Articles de revues : « School-to-work transition – European Union countries »

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Bojadjieva, Daniela Mamucevska, Marijana Cvetanoska, Kristijan Kozheski, Alen Mujčinović et Slaven Gašparović. « The Impact of Education on Youth Employability : The Case of Selected Southeastern European Countries ». Youth & ; Society 54, n^o 2_suppl (6 janvier 2022) : 29S—51S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x211069403.

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This paper focuses on the processes of school-to-work transitions in a selected group of countries from South-eastern Europe (SEE), namely: Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; Montenegro; North Macedonia; Serbia; and, Slovenia. Each of these countries display the same roots of development in their educational systems: however, due to their transition and integration processes within the European Union, they implemented different concepts of reforms within their educational systems. In addition, the challenges of youth employability are a common problem for each of the selected countries, and the effectiveness of the processes of school-to-work-transition varies across the countries. By using panel data and multiple linear regression models, this paper estimates the impact of different educational levels on youth employability and changes in the rates of NEET population (aged 15–24) in the selected group of countries over the period 2009 to 2019. The results suggest that the impact of the attained level of education has an ambiguous effect on the rates of youth employment; moreover, the relationship with changes in NEET rates are statistically significant and negative in most of the selected group of countries.

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Cefalo, Ruggero, Rosario Scandurra et Yuri Kazepov. « Youth Labor Market Integration in European Regions ». Sustainability 12, n^o 9 (7 mai 2020) : 3813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093813.

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Countries’ institutional configurations and structural characteristics play an important role in shaping transitions from school to work. Recent empirical evidence shows significant regional and territorial differences in youth unemployment and labor market participation. Along this research strand, we argue in favor of a place-sensitive approach to youth labor market integration in order to address the regional disparities of young people’s opportunities. In order to investigate the synergic effect of different contextual configurations, we construct a composite measure, namely, the youth labor market integration (YLMI) index. This considers a wide range of indicators of the access, exclusion, and duration of the transition into employment at the regional level. The YLMI index allows cross-regional and longitudinal comparisons of the European Union (EU) local labor markets and youth employment opportunities.

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Bayar, Yilmaz, Laura Diaconu (Maxim) et Andrei Maxim. « Financial Development and CO2 Emissions in Post-Transition European Union Countries ». Sustainability 12, n^o 7 (26 mars 2020) : 2640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072640.

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Carbon dioxide emissions are on the rise, posing a serious global issue. Therefore, it is important that policymakers identify the exact causes of these emissions. This paper investigates the influence of financial development, primary energy consumption, and economic growth on CO2 emissions in 11 post-transition European economies. The assessment was made for the 1995–2017 period using panel cointegration and causality analyses. The causality analyses did not reveal significant connection between financial sector development and CO2 emissions, but rather a two-way causality between primary energy consumption and economic growth, on one hand, and CO2 emissions on the other. Meanwhile, long-run analysis disclosed that financial sector development and primary energy consumption positively affected CO2 emissions. Our results seek to grab the attention of policy makers, who could work towards creating country-specific strategies that balance the relationship between financial development and CO2 emissions. These long-term policies could ensure both development of the financial sector and environmental protection.

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Roy, Archie W. N., Kate Storrow et Robin Spinks. « Supporting the Transition of Visually Impaired Adults to Employment : European Union Innovations ». Journal of Visual Impairment & ; Blindness 96, n^o 9 (septembre 2002) : 645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x0209600905.

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This article discusses ways in which programs have facilitated better understanding among European Union (EU) countries and specialist organizations that work with visually impaired people. It then describes several EU projects that are designed to support visually impaired adults to obtain employment and social integration.

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Vidovic, Aleksandra. « Management of Market Development of South East Europe Countries ». Journal of Business Theory and Practice 7, n^o 2 (9 mai 2019) : p89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v7n2p89.

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Development management in most cases starts closer economic cooperation in order to increase GDP and welfare, which is primarily economic. Market liberalization has in fact started the integration of European states. The countries of South East Europe need to aim at for development paying particular attention to the maintenance of macroeconomic stability South East Europe need to aim at management changes paying particular attention to the maintenance of macroeconomic stability, competitiveness and cooperation with the European Union.In this work, the author wishes to emphasize the importance of development management, long-term sustainable and stable growth is the priority of every society that passes through the transition period. The focus of the paper is the management of market development, where a comparison of the situation of the three countries within the European Union is given: Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria and three candidate countries for membership of the European Union: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro.

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Heras-Saizarbitoria, Iñaki, Germán Arana et Ernesto Cilleruelo. « ADOPTION OF ISO 9000 MANAGEMENT STANDARD IN EU'S TRANSITION ECONOMIES : THE CASE OF THE BALTIC STATES ». Journal of Business Economics and Management 14, n^o 3 (27 juin 2013) : 481–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.634923.

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This article analyzes the dissemination of the main global management standards, the ISO 9000, within the transition economies of the European Union (EU). In the article, the specific case of the Baltic States is analyzed in depth. The work refers to the diffusion of the ISO 9000 standard in the Baltic States in terms of its certification intensity and sectorial distribution. Likewise, the work refers to the huge increase of certifications achieved by the countries and the other transition economies in the previous years of their adhesion to the European Union in years 2004 and 2007. The conclusions drawn in the article may be of interest both for academic and professional spheres of activity but, overall, for public-decisors.

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Krajišnik, Milenko, et Aleksandra Žutić. « Impact of the Enlargement of the European Union on the Foreign Trade and Development of the New Members ». ECONOMICS 5, n^o 1 (1 juin 2017) : 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eoik-2017-0010.

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SummaryOne of the most important characteristics of the process of globalization is the creation of different regional economic integrations. The most developed regional economic integration in the world is the European Union. Since it was found, when six founder countries created the free trade area for coal and steel, European Union passed all the phases of development of the economic integration, through the customs union and common market to the economic and monetary union. Through the six waves of enlargement European Union has become the integration of 28 countries with over 500 million habitants. Every enlargement of this regional integration had an impact on the economic position and the development of both the old and the new members. The biggest increase in the number of members brought the 5th big enlargement of the European Union, when the number of the member countries increased in total for 12 countries, first for 10, and then for 2 more.The effects of this enlargement on former soviet countries are specially interesting not only because of the number of the new members, but also because of the fact that these countries during the joining have also pass the process of the transition to the market economy.The aim of this work is to examine the effects of the enlargement on the foreign trade of the new members, and the effects of the changes in foreign trade on the economic development of these countries. The analysis of the effects of joining the European Union could be interesting for the countries which strive to become members of this economic regional integration.

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Lytvynchuk, Anna. « Environmental aspects of agricultural policies of the European Union countries ». University Economic Bulletin, n^o 50 (31 août 2021) : 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-50-136-144.

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At present, the state of the economy of the agricultural sector in many countries of the world, including in the countries of the European Union (EU), inherent in developed industry, has led to the transition to a new environmentally oriented agricultural policy. An important role is assigned to state support of agricultural producers, through subsidies, preferential credit policy, and in some countries, the complete abolition of taxation of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas, which confirms the relevance and national economic significance of the article. In domestic agroeconomic science and practice, there is no scientific concept of state participation in the process of bringing the agricultural sector out of the crisis. Research objectives – consider the development policy of the agricultural sector of the EU countries; study the level of state support for agricultural producers. The purpose of the work is to consider the degree of development of the agricultural policy of the EU countries in the context of ensuring food security. The methods and methodology of the research were general scientific, particular methods of cognition, including the historical and logical, the method of observation and comparison. Shows the main approaches to state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial sector at the level of the European Union as a whole and in the context of member countries; characteristic features and principles that determine the success and integrity of a unified agricultural policy; factors contributing to the productivity of agricultural land; agro-ecological requirements restricting the import of genetically modified products; the main tasks in the development of a new policy of the agrarian sector of the economy; priority directions of regulation of measures to support agricultural producers, integrated development of rural areas, increasing the competitiveness of the EU agricultural sector. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that this study will allow the state bodies of Belarus to better understand how it is necessary to form an agricultural policy in the context of ensuring food security.

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Krawchenko, Tamara Antonia, et Megan Gordon. « How Do We Manage a Just Transition ? A Comparative Review of National and Regional Just Transition Initiatives ». Sustainability 13, n^o 11 (28 mai 2021) : 6070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116070.

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The concept of a ‘just transition’ encompasses political and policy imperatives to minimize the harmful impacts of industrial and economic transitions on workers, communities, and society more generally, and to maximize their potential benefits. This imperative has gained heightened importance as governments commit to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A wide range of policies, strategies and initiatives have been adopted by national and regional governments to facilitate and help manage a just transition. It is a concept that is increasingly being put into practice. This scoping study identifies and compares strategies, policies, and practices that are presently being implemented in order to manage a just transition across 25 countries and 74 regions alongside European Union-level policies. This work develops a typology of policy instruments to manage just transitions and identifies implementation gaps and leading practices.

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Högberg, Björn, Mattias Strandh et Anna Baranowska-Rataj. « Transitions from temporary employment to permanent employment among young adults : The role of labour law and education systems ». Journal of Sociology 55, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2019) : 689–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783319876997.

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Temporary work is common across Europe, especially among young people. Whether temporary employment is a transitory stage on the road to standard employment, and whether this varies depending on institutional contexts, is controversial. This article investigates variability in transition rates from temporary to permanent employment across Europe, and how this is related to employment protection legislation (EPL) and the vocational specificity of education systems. We utilize harmonized panel data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, covering 18 European countries and including 34,088 temporary workers aged 18–30. The results show that stricter EPL is associated with lower rates of transitions to permanent employment, while partial deregulation, with strict EPL for permanent contracts but weaker EPL for temporary contracts, is associated with higher transition rates. Vocationally specific education systems have higher transition rates, on average. Moreover, the role of EPL is conditional on the degree of vocational specificity.

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Tarpani, Elena, Cristina Piselli, Claudia Fabiani, Ilaria Pigliautile, Eelke J. Kingma, Benedetta Pioppi et Anna Laura Pisello. « Energy Communities Implementation in the European Union : Case Studies from Pioneer and Laggard Countries ». Sustainability 14, n^o 19 (1 octobre 2022) : 12528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912528.

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Energy communities are a promising strategy for a global energy transition. European Union (EU) regulatory frameworks are already established and clearly explained, aiming to develop as many projects as possible in the different European countries. Accordingly, it is necessary to present two different types of countries: the laggards and the pioneers, two categories that highlight the discrepancies in policy, bureaucracy, culture, and usage of alternative sources and technologies, such as renewable energy, towards the implementation of energy communities. This work compares two representative case studies to qualitatively understand the differences between laggard and pioneer countries: Italy and the Netherlands, respectively. The regulatory framework and the solid points/shortcomings of each country are explained first. Thereafter, an accurate description of the two selected case study communities and their different peculiarities is provided. Finally, the main similarities and differences are stressed to discuss the lessons to be learned in laggard and pioneer countries. Five pillars for the development and uptake of energy communities are identified related to regulations, economic benefits, technical limitations, sustainability, and social awareness. These outcomes suggest the importance of policy management, and stress the limitations of governance in helping policymakers and experts to support the energy transition.

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TYRPENOU (Α.Ε.ΤΥΡΠΕΝΟΥ), A. E. « Enlargement of the European Union ... an historic opportunity ». Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 57, n^o 3 (29 novembre 2017) : 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15045.

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Enlargement is one of the most powerful political tools of the European Union and the driving force which has helped in the transformation of the Central and East Europe. From the moment it was created in 1950 is continuously enlarging and has recendy inspired ambitious reformations for Turkey, Croatia and West Balkans. Its founder members call the people of Europe which put their ideas and unified their efforts. Since that time and according to the article 49 of the European Union, it has been grown up from the 6 initial states to 9, 10, 12, 15 and recently to 25. The process still goes on today with new candidate countries, such as Bulgaria and Romania and with accession negotiations with Turkey just as this country could meet the political criteria for accession and the respect of human rights. On completion of this phase the European citizens could live and work in an extended area beyond the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and from Nicosia to Kiruna and could work under standard procedures in the biggest and without borders market of the world. Also, they will benefit from their neighbours, who have stable democracies and good market economies. It is a careful procedure for the transition of the countries involved, dispersing peace, stability, well being, democracy, human rights and a state of justice in the whole Europe. Further, when our children will become grownup, they will live in a European Union consisted of thirty or more states and with more than twenty languages, a unique polymorphic culture embracing more than 500.000.000 people.

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Siri, Anna, Cinzia Leone et Rita Bencivenga. « Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion Strategies Adopted in a European University Alliance to Facilitate the Higher Education-to-Work Transition ». Societies 12, n^o 5 (7 octobre 2022) : 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12050140.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted higher education, imposing the need to add new strategies to academic educational models to facilitate young people’s transitions from education to work. Among the new challenges, the research study focuses on the importance of valuing and incrementing inclusion, raising awareness of equality, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) strategies and policies. Many universities have yet to develop inclusive processes and cultures that provide equality of opportunity for all, regardless of gender, ethnicity, social class, sexual orientation, physical ability, identity, and cultural background. Since 2019, the European Commission has financed “European Universities”, networks of universities creating international competitive degrees that combine excellent study programmes in different European countries. Today, 340 institutions in 44 European University Alliances (EUAs) promote European values and identity and revolutionise their quality and competitiveness to become the "universities of the future". This article proposes a comprehensive approach to promote EDI within the EUA “ULYSSEUS” involving Spanish, Italian, Austrian, French, Finnish, and Slovakian universities through micro-actions to apply EDI principles at the project level. The authors will frame the theoretical basis of the experience through documentary analysis and their academic expertise in promoting strategies connected with the European values enshrined in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union: pluralism, tolerance, justice, solidarity, non-discrimination and equality. Implementing these values through visible micro-actions could document and counteract the disadvantages underrepresented groups face in academia. In the mid-term, the experience had by the students in the EUA could facilitate the higher education-to-work transition, allowing them to replicate their EDI-related experience as students to their future roles as citizens and workers. The outcome could thus contribute to a life-wide learning perspective for a more inclusive Europe in the long term.

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Škorić, Milica. « Agencification of public administration in the transition process ». Pravo - teorija i praksa 38, n^o 3 (2021) : 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp2103108s.

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The democratization of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) has also included the reform of inefficient public administration. At the same time, these reforms have been accompanied by the aspiration for a membership in the European Union. The administration has been transformed according to a number of principles that make up the framework of the European administrative area. Along with these processes, there were established public agencies, a body taken over from the developed countries, and created during the reform of the New Public Management. The countries in transition have gone through an extensive and rapid process of agency. Due to a high level of autonomy after the formation of agencies, i.e., after certain tasks have been transferred to their competence, it is difficult to effectively control their work. The public interest is threatened by the non -transparency of these bodies. Their existence also affects the basic principles of the European administrative space and turns the reform against itself. It is certain that the mass establishment of a new body in the system of public administration brings uncertainty in terms of effects. It has turned out that foreign experts, without knowledge of the administrative tradition of the socialist countries, as well as domestic politicians who wanted accelerated reform, also contributed to that.

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Lehndorff, Steffen. « From "collective" to "individual" reductions in working time ? » Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 4, n^o 4 (novembre 1998) : 598–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899800400404.

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A survey of working time trends in the countries of the European Union over the past twenty years reveals the diminishing role of general collectively agreed working time reductions. The increasing importance of part-time work is interpreted less as a shift in emphasis from "collective" to "individual" working time reductions than as a concomitant of increasing, female labour market participation which may represent a transition to equal status of men and women in working life. On the basis of the European experiences reported in the other articles contained in this issue, the author discusses possible paths to a revival of collective bargaining and statutory policy in the working time field.

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Castañeda, Heide. « Effects of Transitional Measures Associated with EU Integration on Medical Care Access for Central and Eastern European Migrants in Germany ». Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 20, n^o 2 (1 septembre 2011) : 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2011.200204.

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This article examines the unintended effects of policy on the cross-border health care experiences of persons from the new Central and Eastern European (CEE) states of the European Union (EU) during a time of major transition. While permitted to travel freely, most individuals from the new member states are not yet authorised to work in Germany. As a result, they face many everyday forms of exclusion, including lack of access to medical services. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork, this article examines experiences of patients from newly acceded CEE countries. Cross-border health care highlights instrumentality because implementation has consisted only of patchwork policies and is characterised by insufficient attention to marginalised populations, such as those who are driven to seek work abroad due to economic asymmetries across borders. In the current transitional period, evidence suggests a disconnect as social rights struggle to catch up to economic ones.

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Martínez-Cerdá, Juan-Francisco, Joan Torrent-Sellens et Inés González-González. « Can e-learning improve job security ? Evidence from 28 European countries ». Employee Relations 39, n^o 5 (7 août 2017) : 699–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-06-2016-0117.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to prove that e-learning, in union with another variable, builds a statistically significant relationship for estimating improvements in employment security, i.e., transition to employment of the same or higher job security as the previous year. Design/methodology/approach Using data from Eurostat 2007-2013 in 28 European countries, and after carrying out analysis of 261 regression models between the e-learning variable, along with another variable related to working conditions, education, or e-skills levels of citizens. Findings This study provides evidence about: there is a statistically significant relationship (p-value<0.05) between employment security (dependent variable), e-learning and another variable (independent variables) in 60.7 percent of 28 European countries analyzed (p-value<0.05 for at least one of these two independent variables); and there is a statistically significant relationship (p-value<0.05) in 75 percent of 28 countries (p-value<0.1 for at least one of these two independent variables). Consequently, a set with the minimum number of useful indicators for calculating the employment security is proposed: e-learning, labor transition, tertiary education, temporary employees, e-job search and e-skills. Practical implications Moreover, several similarities between studied countries are found, helping to formulate various recommendations based on complementarities between being an employee and using lifelong e-learning systems as a way for improving employment security. Originality/value This is one of the first studies to provide evidence of the relationship between e-learning and job security in Europe, in view of this, it should be considered as a key element and essential to any European policy related to work.

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Josipović, Ivo. « Responsibility for war crimes before national courts in Croatia ». International Review of the Red Cross 88, n^o 861 (mars 2006) : 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383106000099.

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This article analyses problems with which the Republic of Croatia, as a country in transition, has to contend during war crimes proceedings. A major characteristic of the recent wars waged on the territory of the former Yugoslavia is that war crimes were committed, though on a different scale, by all parties involved, irrespective of the political and other motives that prompted them to engage in armed conflict. Political unwillingness is the principal reason why national courts, including those in the Republic of Croatia, did not prosecute war crimes in accordance with internationally acceptable standards. The international community responded by setting up the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the main objectives of which are to establish justice, render justice to victims and determine the historical truth. Implicitly, despite political and other opposition to its work, the ICTY is helping to define legal and ethical standards appropriate for a democratic society in the countries established on the territory of the former Yugoslavia. This is particularly important for the reason that all these countries aspire to membership of the European Union. The work of the ICTY, as well as proceedings before domestic courts, is therefore an important legal, political and moral catalyst on their way towards accession to the European Union. This is fully confirmed by the example of the Republic of Croatia.

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Kaczmarczyk, Barbara, et Ilona Urych. « Perception of the Transition to a Zero-Emission Economy in the Opinion of Polish Students ». Energies 15, n^o 3 (2 février 2022) : 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031102.

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Renewable energy sources are an alternative to traditional sources and are based on inexhaustible and environmentally friendly supply. Various controversies have been stirred up by the development of energy production from renewable sources, e.g., due to the high cost of these investments or carbon footprint at the production stage of renewable installations, or later in the disposal process. However, they seem to be gradually offset by the numerous benefits that outweigh the initial costs of their support. Therefore, it is not surprising that European Union (EU) countries are at the forefront of the transition to a low-emission economy. This is evidenced, e.g., by a 22% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Member States, with gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 58% between 1990 and 2017. Nevertheless, the use of renewable energy sources such as sun, wind, water, etc. is much more expensive than burning fossil fuels. This argument of high investment costs can be decisive in decisions of both public debates and individual households. Therefore, education on renewable energy sources is needed to facilitate the process of transition to a zero-emission economy in the European Union countries. This education should, above all, be addressed to young people, who will be making these decisions in the future. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 will largely depend on the knowledge and awareness of young people. The aim of the paper is to diagnose the perception of the transition to a zero-carbon economy in the opinion of Polish schoolchildren. We put a particular emphasis on renewable energy sources as a key element shaping the security of the state in terms of sustainable ecology and friendly social development. We achieved the aim of the study through a research process with use of theoretical and empirical research methods. We analysed the literature on the subject and the current legal acts in the field of renewable energy sources. We also conducted a survey of high school students in Poland. The analysis of the research results allowed us to formulate recommendations on the possibility of shaping state security in the field of sustainable ecology and friendly social development.

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Antonijevic, Zorana. « State feminism in Serbia - institutionalization of feminist policies and practices ». Sociologija 58, n^o 3 (2016) : 350–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1603350a.

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The analysis that will be addressed in this paper will be in the outline of understanding the relationship between gender and politics as a dynamic and variable impact of the women?s movement on public policy and their institutionalization. Within the theoretical framework of ?state feminism?, I will try to give a critical review of the impact and results of the gender equality mechanisms (women?s policy agencies), especially in relation to the policies and practices of the feminist movement in Serbia. My analysis will be primarily based on the theoretical bases derived from the research project on state feminism (2010) conducted by Dorothy E. McBride and Amy G. Mazur for more than thirty years. Also, some academic work dealing with state feminism concept will be examined trough case studies from the Western Balkans countries (Kesic, 2007,Spehar, 2007, 2012, 2014). Examples from the level of the European Union will be also taken into account (Squires 2007; Kantola and Outshoorn, 2007; Kantola and Dahl 2005; Kantola and Squires, 2012). Also, ?state feminism? is examined within the framework of the semi-periphery and policy creation in the process of transition and European Union accession.

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Zlatković, Matea. « Does Enhancing of the Competitiveness Influence on Foreign Direct Investments in Western Balkan Countries ? » European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, n^o 2 (30 avril 2016) : 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p164-173.

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Foreign direct investments present a valuable source of national competitiveness as they have attributes of capital flows provide knowledge and technology transfer from one country to target country. In this paper are used variables defined by World Economic Forum which construct Global Competitiveness Index for assessing competitiveness of the country. The purpose of the research is to examine does the national competitiveness increase enhance the level of FDI flows in transition Western Balkan economies that are not yet full members of European Union. The findings claim that larger increase in FDI per capita stocks in majority analyzed countries would have if making infrastructure more competitiveness, accelerate their technological readiness and improve innovation while certain countries should work on health and primary education and higher education and training. According to the results, there is no correlation between FDI flows and macroeconomic environment, institutions, development of financial markets, good market efficiency, labor market efficiency and business sophistication. Applying benchmark method, it is established the most competitive WB country as benchmark value for other transition countries in its neighborhood for enhancing their competitiveness, specially in the regional market. Also, it is obtained what if analysis to detect potential rise of FDI per capita stocks as a consequence of potential changes in some competitiveness variables. It is also calculated the potential increase in FDI/capita due to similar changes in different competitiveness variables.

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Zvonko Mustapić, Tajana Krička et Zoran Stanić. « BIODIESEL AS ALTERNATIVE ENGINE FUEL ». Journal of Energy - Energija 55, n^o 6 (23 janvier 2023) : 634–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2006556403.

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Practically all the countries in the European Union and most of the transition countries have in the last decade, and some even earlier than that, started off the production of biofuels, that is, of biodiesel fuel and ethanol. On the basis of a survey of numerous results of investigations in the world, in this work the most important properties of biodiesel fuel are reviewed, its employment to date as alternative fuel for diesel engines, and the environmental impact of its combustion as compared with that of mineral diesel fuel. Since the basic raw material for the production of biodiesel from renewable resources is the oil of oilseed rape, a detailed analysis is given of the existing structure of the crop and the percentage of the cultivable land in Croatia given over to oilseed rape, as well as the realistic opportunities for the production of this crop for the non-food chain, in other words, the opportunity for the production of biodiesel in Croatia.

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Kotosz, Balázs. « Washington, Brussels, and Beijing Consensus ». Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 7, n^o 1-2 (24 janvier 2013) : 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2013.1-2.27-33.

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In the new world financial, economic and nowadays debt crisis, the role of international organizations is in focus again. The financial crisis opens the way for IMF credits and for thinking in the European Union. After the second millenary, a scientific dispute started about the credibility of the Washington Consensus in many parts of the world. A new school emerged around Bruno S. Sergi, Roberto Tamborini, and William T. Bagatelas, who has been speaking about a transition from Washington consensus towards Brussels consensus in the case of Eastern European countries. Sergi carefully and precisely calls for specific and active state directed policy that puts economic transition in Europe in a new dimension. By Bagatelas, specifically, under the EU dimension, development under the new "Brussels Consensus” consists of activist state policies based upon assumptions given the world by Keynes, Schumpeter and supply side beliefs. Empirical studies also proved this structural break in macroeconomic policy. Now, the debate on appropriate economic policy is very active again. As in times of recession, Keynes and Keynesian economics has become popular, but the role of the state (and the international organizations) is sorely ambiguous. Our paper is to compare the Washington and the Brussels consensus from a heterodox point of view, and to find the differences of the two conceptions. Finally, we sketch the controversial concept of Beijing Consensus.

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Peña-Fernández, Simón, Iñaki Lazkano-Arrillaga et Daniel García-González. « European newspapers’ digital transition : New products and new audiences ». Comunicar 24, n^o 46 (1 janvier 2016) : 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c46-2016-03.

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The adaptation of traditional newspapers to new digital media and its interface, far from being a mere technical transformation, has contributed to a gradual change in the media themselves and their audiences. With a sample including the top general information pay newspaper in each of the 28 countries of the European Union, this research has carried out an analysis using 17 indicators divided in 4 categories. The aim is to identify the transformations that the implementation of digital media have brought to the top European newspapers. In general terms, the results show that most dailies have managed to keep their leadership also in online environment. Moreover, an emerging group of global media is growing up, based in preexisting national media. Digital and mobile media have contributed to the appearance of new consumption habits as well, where users read more superficially and sporadically. The audience uses several formats at a time, and digital devices already bring the biggest amount of users to many media. The Internet-created new information windows –search engines, social networks, etc. –are also contributing to the change in professional work routines. La adaptación de los medios de comunicación tradicionales a los nuevos soportes digitales y su interfaz, lejos de constituir un mero ajuste técnico, ha contribuido a una paulatina transformación de los propios medios y sus audiencias. En una muestra integrada por los diarios de información general y de pago líderes en los 28 países de la UE, y mediante el análisis de 17 indicadores distribuidos en cuatro categorías, este artículo busca identificar las transformaciones que la implantación de los soportes digitales han provocado en las principales cabeceras de la prensa europea. En términos generales, los resultados de la investigación señalan que la mayoría de los diarios no sólo han logrado mantener su liderazgo en la Red, sino que en algunos casos también se está alumbrando un incipiente conjunto de medios globales a partir de medios nacionales preexistentes. Los soportes digitales y móviles también han favorecido la aparición de nuevos hábitos de consumo, caracterizados por una lectura más esporádica y superficial por parte de los usuarios, y han configurado una audiencia que ya en muchos casos es multisoporte, y donde los dispositivos digitales aportan ya la mayoría de lectores a muchos medios. Asimismo, las nuevas ventanas de acceso a la información –buscadores, redes sociales, etc.– generadas por Internet, también están contribuyendo decisivamente al cambio de las rutinas y las formas de trabajo de los propios medios.

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Leven, Bozena. « Middle-Income Trap - Threat or Reality ». Contemporary Economics 15, n^o 3 (8 septembre 2021) : 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.452.

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The middle-income trap (MIT) describes obstacles to sustainable growth experienced by some middle-income countries. The initial growth of emerging economies is often characterized by reliance on labor intense, import driven factors, facilitated by foreign direct investment (FDI). As it matures, that initial growth becomes more dependent on foreign technology imports to produce exports, which can impede sustained growth. Poland is representative of several middle-income East European countries; after the 1990 transition, Poland had inadequate infrastructure and obsolescent industries, but a work force that was highly educated. Since 1990, relatively low labor costs, technology imports, European Union (EU) funding, and FDI have propelled Poland to middle-income status. However, Poland’s comparative labor advantages have recently diminished, while both the quantity and composition of FDI inflows are changing. In this paper, we examine whether some growth factors have been exhausted, leaving Poland subject to MIT. To answer this question, we assess changes in investment and factor productivity, labor force educational attainments, FDI, new product/technology development, imports, export diversification, product complexity, and other factors. We conclude that in Poland several conditions consistent with MIT are gaining importance and may be an early warning sign of challenges to its future growth.

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Kondrat'eva, N. « Transformation of EU Financial Regulation ». World Economy and International Relations 66, n^o 10 (2022) : 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-10-81-92.

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The subject of the study is supranational financial regulation aimed at overcoming the lack of investments, finding effective areas of their application, involving more actors in market processes and eliminating territorial imbalances. The purpose of the article is to form a vision about the growth of financial resources of the European Union (EU), which has become the response of official Brussels to the challenges of recent years, such as the weakening of confidence in EU institutions and the crisis of the COVID‑19 pandemic. The task is solved using expert assessments and descriptions of statistical data. The traditional critical assessment of the European Union budget as a stagnant tool in the system of supranational regulation of socio-economic development is confirmed. The understanding of the flexibility of the EU budget policy is deepened, the benefits for two groups of countries are illustrated: net recipients and net donors. The expansion of the EU’s budget and investment regulation in the last decade has been noted due to its going beyond own resources and strengthening the role of extra-budgetary stabilization and investment instruments. The investment rating of the member states has been compiled based on the results of the work of the Strategic Investment Fund. An increase in the EU’s financial capabilities up to 2.5 times, taking into account euro loans, has been tracked, increasing the interest of aid-seeking countries in EU membership. The total benefits of the member states from the distribution of EU grants in 2021–2007 are calculated and a significant benefit for the five large EU countries is shown. The conclusion is made about the formation of the “second generation” of EU financial resources and the transition to a higher level of supranational regulation of the processes of intensification of socio-economic development of the EU and intraregional capital movements.

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Minuto, Francesco Demetrio, Andrea Lanzini, Lorenzo Giannuzzo et Romano Borchiellini. « Digital Platforms for Renewable Energy Communities Projects : An Overview ». International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, n^o 7 (30 novembre 2022) : 2007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170701.

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The European Union energy policy agenda of achieving the transition to carbon neutrality has been established by an important legislative package called "Clean Energy for all Europeans". A novel approach introduced was to put the citizen at the center of the energy transition. On one side, by powering his freedom of action and, on the other side, by asking him an exceptional engagement in energy consumption reduction activities and in participating in the investments for new distributed Renewable Energy Sources (RES) power plants. The Renewable Energy Communities (REC) is the policy framework used to implement this strategy introduced by the Renewable Energy Directive Recast (RED II). In particular, RECs promote citizen’s active role by encouraging energy consumption reduction and energy demand flexibility while reducing the Not In My Bachyard (NIMBY) effect towards RES. Each member state is transposing the RED II directive, adapting it to national legislation and energy transition strategy. Pioneers countries like Italy have already started the experimentation of this framework and developing the first pilot projects. The citizens’ interest and their will to participate in REC projects indicate the need for supporting tools guiding them along all the project development stages: “design”, “creation”, and “operation”. This work presents three categories of supporting digital tools and platforms required to develop REC projects: Commercial, EU Founded and Freeware. We analyzed 30 tools, evaluating the services provided in each of the different stages of REC project implementation.

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Minuto, Francesco Demetrio, Andrea Lanzini, Lorenzo Giannuzzo et Romano Borchiellini. « Digital platforms for Renewable Energy Communities projects : an overview. » IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1106, n^o 1 (1 novembre 2022) : 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1106/1/012007.

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Abstract The European Union energy policy agenda of achieving the transition to carbon neutrality has been established by an important legislative package called “Clean Energy for all Europeans”. A novel approach introduced was to put the citizen at the center of the energy transition. On one side, by powering his freedom of action and, on the other side, by asking him an exceptional engagement in energy consumption reduction activities and in participating in the investments for new distributed Renewable Energy Sources (RES) power plants. The Renewable Energy Communities (REC) is the policy framework used to implement this strategy introduced by the Renewable Energy Directive Recast (RED II). In particular, RECs promote citizen’s active role by encouraging energy consumption reduction and energy demand flexibility while reducing the Not In My Bachyard (NIMBY) effect towards RES. Each member state is transposing the RED II directive, adapting it to national legislation and energy transition strategy. Pioneers countries like Italy have already started the experimentation of this framework and developing the first pilot projects. The citizens’ interest and their will to participate in REC projects indicate the need for supporting tools guiding them along all the project development stages: “design”, “creation”, and “operation”. This work presents three categories of supporting digital tools and platforms required to develop REC projects: Commercial, EU Founded and Freeware. We analyzed 30 tools, evaluating the services provided in each of the different stages of REC project implementation.

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Kichera, Nadiia. « Ensuring and protecting the rights of national minorities in the Visegrad countries (on the example of Slovakia) ». Pogranicze. Polish Borderlands Studies 8, n^o 1 (13 mars 2020) : 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/ppbs1850.

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The main research objective of the study presented in this article was the ethnopolitics of the Slovak Republic, one of the V4 countries, namely the legislative base and the institutional ensuring the functioning of a system of protection of the national and ethnic minorities’ rights. Slovakia is one of the postsocialist countries that has made the transition to democracy on the way to joining the European Union. The country’s authorities conducted a series of reforms in the ethnopolitical sphere in accordance with European standards. An ethnopolitical picture and separate ethnopolitical challenges in the Slovak Republic are similar, especially in the border areas. Thus, the main goal of the ethnopolitics of Slovakia is to secure the rights of all minorities, interethnic tolerance and ensure the intercultural dialogue. Representatives of national and ethnic minorities in the Slovak Republic have a number of rights and opportunities, directly dependent on citizens whether they can organize themselves and use existing mechanisms for the benefit of their own community. In addition, the state's ethnopolitical strategy provides bilateral cooperation with the homelands of individual minorities. The bilateral cooperation between Ukraine and Slovakia is one of the examples. Bilateral cooperation between Ukraine and the Slovak Republic in the field of protection and ensuring of minority rights is based on the work of the Intergovernmental Slovak-Ukrainian Commission for National Minorities, Education and Culture. The recommendations of the commission are an important tool for constructive dialogue between Slovakia and Ukraine, ensuring good neighborly relations.

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Вікторія Поберецька. « IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED LEARNING IN PRIMARY EDUCATION : FOREIGN EXPERIENCE ». Collection of Scientific Papers of Uman State Pedagogical University, n^o 3 (4 septembre 2020) : 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2307-4906.3.2020.219103.

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The article presents the peculiarities of students' integrated learning implementation in foreign educational establishments. Forms, methods of its realization and interaction of all subjects of pedagogical process have been defined. The peculiarities of integration in the context of primary education development in the countries of the European Union have been revealed. It has been found out that an important aspect of the development of standards of elementary education content in EU countries is the transition from structuring the content of curricula around subjects to the integration of disciplines into modules, integrated blocks, and educational sectors. Orientation to the development of students' thinking and cognitive abilities during the curricula, programs and textbooks modernization has been identified as one of the main components of primary education content. Almost all of the topics that children encounter during their studies are additionally implemented in the after-school activities. Educational institutions in the United States have analysed the experience of applying and implementing integrated learning: Integrated Learning Strategies, Radnor Township School District. It is proven that these research-based programs offer a holistic approach to the overall success of the student's educational, emotional, and social well-being. Integrated learning programs operate on the premise that, in the real world, adults are required to perform tasks and demonstrate skills that are not defined in a single academic discipline. Teachers of the integrated programs create lessons and activities that engage students in lessons, projects, and other learning tasks that focus on the connections between the skills and content taught in the regular curriculum. The regulatory documents governing the features of integrated learning in European educational establishments define the standards for the classification of education, in particular, the International Standard Classification of Education, which provides a comprehensive framework for the organization of educational programs and qualifications by applying uniform and internationally agreed definitions to facilitate the comparison of systems education in different countries.

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Potârniche, Marilena E., Andreea Daniela Giucă, Gabriela Dalila Stoica et Cristina Maria Sterie. « The circular economy in Romania and in the EU Member States ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, n^o 1 (1 août 2022) : 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0040.

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Abstract The transition to a circular economy could bring many benefits, such as: Reducing the pressure on the environment, improving the security of supply of raw materials, increasing the competitiveness of businesses, stimulating innovation, boosting economic growth and not least creating new jobs. The aim of the work is to highlight the situation of Romania compared to the Member States of the European Union as regards indicators specific to the circular economy. To achieve this aim, the following indicators have been analyzed: Trade in recyclable raw materials, circular use rate of material, municipal recycling rate, and private investment in circular economy sectors, both at Romanian level and across all EU Member States, in the period 2010-2020. The countries with the largest amounts of recycled raw materials are Germany and the Netherlands with more than 1,5 million tons in 2020 and the country-wide extra-EU trade in recyclable raw materials was 25,2 thousand. The Netherlands, Belgium and France are the leading figures for the use rate of recyclable metals. However, the highest recycling rate was registered by Germany with 67%, with Romania among the last countries.

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Barn, Ravinder, Roberta Teresa Di Rosa et Theano Kallinikaki. « Unaccompanied Minors in Greece and Italy : An Exploration of the Challenges for Social Work within Tighter Immigration and Resource Constraints in Pandemic Times ». Social Sciences 10, n^o 4 (12 avril 2021) : 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10040134.

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The number of unaccompanied minors (UAMs) arriving in the European Union (EU) has been increasing dramatically over recent years resulting in the formulation of EU policy directives around safeguarding and well-being. Notably, the majority of UAMs enter Europe irregularly through two main gateways to the European continent: via Italy, using the Central Mediterranean Sea route; or through Greece, transiting through the Eastern Mediterranean route from Turkey, mostly via sea. Profiles of UAMs travelling via the two different routes are significantly diverse, reflecting Italy’s and Greece’s geographical proximity to North Africa and the Middle East, respectively. Although Italy has witnessed a decline since 2018 (Todaro and Romano 2019), the two countries have faced a significant increase in UAMs, and this has required a considerable reorganisation of the reception systems and, more generally, of their welfare systems. However, difficulties in securing adequate reception for UAMs seeking protection have persisted in both countries. Through an analysis of the impact of the pandemic on the Italian and Greek reception systems and social interventions with UAMs, we utilised a multiple embedded case study approach within a comparative analysis, to identify key changes in the main services which should be guaranteed to minors—namely, hosting/housing, guardianship, foster care, family/relatives reunification, school integration, language, job training for care leaving, and preparation for leaving care after 18 years (Di Rosa 2017; Buchanan and Kallinikaki 2018; Barn et al. 2020). Against a background of critical reviews of the main issues related to policies and reported social work practice in a context of COVID-19 precarity, set within a wider EU framework, this paper contributes to the literature with an analysis of the current situation and the tightening of the conditions of reception, inclusion and integration that await UAMs in these gateway countries today. We conclude that with the suspension of key services and amenities, and with a practical halt to the due process of immigration and asylum, social workers are facing a difficult challenge to prevent the deterioration of UAMs’ mental health and well-being.

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Gogol, Tetyana, et Vadym Kolotok. « THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 EXPANSION ON THE ECONOMY OF COUNTRIES AND ACTIVITIES OF SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES ». Green, Blue & ; Digital Economy Journal 2, n^o 1 (29 mars 2021) : 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5169/2021-1-5.

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The purpose of this research is to study the functioning of small business during the period of implementation of quarantine restrictions. It was found out that more than 70% of small business entities in Ukraine and the European Union have suffered significant losses due to the measures taken. The article has identified the key issues faced by small business during the quarantine period to reduce the spread of coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). A comparison of the problems of Ukrainian and European small business has shown that they are identical. The main ones relate to reducing the financial security of small business entities and increasing their vulnerability to unpredictable situations. The authors of the research have focused on the fact that Ukrainian small agricultural enterprises experienced more negative effects in comparison with others, as the closure of food markets deprived them of the opportunity to sell their own products. The authors have also highlighted the problems that arise in the process of transition of small business to remote work. This issue can be addressed through appropriate employee training. In order to prevent the loss of ties with contractors, the authors of the research have suggested that the management staff of small business entities could develop a plan to restore ties with suppliers and customers to gradually normalize the work in pre-crisis volumes. The current Ukrainian and European regulatory framework adopted in order to overcome the negative impact of the imposed quarantine restrictions on the activities of enterprises has been analyzed. The results of the study showed the need to improve Ukrainian legislation on this issue taking into account the experience of European countries. It was found out that different countries have applied customs, credit, social, tax, information and other types of mitigation measures in order to overcome the negative effects and to support small business affected by the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In order to improve the economic situation of small business entities, the authors of the research have considered the following measures for the quarantine period and after the restrictions expire: to provide a quota for public procurement for small business; not to prohibit the functioning of markets provided that they comply with anti-epidemic sanitary norms; reimbursement of expenses incurred for the purchase of anti-epidemic means of protection; introduce additional subventions from the state to local budgets; compensation for the cost of renting premises, etc.

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Santosh, Paramala, Jatinder Singh, Laura Adams, Mathilde Mastroianni, Natalie Heaney, Kate Lievesley, Ilyas Sagar-Ouriaghli et al. « Validation of the Transition Readiness and Appropriateness Measure (TRAM) for the Managing the Link and Strengthening Transition from Child to Adult Mental Healthcare in Europe (MILESTONE) study ». BMJ Open 10, n^o 6 (juin 2020) : e033324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033324.

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ObjectiveYoung people moving from child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) to adult mental health services (AMHS) are faced with significant challenges. To improve this state of affairs, there needs to be a recognition of the problem and initiatives and an urgent requirement for appropriate tools for measuring readiness and outcomes at the transfer boundary (16–18 years of age in Europe). The objective of this study was to develop and validate the Transition Readiness and Appropriateness Measure (TRAM) for assessing a young person’s readiness for transition, and their outcomes at the transfer boundary.DesignMILESTONE prospective study.SettingEight European Union (EU) countries participating in the EU-funded MILESTONE study.ParticipantsThe first phase (MILESTONE validation study) involved 100 adolescents (pre-transition), young adults (post-transition), parents/carers and both CAMHS and AMHS clinicians. The second phase (MILESTONE cohort study and nested cluster randomised trial) involved over 1000 young people.ResultsThe development of the TRAM began with a literature review on transitioning and a review of important items regarding transition by a panel of 34 mental health experts. A list of 64 items of potential importance were identified, which together comprised the TRAM. The psychometric properties of the different versions of the TRAM were evaluated and showed that the TRAM had good reliability for all versions and low-to-moderate correlations when compared with other established instruments and a well-defined factor structure. The main results of the cohort study with the nested cluster randomised trial are not reported.ConclusionThe TRAM is a reliable instrument for assessing transition readiness and appropriateness. It highlighted the barriers to a successful transition and informed clinicians, identifying areas which clinicians on both sides of the transfer boundary can work on to ease the transition for the young person.Trial registration numberISRCTN83240263 (Registered 23 July 2015), NCT03013595 (Registered 6 January 2017); Pre-results.

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Liudmyla, LADONKO, et MIRKO Nataliia. « PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF CIVIL SERVANTS : FOREIGN EXPERIENCE ». Foreign trade : economics, finance, law 116, n^o 3 (15 juin 2021) : 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2021(116)10.

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Background. Along with bringing Ukraine’s economic and legal base in line with European standards, there is a need for a rapid transition to European standards for the training of civil servants, which will reduce the bureaucratic burden and corruption in state and local authorities, and further achieve the goal of membership of the European Union. This process is impossible without using of foreign experience of leading European countries, which will allowformore effective implementation of reform policies to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of civil servants. The aim of the work is to study the existing approaches to the training and retraining of civil servants and to identify priority areas for reforming this process in Ukraine, considering foreign experience. Materials and methods. In writing the article, general scientific principles of knowledge of socio-economic phenomena and general scientific methods of systematic, logical, structural, factor and comparative analysis were used. Results. The analysed approaches to the training of civil servants in European practice made it possible to conclude that the current system of training of civil servants in Ukraine should be reformed within the open model, which provides a high level of information technology and distance education, private sector involvement in civil servant training, the advanced nature of learning and continuity of education, along with the formation of a high level of responsibility and work for results. Conclusion. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the system of training and retraining of civil servants of each analysed country only tends to a single model and usually combines some elements of other models. This process testifies to the mutual integration of modern trends, the convergence, mutual enrichment and interpenetration of different approaches to building the ideal model that would meet the requirements of public administration of a particular country.

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Zaklekta, Olga, et Oksana Mochuk. « Current state of household waste management : world experience and ukrainian realities ». University Economic Bulletin, n^o 49 (22 mai 2021) : 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-49-112-120.

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Formulation of the problem. Since the late twentieth century. The world community faces challenges related to the exacerbation of global environmental problems (the impact of environmental pollution on human health, the state of the ecosystem and climate change), which has given impetus to scientific research on the most effective levers and tools to reduce the burden on the environment. Given the difficult situation in Ukraine today regarding the management of household waste, it is necessary to change the conceptual approaches, ie to make the transition from their disposal to prevention, reduction of waste generation and the introduction of sorting, recycling and use. It is advisable to use the best European and world waste management practices in order to implement the optimal model in the field of waste management as soon as possible. Given this, environmental protection and the transition to sustainable economic development and ecologically balanced system of nature management is one of the priority areas in public administration [9]. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issues of forming a waste management strategy in the countries of the European Union are devoted to the works of such domestic scientists as N. I. Romanyuk, N. M.Korniychuk, V. Yu. Колесник, V. L.Kachuriner, N. A. Public, V. V.Deregs, in which they explored the basic principles and principles of its implementation, as well as analyzed the EU legal framework in this area. The purpose of the article is to assess the current state of household waste management in developed countries and the formation of this strategy in Ukraine. The objectives of the study are: to consider the European model of waste management; to analyze measures to prevent waste generation in Europe; assess the current state of household waste management in Ukraine; assessment of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine. Materials and methods of research. The theoretical basis of scientific research is the work of leading domestic and foreign economists on the problems of household waste management. The information base of the study consists of legislative and regulatory acts of Ukraine, statistical data of the European Union and materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. To achieve this goal, a set of general scientific methods was used: theoretical generalization, statistical analysis, comparison, retrospective analysis, systematic approach, abstract-logical. Results of the research. The European model of waste management is considered; measures to prevent waste generation in Europe are analyzed; an assessment of the current state of household waste management in Ukraine; the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine is considered. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used by local authorities to prevent the generation of household waste. Conclusions. Waste prevention is the first step in dealing with waste. According to the EU Waste Directive, this can be done by: reducing the amount of waste; reducing the adverse effects of waste on the environment and human health; or by reducing the content of harmful substances in materials and products.

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Holovchenko, Hlib. « Issues of media education of the USA and Canada in the information society ». Comparative Professional Pedagogy 4, n^o 1 (1 mars 2014) : 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rpp-2014-0003.

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ABSTRACT The experience of different countries concerning the formation of preconditions for the development of the information society has been considered. The consequences of “totalitarian” model during the transition to open democratic civil society and the role of education and educators in this process have been defined on the example of Russia, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. The introduction of media education on the example of the U.S. and Canada as development of society and civilized economy has been substantiated. Didactic information space (DIS) - a unique educational technology, which was elaborated by scientists in the Mykolaiv College of Press and Television - has been characterized. It has proven to be the most efficient technology in the former Soviet Union that considers civic, social, educational direction, taking into account the information society. It has been determined that for further research it will be interesting to study interrelation between the need to obtain simultaneously a huge amount of experience - understanding European values, the next stage of human development (transition from industrial to information), the acquisition of democratic thinking, understanding of civil society - and the public acquisition of media literacy skills through the widespread introduction of media education. There exists the need of simultaneous acquisition of knowledge and skills that makes the process complicated. In addition, none of the considered aspects are taught in any school discipline and unfortunately they are submitted only in several universities of Ukraine. But there is a positive experimental experience of Mykolaiv College of Press and Television through the interrelation of classroom and extracurricular activities.

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Gawlik, Lidia, et Eugeniusz Mokrzycki. « Analysis of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy in the Context of the EU’s Strategic Documents on Hydrogen ». Energies 14, n^o 19 (6 octobre 2021) : 6382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196382.

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In December 2019, the European Commission unveiled an ambitious project, the European Green Deal, which aims to lead the European Union to climate neutrality by 2050. This is a significant challenge for all EU countries, and especially for Poland. The role of hydrogen in the processes of decarbonization of the economy and transport is being discussed in many countries around the world to find rational solutions to this difficult and complex problem. There is an ongoing discussion about the hydrogen economy, which covers the production of hydrogen, its storage, transport, and conversion to the desired forms of energy, primarily electricity, mechanical energy, and new fuels. The development of the hydrogen economy can significantly support the achievement of climate neutrality. The belief that hydrogen plays an important role in the transformation of the energy sector is widespread. There are many technical and economic challenges, as well as legal and logistical barriers to deal with in the transition process. The development of hydrogen technologies and a global sustainable energy system that uses hydrogen offers a real opportunity to solve the challenges facing the global energy industry: meeting the need for clean fuels, increasing the efficiency of fuel and energy production, and significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy, a document that sets out the directions for the development of hydrogen use (competences and technologies) in the energy, transport, and industrial sectors. This analysis is presented against the background of the European Commission’s document ‘A Hydrogen Strategy for a Climate-Neutral Europe’. The draft project presented is a good basis for further discussion on the directions of development of the Polish economy. The Polish Hydrogen Strategy, although it was created later than the EU document, does not fully follow its guidelines. The directions for further work on the hydrogen strategy are indicated so that its final version can become a driving force for the development of the country’s economy.

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Lipták, Katalin, Gábor Mélypataki, Magdolna Vallasek et Zoltán Musinszki. « Changes in Working Time Rules since the Change of Regime in Hungary and Romania ». Erdélyi Társadalom 18, n^o 2 (2020) : 127–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17177/77171.251.

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We examined two main questions in our paper, on the one hand, to find out how the legal regulations on working time and rest time have changed in Hungary and Romania in the last 3 decades, and on the other hand, to find out how the 20-29 age group relates to working time, overtime. In both countries, pre-transition labour codes have been replaced, bringing a new perspective to these countries. On the one hand, pre-regime change work organization models were partially or completely transformed, adapting to a new kind of capitalist market perception. Related to the previous two effects is the fact that both countries applied for membership in the European Union, which meant the incorporation of EU standards into national law and compliance with EU minimum standards. These EU effects have largely affected labour law and working time. In addition to the above, it is necessary to look not only at legal and economic changes, but also at social changes, shifts towards flexible legal relations and the effects of digitalisation. In the questionnaire, we asked young people (aged 20-29) with a degree in economics or law in Romania and Hungary, or who are still pursuing such studies, about how working time and overtime are perceived. As a research question, we formulated whether there is a difference or similarity between the opinions of young people living in Romania or Hungary in terms of working hours, overtime, and esteem from the employer. We hypothesize that this young age group, regardless of place of residence, typically has a similar view of working time and the labour market, but work experience has an influential power on the issue of working time. Keywords: labour law, working time, regime change, challenges

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Доронина, Наталия, Nataliya Doronina, Наталья Семилютина et Natalya Semilyutina. « Information Technologies and Economic Relations : Problems of International Conventional Unification in EAEU ». Journal of Russian Law 3, n^o 11 (11 novembre 2015) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14372.

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Since 2013, at the State Duma initiative, each April Saint-Petersburg has hosted the “Eurasian Economic Perspective” International Forum. This discussion venue for the exchange of opinions by parliament members of the post-Soviet states, with the participation of scientists, representing humanitarian sciences and education, furthers, among other things, the goal of the states’ integration and their economic development. The topic for discussion offered this year was the implementation problems of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Integration as of January, 1, 2015. One of the main integration problems is the problem of unification and harmonization of national legislations of the Treaty countries. The key question of the unification process is separation of powers and competences of the integration organization’s common body and the participating countries’ national bodies. The understanding of the supranational power of the common body is not correct. The integration experience in other unions between the states proves the importance of the sovereignty principle in the integration process. The author provides the analysis of former integration experience. For example, CMEA (Council of Mutual Economic Assistance) united the former Eastern European socialist republics and South-Eastern Asia and was dissolved in 90-ies after the transition of the States — participants to market economy. Notwithstanding its dissolution, CMEA created effective integration instruments on the basis of unification of national legislations: The CMEA General Conditions of Delivery. This instrument of the socialist common market continues to be practiced as model conditions for international contracts. The legal instrument of the International Business Corporation (IBC) has initiated the movement of resources that can be compared to the movement of capital in a free-market world. The CMEA experience has provided basic knowledge of cooperation, which was later used in other integration groups. The article also covers the economic integration of the European Union. It can be useful from the point of view of critics of “federalist” theories on the nature of integration of a group of states. The latter remains, as the authors show, to be subject to the International Law system. It is quite logical, that due to this position of the authors, they pay special attention to the key role of national legislation in the integration process. On the basis of the analysis of the Andean Common Market experience the authors underline the features of integration in the Latin American region. The comparative analysis of international regional unions of states is necessary to make the work of the Eurasian International Economic Union (EAEU) more effective. The Information Law is the technique that provides the diffusion of the most effective models of regulation for the purpose of economic integration. This approach in solving problems of economic integration in EAEU seems to be useful in search of the ways to overcome difficulties of the integration process.

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Šmelcerović, Miodrag, et Oliver Dimitrijević. « SOLAR POWER POTENTIAL IN THE REPUBLIC SERBIA ». Knowledge International Journal 32, n^o 3 (26 juillet 2019) : 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3203353s.

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Average solar radiation in Serbia is about 40% higher than the European average. Despite that, the use of solar energy for electricity generation is far behind the countries of the European Union. Creating conditions for the development and functionality of sustainable markets solar system is of great importance for the economy and the preservation of the natural environment in Serbia. Popularization of photovoltaic production equipment will lead to a reduction in prices and greater use of these devices by the population. Area needed for photovoltaic installation, which is sufficient for a family of four from 7-15m² anywhere in the world. The average solar energy that reaches the Earth's 4kWh / m². The efficiency of photovoltaic technology is a low 10%, which means that it is possible to produce 0.4 kWh / m² per day. An average family spends about 6000 kWh per year, or 4 kWh per day per person. In this work we wanted to show the possibility of using solar energy. Also, the work presents technological capabilities of today's replacement of dirty technologies with it. Special emphasis is placed on good practice example of building a solar power plant. Confirmed the economic viability of solar power plant. In near future we even anticipate a full transition to solar energy technology, as the primary source of energy. Solar energy is clean, renewable, cheap, affordable and perfect in every respect as a source of energy for future technologies. The legislation favors the use of renewable solar energy .For its exploitation there are no legal obstacles like wind energy and hydropower. The energy that the sun emits during a year per 1 m2 of the roof in Serbia equals the energy obtained from burning 130 liters of oil, and when it is completely free. The greatest potential for using solar energy have cities in southern Serbia - Niš, Kuršumlija and Vranje.

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Šmelcerović, Miodrag, et Oliver Dimitrijević. « THE POSSIBILITY OF USING SOLAR ENERGY ON THE TERRITORY OF THE CITY OF LESKOVAC ». Knowledge International Journal 34, n^o 3 (4 octobre 2019) : 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3403629s.

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Average solar radiation in Serbia is about 40% higher than the European average. Despite that, the use of solar energy for electricity generation is far behind the countries of the European Union. Creating conditions for the development and functionality of sustainable markets solar system is of great importance for the economy and the preservation of the natural environment in Serbia. Popularization of photovoltaic production equipment will lead to a reduction in prices and greater use of these devices by the population. Area needed for photovoltaic installation, which is sufficient for a family of four from 7-15m² anywhere in the world. The average solar energy that reaches the Earth's 4kWh / m². The efficiency of photovoltaic technology is a low 10%, which means that it is possible to produce 0.4 kWh / m² per day. An average family spends about 6000 kWh per year, or 4 kWh per day per person. In this work we wanted to show the possibility of using solar energy. Also, the work presents technological capabilities of today's replacement of dirty technologies with it. Special emphasis is placed on good practice example of building a solar power plant. Confirmed the economic viability of solar power plant. In near future we even anticipate a full transition to solar energy technology, as the primary source of energy. Solar energy is clean, renewable, cheap, affordable and perfect in every respect as a source of energy for future technologies. The legislation favors the use of renewable solar energy .For its exploitation there are no legal obstacles like wind energy and hydropower. The energy that the sun emits during a year per 1 m2 of the roof in Serbia equals the energy obtained from burning 130 liters of oil, and when it is completely free. The greatest potential for using solar energy have cities in southern Serbia - Niš, Kuršumlija and Vranje.

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Motruk, Svitlana. « Civil society during the crisis of the «normalization» regime and the genesis of Czechoslovakia’s Euro-Atlantic course ». European Historical Studies, n^o 22 (2022) : 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2022.22.6.

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The article is devoted to the history of Czechoslovak civil society and its important component – dissidents. The process of the independent initiatives and structures wide spectrum creation, which were in opposition to the regime of “normalization” is considered, as well as their influence on the process of democratic transit and determination of the integration course. Typology and program’s directions of this structure and the causes of polyvariance and controversiality in points of view are analyzed. The article draws special attention to the replacement of the paradigm of opposition work – the transition from political activity to the conception of «antipolitical policy». The level of the main components of the democratic movement influence, «Charter-77» on the social and political process during the researched period is determined. One of its consequences was the emergence of protostructures of the «parallel society». In Czechoslovakia the «parallel society» operated under the strong influence of state structures. It was forced to distance itself from political issues. Nevertheless, the structures of the «parallel society» and its «nonpolitical policy» turned out to provide a significant system of ideas and organizational initiatives. It was capable of transforming the society, which was stagnant in the final years of the policy of «normalization». It also promoted the future emergence of democratic structures. On the basis of the political and legal experience in Czechoslovakia is proved the interdependence of civil society and democratic processes activity. The author emphasizes that the transition into a full European Union and NATO members was the result of a long, difficult and controversial process of «European Come Back». This process started after the Velvet Revolution victory and allowed the leadership of the countries with the support of the «third sector» to manage a number of problems in the social-political and military-technical spheres. The participation principles of civil society and its organizations in public life, in the decision-making process at the state level, and reasons for the decline of activism in the political culture of the population are considered.

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Franchuk, Y. « Changes in the composition and quality of gas during its movement in the gas supply system ». Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply 40 (17 janvier 2022) : 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2022.40.50-56.

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Gas produced at different deposits has different compositions, namely different amounts of methane, propane, nitrogen and so on. Different gas composition determines different physical and chemical characteristics of the gas, its heat of combustion, dew points on water and hydrocarbons, and Wobbe number. Previously, when using gas, little attention was paid to its characteristics, which are guided by the requirements of GOST 5542-87. With the restoration of Ukraine's independence and the transition to market conditions, attitudes toward gas have changed. Gas is a commodity and has a price. With the integration into the European Union, there was not only the implementation of European legislation but also the widespread use of advanced equipment and technologies in these countries. Gas will be metered in units of energy, not volume as before. This forces us to pay more attention to the quality of gas, set stricter requirements for its component composition, and monitor compliance with regulatory requirements in the process of transporting and supplying gas to the final consumer. GOST 5542-87 defined only a few quality parameters. Currently, the Code of Gas Transmission and Gas Distribution Systems, the Technical Regulation of Natural Gas and other regulations determine the quality of gas by more than 20 parameters that meet European standards. The methane content in the composition of natural gas must be at least 90 %, and other components of the gas are regulated. However, different deposits have different methane compositions. These limits range from 85 % to 99 % of methane. Different composition of natural gas affects not only its properties but also the reliability of the gas transmission and distribution system and affects the work of individual end-users. This problem is especially relevant when using gas appliances with high efficiency. The problem of gas quality is important for its metering in Ukraine and in settlements with other countries. The analysis of gas composition and quality during its transportation from the field to the consumer is carried out. It is determined that in the distribution part of the gas transmission system of Ukraine there are deviations in gas quality from regulatory requirements. This reduces the efficiency of some gas appliances and throttling equipment.

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Lappo, I., О. Chervotoka et M. Herashchenko. « ANALYSIS OF NATO STANDARDS PERTAINING TO THE CONFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF PIECES OF ARMAMENT AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF RESISTANCE TO CLIMATIC FACTORS ». Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки, n^o 7 (21 mai 2021) : 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.7.2021.06.

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The strategic course towards the integration of Ukraine into the European economic space provides for the introduction of appropriate quality standards in the production of domestic products, including military ones. The state leadership has declared the transition of the Ukrainian defense–industrial complex to the standards of the European Union and NATO until 2022. The introduction of these standards should ensure the compatibility of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the NATO countries armies. Since the development of high-precision armament and military equipment leads to the need to create a new generation of specialized systems for monitoring their characteristics and parameters during testing, the primary need is to improve the testing system, the normative base of which is the system of standards. As a result, first of all, the standards governing the preparation and testing of new and modernized armament and military equipment are subject to revision. In order to intensify the work on the revision of standards, as well as to ensure regulatory support of the life cycle of armament and military equipment for a full transition to the use in production of international, European and NATO standards, amendments are being made to the national legislation of Ukraine. The purpose of this process is to create a mechanism for the implementation of NATO standards or their provisions in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main provisions in NATO standards for testing the impact of climatic factors in order to implement them in the system of testing pieces of armament and military equipment. During the research general scientific methods of processing and systematization of information, in particular system analysis and synthesis of organizational and technical systems, were applied. In connection with the abolition of the state military standards of the GOST B system, which established the values quality level and the composition, sequence, general requirements for testing equipment, instruments, devices for military purposes, there was an urgent need for regulatory support for the organization and testing of armament and military equipment. It was determined that one of the main directions of solving the problem of normative support for the organization and testing of armament and military equipment is the adoption of international military standards as the state ones. The main provisions of the standards that ensure the organization and conducting of military equipment climatic tests were analysed, the structure and content of these standards were considered.

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Pérez Amador, Julieta. « El inicio de la vida laboral como detonador de la independencia residencial de los jóvenes en México / The Start of Working Life as the Trigger for the Residential Independence of Youth in Mexico ». Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 21, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2006) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v21i1.1260.

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Mientras en los países de Europa Occidental y Norteamérica la falta de empleo parece retrasar la salida de los jóvenes del hogar paterno, en México inician su transición a la edad adulta incorporándose al mercado laboral. Algunos se insertan en la actividad económica empleándose como mano de obra secundaria y como parte de una estrategia familiar de sobrevivencia, en cuyo caso su inicio en la vida laboral busca ante todo contribuir a la economía familiar y no necesariamente lograr la independencia económica. En tal contexto el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el efecto que ocasiona en los jóvenes mexicanos el iniciar la vida laboral al salir del hogar paterno. Se analiza por separado a los jóvenes que dejan el hogar paterno por iniciar una unión conyugal y a los que lo hacen por otra razón. Excluyendo las características individuales y familiares particulares, se encuentra que la incorporación laboral está relacionada en forma fuerte y positiva con la salida del hogar paterno en ambos tipos de partida, pero es más importante entre aquellos que salen por una vía distinta a la unión en pareja. AbstractWhereas in Western European and North American countries the lack of employment appears to be delaying the age when young people leave the parental home, in Mexico youth begins it transition to adulthood by joining the labor market. Some are incorporated into economic activity by being employed as secondary labor, and part of a family survival strategy, in which case the start of their working lives seeks primarily to contribute to the family economy, rather than to achieve economic independence. In this context, the aim of this paper is to analyze the effect on Mexican youth of leaving the parental home once they start work. Young people that leave the parental home to start a conjugal union are analyzed separately from those that leave home for other reasons. Excluding particular individual and familial characteristics, the author finds that starting work is strongly and positively linked to leaving the parental home in both kinds of departure, but particularly so among those that leave home for other reasons than to begin living with their partners.

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Olivetti, Maria Livia. « Landscape Architecture and the Green Deal Dare : Five Successful Experiences in Urban Open Spaces ». Sustainability 14, n^o 14 (18 juillet 2022) : 8751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148751.

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The present work focuses on European cities’ environments and open spaces, aiming to demonstrate how, through landscape architecture, it is possible to respond effectively to many of the ecological and social hardships that the Green Deal aspires to alleviate. It was signed in 2019 by all of the member countries of the Union, seeks to reverse the climate change trend by establishing a series of goals for improving environmental and economic quality for 2030 and 2050 and also aims to enact social justice in rural areas and in the urban environment. Landscape architecture, which is the art of combining the physical and immaterial elements in cities’ open spaces, is taken in this work as the method of interpreting the existing environment. The description, together with the narrative analysis of five selected site-specific urban renovations projects carried out in the last 15 years by some of the main contemporary landscape architects, such as Micheal Desvigne, Peter Latz and Gilles Clément, demonstrates, by means of their empirical experiences, the benefits of the landscape design. It is able to match both the ecological need expressed in the Deal and to respond to the ambition of an open and rightful city, as called for by the theories of Sennet and Balmori. In order to reach the just transition and to leave no one behind, and to meet and to implement the Green Deal objectives, the new, positive and long-lasting explained transformations require the consideration of landscape design, in all its material and immaterial components, as a theoretical synthesis capable of obtaining a practical application in fighting climate change, and it should be considered and included in city management policies and in the Deal, too.

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Manakhov, Anton, Maxim Orlov, Mustafa Babiker et Abdulaziz S. Al-Qasim. « A Perspective on Decarbonizing Mobility : An All-Electrification vs. an All-Hydrogenization Venue ». Energies 15, n^o 15 (27 juillet 2022) : 5440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155440.

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The growing demand for low-carbon fuel is predicted by ultimate goals to fit the carbon neutrality by 2050 in many countries and regions including the European Union. According to the International Energy Agency, the CO2 emissions related to transportation stand for around 30% of total annual emissions, and so, the decarbonization of the mobility sector has the highest priority. In this work, we attempt to evaluate the expected demand for low-carbon fuels, including blue and green hydrogen, and low-carbon electricity in order to compare the available and required capacities of low-carbon fuels and electricity. According to our calculations based on the figures from 2020, the transition toward H2 mobility would require an amount of hydrogen equal to 366 million tons/annum, and by 2035, this requirement will increase up to 422 million tons/annum, which is several times larger than the existing H2 production capacities. We have estimated the volume of the carbon capture and storage facilities required for full decarbonization of the mobility sector globally, and in the case of hydrogen mobility driven by blue hydrogen, it exceeds 4.0 billions tons of CO2 per annum, while the decarbonization of coal-fired plants will require more than 10.0 billions tons of CO2 per annum. In addition to the calculation of required resources, we have estimated the cost of the fuel and required capital investments and have compared different possible solutions from different points of view: economic viability, technical readiness, and social perception. Finally, it can be concluded that the decarbonization of the mobility sector would require a complex solution involving both low-carbon hydrogen and electrification, and the capacities of low-carbon fuel must be significantly increased in the following decade to fulfill the climate goals.

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Zamfir, Ana-Maria, Eva Militaru, Cristina Mocanu et Eliza Olivia Lungu. « School-to-work transition of higher education graduates in four European countries ». Compare : A Journal of Comparative and International Education 50, n^o 1 (18 juillet 2018) : 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2018.1493572.

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Rocca, Antonella, Gabriela Neagu et Jale Tosun. « School-Work-Transition of NEETS : A Comparative Analysis of European Countries ». Youth & ; Society 54, n^o 2_suppl (11 octobre 2021) : 130S—152S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x211051761.

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This study investigates the connection between the reasons why some young people end their education without attaining a university degree and the effect of this decision on the probability of becoming a NEET in a set of European countries. Young people face the highest degree of disadvantage in the Mediterranean and East European countries, whereas in Continental European countries the school-to-work transition is smooth. We use the ad hoc module of the 2016 Labour Force Survey (LFS) and focus on young people aged 15 to 24. Our analysis reveals a positive relationship between the decision to drop out of education for health or family reasons and the probability of becoming a NEET. Conversely, when the reason for not completing university education is the desire to start working, and when the individuals who dropped out of university education gathered work experience during this period, the probability of becoming a NEET decreases significantly.

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