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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Sb₂Se₃ »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 21 décembre 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Sb₂Se₃"

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Gopal, E. S. R., T. S. Mukundan, J. Philip et S. Sathish. « Low temperature elastic behaviour of As-Sb-Se and Ge-Sb-Se glasses ». Pramana 28, no 5 (mai 1987) : 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03026684.

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Гурбанов, Г. Р., et Ш. Г. Мамедов. « Разрезы Pb 6 Sb 2 Bi 6 Se 18 –Sb 2 Se 3 и Pb 6 Sb 2 Bi 6 Se 18 –Bi 2 Se 3 квазитройной системы Sb 2 Se 3 –PbSe–Bi 2 Se 3 ». Журнал неорганической химии 64, no 3 (2019) : 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0044457x19030103.

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Lu, Yegang, Sannian Song, Xiang Shen, Guoxiang Wang, Liangcai Wu, Zhitang Song, Bo Liu et Shixun Dai. « Phase change characteristics of Sb-rich Ga–Sb–Se materials ». Journal of Alloys and Compounds 586 (février 2014) : 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.10.076.

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Ghosh, Gautam, Hans Leo Lukas et Luc Delaey. « A Thermodynamic Assessment of the Sb-Se System / Eine thermodynamische Optimierung des Systems Sb-Se ». International Journal of Materials Research 80, no 9 (1 septembre 1989) : 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1989-800911.

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Munkachi, O. J., M. J. Filep, A. I. Pogodin, T. A. Malakhovska et M. Yu Sabov. « TRIANGULATION OFTHE Cu-Sb-Se SYSTEM ». Scientific Bulletin of the Uzhhorod University. Series «Chemistry» 2, no 44 (23 décembre 2020) : 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2414-0260.2020.2.25-31.

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Khafagy, A. H., M. Abo-Ghazala, M. M. El-Zaidia et A. A. Ammar. « Internal friction in Se-Sb glasses ». Journal of Materials Science 26, no 13 (1 janvier 1991) : 3477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00557133.

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Ghosh, G. « The sb-se (antimony-selenium) system ». Journal of Phase Equilibria 14, no 6 (décembre 1993) : 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02667889.

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Sharma, Neha, Sunanda Sharda, Vineet Sharma et Pankaj Sharma. « Far-infrared investigation of ternary Ge–Se–Sb and quaternary Ge–Se–Sb–Te chalcogenide glasses ». Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 375 (septembre 2013) : 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2013.04.065.

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Takayanagi, K. « Acute Toxicity of Waterborne Se(IV), Se(VI), Sb(III), and Sb(V) on Red Seabream () ». Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66, no 6 (juin 2001) : 0808–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-001-0080-4.

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Uejyo, Ryoki, Osamu Uemura, Takeshi Usuki et Yasuo Kameda. « Ionic Conductivity in Liquid Sn-Se, Sb-Se and Bi-Se Alloys ». MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 43, no 9 (2002) : 2235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.43.2235.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Sb₂Se₃"

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Wang, Wei [Verfasser]. « Sb2S3/Sb2Se3 Nanostructures and Applications / Wei Wang ». Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201276012/34.

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Parnell, Harriet. « Towards a Ge-Sb-Se/S hyperspectral imaging probe for early cancer diagnosis ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/53605/.

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Owing to their vitreous nature and mid-infrared (MIR) transparency, chalcogenide glasses are a promising material for remote hyperspectral imaging. For medical applications, such as in-vivo cancer diagnosis, Ge-Sb-Se glasses are a particularly interesting material since, it is believed that Sb-containing chalcogenides are less toxic than their As-containing equivalents. For passive optical fibres which aim to deliver and collect MIR light to and from tissue samples, the main challenge which faces their performance is the removal of extrinsic optical losses. Hence, this Project explores and develops high purity Ge-Sb-Se/S bulk glasses and optical fibres. Focussing on the GexSb10Se90-x atomic % (at. %) glass series, bulk samples are initially characterised before the fibre-drawing capability of each composition is assessed. Although stoichiometric Ge25Sb10Se65 at. % and non-stoichiometric Ge20Sb10Se70 at. % glasses both exist within the same two-dimensional, overconstrained network, results from their fibre-drawing investigations reveal a significant difference in their resistance against crystallisation. Whereas, non-stoichiometric Ge20Sb10Se70 at. % is shown to produce stable optical fibres with promising low losses, it is found that stoichiometric Ge25Sb10Se65 at. % repeatedly crystallises into a single phase of monoclinic GeSe2. To produce a low numerical aperture (NA) step-index fibre (SIF), it is suggested that a Ge20Sb10Se70 at. % core glass is paired with a Ge20Sb10Se67S3 at. % cladding glass. Substituting 3 at. % Se for 3 at. % S in the Ge20Sb10Se70-xSx at. % series, is found to increase the glass transition temperature (Tg) by 10 °C and decrease the refractive index by 0.01. It is calculated, that for a SIF consisting of a Ge20Sb10Se70 at. % core and a Ge20Sb10Se67S3 at. % cladding, the NA would be 0.25 at 3.1 µm wavelength. Co-extruded at 267±0.1 °C, and then subsequently drawn into 200 ±5 µm diameter SIF, optical loss measurements demonstrate that MIR light can be successfully guided through a large, circular Ge20Sb10Se70 at. % core. The core-cladding ratio is found to be 95 %. Calculations using the Antoine equation are used to investigate the optimal conditions required for the bake-out of Se, S and Sb impurities prior to batching. For a high-purity Ge20Sb10Se70 at. % core glass, a distillation technique is developed using 1000 ppm wt. TeCl4 as a hydrogen getter [H] and 700 ppm wt. Al as an oxygen getter [O]. It is shown, that to successfully distil Ge-Sb-Se glass, with [H] and [O] getters, two primary challenges must be overcome. The first suggests that there must be sufficient removal of HCl(g), prior to the start of distillation, in order to avoid a vapour barrier once the silica glass distillation rig is sealed. The second advises precise temperature control, with necessary monitoring, so that there is no separation of Ge-Sb-Se material, either before or after it has distilled. Successful distillation is eventually achieved in an open system i.e. under flowing vacuum, at a temperature close to 693 °C. Optical fibre loss measurements, conducted on 18 m length of 200 ±10 µm diameter fibre, reveal that the distillation of Ge20Sb10Se70 at. % core glass with 1000 ppm wt. TeCl4 and 700 ppm wt. Al, removes the Ge-O absorption peak at 7.9 µm and significantly reduces, if not removes, all of the Se-H peaks as well. The lowest background loss is also found as 0.44 dB/m at 6.4 µm wavelength. As a preliminary investigation into the biocompatibility of Ge-Sb-Se glasses for medical applications, two in-vitro cytotoxicity test are explored viz.: a direct contact protocol with an alamarBlue® assay and an elution protocol with a neutral red assay. Due to contradictory results between Trial 1 and Trial 2, it is suggested that further work is required to confirm the cytotoxicity of etched vs. non-etched Ge-Sb-Se fibres. Overall, there has been significant progress made during this Project, towards the fabrication of high purity Ge-Sb-Se/S SIFs for use in a MIR imaging probe for early cancer diagnosis.
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Tunc, Fidel. « Fastställande av SB/AD-status för SE-KOL och överföring till ett bättre uppföljningssystem ». Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-18991.

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Tidigare utförda servicebulletiner och luftvärdighetsdirektiv på flygplanet SE-KOL finns nedförda och redovisade i handskrivna dokument. För att på ett enkelt och smidigt sätt kunna ta fram status avseende SB och AD har innehållet i handskrivna originalhandlingar överförts till ett digitalt system i vilket utförda åtgärder blivit överskådliga och sökbara. Rapporten beskriver det överföringsarbete som legat till grund för den digitala listan samt det granskningsarbete som gjorts mellan utförda åtgärder och originaldokument från luftfartsmyndigheter och tillverkare, för att fastställa SB/AD-status för flygplan SE-KOL. Utifrån tidigare utrustningslistor, datalistor och tekniska dokument har en uppdaterad utrustningslista sammanställts med ökad överskådlighet samt sökbarhet, ur vilken information om flygplanets fortlöpande utrustningsstatus kan tas fram. Utrustningslistan som skapats är det underlag som senare tänkt användas vid överföring av flygplanets utrustning till ett bättre uppföljningssystem.
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ARELLANO, MERYELEM TANIA CHURAMPI. « REMOVAL OF AS, SE, SB AND BI FROM WATERS AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS BY CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=30305@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Os efluentes industriais dos processos de mineração e metalurgia extrativa, podem conter variáveis teores de As, Se, Sb e Bi tornando-se uma fonte potencial de poluição. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a remoção de As, Se, Sb e Bi presentes na mesma solução aquosa, por precipitação química empregando íons de agentes precipitantes, em condições oxidantes e reduzidas. Para isso, foram empregadas soluções sintéticas mistas dos analitos. As variáveis avaliadas foram: tipo de agente precipitante (Fe(III), Fe(II), Al(III) e Ca(II)), pH, relação molar agente precipitante/analito, concentração inicial de As, Se, Sb e Bi e a pré-oxidação destes elementos com H2O2. Para soluções contendo concentração inicial de 200 mg/L dos analitos sem pré-oxidação, foi possível atingir 99,95 por cento de eficiência de remoção e concentrações residuais de 0,11 mg/L, 0,10 mg/L, 0,08 mg/L, 0,01 mg/L para As, Se, Sb e Bi, respectivamente, por precipitação com Fe(III), a pH 5 em 30 minutos de reação e relação molar Fe(III)/As, Se, Sb e Bi = 7. Esses valores obtidos enquadram-se dentro do permitido pela resolução CONAMA 430/2011 para descarte de efluentes de As e Se. Sendo que o pH ótimo para precipitar As, Se, Sb e Bi depende do estado de oxidação de seus oxiânions, enquanto o agente precipitante Fe(III) foi bem superior ao Fe(II), Al(III) e Ca(II) para remover As, Se, Sb e Bi sem ou com pré-oxidação. A pré-oxidação desses elementos com H2O2 influenciou na remoção de As e Se, uma vez que o As foi bem melhor removido com pré-oxidação e Se sem pré-oxidação. Já o Sb e Bi não foram influenciados pela pré-oxidação. A relação molar ótima de Fe(III)/As, Se, Sb e Bi foi de 5 e 7 Finalmente as micrografias obtidas por MEV mostram uma estrutura compacta aglomerada de tamanho irregular, variando de protuberância de várias dezenas de mícrons e, a análise semiquantitativa mostrou que estão constituídos principalmente pelos elementos As, Se, Sb, Bi, Fe, O, Cl e Na, estando Fe e O em maior quantidade.
The industrial effluents from mining and extractive metallurgy processes may contain varying amounts of As, Se, Sb and Bi becoming a potential source of pollution. The object of the present work was to investigate the removal of As, Se, Sb and Bi present in the same aqueous solution, by chemical precipitation using cations of precipitating agents, under oxidizing and reduced conditions. For this, mixed synthetic solutions. The variables evaluated were: precipitating agent type (Fe (III), Fe (II), Al (III) and Ca (II)), pH, precipitating /analytes molar ratio, initial concentration of As, Se, Sb and Bi And the preoxidation of these elements with H2O2. For solutions containing the initial concentration of 200 mg / L of the analytes without pre-oxidation, it was possible to achieve 99.95 percent removal efficiency and residual concentrations of 0.11 mg / L, 0.10 mg / L, 0.08 mg / L, 0.01 mg / L for As, Se, Sb and Bi, respectively, by Fe (III) precipitation, at pH 5 in 30 minutes of reaction and Fe (III) / As, Se, Sb and Bi = 7. These values are within the limits allowed by CONAMA Resolution 430/2011 for the disposal of As and Se effluents. The optimum pH to precipitate As, Se, Sb and Bi depends on the oxidation state of its oxyanions, while the Fe (III) precipitating agent was well above Fe (II), Al (III) and Ca (II) to remove As, Se, Sb and Bi. Pre-oxidation of these elements with H2O2 influenced the removal of As and Se, however Sb and Bi were not influenced by pre-oxidation. The optimal molar ratio of Fe (III) / As, Se, Sb and Bi was 5 and 7 to precipitate these elements. Finally, the micrographs obtained by MEV show a compact agglomerated structure, and the semiquantitative analysis showed that they are constituted mainly by elements As, Se, Sb, Bi, Fe, O, Cl and Na , With Fe and O being in greater quantity.
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Butterworth, Jessica Helen. « Mid-infrared transmitting Ge-Sb-Se chalcogenide glass fibres : for potential use in medical diagnostics ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43326/.

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This Project is aimed at developing and fabricating mid-infrared (MIR) transmitting germanium-antimony-selenium (Ge-Sb-Se) chalcogenide glass fibres for passive transmission in MIR sensing and as new high-purity low-loss optical fibres for active MIR supercontinuum generation (SCG). The work reported in this Thesis can be divided into three main categories: (i) a study of four Ge-Sb-Se glass compositions (atomic %): (Ge19Sb15Se66), (Ge20Sb10Se70), (Ge24Sb4Se72) and (Ge22Sb8Se70), in terms of their thermal properties, optical properties and cytotoxicity to match potential glass pairs for small-core step-index MIR SCG fibres; (ii) to develop and optimise methods of achieving high-purity chalcogenide glasses and (iii) a preliminary study of the structure of Ge-Sb-Se glasses along the stoichiometric tie-line x(GeSe2)-(1x)( Sb2Se3), to guide future selection of candidate glass pairs to draw to step-index fibre. The MIR spectral region covers the wavelengths 3-50 μm and characteristic vibrational absorption spectra unique to each molecular type. Vibrational spectroscopy can detect subtle changes in the specific spectral response within this region. Molecular vibrations are indicative of changes within biological cells relative to normal biological cells, signifying the presence or absence of a disease. This Project contributes to the collaborative MINERVA Project which is developing a remote skin cancer detection system using MIR absorption spectroscopy aiming to carry out disease diagnosis in vivo. Providing broadband photons at MIR wavelengths has previously presented difficulties. Conventional MIR blackbody light sources are weak and optical fibres for transmitting MIR light to/from tissue in vivo can be limited by strong material absorption such as silica glass > 2.4 μm and tellurite, and heavy metal fluoride, > 4.75μm. In contrast, chalcogenide glasses have been shown to transmit MIR light out to 25 μm and MIR SCG from ~ 2 – 15.1 µm has recently been demonstrated in chalcogenide glass fibre. This Thesis reports on the characterisation of four Ge-Sb-Se glass compositions to match potential glass pairs for fabrication of step-index fibres based on particular thermal properties and desired fibre numerical aperture (NA). Three glass pairs are drawn to fibre: Pair I (Ge22Sb8Se70) and (Ge24Sb4Se72), Pair II (Ge19Sb15Se66) and (Ge20Sb10Se70), and Pair III (Ge20Sb10Se70) and (Ge24Sb4Se72). Difficulties emerged and are examined in the extrusion and fibre drawing processes arising from a mismatch in the glass pair’s physical properties. Thus, a hierarchy of the order of selection of physical properties is suggested, with matching the glass transition temperature (Tg) deemed to be the top priority. The optical properties of the fabricated fibres are characterised in terms of predicted NA, near-field imaging and optical loss measurements. The minimum loss achieved (2.42 dB/m at 6.66 µm wavelength) is for Pair I (Core: Ge22Sb8Se70 and cladding: Ge24Sb4Se72). The effect of heat-treating to purify the precursor elements Sb and Se on subsequent fibre loss is observed and it is established that glass purity was a critical factor affecting the intensity of hydride and oxide impurity absorption bands punctuating the 2.5 – 10 µm wavelength transmission region. Therefore, distillation methods are explored as a means of generating high-purity chalcogenide glasses and a new distillation rig is developed. Preliminary cytotoxicity tests on a fibre fabricated from Pair I are conducted to provide the foundations of a procedure for future chalcogenide glass fibre cytotoxicity testing. The initial data demonstrated the potential of etching the Ge-Sb-Se chalcogenide glass fibres in propylamine to reduce any cytotoxic response caused by the Ge-Sb-Se fibres. Neutron diffraction experiments are combined with Tg and density measurements along the stoichiometric tie-line x(GeSe2)-(1-x)( Sb2Se3), to aid in a greater understanding of the structure-property relationship of Ge-Sb-Se glasses for the future selection of candidate glass step-index fibre pairs. The preliminary work established that the stoichiometric glasses are predominantly made up of [GeSe4] and [SbSe3] units. From the neutron diffraction data, it is suggested that the average bond length of a Sb-Se bond was 2.62 ± 0.001 Å and the average bond length of a Ge-Se bond was 2.37 ± 0.001 Å. Extracting the coordination of the Ge and Sb elements is found to be difficult on account of an overlap of the Ge-Se and Sb-Se peaks. Therefore further analysis, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) is suggested. It is shown that, as the vitreous structure changes from higher levels of [SbSe3] units to incorporate more [GeSe4] (thus a reduction of Sb), the Tg of the glass increases and the density decreases. A close match in Tg (< 23 °C) is recommended as critical for the successful fabrication of a Ge-Sb-Se chalcogenide glass fibre. Thus, knowledge of the trend in Tg, dependent on the ratio of [SbSe3] units to [GeSe4] units, is an initial step in selecting theoretical Ge-Sb-Se compositions with a closer match of thermal properties as candidate glass step-index fibre pairs. Having a more accurate guide to select theoretically Ge-Sb-Se glass compositions to match thermal properties is suggested to save time synthesising and characterising obsolete compositions. It is concluded that Ge-Sb-Se chalcogenide glass fibres, developed through this Project, are strong candidates towards achieving MIR SCG small-core fibres, with the potential application for the transmission of MIR to and from potentially cancerous skin tissue samples. Therefore, enabling in vivo mapping for an immediate diagnostic response.
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Rouxel, Olivier. « Géochimie isotopique des métaux (Fe, Cu, Sb) et des metalloides (S, Se) dans la croûte océanique ». Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPLA43N.

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Cette étude s'est intéressée à la recherche de nouveaux traceurs isotopiques (Fe, Cu, Se, Sb) des processus hydrothennaux océaniques (Site Lucky Strike, dorsale médio-Atlantique) et de l'altération des basaltes océaniques (Site ODP 801, Pacifique Ouest). L'objectif majeur a été d'explorer la possibilité d'utiliser ces systèmes isotopiques pour appréhender à la fois les processus chimiques et les processus biologiques dans ces environnements. Ce travail a nécessité la mise au point des protocoles analytiques des mesures isotopiques par ICP-MS multicollecteur Isoprobe. L'étude de la composition isotopique du Se dans les sulfures hydrothermaux océaniques montre des variations jusqu'à 8[pour mille], et avec l'analyse couplée des isotopes du S, permet d'apporter des informations importantes sur les processus biologiques et chimiques des environnements de subsurface. Les isotopes du Fe des sulfures hydrothermaux varient de plus de 4[pour mille], et sont influencés par les processus de précipitation de sulfures en profondeur. En revanche, les isotopes du Cu fractionnement préférentiellement pendant l'altération des sulfures de Cu dans les environnements des cheminées. , Les compositions isotopiques du S des sulfures secondaires dans la croûte océanique altérée variant entre 0 et -40[pour mille] sont en accord avec des fractionnements bactériens associés à la biosphère profonde. L'étude couplée avec les isotopes du Se apporte des contraintes supplémentaires sur les modèles de fractionnement des isotopes du S. Les valeurs isotopiques du Fe dans la croûte océanique varient de plus de 4[pour mille] et sont expliquées par (1) le lessivage préférentiel du 54Fe lors de l'altération et (2) l'oxydation partielle du Fe2+ et la précipitation d'hydroxydes de Fe dans les veines des basaltes, enrichis en 57Fe. La distinction entre des processus biologiques et abiotiques grâce aux isotopes du S, Se, Fe et Cu est donc possible mais des expériences en laboratoire des fractionnements isotopiques de ces éléments sont maintenant requises.
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Luo, Yandi. « Development of new buffer layers and rapid annealing process for efficient Sb₂Se₃ thin-film solar cells ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024URENS039.

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Dans ce travail de thèse, le comportement de l'interface de l'hétérojonction, le processus de croissance des grains cristallins et la couche tampon des cellules solaires à base de Sb₂2Se₃ ont été étudiés. La qualité de l'absorbeur et l'alignement des bandes d'énergie sont identifiés comme des paramètres clés pour réduire la densité de défauts et pour faciliter la séparation et le transport des porteurs de charge photogénérés. Une stratégie de dopage d'Al³⁺ dans la couche tampon de CdS a été introduite dans les cellules solaires Sb₂2Se₃. L'alignement des bandes d'énergie et la qualité de l'interface p-n ont été considérablement améliorés. Une courbure de bandes type "Spike-like" a été obtenue pour la meilleure cellule solaire avec un rendement de 8,41%. Deuxièmement, un procédé de recuit thermique rapide a également été développé et optimisé afin d'améliorer la qualité de la couche absorbeur de Sb₂2Se₃ avec une densité de défauts réduite. Le rendement des cellules solaires est augmenté à 9,03%. De plus, nous avons essayé de remplacer la couche tampon CdS toxique par un film ZnSnO respectueux de l'environnement avec en plus un band-gap plus large. Un rendement intéressant de 3,44% a été obtenue pour ces cellules solaires de Sb₂2Se₃ sans Cd
In this thesis, heterojunction interface behavior, grain growth process and alternative buffer layer of Sb₂Se₃ based solar cells were investigated. The absorber quality and the band alignment are identified as key parameters for reducing defect density and for facilitating the separation and the transport of photogenerated charge carriers. A strategy of Al³⁺ doping into the CdS buffer layer was introduced in Sb₂Se₃ solar cells. The band alignment and the interface quality have been significantly improved. A “spike-like” structure was obtained for the best device with an efficiency of 8.41%. Secondly, a rapid thermal annealing process has also been developed and optimized in order to improve the quality of Sb₂Se₃ absorber film with reduced defect density. The efficiency of the Sb₂Se₃ solar cells is increased to 9.03%. In addition, we have tried to replace the toxic CdS buffer layer with an environmentally friendly ZnSnO film with moreover a wider band gap. An interesting power conversion efficiency of 3.44% was achieved for the Cd-free Sb₂Se₃ thin-film solar cells
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Bonnisseau, Dominique. « Etude des structures magnétiques de composés de neptunium (Np As, Np Sb, Np Se et Np Ru Si) ». Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37603161k.

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Lecomte, Alicia. « Modélisation des défauts et des propriétés de transport au sein de semi-conducteurs à base de Sb₂Se₃ pour le photovoltaïque ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S056.

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Dans un contexte de problème écologiques, les énergies renouvelables tirées de la lumière du soleil sont une solution attractive et prometteuse. Les technologies pour exploiter cette énergie sont en constantes progression notamment depuis deux décennies. Il reste cependant encore du chemin à parcourir pour concurrencer les énergies fossiles. De nouveaux absorbeurs sont nécessaires, particulièrement pour développer des cellules solaires flexibles en couches minces. Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude et la rationalisation des défauts au sein de semi-conducteurs absorbeurs à base de Sb₂Se₃. L'étude théorique, via la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité, vise à améliorer la compréhension du matériau. En effet, si Sb₂Se₃ présente une faible conductivité de type p, il est peut-être dopé pour obtenir un type n. Ce dopage mérite d'être mieux compris pour être mieux maîtrisé. Les travaux de recherches présentés dans ce manuscrit se concentrent sur l'étude des défauts intrinsèques probables dans Sb₂Se₃. La conductivité mesurée expérimentalement découle de l'addition de tous les défauts. La substitution d'un sélénium par un antimoine explique le caractère accepteur du matériau. Il a démontré que le site cristallographique le plus favorable à la formation de défauts est celui de moindre coordinence, présents en bout du ruban (Sb₄Se₆)n. D'un autre coté, le dopage extrinsèque est envisagé pour accéder à un semi-conducteur accepteur ou donneur avec l'objectif de former une homo- jonction. L'étain en tant que dopant accepteur et le chlore ou le brome en tant que donneur se substituent favorablement à l'antimoine et au sélénium en augmentant la mobilité de trous ou d'électrons respectivement
In a context of global ecological concerns, renewable solar energies are an attractive and promising solution. Technologies to exploit this energy are in constant progress, particularly since two decades. However, there is still way to go for this clean energy to be competitive with fossils fuels. New absorbers are required, especially for developing flexibles thin-films solar cells. This thesis is dedicated to the study and rationalization of defects within the promising Sb₂Se₃-based materials for photovoltaic absorption. Theoretical study, via density functional theory, has been performed to improve the understanding of the material. Indeed, Sb₂Se₃ shows a low p-type conductivity and it can be doped to obtain a n-type semiconductor. The doping mechanism should be better understood for a better control. The Sb₂Se₃ intrinsic defects have been studied in detail. Experimentally measured conductivity arises from the addition of all defects. It has been demonstrated that selenium substituted by antimony will lead to an electron-donor material. The results indicate that the most favorable crystallographic site for creating defects is at the end of the (Se₄Seb₆)n ribbon, with the lowest coordination. On the other hand, extrinsic doping has also being considered for achieving electron donor or acceptor semiconductor, in order to have design a homo-junction. Simulation and experimental results show that Tin doping for p-type semiconductor, chloride or bromide doping e for n-type semiconductor, can increase greatly the charge carriers' mobility and concentration
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Muñoz, Estrada Vianett Berenice. « Characterization of n-type Bi₂Te₂.₇Se₀.₃ and p-type Bi₀.₅Sb₁.₅Te₃ ternary like semiconductors fabricated by shock-waved (explosive) consolidation ». To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Livres sur le sujet "Sb₂Se₃"

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Kever, Ebba de. Einschmelzverhalten von Schwermetallträgern mit den Schwermetallen Cd, Se, Pb, As und Sb. [s.l.] : [s.n.], 1988.

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Republic, Czech. Obchodní zákoník : Praktické poznámkové vydání s výběrem z judikatury od roku [1991] : podle stavu k 1.3.1998, tedy včetně desáté novely obchodního zákoníku č. 15/1998 Sb., a se zapracovanou změnou zákona o konkursu a vyrovnání č. 12/1998 Sb. Praha : Linde Praha, 1998.

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Moëlo, Yves. Sulfures complexes plombo-argentifères : Minéralogie et cristallochimie de la série andorite-fizelyite, (Pb, Mn, Fe, Cd, Sn)₃₋₂x̳ (Ag, Cu)x̳ (Sb, Bi, As)₂₊x̳, (S, Se)₆. Orleans, France : Editions du BRGM, 1989.

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Hlavsa, Petr. Exekuční řád a zákon č. 119/2001 Sb., kterým se stanoví pravidla pro případy souběžně probíhajících výkonů rozhodnutí : Poznámkové vydání s judikaturou podle stavu k 1. září 2013. Praha : Leges, 2013.

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Marchandise, H. The certification of the impurity contents (Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ni, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Tl and Zn) in three grades of lead : Electrolytically refined lead BCR No 286, thermally refined lead BCR No 287, lead with added impurities BCR No 288. Luxembourg : Commission of the European Communities, 1985.

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Daerah, Sumatera Barat (Indonesia) Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. Keputusan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Sumatera Barat, No. : 06/SB/1989 tentang laporan hasil kunjungan kerja Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Sumatera Barat ke daerah-daerah tingkat II se-Sumbar dalam masa reses ke II tahun 1989/1990. [Padang : Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Sumatera Barat, 1989.

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Young, Courtney. Minor Elements 2000 : Processing and Environmental Aspects of As, Sb, Se, Te, and Bi. Society for Mining Metallurgy & Exploration, 2000.

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Vandendriessche, S., B. Griepink et K. Strijckmans. The Certification of Impurities (Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Te and Zn) in Copper : CRM 074. European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1992.

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Griepink, B., et H. Muntau. The Certification of the Contents (Mass Fractions) of As, B, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se and Zn in Rye Grass : CRM 281 (BCR Information). European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1988.

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Marques, Marcia Alessandra Arantes, dir. Índice de Severidade da Cárie Dentária. Bookerfield Editora, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53268/bkf22060100.

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Este livro originou-se a partir de uma dissertação de mestrado. O levantamento nacional de saúde bucal, “Projeto SB Brasil”, destaca-se enquanto principal estratégia de vigilância em saúde bucal no eixo da produção de dados primários, cooperando para a construção de uma política baseada em modelos de base epidemiológica. Em situações de baixa prevalência de cárie, os índices utilizados atualmente podem perder poder discriminatório no sentido de refletir a severidade da cárie dentária. O objetivo da pesquisa foi construir e validar de um índice de severidade da cárie dentária, através de um conjunto arbitrário de pontuações de acordo com o perfil de cárie dentária e necessidades de tratamento. A pesquisa se apropriou dos dados do SB Brasil 2003 e 2010 para a construção e validação de um Índice de Severidade de Cárie Dentária. A pesquisa é do tipo individuado com base em dados secundários, tendo, como unidade de análise, a população brasileira nos grupos etários de 12 anos, 15-19 anos e 35-44 anos. Os métodos foram divididos em etapas, onde a primeira foi a formulação das propostas com diferentes escores para a progressão da cárie através da atribuição específica de pontuações para as condições de dente hígido até dente com necessidade de extração, a partir da associação dos índices CPO-D e Necessidade de Tratamento. A segunda etapa foi a análise dos coeficientes de variação e a terceira foi a validação de constructo do indicador. Não houveram diferenças entre as propostas, ao se analisar os coeficientes de variação. O constructo foi analisado e validado a partir da relação com as variáveis região, capital/interior, grupo étnico, renda e anos de estudo. Observou-se que o novo índice conseguiu discriminar os diferentes estágios do componente cariado. Concluiu-se que o produto do estudo será útil para atividades de planejamento em Saúde Bucal Coletiva, na perspectiva de priorizar o acesso ao serviço para os grupos com maior severidade, acrescentando maior poder discriminatório aos índices de cárie e necessidade de tratamento.
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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Sb₂Se₃"

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Zingaro, R. A. « Formation of the S - Sb, Se - Sb and Te - Sb Bonds ». Dans Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 152–53. Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145197.ch116.

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Predel, F. « Thermodynamic properties of Sb-Se (antimony-selenium) system ». Dans Phase Equilibria, Crystallographic and Thermodynamic Data of Binary Alloys, 229–30. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24977-8_138.

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Lievens, P., C. Block, G. Cornelis, C. Vandecasteele, J. C. Voogd et A. Brecht. « Mo, Sb and Se Removal from Scrubber Effluent of a Waste Incinerator ». Dans Water Treatment Technologies for the Removal of High-Toxity Pollutants, 193–202. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3497-7_17.

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Ilcheva, Vania, V. Boev, T. Petkova, Plamen Petkov, Emil Petkov, G. Socol et I. N. Mihailescu. « Thin As-Se-Sb Films as Potential Medium for Optics and Sensor Application ». Dans Nanotechnological Basis for Advanced Sensors, 211–16. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0903-4_22.

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Skuban, F., S. R. Lukić, D. M. Petrović et Mirjana Šiljegović. « Some Properties of the Glass Transition in the Amorphous Sb-As-S-Se-I System ». Dans Materials Science Forum, 165–70. Stafa : Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-441-3.165.

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Chung, Woon Jin, Hong Seok Seo, Bong Je Park, Joon Tae Ahn et Yong Gyu Choi. « Fabrication of the Pr3+ Doped Ge-Ga-Sb-Se Glass Optical Fiber for U-Band Application ». Dans Advances in Glass and Optical Materials II, 99–106. Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118144138.ch9.

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Hayashi, Takahiro, Msasayoshi Sekine, Junya Suzuki et Yuuma Horio. « Structural Analysis and Properties of Bi2-xSbxTe3-ySey Prepared by Angular Extrusion ». Dans Materials Science Forum, 567–72. Stafa : Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-985-7.567.

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Kannan, Masanam, Mani Sengoden et Tharmalingam Punniyamurthy. « Transition Metal-Mediated Carbon-Heteroatom Cross-Coupling (C-N, C-O, C-S, C-Se, C-Te, C-P, C-As, C-Sb, and C-B Bond Forming Reactions) ». Dans Arene Chemistry, 547–86. Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118754887.ch20.

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Nomngongo, Philiswa N. « Speciation Analysis of Inorganic Sb, Se and Te in Environmental Samples Using Modified TiO2@MWCNTs Nanocomposite Packed Microcolumn prior to Hydride Generation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (HG-ICP-OES) ». Dans Emerging Trends in Chemical Sciences, 185–200. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60408-4_12.

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« In-Sb-Se (Indium-Antimony-Selenium) ». Dans Non-Ferrous Metal Systems. Part 1, 1–15. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10915981_32.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Sb₂Se₃"

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Torabi, Narges, Mariyam Mukhtar, Elisa Artegiani, Ikram Anefnaf, Romain Carron et Alessandro Romeo. « Comparison of SnO2 and CdSe Buffer Layers for Sb2Se3 Thin Film Solar Cells ». Dans 2024 IEEE 52nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), 1–4. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc57443.2024.10748966.

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Chen, Xuanyi, et Yinping Miao. « High-Performance 1×2 Optical Switch Based on $\text{Ge}_{2}\text{Sb}_{2}\text{Se}_{4}\text{Te}_{1}$-Assisted Racetrack Micro-Ring ». Dans 2024 22nd International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN), 1–2. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icocn63276.2024.10648367.

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Kovaleva, P. M., K. A. Kuznetsov, P. I. Kuznetsov, D. V. Lavrukhin, R. R. Galiev, D. S. Ponomarev et G. Kh Kitaeva. « Plasmonic photoconductive antennas based on Bi2-xSbxSeyTe3-y topological insulators ». Dans 2024 International Conference Laser Optics (ICLO), 117. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclo59702.2024.10623988.

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Lee, Sanghyun, et Kent Price. « Optimization of $\text{AgSb}(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{Se}_{1-\mathrm{x}})_{3}/\text{Sb}_2 \mathrm{S}_3$ Two-Terminal Tandem Photovoltaic Devices ». Dans 2024 IEEE 52nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), 1188–90. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc57443.2024.10749161.

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El Khalfi, Abdelmajid, Kaoutar Ridani, Lhoussayne Et-Taya, Najim Mansour, Abderrahman El Boukili, Lahoucine Elmaimouni et Abdellah Benami. « Performance analysis of zirconium sulfide (ZrS2) as a buffer layer for Sb2Se3 solar cells : numerical modeling ». Dans 2024 International Conference on Circuit, Systems and Communication (ICCSC), 1–5. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsc62074.2024.10616413.

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CLAVAGUERA-MORA, M. T., M. EL SOUAIDI, T. PRADELL, D. CRESPO et N. CLAVAGUERA. « COMPETITIVE CRYSTALLIZATION IN Ge-Se-Sb GLASSES ». Dans Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Non-Crystalline Solids. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814447225_0006.

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Kaur, Ramandeep, Palwinder Singh et Anup Thakur. « Optical band gap study of a-Se and Se-Sb thin films ». Dans INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICC 2015) : Proceeding of International Conference on Condensed Matter and Applied Physics. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4946452.

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Olivier, M., R. Boidin, P. Hawlová, P. Němec et V. Nazabal. « Kinetics of Photosensitivity in Ge-Sb-Se Thin Films ». Dans International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005332000670072.

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Ishigaki, M., N. Tokushuku, T. Ohishi, Y. Kodera, Y. Ohta et Y. Fukui. « New Erasable Optical Media Using Sb-Se-Bi Alloy Film ». Dans 30th Annual Technical Symposium, sous la direction de Robert P. Freese, Albert A. Jamberdino et Maarten R. de Haan. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.936823.

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Starbov, N., V. Mankov, K. Starbova, Konstantin Kolev, Alain Jadin et Lucien D. Laude. « CW-laser-induced spherulitic recrystallization in Sb-Se thin layer system ». Dans ALT '97 International Conference on Laser Surface Processing, sous la direction de Vladimir I. Pustovoy. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.308618.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Sb₂Se₃"

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Leybourne, M. I., J. M. Peter, M A Schmidt, D. Layton-Matthews, A. Voinot et L. Mathieu. Geochemical evidence for a magmatic contribution to the metal budget of the Windy Craggy Cu-Co(±Zn) volcanogenic massive-sulfide deposit, northwestern British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328018.

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Volcanogenic massive-sulfide (VMS) deposits may have had metal contributions from magmatic degassing and leaching of footwall rocks. The Windy Craggy Cu-Co-Zn VMS deposit in northwestern British Columbia may include magmatic contributions, based on laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of fluid inclusions (enriched in Sb, Sn, and Bi) and lithogeochemistry. Sulfide-mineral trace-element abundances in the massive-sulfide orebody, underlying stockwork zone, gold zone, and altered and unaltered mafic rock and argillite were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS. Elevated Au, W, As, Bi, Sb, Se, Te, Tl, Ag, Co, and Mo contents occur within the gold and/or stockwork zones. Increasing 'magmatic metals' with increasing Co/Ni values suggest direct magmatic contribution to the deposit. Covariation of Co with these so-called 'magmatic elements' indicates that it, too, may be of magmatic origin, sourced via fluids exsolved from a crystallizing magma; however, evidence from the composition of rocks and sulfide minerals from Windy Craggy and other VMS deposits suggests that there is probably no meaningful distinction between hydrothermal leaching and direct magmatic contributions and that most - if not all - fluids that form VMS deposits should be termed 'magmatic-hydrothermal'.
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Anderson, Andrew, et Mark Yacucci. Inventory and Statistical Characterization of Inorganic Soil Constituents in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, juin 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-006.

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This report presents a statistical analysis of the Regulated Substances Library (RSL) developed by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The RSL is comprised of surficial soil chemistry data obtained from rights-of-way subsurface soil sampling conducted for routine preliminary site investigations. The 3.7-million-record RSL database is compared with four independent studies of inorganic soil constituents of naturally occurring soils in Illinois. A selection of 22 inorganic soil analytes are examined in this study: Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, K, Se, Na, Tl, V, and Zn. RSL database summary statistics, mean, median, minimum, maximum, 5th percentile, and 95th percentile, are determined for Illinois counties and for recognized environmental concern, non-recognized environmental concern, and de minimis site contamination classifications. The RSL database at a 95% confidence level is compared with current and proposed thresholds for defining naturally occurring soil concentrations for the selected analytes. The revised thresholds proposed by Cahill in 2017 are predominantly larger than the current standards found in the Tiered Approach to Corrective Action Objectives rules and are in better agreement with observed distributions of soil concentrations for both naturally occurring and RSL soils. A notable exception is antimony (Sb), for which Cahill proposed a reduced threshold similar in magnitude to the median for many Illinois Department of Transportation districts.
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Anderson, Andrew, et Mark Yacucci. Inventory and Statistical Characterization of Inorganic Soil Constituents in Illinois : Appendices. Illinois Center for Transportation, juin 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-007.

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This report presents detailed histograms of data from the Regulated Substances Library (RSL) developed by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT). RSL data are provided for state and IDOT region, IDOT district, and county spatial subsets to examine the spatial variability and its relationship to thresholds defining natural background concentrations. The RSL is comprised of surficial soil chemistry data obtained from rights-of-way (ROW) subsurface soil sampling conducted for routine preliminary site investigations. A selection of 22 inorganic soil analytes are examined in this report: Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, K, Se, Na, Tl, V, and Zn. RSL database summary statistics, mean, median, minimum, maximum, 5th percentile, and 95th percentile, are determined for Illinois counties and for recognized environmental concern, non-recognized environmental concern, and de minimis site contamination classifications.
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Anders, E., R. Wolf, J. W. Morgan, M. Ebihara, A. B. Woodrow, M. J. Janssens et J. Hertogen. Radiochemical neutron activation analysis for 36 elements in geological material : Au, Ag, Bi, Br, Cd, Cs, Ge, In, Ir, Ni, Os, Pd, Rb, Re, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Tl, U, and Zn as well as Sc, Y, and REE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), janvier 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6843488.

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Neyedley, K., J. J. Hanley, P. Mercier-Langevin et M. Fayek. Ore mineralogy, pyrite chemistry, and S isotope systematics of magmatic-hydrothermal Au mineralization associated with the Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC), Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp, Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328985.

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The Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC) is an Archean polyphase magmatic body located in the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde (DBL) mining camp of the Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec. The MIC is spatially associated with numerous gold (Au)-rich VMS, epizonal 'intrusion-related' Au-Cu vein systems, and shear zone-hosted (orogenic?) Au deposits. To elucidate genetic links between deposits and the MIC, mineralized samples from two of the epizonal 'intrusion-related' Au-Cu vein systems (Doyon and Grand Duc Au-Cu) have been characterized using a variety of analytical techniques. Preliminary results indicate gold (as electrum) from both deposits occurs relatively late in the systems as it is primarily observed along fractures in pyrite and gangue minerals. At Grand Duc gold appears to have formed syn- to post-crystallization relative to base metal sulphides (e.g. chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite), whereas base metal sulphides at Doyon are relatively rare. The accessory ore mineral assemblage at Doyon is relatively simple compared to Grand Duc, consisting of petzite (Ag3AuTe2), calaverite (AuTe2), and hessite (Ag2Te), while accessory ore minerals at Grand Duc are comprised of tellurobismuthite (Bi2Te3), volynskite (AgBiTe2), native Te, tsumoite (BiTe) or tetradymite (Bi2Te2S), altaite (PbTe), petzite, calaverite, and hessite. Pyrite trace element distribution maps from representative pyrite grains from Doyon and Grand Duc were collected and confirm petrographic observations that Au occurs relatively late. Pyrite from Doyon appears to have been initially trace-element poor, then became enriched in As, followed by the ore metal stage consisting of Au-Ag-Te-Bi-Pb-Cu enrichment and lastly a Co-Ni-Se(?) stage enrichment. Grand Duc pyrite is more complex with initial enrichments in Co-Se-As (Stage 1) followed by an increase in As-Co(?) concentrations (Stage 2). The ore metal stage (Stage 3) is indicated by another increase in As coupled with Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Sb-Pb-Ni-Cu-Zn-Sn-Cd-In enrichment. The final stage of pyrite growth (Stage 4) is represented by the same element assemblage as Stage 3 but at lower concentrations. Preliminary sulphur isotope data from Grand Duc indicates pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite all have similar delta-34S values (~1.5 � 1 permille) with no core-to-rim variations. Pyrite from Doyon has slightly higher delta-34S values (~2.5 � 1 permille) compared to Grand Duc but similarly does not show much core-to-rim variation. At Grand Duc, the occurrence of Au concentrating along the rim of pyrite grains and associated with an enrichment in As and other metals (Sb-Ag-Bi-Te) shares similarities with porphyry and epithermal deposits, and the overall metal association of Au with Te and Bi is a hallmark of other intrusion-related gold systems. The occurrence of the ore metal-rich rims on pyrite from Grand Duc could be related to fluid boiling which results in the destabilization of gold-bearing aqueous complexes. Pyrite from Doyon does not show this inferred boiling texture but shares characteristics of dissolution-reprecipitation processes, where metals in the pyrite lattice are dissolved and then reconcentrated into discrete mineral phases that commonly precipitate in voids and fractures created during pyrite dissolution.
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