Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Scanlag »

Environmental injustice, characterized by lower socioeconomic status (SES) persons being subjected to higher air pollution concentrations, was explored among pregnant women in Scania, Sweden. Understanding if the general reduction of air pollution recorded is enjoyed by all SES groups could illuminate existing inequalities and inform policy development. “Maternal Air Pollution in Southern Sweden”, an epidemiological database, contains data for 48,777 pregnancies in Scanian hospital catchment areas and includes births from 1999–2009. SES predictors considered included education level, household disposable income, and birth country. A Gaussian dispersion model was used to model women’s average NOX and PM2.5 exposure at home residence over the pregnancy period. Total concentrations were dichotomized into emission levels below/above respective Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Air objectives. The data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. A sensitivity analysis facilitated the investigation of associations’ variation over time. Lower-SES women born outside Sweden were disproportionately exposed to higher pollutant concentrations. Odds of exposure to NOX above Swedish EPA objectives reduced over time, especially for low-SES persons. Environmental injustice exists in Scania, but it lessened with declining overall air pollution levels, implying that continued air quality improvement could help protect vulnerable populations and further reduce environmental inequalities.

Statistical downscaling models for precipitation in Scania, southern Sweden, have been developed and applied to calculate the changes in the future Scanian precipitation climate due to projected changes in the atmospheric composition. The models are based on multiple linear regression, linking large-scale predictors at monthly time resolution to regional statistics of daily precipitation on a monthly basis. To account for spatial precipitation variability within the area, the precipitation statistics were derived for different regions in Scania. The final downscaling models, developed for different regions and seasons, use atmospheric circulation, large-scale humidity and precipitation as predictors. Among the precipitation statistics examined, only the models for estimating the mean precipitation and the frequency of wet days were skilful. Based on the Canadian Global Circulation Model 1 (CGCM1), a future scenario of these two statistics was created. The downscaled scenario shows a significant increase of the annual mean precipitation by about 10% and a slight decrease in the frequency of wet days, indicating an increase in the precipitation amounts as well as in the precipitation intensity. The main increase of precipitation amounts and intensity occur during winter, while the summer precipitation amounts decrease slightly. The seasonal changes found in precipitation are likely attributed to changes in the westerly flow of the atmospheric circulation.

Prospective interview data obtained using the Scanlan Collaborative Interview Method (Scanlan, Russell, Wilson, & Scanlan, 2003) allow further testing and expansion of the Sport Commitment Model (Scanlan, Carpenter, Schmidt, Simons, & Keeler, 1993) and provide a deeper understanding of the commitment process. We examine the Model constructs of Sport Enjoyment, Involvement Opportunities, Involvement Alternatives, Personal Investments, Social Constraints, and a potential new construct, Social Support, to understand how and under what conditions each of the constructs operates. The data from 15 New Zealand All Black rugby players support the Model predictions, show its generalizability from American youth sport to amateur elite-level New Zealand athletes, and suggest possible Model expansion and modification.

The purpose of this study was to examine athletes’ sources of commitment to return to sport following a severe injury using the Sport Commitment Model (Scanlan, Carpenter, Schmidt, Simons, & Keeler, 1993). To address this aim, ten varsity athletes from the University of the Philippines Diliman were interviewed following protocols outlined in the Scanlan Collaborative Interview Method (SCIM; Scanlan, Russell, Wilson, & Scanlan, 2003a). Results indicate that sport enjoyment, valuable opportunities, personal investments, social constraints, and social support were salient sources of commitment, while other priorities had either a neutral or positive effect on commitment. Furthermore, additional constructs were identified, in particular, wanting to be the best, self-affirmation, and contractual obligations. These merit further investigation and possible inclusion in the SCM. Findings are discussed in relation to previous research and practical implications are offered.

This paper is based on the author's earlier archaeological excavations at St Clemens Church in Helsingborg as well as an investigation in 1987 immediately to the north of the church. On this occasion part of a ditch from a supposed medieval ring fort, estimated to be about a 7o m in diameter, was unexpectedly found. This discovery once again raised the question as to whether an early ring fort had existed here, as suggested by the place name. The probability of such is strengthened by the newly discovered ring forts in south-western Scania: Borgeby and Trelleborg. In terms of time these have been ranked with four circular fortresses in Denmark found much earlier, the dendrochronological dating of which is 980/981. The discoveries of the Scanian ring forts have thrown new light on south Scandinavian history during the period AD 950—1050. This paper can thus be regarded as a contribution to the debate.

In 2017, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency published a report on advanced wastewater treatment for the removal of pharmaceutical residues and stated that advanced treatment should be implemented where it will make the largest difference from an environmental perspective. However, the report also concluded that this need cannot be specified with existing data, but consideration must be made of local conditions. Two considerations are (1) the discharged amount of pharmaceutical into receiving water bodies and (2) the turnover of water in the recipient, where the highest risks are related to recipients with a low water turnover and low dilution. The current project comprised eight different WWTPs distributed throughout the entire County Skåne (Scania) in Sweden, with a population of ca. 1,300,000 persons. In total, 21 of 22 pharmaceuticals were analyzed according to the list proposed by the Swedish Medical Products Agency 2015. The results show that large amounts of pharmaceuticals are released from the WWTPs yearly to Scanian recipients. The total discharge of pharmaceuticals from the eight treatment plants adds up to 71 kg of these 21 substances alone, mainly comprising metoprolol, which is a drug that lowers blood pressure, and the analgesic drug diclofenac. Additionally, carbamazepine, losartan, naproxen and oxazepam were present in significant concentrations. These represented three illnesses that are very common: high blood pressure, inflammation/pain and depression/anxiety. The concentrations were generally in line with previous national Swedish screenings. It was estimated that, when one million cubic meters (1,000,000 m3) of wastewater is discharged, almost 4 kg of the 21 pharmaceuticals is released. The total volume wastewater release by the >90 WWTPs in Scania was estimated to 152,887,000 m3, which corresponded to 590 kg/year. The investigated 21 drugs cover only a small part of many hundred pharmaceuticals that are in use in Sweden. Thus, most likely, one or several tons of pharmaceuticals leak out to the Scanian recipients annually. The analysis of river samples shows that the dilution of wastewater is a key parameter in reducing concentrations. However, some locations have remarkably high concentrations, which occur when the volume wastewater is large in relation to the flow in the river. These kinds of regional results are of importance when selecting where advanced treatment should be prioritized in a first instance, as requested by the Swedish EPA.

Les K. pneumoniae productrices de carbapénémase (CPKp) sont une menace mondiale, avec des taux de mortalité élevés. Les souches cliniques de CPKp présentent une résistance (R) et une hétérorésistance (HR) variables aux carbapénèmes, notamment à l'imipénème. L’HR est visualisée par les colonies à l'intérieur du halo d'inhibition de l’antibiotique. Malgré son importance clinique, les mécanismes de l’HR chez les CPKp sont inconnus. Mon projet de doctorat visait à élucider les bases de l’HR parmi les isolats cliniques de CPKp. La R et l’HR aux carbapénèmes ont été définies pour 82 isolats. Certains isolats présentaient des colonies d’aspect hétérogène résultant de la perte de la capsule par mutation dans l'opéron capsulaire avec un impact sur la formation de biofilms, l'auto-agrégation et la sensibilité aux carbapénèmes. Un lien convaincant avec l’HR n'a pas pu être établi. J'ai montré que l’HR à l'imipénème prévaut chez les K. pneumoniae produisant la carbapénémase KPC (KPC-Kp). Le système ScanLag m’a permis de mettre en évidence, une hétérogénéité de survie des colonies à de fortes concentrations d'imipénème. Le séquençage du génome et le phénotypage des colonies ont révélé la complexité de l’HR de KPC-Kp, qui résulterait d'au moins trois phénomènes : la tolérance, pour les colonies émergeantes précocement, la persistance, pour les colonies apparaissant tardivement et la résistance due à des mutations. La diversité des mutations identifiées dans différents processus biologiques ouvre la voie à de futures recherches sur leur contribution à l'évolution de la résistance et à la survie chez l'hôte et élargissent nos connaissances sur le résistome intrinsèque de K. pneumoniae
Carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CPKp) represent a global threat, with significant mortality rates. CPKp show variable resistance (R) to carbapenems and heteroresistance (HR), particularly to imipenem. HR is visualized by the colonies within the inhibition halo of the drug. Despite its clinical importance, mechanisms of HR in CPKp are unknown. My PhD project aimed at elucidating the bases of HR among CPKp clinical isolates. Carbapenem R and HR were first defined for a collection of 82 CPKp isolates. Some isolates exhibited a heterogeneous colony aspect resulted from the loss of capsule due to diverse mutations in the capsule operon. Capsule loss had an impact on biofilm formation, autoaggregation and carbapenem susceptibility. Yet, a convincing link with HR could not be established. I showed that imipenem HR prevails across K. pneumoniae producing the KPC carbapenemase (KPC-Kp) and it is associated with heterogeneous survival to high concentrations of imipenem at single colony level, as assessed by using the ScanLag setup. Whole genome sequencing and phenotyping of surviving colonies revealed the complexity of HR in KPC-Kp, which arises from at least three different phenomena: tolerance, corresponding to the colonies emerging early, persistence, corresponding to the late appearing colonies and resistance due to mutations. The diversity of mutations identified in different biological processes paves the way for future research on their contribution to resistance evolution and survival within the host, and expand our knowledge of K. pneumoniae intrinsic resistome

This report is the result of a master thesis at Linköping University - Institute of Technology and Uppsala University at the request of the chassi workshop at Scania CV AB in Södertälje. Since the beginning of the 90's, Scania CV AB has had a close cooperation with Toyota from which, among other things, the Scania Production System (SPS) has evolved. SPS explains Scanias' values, principles and priorities. The Technician department (MST) at Scania Chassi in Södertälje believes that SPS can streamline the technicians work and help them become a more homogeneous group.

 

The purpose of this master thesis is to initiate an implementation of SPS within MST through two pilot projects involving both the product and process technicians. The SPS principle Normal Situation - Standardised working method was required to be implemented within one work task each for the two groups of technicians with special attention on the three subprinciples Standardisation, Takt and Balanced flow.

 

The master thesis fulfilled its purpose as the two pilot projects initiated the implementation of SPS within MST and the three sub-principles Standardisation, Takt and Balanced flow were implemented within the two chosen work tasks. An improvement of the new work procedure for the work tasks was also noted.

 

Following the completion of the thesis, it could be established that SPS can be implemented on almost all of the technicians work tasks, and therefore the chances are good for continuous implementations of SPS within MST.

 

Föreliggande rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbete vid Linköpings tekniska högskola och Uppsala universitet utfört på uppdrag av Chassimonteringen vid Scania CV AB i Södertälje.

 

Scania har sedan början av nittiotalet haft ett nära samarbete med Toyota ur vilket bland annat filosofin Scanias Produktionssystem (SPS) har utvecklats, som beskriver Scanias värderingar, principer och prioriteringar. SPS anses vara en av Scanias konkurrensfördelar och har visat sig öka effektiviteten och produktiviteten i produktionen, dit monteringsverksamheten vid Chassi inkluderas. Teknikorganisationen (MST) har som uppgift att stötta monteringsverksamheten och tror att en implementering av SPS kan hjälpa även dem att effektiviseras och skapa en mer homogen organisation.

 

Syftet med examensarbetet är att påbörja en implementering av SPS inom MST genom varsitt pilotprojekt för produkt- respektive processteknikerna. SPS-principen Normalläge - Standardiserat arbetssätt ska implementeras inom varsin arbetsuppgift för respektive teknikergrupp och speciellt fokus ska läggas på underprinciperna Standardisering, Takt och Balanserat flöde.

 

En lyckad implementering av SPS inom teknikernas arbete krävde en förankring bland teknikerna för att skapa en egen vilja hos dem att förändra sitt arbetssätt. Detta uppnåddes genom att vid ett seminarium förklara examensarbetets syfte och fördelar med att arbeta enligt SPS samt genom att engagera teknikerna så mycket som möjligt under implementeringens gång. Exempelvis valde teknikerna själva ut inom vilken arbetsuppgift SPS skulle implementeras, skrev sina egna standarder och förbättrade det nya arbetssättet när problem uppstod. Examensarbetet skapade även förbättringsgruppmöten, vilka fungerade som ett forum för teknikerna att ta upp och genomföra förbättringsförslag.

 

Examensarbetet uppfyllde sitt syfte då varsitt pilotprojekt för produkt- respektive processteknikerna påbörjade en implementering av SPS inom MST och underprinciperna till Normalläge - Standardiserat arbetssätt implementerades inom de utvalda arbetsuppgifterna. Speciellt fokus lades på underprinciperna Standardisering, Takt och Balanserat flöde. Det kunde även konstateras att förbättringar hade skett för de två utvalda arbetsuppgifterna då dels de inom examensarbetet utförda mätningarna visade att teknikerna upplevde att deras arbete överensstämde mer med SPS efter implementeringen, dels det faktum att det nya arbetssättet uppfyllde alla principer och värderingar i SPS.

 

Avslutningsvis kan det, utifrån examensarbetet, konstateras att det finns möjlighet att implementera SPS inom nästan alla arbetsuppgifter för en tekniker och därmed finns det goda förutsättningar för Scania Chassi att fortsätta implementera SPS inom MST.

 

Bakgrund och problem: Denna studie handlar om ett boxförråd på Scanias hyttfabrik i Oskarshamn. Studien grundades sig i ett uppdrag från en logistikutvecklare på Scania. Boxförrådsprocessen hade inte i någon vidare bemärkelse studerats tidigare då tanken var att ett automatiserat boxförråd skulle installeras, men då detta blev för dyrt så lades projektet ner. Nedläggningen av projektet innebar att Scania var tvungna att tänka om gällande boxförrådet och effektivisera boxförrådsprocessen i dess nuvarande form. I ett tillverkande företag likt Scania blir det nödvändigt att ha olika typer av lager och förråd. Inom lager och förråd är materialflöden en central del vilket innebär hur företaget flyttar och hanterar sitt material. Effektiva materialflöden som sker på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt i lager och förråd kan skapa konkurrensfördelar gentemot sina konkurrenter. Med detta i åtanke blir det viktigt för ett företag att ständigt utvärdera och utveckla sina materialflöden. Detta kan ske genom utveckling av befintliga tekniker och principer, men även vid utveckling av nya. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att titta på Scania i Oskarshamns boxförrådsprocess för att identifiera slöserier och problem. En del av syftet var också att efter identifieringen av slöserier och problem finna förbättringsmöjligheter vilket skulle öka effektiviteten i boxförrådsprocessen. Studien skall resultera i en grund för Scania kring hur de kan arbeta med att förbättra boxförrådsprocessen. Metod: En kvalitativ fallstudiedesign har genomförts där inslag av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ forskningsmetod har applicerats. Genom intervjuer av formatet ostrukturerade och semi-strukturerade samt icke-deltagande observationer har den empiriska datan samlats in. Befintlig litteratur och artiklar har legat till grund för utformandet av teorin. Slutsats: I Scanias boxförrådsprocess har en rad olika slöserier och problem identifierats. För dessa slöserier och problem har olika förbättringsmöjligheter och möjliga arbetssätt tagits fram, vilka skulle kunna reducera dessa och skapa en effektivare boxförrådsprocess.
Background and problem: This study is about a box store at Scania's cabin factory in Oskarshamn. The study was based on an assignment from a logistics developer at Scania. The box storage process had not been studied in any further sense before when the idea was to install an automated box store, but when this became too expensive, the project was scrapped. The closure of the project meant that Scania had to rethink the existing box store and find efficient solutions to the current box store process instead. In a manufacturing company like Scania, it becomes necessary to have different types of stocks and stores. In stocks and stores, material flows are a central part, which means how the company moves and manages its material. Efficient material flows that occur in a cost-effective way in stocks and stores can create competitive advantages over their competitors. With this in mind, it becomes important for a company to constantly evaluate and develop its material flows. This can be achieved through the development of existing techniques and principles, but also through the development of new ones. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to look at Scania in Oskarshamn's box storage process to identify wastes and problems. Part of the purpose was also to find opportunities for improvement after the identification of wastes and problems which would increase the efficiency of the box storage process. The study will result in a basis for Scania on how they can work on improving the box storage process. Method: A qualitative case study design has been carried out where elements of both qualitative and quantitative research method has been applied. By means of unstructured and semi-structured interviews as well as non-participant observations, the empirical data has been gathered. Existing literature and articles have formed the basis of the theory. Conclusion: In Scania's box storage process, a number of different wastes and problems have been identified. For these wastes and problems, various opportunities for improvement and possible working methods have been developed, which could reduce these and create a more efficient box storage process.

Denna rapport är uppdelad i två delar. Den första delen undersöker, med data från drygt 16 000 lastbilar, om Scanias Grönt Kort-avtal minskar risken att få föreläggande vid besiktning. Utifrån dessa data undersöks även vilken typ av bilar som har Grönt Kort-avtal. Regressionsanalys görs med hjälp av logitmodeller. Resultatet tyder på att Grönt Kort-avtalet minskar risken för föreläggande. Resultatet visar även vilka faktorer som ökar sannolikheten att en kund har Grönt Kort-avtal. Den andra delen av rapporten undersöker hur Scania-Bilar Stockholm kan använda Grönt Kort-avtal för att förbättra sina kundrelationer, förbättra kundnyttan och därmed öka merförsäljningen av lastbilar och avtal. Detta görs genom intervjuer som kopplas till en litteraturstudie och mynnar ut i ett antal rekommendationer.
This report is divided into two parts. With data from more than 16,000 trucks, the first part examines if Scania's Green Card agreement reduces the risk of getting an injunction at inspection. Based on these data this report also examines what kinds of trucks have Green Card agreement. Regression analysis is done by using logit models. The result suggests that the Green Card agreement reduces the risk of injunction. The result also shows the factors that increase the likelihood for a customer to have the Green Card agreement. The second part of the report examines how Scania-Bilar Stockholm can use the Green Card agreement to enhance their customer relationships, enhance customer value and thereby increasing sales of trucks and agreements. This is done through interviews linked to a literature study and culminates in a number of recommendations.

Scania AB är en av Sveriges största exportföretag och därför är en stor del av Sveriges ekonomi. Deras tillverkning av lastbilar går globalt men det stannar inte där utan Scania letar alltid efter att utveckla och förbättra deras produktion. Detta vare sig det är själva lastbilen man förbättrar eller produktionens effektivitet och hållbarhet som man förbättrar så letar de alltid efter en utvecklingsmöjlighet med hjälp av underhåll. För att allt ska gå som det ska i Scania och produktionen skall rulla så smidigt som den bara kan har man ett bra elnät som ser till att produktionen fortsätter hålla den höga kvaliteten samt kvantiteten i produkter, men detta elnät är inte perfekt och får därför defekter. Dessa defekter kommer i form av vad de kallar för spänningsdippar. Dessa spänningsdippar kan orsaka att maskiner i produktionen stannar helt och därmed innebär detta att det blir en stor förlust i pengar för företaget. Därför har vi fått i uppdrag från Scania att skriva denna rapport som beskriver och förklarar vad elnät är i en så grundläggande form för läsaren samt hur just Scanias elnät fungerar. Denna rapport försöker också hitta samband mellan dessa så kallade spänningsdippar och maskinerna som stannar i produktionen. Sedan kommer denna rapport att försöka jämföra Scanias elnät och problem, med andra företag som Elforsk för att se hur de framförallt sammanställer status och störningar på andra industrinät. Detta är intressant då Scania kanske kan ta del av den informationen för att fixa sitt elnät till det bättre. Scania vill också att vi försöker gräva fram information om hur andra företag jobbar på att minska produktionsstörningar som uppstår med störningar i det externa nätet, alltså det nätet som nätbolagen har ansvar över. Slutligen kommer denna rapport försöka ta fram en lösning eller idé för Scania AB och denna idé skall kunna följa upp dessa spänningsdippar under en längre period.
Today Scania has the biggest swedish export brand and the cause of this accolade is having great products but also great electronik networks. So the reason why we are writing this projekt is because Scania in recent years have found that their network is not performing in the level they hoped because of disturbans like voltage dips. It is our work to try and explain these disturbans in this report and hopefully come to a conclusion. What you will find in this report is that these voltage dips does have an effect on the production line but there are also different electric problems that can occur, as we will explain in the report. The methodology we will try to use is scientific articles, but mostly this report will use the information that comes from the source of the problem which is Scania. They will send us weekly reports on their system for us to examine, analyse and then try to find a solutions. We will also be using the office package such as word, powerpoint and excel to present our solutions. There will also be a lot of theoretical information that has been brought is from scientific articles just for Scania to maybe use as a option they never thougt about. In conclusion, this report will use help from inside of Scania and outside to find solutions for the questions that have been asked from Scania and the questions will be stated further down in the report.

70 % of the worlds most expensive wildfireshas occurred since year 2003. This is a clear example of that wildfires arean increasingly growing problem which demands new solutions. Some of the most prominent problems of fighting wildfires are the harsh terrainand limited accessibility, the lack of communication and difficulties in creating an overview off the scene and predict how the wildfire will develop. These problems are all factors which I have tried to focus on in my degree project, the Trition. By doing thoroughly research about wildfires and by gathering information and inspiration from other areas, such as the military, it was possible to see the problems of wildfires in a more problem solving perspective. Ideas and forms were generated through unrestrictive sketching and created sketch models.The Trition is a terrain fire truck that serves as a response vehicle, with exceptionally good off-road mobility and that always can be first at the scene. The Trition also serves as a command central which can organise the enormous operations that big fires demands. By having a mobile and multifunctional command central it is possible to always have the latest data about the scene and plan the wildfire fighting in the most efficient way.The Trition is equipped with a drone on its roof. The drone can take off and sweep the area, collecting data which gives the firefighters a good overview and that help to predict the wildfire, such as wind speed and the terrain incline. The drone also has an important preventing function. By regularly sweeping inhabitant areas, the drones infrared camera can detect wildfires earlyon and alert the Trition for an early intervention.

The recent financial crisis of 2008 - caused by uncontrolled speculation on derivatives and a strong financial deregulation started almost thirty years ago in the United States - has shown the fragility and the rotten inside the worldwide financial sector. In 2012, the Libor Scandal highlighted the fact that after this crisis, nothing has changed in the mentality and in the behavior of financial regulators. Libor is related to a huge number of financial contracts for trillions of dollars every year and it is defined as the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate, which is considered one of the most important rates in the financial markets. Besides the value of transactions, this rate has a huge worth since it is a sort of benchmark for the evaluation of mortgages, loans, inter-bank lending and at the same time represents a key indicator of trust and health inside the financial sector. This is the reason why, a manipulated settlement of the rate can lead investors to believe in wrong data and information generating several disruptive effects in the market. The problem is that this is what really happened in 2012; in fact, the major banks listed in the London Stock Exchange like Barclays, JP Morgan, Deutsche Bank and UBS manipulated the process by which the rate was used to be estimated. After the scandal, the English government decided to review the financial regulation regarding the Libor, changing the rules of the process for its determination and increasing the number of criminal sanctions in case of market manipulation. The aim of this work is to understand from a historical and ethnostatistic point of view, in which ways the banks involved have manipulated the rate and which were the incentives that pushed to this irresponsible behavior. Clearly, this scandal led to different negative impacts on the economy. First, the disguised interest rate pushed many private investors to invest in bad financial products even if they were guaranteed as profitable and safe, causing huge losses for the entire system. On the other hand, the “level of trust in finance” of the entire business community decreased dramatically, reaching the lowest level in the last ten years. In business, trust has a strong degree of interconnection with the reputation of the different actors involved and generally this level changes when we consider different sector of the economic system; in the next chapters it will be analyzed how possible is to increase or decrease this level in the financial sector. Considering the aim of the ethnostatistical approach, this work will also take into analysis the level of responsibility of the main banks involved and of the British government and the phenomenon of using the regulation for increasing the level of reputation in the economic sector. Finally, there will be a deep analysis of how often in the last years many banks and financial institutions have changed the real meaning of data in order to achieve goals, which were far from the promises of the application of an ethical and social view in their activities. In addition, the analysis presented in this work shows in a deep way, which are the limits and the possible adjustments that the governments have to put in action with the strict collaboration of the financial regulators, in order to reduce and prevent corruption and market manipulation.

Det här arbetet sammanfattar resultatet av ett examensarbete med syfte att utvärdera produktionsplaneringssystemet som används på vissa av linerna vid Scania CV AB:s motorbearbetningsavdelning, även kallat DM, i Södertälje, och att bedöma systemets potential. DM består av ett gjuteri och flera bearbetningsverkstäder. Den största kunden är Scanias motormontering i Södertälje, dit leveranser sker flera gånger dagligen.

DM lider generellt av långa ledtider genom produktionen, långa omställningstider och framförallt en väldig stor variation i produktmixen. För att kunna hantera detta bättre infördes under 2008 ett nytt planeringssystem på kamaxelline, och senare även på vevaxelline, vevstakeline och cylinderfoderline. Systemet bygger på cyklisk planering, där kundernas behov jämnas ut under en arbetsvecka och visualiseras i början av varje line. Planen styrs genom att variera antalet rigg, det vill säga omställningar i produktion, till att oavsett efterfråga belägga linerna nära beläggningsmax i syfte att skapa en utmanande plan för att tydligt visualisera avvikelser, i enighet med Scanias Produktionssystem, SPS. På tiden som inte beläggs planeras tid för förbättringsarbete in. Mycket tanke har lagts på införandet av buffertar i flödet för att förkorta ledtider och koppla isär flöden, medan andra buffertar kopplar ihop flöden med hjälp av regelverk. Vad som har uppnåtts och ytterligare potential för metoden är dock inte helt klarlagt varför Scania, som ett led i strävan efter ständiga förbättringar, vill utvärdera infört planeringssystem och kartlägga dess potential.

Genom att studera litteratur och genomföra flera intervjuer med personer i olika befattningar, kopplade direkt och indirekt till produktionsplaneringssystemet, evaluerades systemet på ett objektiv sätt, med hjälp av en framtagen plan för utvärdering. Utvärderingen genomfördes ur ett helhetsperspektiv med stöd av en plan där de fyra områdena styrsätt, framtagning av plan, operativt arbete samt buffertar fokuserades. Genom utvärderingen som genomförts kan slutsatsen dras att produktionsplaneringssystemet enligt teorin inte passar rådande förutsättningar på DM. Detta eftersom grundförutsättningar för att cyklisk planering ska fungera enligt teorin är jämna kunduttag och en stabil produktionsmix. Dock är det sagt att den cykliska planen på DM regelbundet ska uppdateras. Detta i kombination med påkopplandet av SPS-parametrar såsom utjämnande av plan och arbete med ständiga förbättringar gör att systemet trots allt kan ses som passande för DM. Dock kan vi genom utvärderingen påvisa att flera viktiga faktorer drar ner systemets fulla potential. Bland annat följer inte vissa liner uppsatta regler, varför förankringsarbete är viktig – att få linen att inse grundtankarna med systemet, vilka fördelar det skapar och varför reglerna är viktiga. Vidare används inte den cykliska planen som den är tänkt eftersom den inte uppdateras ofta nog. Produktionsmässiga hinder finns i form av långa riggtiderna, vilket medför att antalet artiklar som ryms i en cykel är begränsat. Den konkreta körplaneringen försvåras vidare av tekniska förutsättningar gällande hantering av artiklar i parallella flöden.

Slutsatsen för rapporten besvaras av den genomförda utvärdering och framtagande av potentialerna för att förbättra systemet ytterligare. Genom utvärderingen kunde vi konstatera att mycket av aktuell teori inom området produktionsplanering berör ekonomiska mått. Vi har genom vår utvärdering visat att tekniska hinder, tillsammans med personalaspekter, visualisering och hantering av riggtider, är viktiga faktorer som ett produktionsplaneringssystem måste ta hänsyn till, vilket saknas i teorin för närvarande.

This study concludes the results of a master thesis with the objective to evaluate the production planning system used on some of the production lines at Scania CV AB's motor processing department, also known as DM, in Södertälje. Furthermore the system's potential is to be assessed. DM consists of a foundry and several processing workshops. The largest customer is the engine mounting Scania in Södertälje, where deliveries are made several times per day.

DM generally suffers from long lead times in production, in addition to long switching times and above all, a very large variation in product mix. To handle this better a new planning system was introduced in 2008 on the cam shaft line, and later on the crank shaft line, conrod line and cylinder liners line. The system is based on pattern planning, where customer demands are smoothed out over a week and visualized at the beginning of each line. The plan is governed by varying the number of rigs, regardless of current demand, and always occupy each line close to production limit in order to create a challenging plan to clearly visualize abnormalities, in agreement with Scania Production System, SPS. Such time that is not scheduled for production is planned as time for improvements. Much thought has been put into the inclusion of buffers in the flow in order to shorten lead times and uncouple flows, while other buffers pair flows through regulations. What has been achieved and further potential of the method is not entirely clear why Scania, as part of the quest for continuous improvement, want to evaluate the implemented planning system and determine its potential.

By studying the literature and conduct several interviews with people in various positions, linked directly and indirectly to the production planning system, the system was evaluated in an objective manner, with the help of a developed plan for evaluation. From the evaluation carried out can be concluded that the production planning system according to the theory does not fit the prevailing conditions on DM. This is because the basic conditions for pattern planning according to theory are regular customer withdrawals and a stable production mix. However, it is said that the cyclical perspective of DM to be regularly updated. This combined with connecting the SPS parameters such as smoothing the demand and work with continuous improvements, the system can nevertheless be regarded as suitable for DM. However, we can demonstrate through the evaluation that several important factors pull down the system's full potential. Among other things, certain rules are not being followed, why anchoring job is important - to get the line to realize the basic ideas of the system, what benefits it provides and why rules are important. Further, the pattern plan is not used as it is meant to be because of not being updated frequently enough. Production-related barriers exist in the form of long rig time, which means that the number of items contained within a cycle is limited. The actual production planning is further hampered by the technical conditions concerning the handling of articles in parallel flows.

The conclusion of the report is answered by the evaluation undertaken and the development of potentials for improving the system further. Through the evaluation we found that much of current theory in the field of production planning involve economic dimensions. We have shown with our evaluation that technical barriers, together with the personnel aspects, visualization and management of rig time, are important factors for a production planning system to take into account, which is lacking in theory at present.

Inspiration for this work is from the argumentation, which is about following issue: ``If we are on a good way to leave the bureaucratization``.

This paper is a study about Scania. Here I will find out at which level of bureaucratization Scania is ranked on. Scania is one of the leading producers of trucks in the world. It is acompany which works global and the analysis of Scania´s environment is as much as theanalysis of the company's internal organization.

Inspirationen för detta arbete kommer från debattfrågan ``om huruvida vi är på god väg attlämna byråkratin.``

Idag är byråkrati en term som skapar dålig image. Alla organisationer beskriver sig själva somdemokratiska där personalen deltar i beslutstagandet och styrningen och syftar till att gearbetaren möjlighet att utöva inflytande på organisationens beslut. Demokratin i organisationerkommer i konflikt med de auktoritära och byråkratiska synsätten. Finns det handlings utrymme för individerna i en organisation?

Enskilda individer kan ha olika intressen. Organisationen måste försöka förena dessa intressenför att få alla att gå mot det kollektiva målet, vilket den inte alltid lyckas med. Detta arbete är en studie om de interna relationerna inom Scania och Scanias externa relationtill omvärlden. Som en världsledande producent av större lastbilar är Scania ett bra exempelpå ett framgångsrikt industriföretag. Studien är inriktad till att hitta spår av byråkrati i dagensorganisation Scania, parallellt med hjälp av att studera relationen till omvärlden inom vilkenScania verkar globalt.

This paper explores consumer consideration and design response in the wake of a product scandal, namely the Volkswagen “clean diesel” scandal. It offers the novel contribution of designing for consideration, rather than final choice, with a linked market consideration and engineering model. The paper demonstrates how consideration modeling can be used to identify design strategy that capture lost consideration. A simulation study investigates three response design strategies: a design refresh by competitors; repricing by VW; and a new design by VW. The model used to investigate these scenarios includes data from a nation-wide survey conducted by Autolist that collected self-reported ratings of both VW and diesel consideration before and after the scandal. It also includes an engineering model that translates engineering variables (such as engine bore) into vehicle design attributes (such as fuel economy and rollover score). The case study finds that a design refresh by a competitor or a new vehicle design by VW can capture more consideration sets than a VW repricing strategy alone, suggesting the importance of coordinating both design and economic strategies. The approach demonstrates the usefulness of design-for-consideration as a strategic before/after scenario analysis tool in the wake of an event that triggers shifts consumers’ considerations.