechnologijos pagreitins šalių modernizaciją socialiniu ir politiniu požiūriu be jų ekonomikos modernizavimą. Šis straipsnis yra nanotechnologijos ir socialinių mokslų tarpdisciplininė studija. Yra du skirtingi nanotechnologijos ateities scenarijai: pirmasis teigia, kad nanotechnologija sukels radikalių pokyčių; antrasis skelbia, kad nanotechnologija yra tiktai galimybių suteikimo technologija. Šiame straipsnyje tyrinėti abiejų scenarijų padariniai, tirtos kliūtys šiuolaikiškumui Irane įsitvirtinti ir nanotechnologijos poveikis šaliai.

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DINIZ, DEBORA. "RATIONING THE ACCESS TO HIGH COST MEDICINES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Developing World Bioethics 9, no. 2 (2009): ii—iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8847.2009.00260.x.

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Al Jundi, Nawaf Abdullah. "The extent of meeting the forensic accounting requirements in courts: Evidence from the developing countries." Corporate and Business Strategy Review 4, no. 1 (2023): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbsrv4i1art4.

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This study aims to explore the extent of meeting the forensic accounting requirements in courts, using the aspects of the availability of financial data for forensic accountants, possessing the required practical, scientific skills by forensic accountants, and the existence of a legislative and organizational environment. The population of the study consists of 998 people and represents the employees of the Audit Bureau and the Integrity and Anti-Corruption Commission. The study sample consists of 130 people from these two bodies. The data was collected through a questionnaire. The study used a descriptive-analytical approach and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The study concluded that the aspects of using forensic accounting in Jordanian courts, that are the availability of financial data for forensic accountants, possessing the required practical and scientific qualifications by forensic accountants, possessing the required skills by forensic accountants, and the existence of a legislative and organizational environment, are consistent with the conclusions of other studies (Alshurafat et al., 2021; Shbeilat & Alqatamin, 2022). The study recommends that the pertinent authorities encourage the Jordanian courts to use forensic accounting in resolving financial conflicts.

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MAHOMED, SAFIA. "Human Biobanking in Developed and Developing Countries: An Ethico-Legal Comparative Analysis of the Frameworks in the United Kingdom, Australia, Uganda, and South Africa." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30, no. 1 (2020): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180120000614.

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AbstractAlthough the concept of biobanking is not new, the open and evolving nature of biobanks has created profound ethical, legal, and social implications, including issues around informed consent, community engagement, secondary uses of materials over time, ownership of materials, data sharing, and privacy. Complexities also emerge because of increasing international collaborations and differing national positions. In addition, the degrees and topics of concern vary as legislative, ethical, and social frameworks differ across developed and developing countries. Implementing national laws in an internationally consistent manner is also problematic. However, these concerns should not cause countries, especially developing countries, to lag behind as this novel wave of research gains momentum, particularly while several biobank initiatives are already underway in the developing world. As the law has always struggled to keep up with the fast-evolving scientific arena, this article seeks to identify the ethico-legal frameworks in place in the United Kingdom, Australia, Uganda, and South Africa, for human biobank research, in an attempt to compare and contextualize the approaches to human biobanking in specific developed and developing countries.

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van Teijlingen, Edwin R., and Padam P. Simkhada. "Ethical approval in developing countries is not optional." Journal of Medical Ethics 38, no. 7 (2012): 428–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2011-100123.

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Al-Dabbagh, Afaf. "Islamic Perspectives on Social Work Practice." American Journal of Islam and Society 10, no. 4 (1993): 536–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v10i4.2476.

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Social work practice in most Islamic and developing countries hasfollowed the western model in the belief that professional practice is universal.After fifty years of social work practice in these countries, however,we find that this model has largely failed due to its exclusion of religiousvalues and spiritual aspects. During the last decade, westem professionalsrealized that the inefficacy of social work practice was due toits avoidance of spiritual and religious aspects in theory and methodology.The conceptional scientific method based on scientific materialismhas not provided a comprehensive study of humanity and society, for itsdependence on the senses as the sole source of knowledge meant thatrevelation-derived knowledge was seen as unimportant. Scientific methodologymust be reviewed and reoriented so that it depends on revelationand sense experience as sources of knowledge. As such, the Islamic reorientationof both the social sciences and professions will be necessaryduring the process of establishing models for sciences based on scientificmethodology with regard to revelation as a source of knowledge.The research problem deals with how to reorient social work practicefrom an Islamic viewpoint. To achieve this, the Islamic views on fivemain aspects must be considered: hum& nature; divine laws governingindividual behavior and social organization; causes of individual and socialproblems; social welfare systems; and practice theory.The Islamization of knowledge methodology of Isdil a1 FSrCiqiwas used. It has three main elements: to a) review modem sciences, analyzetheir background, and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses fromthe Islamic view; b) undetstand and study scholarly contributions basedon Muslim scholars’ undemtanding of the Qur’an and Sunnah and c) jointhe Islamic view and modem science outputs into one integrated system.The methodology followed was: a) a verse-by-verse review of theQur’an to identify key elements related to the research questions. Next,the interpretation of selected verses was located in authoritative tafsirtexts; b) al BukhGri’s hadith compilation was reviewed in the same fashion.Explanations of selected hadiths were also sought in Ibn Hajar; c)classical and modem Islamic scholarly writings were reviewed to identifyrelevant contributions to the research d) a review of modem socialscience literabm was made for each research question. This was followedby a critical evaluation of modem theories and concepts from the Islamicview (generated in the previous phase of the study); e) based on theevaluation’s results, an attempt was made to integrate what was worthwhilein modem scholarship with the broader parameters of the Islamic ...

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Abubakr, Mohammed, and Tugberk Kaya. "A Comparison of E-Government Systems Between Developed and Developing Countries." International Journal of Electronic Government Research 17, no. 1 (2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijegr.2021010101.

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The term e-government provides information and conveys governmental services for employees, citizens, and businesses. The aim of this study is to determine and explain the most significant factors that have been utilized to overcome the difficulties in infrastructure, cultural, political, technical, and social aspects of e-government. The researcher tried to explain and compare two different e-government systems from developing countries (Iraq) and developed countries (Finland) and specified several points between these two countries that could help developing countries to develop good e-government. The reason to choose these two countries is that there is a gap in the e-government system between developing and developed countries which is helpful to specify weak points of the e-government system in Iraq and to get benefit from Finland's experience in this sphere. Then, the researcher highlights the good factors from developed countries that are applicable in developing counties that help to suggest a list of suggestions for developing the e-government system in Iraq.

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Sterckx, Sigrid. "Patents and Access to Drugs in Developing Countries: An Ethical Analysis." Developing World Bioethics 4, no. 1 (2004): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8731.2004.00067.x.

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NEWTON, SAM K., and JOHN APPIAH-POKU. "THE PERSPECTIVES OF RESEARCHERS ON OBTAINING INFORMED CONSENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Developing World Bioethics 7, no. 1 (2007): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8847.2006.00147.x.

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HARMON, SHAWN H. E. "EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: STEM CELL RESEARCH REGULATION AND ARGENTINA." Developing World Bioethics 8, no. 2 (2008): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8847.2007.00217.x.

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Agati, Salvatore, and Ermanno Bellanti. "Global Cardiac Surgery—Accessibility to Cardiac Surgery in Developing Countries: Objectives, Challenges, and Solutions." Children 10, no. 11 (2023): 1789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10111789.

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Cardiac surgery is a modern science in the history of medicine. The impact of cardiac disease, in terms of treatment and prognosis, has made this discipline indispensable to global health. In recent decades, the greatest investment has been dispensed to technological and material improvements to increase life expectancy. This surgery must address different epidemiological aspects dictated by the geography and economic–social conditions of the global populations. For this reason, it is progressively important to address the cardiac surgery accessibility disparity. Many scientific papers and international meetings have studied how cardiac surgery can be more accessible in various countries around the world. In this review, we analyze all the challenges, solutions, and suggestions that can make this surgery accessible to the entire global population, with the purpose of reducing its disparity across all seven continents. For a long time, high-income countries have invested in technological capabilities and experimental advancements without caring about unequal access in the rest of the world. We believe that it is time to reverse this growth trajectory, placing the accessibility and distribution of surgical science as a priority, which is significant for the right to health of all people worldwide. This is the real new challenge in cardiosurgery.

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Meshcheryakova, Elena I., and Mikhail A. Sibirko. "Social mentality and mental confrontation: psychological and pedagogical aspects." Psychological-Pedagogical Journal GAUDEAMUS 23, no. 1 (2024): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-231x-2024-23-1-9-16.

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The study of the issues associated with modern mental confrontation affects a wide variety of scientific fields, and not only the humanities. However, the pedagogical aspects of the issue of successfully countering the means of mental intervention carried out by unfriendly countries against our country using psychotronic, organizational, information weapons, and social manipulation remain practically undeveloped. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the necessity and possibilities of studying national and social immunity, mentality, taking into account the specifics of the conditions of modern mental confrontation. The theoretical significance of the article's material is related to the fact that it contains a definition of social mentality, taking into account its specifics in relation to the community of employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, concretized on the basis of an analysis of prevailing in domestic science (primarily – philosophy) approaches to the definition and characterization of mentality, mentality, the conclusions are substantiated that allow us to purposefully solve tasks aimed at achieving the goal of preserving and progressive development of mentality, national mentality and social mentality of individual professional communities as its component. The practical significance of the presented research results consists not only in the fact that it emphasizes the importance of creating a theoretical and methodological basis for conducting pedagogical research on the identified problems, but also shows the importance of developing methodological support for educational (primarily educational) activities of faculty and senior staff of departmental universities, ensuring the resolution of crucial issues at the present stage of development. There are contradictions in our country, which has positive social consequences. The originality of the work is determined by the fact that this is one of the few studies aimed at solving the problems of mental confrontation using the achievements of pedagogical science and practice, in which, based on the analysis of the results of research conducted in various humanitarian fields, provisions are formulated that contribute to the resolution of these issues.

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Alavi, Seyed Maziar, Seyed Hossein Hosseini, Ali Hosseini, and Mohamad Samaei. "A survey of the mutual effects of mobile phone usage on the citizenship culture in developing countries." Journal of Social Studies (JSS) 18, no. 2 (2022): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jss.v18i2.45051.

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Information and Communication Technologies have made great changes to the lifestyle of human beings. Mobile phones, with their rapid growth in different parts of the world, essential parts of our lives. Mobile phone has helped to overcome location barriers and have had great impacts on the people’s lives, especially in urban areas. In developing countries, mobile phone has grown rapidly in the recent decade and has had great impacts on communications and other aspects of social life. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the mobile phone technology push on the culture of citizens, in developing countries. Running a survey-type research, a sample of people in Tehran, the capital city of Iran, have been asked to fill a questionnaire; then, after gathering and cleansing and analysing the data, some recommendations are added that could be used in urban policy making in the various developing countries

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Damayanti, Retno Wulan, Budi Hartono, and Andi Rahadiyan Wijaya. "Clarifying megaproject complexity in developing countries: A literature review and conceptual study." International Journal of Engineering Business Management 13 (January 1, 2021): 184797902110274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/18479790211027414.

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Complexity is considered one of the hallmarks of megaproject failure; however, no common definition of complexity in the megaproject context exists in contemporary literature; particularly in developing countries. The present study explores the definitions, characteristics, and strategy to respond to the complexity of megaprojects in developing countries. An exploration of normative theories and a systematic literature review were performed to investigate the concept of complexity. This study proposes the definition of complexity as a “challenge” for entities—including project managers—in megaproject management. This definition extends to encompass both positive and negative challenges, offering a more balanced perspective on the causes of failure in addition to the sources of opportunities for innovation. We determine the aspects of megaproject complexity associated with structural and social factors of interrelatedness, nonlinearities, and emergence. This study proposes a formal definition, clarifying the characteristics of complexity and synthesizing strategy themes that respond to megaproject complexity. This resulting study provides insights for both megaproject researchers and professionals.

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Lorenzo, C., V. Garrafa, J. H. Solbakk, and S. Vidal. "Hidden risks associated with clinical trials in developing countries." Journal of Medical Ethics 36, no. 2 (2010): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2009.031708.

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Olweny, C. "Bioethics in developing countries: ethics of scarcity and sacrifice." Journal of Medical Ethics 20, no. 3 (1994): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.20.3.169.

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Brock, Dan W. "Some Questions about the Moral Responsibilities of Drug Companies in Developing Countries." Developing World Bioethics 1, no. 1 (2001): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-8847.00005.

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Webb, Jamie. "Putting placebo‐controlled trials in developing countries to the interpersonal justifiability test." Developing World Bioethics 19, no. 3 (2018): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12209.

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Tan, Michael. "From Scribes to Seers: 400 Years of Doing Social Science in the Philippines." Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology 38, no. 2016 (2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2016.508.

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This paper discusses the “doing” or practice of social science in the Philippines in the past 400 years where written documents are available during this period. It consists of three parts. First is a discussion of popular perceptions of the social sciences, often disaggregated and with particular stereotypes, e.g., history as “heroes and dates”, geography as “maps”, psychology as “behavior” and anthropology as “(exotic) tribes”. These focused perceptions lead to misconceptions of the social sciences as mainly descriptive pursuits that produce studies that are “nice to know” but which have little impact on society, especially for developing countries. Secondly, a historical survey will show how, in the past 400 years, the practice of social sciences has significantly contributed towards understanding the Philippines, with even greater challenges and potential, in the future for producing insights needed to effectively respond to social concerns. This includes the emergence of social sciences in Europe in the context of the Enlightenment, and its impact on the thinking of social reformers. In the Philippines, this would be exemplified by Jose Rizal and Isabelo de los Reyes with their unrelenting search for a Filipino identity and nationhood. The American colonial period is described in terms of its more formal definition and application of the social sciences for governance, including social engineering with its long-term impact on many aspects of public life. In the postcolonial period, Filipino social scientists followed international trends of separating the social sciences from the natural sciences, as well as arts and humanities, with academic institutions developing discipline-based silos of research. Despite the fragmentation, there have been common themes in the disciplines, particularly in a search for the “indigenous”, taking up in a sense the agenda of Rizal and de los Reyes in the late nineteenth century. Applied social sciences have also become important to better inform development efforts and have allowed greater convergence, and the adoption of inter- and transdisciplinary research.

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Kenyon, P., C. Pollett, and N. Wills-Johnson. "Sustainable water management practices: lessons from ancient Sri Lanka." Water Policy 8, no. 3 (2006): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.0013.

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Many developing countries struggle with the most appropriate way by which to ensure that sufficient resources are available, in a sustainable manner, for the provision of water services. This problem is not new. Rather, it is one which most societies have faced in the past, some with considerable success. This paper considers the case of the hydraulic civilisation of ancient Sri Lanka, not from the perspective of its engineering feats, which are well-known, but from the management aspects of its irrigation system. It details how the ancient Sri Lankans devised a two-tier system which, although it had engineering and economic inefficiencies in its physical structure, was perfectly suited to the level of social capital available at the time. Given that social capital is precisely what limits many developing countries, this suggests that ancient Sri Lanka may provide lessons for water resource management which may have application in developing countries today.

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Xiangchen, Zhang, and Wang Jinyong. "Capacity Constraint: A Fundamental Perspective for the Development Issue at WTO." Journal of World Trade 53, Issue 1 (2019): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2019001.

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The development issue at WTO, which has generated heated academic and policy debates, is an integral part of the multilateral trade negotiations, with the special and differential treatment (S&DT) for developing countries being at the core. This article seeks to, by introducing certain theoretical analysis framework – such as the theory of ‘incomplete contract’ and ‘poverty as capability deprivation’ – into the multilateral trade negotiations, conclude that the fundamental aspect of the development issue at WTO is the capacity constraint of developing countries: the insufficient capacity limits the extent of their capability to negotiate internationally as well as to transform the negotiated outcomes into domestic economic development. Reviewing the capacity constraint and an array of economic and social indicators, it argues that China is still a developing country. Further, one of the important aspects for the multilateral trade negotiations on development lies in abridging the ‘rules deficit’, focusing on empowering and strengthening endogenous capabilities of developing countries. Meanwhile, the capacity constraint of developing countries stems from the past negotiations of multilateral trade rules and is reflected in the implementation of those rules, i.e., to transform multilateral trade rules into domestic laws and regulations, and further convert such capacity into a driving force and endogenous engine for domestic economic and social development. Thereafter, in the multilateral trade negotiations, developing countries may, on a voluntary basis, duly contribute according to their capacity to do so, which may be the way out for development negotiations at WTO.

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Le, Thanh, Ngoc Vu Bich, Sau Mai, Ha Nguyen, and Hung Bui. "Financial Development and International R&D Spillovers Through Trade: Evidence From Developing Countries." SAGE Open 13, no. 1 (2023): 215824402311638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440231163842.

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This paper examines how financial development affects technological progress of 55 developing countries over the 2003 to 2016 period, with particular attention to the interaction between R&D spillovers and financial development. We find that financial development induces total factor productivity improvement in developing countries both directly and indirectly. While there has been a profound literature on the direct effect of financial development on total factor productivity improvement, the evidence of an indirect effect is relatively new. Specifically, the indirect effect takes place through international R&D spillovers from developed countries to developing countries. Between the two components of financial development, the financial institutional aspects exert a more significant effect on total factor productivity than that of their financial market counterparts. As this paper also re-examines the effectiveness of the North-South R&D spillovers, it conveys important implications for policymakers whose objectives are to promote technological development and economic performance.

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Al-Otaibi, Ali, Patrick Aaniamenga Bowan, Mahmoud M. Abdel daiem, et al. "Identifying the Barriers to Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Waste in Developed and Developing Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (2022): 7532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137532.

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The construction industry is a vital part of every nation’s economy. Construction activities influence the social, environmental, and economic aspects of sustainability. There are so many barriers to sustainable construction and demolition waste management (C&DWM). This study aims to identify barriers for effective sustainable C&DWM in developed and developing countries. To achieve the objective, 11 barriers have been selected and identified based on an excessive and comprehensive literature review, and then reviewed by experts. These reviewed barriers were further examined by various experts within different organizations using a questionnaire survey. Ranking of the barriers was carried out using the Relative Importance Index (RI), and the results were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Practical solutions were proposed to overcome the identified barriers. The overall ranking of barriers by RI indicates that insufficient attention paid to C&DWM, lack of law enforcement, lack of regulation, and financial constraints represent the four major barriers to sustainable C&DWM in these countries. The findings of this study and the proposed solutions are enablers for decision-makers to develop effective strategies to tackle construction and demolition wastes in sustainable manners.

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Wang, X. "The impact of Chinese-Russian intercultural exchanges on the «One Belt One Road»." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 104, no. 7 (2023): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/trnio-12-2024-407.

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The ―One Belt, One Road‖ initiative is an international initiative implemented by China and aimed at developing economic, political and social cooperation with the countries of Eurasia. As a result of the development of cultural exchange between China and Russia, this project has a great impact. The study analyzes the impact of Chinese and Russian diplomatic exchanges on various aspects of the Belt and Road Initiative. It examines the economic, cultural, social and political aspects of cooperation between the two countries. The emphasis is on the influence of ChineseRussian cultural exchange on the development of trade and economic relations, the creation of new regional projects and the strengthening of national security. ChinaRussia public exchanges will help strengthen relations between the two countries, improve mutual understanding and expand cooperation in various fields

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Newman, Adina M. "Drug Trials, Doctors, and Developing Countries: Toward a Legal Definition of Informed Consent." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 5, no. 3 (1996): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100007192.

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Assume this hypothetical situation: an American pharmaceutical company, Maxwell Fisch Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Maxwell), wishes to perform clinical trials involving a new antipsychotic medication, Klezac. Klezac is in its third phase of the clinical stage of the drug research process. Once the testing is complete, Maxwell plans to submit a New Drug Application, the official request to begin marketing Klezac, to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The new drug is expected to receive FDA approval in 2 or more years. The company decides to shift its research and development activities to Z, a small, developing country. In doing so, Maxwell is following the course taken by numerous other drug companies who wish to take advantage of faster governmental approval in foreign sites and ensuing cheaper research costs.

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James, Chris, Guy Carrin, William Savedoff, and Piya Hanvoravongchai. "Clarifying Efficiency-Equity Tradeoffs Through Explicit Criteria, With a Focus on Developing Countries." Health Care Analysis 13, no. 1 (2005): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10728-005-2568-2.

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Kerasidou, Angeliki. "Sharing the Knowledge: Sharing Aggregate Genomic Findings with Research Participants in Developing Countries." Developing World Bioethics 15, no. 3 (2014): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12071.

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Aydin, E. "Rights of patients in developing countries: the case of Turkey." Journal of Medical Ethics 30, no. 6 (2004): 555–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2003.005819.

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Urdarevic, Bojan. "Implications of labour migration on the european labour market - labour law aspects." Stanovnistvo 61, no. 1 (2023): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv2301091u.

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During the 21st century, migrations have become increasing-ly intense, since they are often planned with a specific goal and could cause major social changes. Unfortunately, since there is no definition of the term ?migrant?, countries face a particular challenge in protecting migrant workers? right to work. The International Labour Organization, the Council of Europe, and the European Union have made significant contributions to establishing and developing the migrant worker protection system. At the national level, governments and trade unions contribute to migrant workers? protection by adopting laws to control migrations. However, with many social, political, and economic factors at play, countries can?t always control immigration within their own territory. The author?s hypothesis is that the position of migrant workers depends significantly on the host country?s im-migration and labour policies. The paper concludes that the application of general provisions prescribed at the international level cannot and does not fully protect the rights of migrant workers. Given this, it is not surprising that certain countries and trade unions have begun to protect their interests by adopting legal regulations to manage mi-gration within their territory. The paper identifies the fear that labour migration will negatively affect trade unions? image in those countries where trade unions are weak and disjointed, without real power to influence decision-makers. Finally, when analysing the position of migrant workers in the Republic of Serbia, the author points that the motives for labour force emigration from Serbia are extremely strong, so even if certain changes were to be made to labour con-ditions, there would be no reduction in emigration. This is because workers? motives for emigration go beyond mere dissatisfaction with labour conditions, but are rather linked to their general dissatisfaction with the quality of life in Serbia

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Bhattacharya, Radhika. "Are Developing Countries Going Too Far on TRIPS? A Closer Look at the New Laws in India." American Journal of Law & Medicine 34, no. 2-3 (2008): 395–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880803400211.

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The goal of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement is to harmonize the intellectual property rights of World Trade Organization (WTO) member countries to a certain minimum standard. As a WTO member, the organization required India to enact legislation that enforces TRIPS by 2005. Part of India's motivation to pass its 2005 Patents Act stemmed from its obligations as a WTO member nation, as well as the government's desire to stimulate greater foreign investment, innovative research and economic growth.India's implementation of the TRIPS Agreement has generated a great deal of controversy. Disagreement exists about whether the Indian Patents Act overzealously protects intellectual property rights and whether the Patents Act goes beyond the spirit of the TRIPS Agreement. Many health officials and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are seriously concerned about what the Patents Act implies for people suffering from diseases in less developed countries. Nonprofit and some World Health Organization officials argue that the new law prevents India from producing and supplying generic drugs within its borders and to other developing countries.

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Setouhy, Maged El, Tsiri Agbenyega, Francis Anto, et al. "Moral Standards for Research in Developing Countries from "Reasonable Availability" to "Fair Benefits"." Hastings Center Report 34, no. 3 (2004): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3528416.

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Sīle, Linda, Peter Aspeslagh, Joshua Eykens, and Raf Guns. "National bibliographic data for studies of social sciences and humanities: towards interoperability." ITM Web of Conferences 33 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20203302002.

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National bibliographic data bring numerous opportunities for science studies, especially when integrating data from multiple data sources. The use of multiple data sources, however, is hindered by the lack of interoperability. Although progress has been made in developing persistent international identifiers such as ISBN, DOI, and GRID, the interoperability between different data sources still poses challenges at several levels. We reflect upon these challenges with a focus on conceptual and methodological aspects with respect to the Academic Book Publisher Register (ABP), a comprehensive international list of publishers that is created by integrating multiple publisher lists used in different countries. This register, currently in development, is primarily meant to be used in research evaluation settings. At the same time it is potentially a valuable source of data for studies focused on publishing in different knowledge domains. In discussing the challenges encountered while making the ABP, we focus on two main issues: delineation of publishers and establishing connection between local lists and the ABP. In this paper we discuss possible ways to overcome these obstacles and draw conclusions in relation to other data sources that can be of use in research within the social sciences and humanities.

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Ouyang, Huiling, Xu Tang, and Renhe Zhang. "Research Themes, Trends and Future Priorities in the Field of Climate Change and Health: A Review." Atmosphere 13, no. 12 (2022): 2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13122076.

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Climate change is one of the biggest threats to human living and health in the 21st century. Whilst a large number of papers have been published addressing the health impact of climate change, there is a lack of comprehensive bibliometric analysis in the crosscutting field. This study evaluated the global scientific output of research in the field of climate change and health between 1990 and 2020, based on the Web of Science Core Collection database. Research themes were identified using a social network analysis technique based on author keywords. Research trends were assessed by the change in overall publication number and the percentage of publications in each research theme. Articles were further categorized by the availability of funding and author affiliation to compare the difference between developed and developing countries. Results showed that the research output in the field of climate change and health has increased dramatically in the past 30 years, mainly dominated by researchers in developed countries. The percentage of research receiving funding was found to be the lowest in those published by developing countries only and the highest in those published by the collaboration of developed and developing countries. A total of nine major research themes was identified. Research related to ‘risk assessment and adaptation’, ‘sustainable development’ and ‘infectious diseases’ were relatively underfunded. A significant research trend was observed between 2006 and 2020, with increased attention on research themes related to ‘risk assessment and adaptation’, ‘sustainable development’, ‘extreme events’ and ‘air pollution’, and reduced attention on research themes related to ‘ocean’, ‘infectious disease’ and ‘phenology’. The shift of the research trend was mainly driven by research in developed countries. Suggestions, recommendations and future priorities identified by experts in the field of atmospheric sciences, epidemiology, public health, climate change, environmental sciences, and policy development are also provided to guide future research. It is important to shift our focus from single health aspects to an integrated system (such as One Health framework, which considers environmental health, animal health and human health as a whole), with future research focusing more on the systemic impact of climate change in order to achieve better, more effective and efficient risk governance. More funding should be mobilized to support the research capacity building in developing countries and to support climate change adaptation strategies for sustainable development.

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