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1
Zuraikat, Malek J., et Sarah Mashreqi. « The Death of God in Sartre's The Flies ». Acta Scientiarum. Language and Culture 42, no 2 (25 août 2020) : e53108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascilangcult.v42i2.53108.
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The death of god, which refers to the absence of god's value, weight, significance, and role from people's life experience, is among the most dominant themes of existential literature, especially that of Sartre. It is heavily investigated in his theoretical as well as creative works, such as Being and Nothingness (1969) and The Flies (1989) as it constitutes the cornerstone of his philosophical views of Existentialism, nihilism, freedom, and responsibility. It is hard to understand Sartre's The Flies (1989) and its philosophical background as well as theme(s) without considering the concept of the death of god and its involvement in the development of actions. Accordingly, this paper reads The Flies (1989) investigating Sartre's techniques of introducing and contending that god is dead and has nothing to do with people's life or prosperity. Considering the related literature and the different perspectives of Nietzsche and Hegel regarding Existentialism, the paper deciphers certain scenes and speeches delivered by several characters, such as Zeus, Orestes, and Electra, and it concludes that Sartre’s The Flies (1989) shows how the belief in the death of god may function as a productive force in humans' life and existence. Thus, the paper may help readers of Sartre better understand the existential mechanism of the death of god and comprehend why Sartre's Existentialism is to be viewed as an optimistic, rather than pessimistic, approach.
2
Haqqi, Sabilal, Mardhiah Abbas et Abrar M. Daud Faza. « Film Attack on Titan dalam Pandangan Filsafat Eksistensialisme Jean-Paul Sartre ». AHKAM 3, no 1 (18 janvier 2024) : 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.58578/ahkam.v3i1.2606.
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Jean-Paul Sartre is a famous figure in the fields of philoshophy and literature, considered one of the parents of contemporary existentialism. Existentialism is a philosophical school which argues that all phenomena originate from existence, or the existence of something. Existentialism is a protest against the concept of “logic” and “nature” which were emphasized in the enlightenment period (Enlightenment) in the eighteenth century. Sarte’s existentialist philosophical thought is La Liberte or human freedom. Humans are free, independent. Therefore, he must be free to determine and decide, he acts alone without other people around or with him. This research analyzes Jean-Paul Sartre's views on the theory of existentialism in the film Attack on Titan. This film is related to the theory of existentialism by Jean-Paul Sartre, a philosopher who developed the current of existentialism. By using the research method "library research" with a qualitative approach. The aim of this research is to describe the philosophical views of existentialism and analyze the extent to which the values and concepts in Jean-Paul Sartre's theory can be harmonized with the principles of Islamic teachings. In conclusion, it can be seen that the film "Attack on Titan" effectively reflects Sartre's thoughts about free human existence and responsibility for the world around him. Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialism, although emphasizing personal responsibility and individual freedom, was secular and perhaps not in harmony with religious principles, especially Islam. Some concepts of existentialism, such as the emphasis on absolute freedom, can conflict with the Islamic view which places obedience to Allah as the main principle.
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Mostafa Hussein, Wafaa A. « Freedom as the Antithesis of Commitment in Jean-Paul Sartre’s The Flies (Les Mouches) ». International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture 8, no 2 (30 juin 2021) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/llc.v8no2a1.
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In the mid of the twentieth century, French Existentialism was a predominant doctrine that significantly enriched and influenced the literary scene in Europe during the Post-War area. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), the founder of Existentialism, is both a professional philosopher and a talented man of letters whose literary achievements represent a declarative embodiment of his Existentialist philosophy. In his 1943 drama, The Flies (Les Mouches), Sartre puts the Greek myth into a drastically innovative structure, where contemporary issues and values are presented through classical outlines. The current study aims to present a critical analysis of Sartre's depiction of the Electra/Orestes myth in The Flies through demonstrating how Greek mythology becomes an essential substructure of the play's Existentialistic framework, on the one hand, and questioning the credibility of the Sartrean concept of freedom and commitment, as illustrated in the play, on the other hand. The study utilizes the Existentialist philosophy as a theoretical framework in order to elucidate that the Sartrean conception of freedom and commitment is paradoxically antithetical. The research investigates how Orestes has been theoretically free and the extent to which he strives, throughout the drama, to transform this abstract freedom into a concrete experience by committing himself to a specific action: murdering Aegisthus and Clytemnestra. However, as the study proves, this Existentialist freedom becomes an illusion in the sense that Orestes' commitment to the Argives makes him a captive of society; by choosing commitment, he dismisses his freedom. The researcher has chosen "Freedom" and "Commitment" as the main topic of the present study in order to expose Sartre's existentialistic awareness of modern human beings' dilemma under the influence of all forms of aggression and highlight the discrepancy between theoretical philosophy and real-life experiences. The study adopts an interdisciplinary analytical approach where myth, philosophy, and drama are dovetailed and fused in order to expand the scope of the analysis.
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Zuziak, Władysław. « Jean-Paul Sartre and Louis Lavelle – Two Existential Conceptions of Humanism and their Ethical Consequences ». Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio 48, no 4 (30 décembre 2021) : 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v48i4.977.
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On the basis of the thesis “existence precedes the essence”, L. Lavelle and J.-P. Sartre developed two different versions of existentialism which were the foundation for creating different models of humanism based on the phenomenological approach. I attempt to show that Sartre's atheistic existentialism, which relies on the abstract conception of freedom and an erroneous project of man, is a theory which is less plausible than the existentialism of Lavelle, based on the assumption of man's participation in being. I also discuss the ethical consequences for individual and social development that result from the assumptions of both conceptions.
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Mui, Constance L., et Julien S. Murphy. « Victims, Power and Intellectuals : Laruelle and Sartre ». Labyrinth 19, no 2 (14 mars 2018) : 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25180/lj.v19i2.92.
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In two recent works, Intellectuals and Power and General Theory of Victims, François Laruelle offers a critique of the public intellectual, including Jean-Paul Sartre, claiming such intellectuals have a disregard for victims of crimes against humanity. Laruelle insists that the victim has been left out of philosophy and displaced by an abstract pursuit of justice. He offers a non- philosophical approach that reverses the victim/intellectual dyad and calls for compassionate insurrection. In this paper, we probe Laruelle's critique of the committed intellectual's obligations to victims, specifically, through an examination of Sartre's "A Plea for Intellectuals." We hope to show the value of Laruelle's theory on victims, crime and power for imagining future-oriented intellectuals.
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Moser, Susanne. « Sartres und Beauvoirs Antinaturalismus als Kritik am Geschlechterverhätnis in der Moderne ». Labyrinth 17, no 1 (16 août 2015) : 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25180/lj.v17i1.12.
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Sartre's and Beauvoir's Antinaturalism as Critique of the Concepts of Gender Relations in ModernitySartre's and Beauvoir's antinaturalism can be seen as the rejection of the attribution of some particu-lar "nature" to specific social groups in order to deny essential aspects of their human being or even of their humanity as such. Since the existential approach starts from the lived experience and includes praxis as a crucial factor of becoming oneself, it makes possible to show some phenomena of human being and human relations that remains invisible on the abstract philosophical level. One of these central phenomena is gender, respectively gender relations, and the interconnected mecha-nisms of oppression and social exclusion. The aim of the article is to reconstruct Sartre's and Beauvoir's antinaturalist conceptions and to compare it in order to articulate their consequences for the gender problematic.
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Batchelor, Kathryn. « Fanon's Les Damnés de la terre : Translation, De-Philosophization and the Intensification of Violence ». Nottingham French Studies 54, no 1 (mars 2015) : 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2015.0103.
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The influence of Jean-Paul Sartre's Critique de la raison dialectique on Frantz Fanon's Les Damnés de la terre can be seen in Fanon's direct engagement with Sartre's text as well as in the vocabulary that he adopts when discussing key ideas, particularly in his discussion of violence in the first chapter. In Constance Farrington's English translation of Les Damnés de la terre, however, philosophical terms are replaced with everyday ones, and the links between Les Damnés de la terre and the Critique are obscured. In this article I seek to highlight this de-philosophizing approach through a range of examples and to explore the ways in which these changes, combined with a number of significant mistranslations, enact a shift around Fanon's conceptualization of violence, with far-reaching implications for the influence of Les Damnés de la terre around the world.
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Vidali, Cristiano. « The Experience of Value. The Influence of Scheler on Sartre’s Early Ethics ». Phenomenology and Mind, no 23 (2022) : 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17454/pam-2306.
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Jean-Paul Sartre is often portrayed as a philosopher whose ethics would inevitably have subjectivist or relativist outcomes. Yet, even in Sartre’s early works there are several stances that blatantly belie this image, relying rather on an objectivist conception of value that he notably draws from Max Scheler. The aim of this paper is thus to investigate the influence of Scheler’s moral reflection on Sartre, arguing how it can represent an original and fruitful starting point to approach Sartrean ethics. To this aim, we will first report on and discuss some passages from Sartre’s early works where this debt is most noticeable. Then, we will provide an overview of the Schelerean legacy, arguing how it represents for Sartre the very opening of the ethical issue addressable in phenomenological terms, avoiding the dead end of Hume’s and Kant’s more classical positions, while at the same time being consistent with other peculiar themes of Sartrean philosophy, namely existence and historicity.
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Lukman Fajariyah. « Ontologi Eksistensialisme : Antara Religiusitas dan Non-Religiusitas ». WARAQAT : Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 6, no 1 (30 juin 2021) : 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.51590/waraqat.v6i1.132.
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The discussion on the field of ontology in philosophical studies always has its own uniqueness. Ontology as a science that discusses the nature of all things stimulates humans to always think and reflect so that in the long span of ontology studies many figures will play a role in that field. Characters who contribute to thinking about nature have their own characteristics. This is represented by figures Mulla Sadra and Jean Paul Sartre. This paper intends to explore the thoughts of Mulla Shadra and Jean Paul Sartre regarding ontology studies by using a comparative approach, where researchers compare or compare the two thoughts of these figures in revealing differences and similarities. The research method used in this paper is a qualitative-descriptive method to clearly describe the object. The findings in this paper are; First, Sadra's existential ontology emphasizes more on the aspect of religiosity in which all the existences in the universe are small parts of God's existence, meaning that all existence depends on its source, namely God. Meanwhile, Secondly, Sartre's existential ontology places more emphasis on human freedom as the main actor in life. According to him, the existence of humans with their freedom is absolute without interference from God (non-religious/atheist), even humans create their own functions and goals.
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Barrett, Cyril. « Merleau-Ponty and the Phenomenology of Perception ». Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series 21 (mars 1987) : 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100003520.
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It is over forty years since Merleau-Ponty published his first major work, Le structure de comportement (‘The Structure of Behaviour’) (1942) and a quarter of a century since he died. He belongs, therefore, with Sartre and Marcel, to the first post-War generation of French philosophers. Like his friend Sartre's, his philosophy may be regarded as dated, passé, of no interest or relevance to truly contemporary thought. In philosophical terms forty years are nothing; in terms of trends, fashions and novelties they are an eternity. But perhaps the work of Merleau-Ponty has not dated because it was never in vogue. He did not write plays and novels, or take part in political demonstrations, though he was involved in politics, or win a Nobel prize and refuse to receive it. He was very much a philosopher's philosopher, eminent in his field, well known in academic circles in France but hardly a household name. In this country he is hardly known even in philosophical circles, except by name. More is the pity, since his philosophical approach and manner of philosophizing have much in common with certain modes of British philosophizing, as I hope to show.
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Barrett, Cyril. « Merleau-Ponty and the Phenomenology of Perception ». Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series 21 (mars 1987) : 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957042x00003527.
Texte intégralRésumé :
It is over forty years since Merleau-Ponty published his first major work, Le structure de comportement (‘The Structure of Behaviour’) (1942) and a quarter of a century since he died. He belongs, therefore, with Sartre and Marcel, to the first post-War generation of French philosophers. Like his friend Sartre's, his philosophy may be regarded as dated, passé, of no interest or relevance to truly contemporary thought. In philosophical terms forty years are nothing; in terms of trends, fashions and novelties they are an eternity. But perhaps the work of Merleau-Ponty has not dated because it was never in vogue. He did not write plays and novels, or take part in political demonstrations, though he was involved in politics, or win a Nobel prize and refuse to receive it. He was very much a philosopher's philosopher, eminent in his field, well known in academic circles in France but hardly a household name. In this country he is hardly known even in philosophical circles, except by name. More is the pity, since his philosophical approach and manner of philosophizing have much in common with certain modes of British philosophizing, as I hope to show.
12
Mentuz, Dimitry. « Ontology, Authenticity, Freedom, and Truth in Heidegger’s and Sartre’s Philosophy ». Philosophical Inquiry 43, no 3 (2019) : 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philinquiry2019433/422.
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Heidegger and Sartre developed the projects of their fundamental ontologies within the framework of the phenomenological approach. The traditional view of reality is based on dualistic oppositions of ideal and material, spirit and body, reality and possibility, and visibility and essence. According to both authors, phenomenology enables elimination of the above-mentioned dualisms and restoration of the world’s ontological unity on a reliable foundation. A special attention is paid to a problem of authenticity and transcendence from the point of view of above-mentioned ontological concepts. The problem of authenticity is one of the main issues of human life: the person can come up against a situation of a tough choice and get to a special paradigm of submission that it is practically similar to loss of own authenticity. Method of a research is the comparative analysis of approaches of Sartre and Heidegger to phenomena of freedom, authenticity, the truth and being. In addition, the analysis of a modern discussion on this subject is carried out. The main conclusion of this research is that though Sartre's existentialism was exposed to criticism both from right, and from the left intellectuals, and is not a "fashionable" current at present, and the fundamental ontology of Heidegger was estimated by Levinas as ontology of the power subject-centered line, nevertheless the author considers that attention which is paid in these concepts to such phenomena as the voice of conscience, care and freedom represents the most urgent philosophical value nowadays; the author in this regard points to insufficient validity of modern criticism of approaches of Heidegger and Sartre, in particular - reproaches in a subject-centered line from adherents of "ontology of the Other"
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Cornell, Per, et Fredrik Fahlander. « Microarchaeology, Materiality and Social Practice ». Current Swedish Archaeology 10, no 1 (10 juin 2021) : 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2002.02.
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In this paper we propose an operative social theory that eliminates the need for a pre-defined regional context or spatio-temporal social entities like social system, culture, society or ethnic group. The archaeological object in a microarchaeological approach is not a closed and homogeneous social totality, but rather the structurating practices, the regulative actions operating in a field ofhumans and things. In order to address these issues more systematically, we discuss social action, materialities and the constitution of archaeological evidence. Sartre's concept of serial action implies that materialities and social agency are integrated elements in the structuration process. We suggest that such patterns of action can be partially retrieved from the fragmented material evidence studied by the archaeologist.
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Muhlisian, Asep Achmad, et Dian Rizky Azhari. « Dominasi Kuasa Wacana Terhadap Eksistensi Crossplayer di Ruang Privat-Publik Dunia Maya ». IZUMI 11, no 2 (27 octobre 2022) : 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.11.2.91-103.
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This study discusses the dominance of the power on the existence of crossplayer in the private-public space of cyberspace. The subjects of this study were four respondents consisting of 2 female to male (F2M) crossplayers and 2 male to female (M2F) crossplayers. This study uses a critical discourse analysis approach to reveal cultural phenomena using Sartre's concept of Being and Foucault's concept of the power of discourse. The results of this study indicate that crossplay in Indonesia is not an easy thing to do. The rejection from the community is quite large because of the negative stigma for cross-dressed people. Crossplay actors have to disguise their identities on social media and operate clandestinely, as a form of their negotiation against the power of the majority discourse who rejects their existence. They also form a community so that they still have a place to actualize their hobby. The creation of a community is also a protective area for various crossplay activities from the power of the majority discourse. Their activities on social media are still carried out in these conditioned public spaces, because the followers are people who like Japanese culture who support crossplay discourse.
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Khalid, Sharif Mahmud, Jill Atkins et Elisabetta Barone. « Sartrean bad-faith ? Site-specific social, ethical and environmental disclosures by multinational mining companies ». Accounting, Auditing & ; Accountability Journal 32, no 1 (28 août 2018) : 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-03-2016-2473.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate why environmentally-sensitive companies still face criticism despite the extensive disclosures in their annual reports. This paper explores the extent of site-specific social, environmental and ethical (SEE) reporting by mining companies operating in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct an interpretive content analysis of the annual/integrated reports of mining companies for the years 2009–2014 to extract site-specific SEE information relating to the companies’ mining operations in Ghana. The authors also theorise these actions using the existentialist work of Jean-Paul Sartre, in particular his work on “bad faith, nothingness and authenticity”. Findings The findings suggest that SEE information disclosure at site-specific level remains problematic because of bad faith and inauthenticity by mining companies attempting to placate a range of stakeholders. Bad faith represents a form of self-deception or internal denial which manifests in corporate narratives. Inauthenticity is a self-awareness that culminates in the denunciation of corporate identity and the pursuit of external expectations. The effect is the production of inauthentic corporate accounts that is constrained by the assumption made on stakeholder expectation. Originality/value The authors apply a Sartrean lens to explore site-specific SEE. Furthermore, the authors seek to expand the social accounting research domain by drawing on Sartre’s work on “bad faith” and “nothingness”. Sartre’s work to the best of the authors’ knowledge is not explored in social accounting research.
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Dagnachew Assefa. « Contingency, Absurdity and Human Conflict in Sartre’s Philosophy ». Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities 16, no 2 (15 avril 2021) : 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejossah.v16i2.4.
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This article is centered on two of Sartre’s literary works: “Nausea” and “No Exit” along with his dialectical theory of the ‘Look’ in Being and Nothingness. I believe that these three texts represent not three distinct perspectives but rather different sets of approach to the same problem i.e. the phenomenon of human relationship. It is with this point in mind that I develop the following interrelated claims. First, even though Sartre intended to bring a new language and mode of articulation in his later works, the fundamental features of his philosophy remained the same. Thus, issues that are foundational to his early writing including the self/other relationship, the for-itself as project, the contingent reality of the world, the resistance of the in-itself/ materiality all figure high in his later writings as well. Second, as opposed to any social philosophy which accepts the possibility of a harmonious relation between human beings Sartre perceived the essence of human relations not as mitesein (‘being-with’), but rather as conflict. I submit that the source of Sartre’s problem lies in his very model of social relations given that his social ontology does not allow him to incorporate what Maurice Marleau-Ponty calls the "inter-world". This paper is also informed with the belief that although Sartre the intellectual and the creative artist are closely joined together, essentially, the novelist is much more assuring than the philosopher. Thus, even when he is not writing a literary composition proper he displays a unique talent of putting his philosophical ideas in artistic and dramatic terms. I use Sartre’s phenomenological description of the dialectic of the "look" (Le Regard) to demonstrate this point. The final section of the paper is devoted to a critical examination of Sartre’s philosophical positions developed in the works discussed above.
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Pamerleau, William. « Bad Faith in Film Spectatorship ». Film-Philosophy 24, no 2 (juin 2020) : 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/film.2020.0135.
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This article seeks to develop an under-appreciated aspect of spectator activity: the way in which viewers make use of film to enter or sustain a project of bad faith. Based on Jean-Paul Sartre's account of bad faith in Being and Nothingness (1943), the article explains the aspects of bad faith that are pertinent to viewer activity, then explores the way viewers can make use of filmic depictions to facilitate self-denial. For example, spectators may emphasize the fact that persons are depicted in narrow terms as corroboration for their belief that human nature is just as its depicted, thereby denying that we have the freedom to be otherwise. Or spectators may deny the relevance of problematic aspects of themselves when they find it depicted in characters who are admirable in other ways. I then consider whether films themselves can be described as being in bad faith. While technically they cannot, I identify ways that a film may encourage or discourage bad faith in viewers. I also examine how the immersive aspect of film enables viewers to turn attention away from themselves while they engage in self-denial. The case for this approach to viewer activity and film analysis is supplemented by a distinction between traits that do apply to film, e.g., being racist, sexist, or homophobic, and the resources it gives persons to be in bad faith about these social attitudes. I argue that a film can have traits like these while not encouraging bad faith and vice versa, demonstrating the unique perspective offered by approaching film and spectator activity in terms of bad faith.
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Bonnemann, Jens. « Anerkennende Erkenntnis ». Phänomenologische Forschungen 2006, no 1 (2006) : 189–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000107931.
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Despite all differences, Lévinas, Adorno und Sartre agree in asserting the other, non-identical and individual as opposed to an identifying epistemological concept, that causes a reduction to general categories. However, while Lévinas basically imposes a ban on knowledge and invokes a ‚non-conceptual perception‘, Adorno tries to reconcile knowledge with a nonreductive attitude, i.e. ‚using concepts to go beyond concepts‘. In analogy to Adorno’s concept, Sartre develops the so-called ‚regressive-progressive method‘, that integrates the individual into its social context, instead of reducing it to that context. This approach can be regarded as a corrective to a universalistic moral position in the sense of Habermas, because it allows to consider the peculiar characteristics of individuals and groups. Furthermore, Sartre’s position is in agreement with Honneth’s attempt to reconcile knowledge and recognition.
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Alpino et M. Kafrawi. « KEBEBASAN DAN KESADARAN DALAM NOVEL “SANG ALKEMIS” KARYA PAULO COELHO (EKSISTENSIALISME JEAN PAUL SARTRE) ». Jurnal Ilmu Budaya 20, no 1 (28 juillet 2023) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jib.v20i1.15883.
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This research is entitled Freedom and Consciousness in the Novel “The Alchemist” by Paulo Coelho (Existentialism study of Jean Paul Sartre). The problem that will be examined in this study is the freedom that focuses on the main character in this novel. The purpose of this study is to describe the form of Sartre’s existentialism towards the main character. The technique used in this study is the technique of reading and note taking with a intellectual and hermeneutic approach. The result of this reasearch shows that the main character in this novel, is someone who has a tendency to be reflective and authentic.
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Snyder, Stephen. « The Imperceptibility of Style in Danto's Theory of Art : Metaphor and the Artist's Knowledge ». CounterText 1, no 3 (décembre 2015) : 366–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/count.2015.0028.
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Arthur Danto's analytic theory of art relies on a form of artistic interpretation that requires access to the art theoretical concepts of the artworld, ‘an atmosphere of artistic theory, a knowledge of the history of art: an artworld’. Art, in what Danto refers to as post-history, has become theoretical, yet it is here contended that his explanation of the artist's creative style lacks a theoretical dimension. This article examines Danto's account of style in light of the role the artistic metaphor plays in the interpretation of the artwork, arguing that it is unable to account for the metaphorical power he claims is embedded within the work of art. An artist's style issues from a unique perspective, the way an artist inhabits a specific spot in history. Though each person has such a perspective, when applied aesthetically, it is the key to the articulation of a unique historical meaning in the work of art. At the same time, artists' knowledge of their contribution remains cut off from this perspective, for they are unaware of their self-manifestation of the historical concept of style. This article makes the case that Danto's notion of style, based on Sartre's notion of being-for-itself, cannot fulfil the role he allots it in his theory because, at some level, artists must apprehend their style to create a work of art capable of functioning critically as a countertext. It is only through the apprehension of their style, and dialogical activity that takes place between the artist and the beholders, that the unseen body of artworld theory is formed. Without this, when oriented to the aesthetic, style provides no concept or theory for the mind to behold. This article presents an alternative approach to style that recognizes the role of theory in the creation of metaphor, which would circumvent this problem.
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Raina, Sushain, et Anil Kumar Tewari. « An Intuitive Relationship Between Existential Psychoanalysis and Evolutionary Biology via Empirical Psychoanalysis ». Obnovljeni život 77, no 4 (5 octobre 2022) : 535–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31337/oz.77.4.8.
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This paper is an exploration into an (intuitive) relationship between the existential psychoanalysis of Jean–Paul Sartre and the contemporary neurobiological approach in evolutionary biology. Sartre argues that the source of normative behavior lies in the nothinging activity of consciousness which necessarily has its neurobiological correlate. We argue that their relationship can be explained when considered together with Freudian psychoanalysis. After the introduction, the article explicates the relationship between Sartre’s existential psychoanalysis and Freud’s empirical psychoanalysis. The latter provides an intuitive ground for the former. The last part of the article focuses on the neurobiological account of the sublime emotions and motivations which influence the social behavior of human beings. It is found that group formation is an evolutionary product which plays a vital role in determining social behavior. It is concluded that existential psychoanalysis is compatible with empirical psychoanalysis and neurobiological analysis of the human psyche, and together they can present a comprehensive picture of human existence. Sartre uses the intuition developed by Sigmund Freud and connects it with phenomenological ontology so as to understand human affairs, and evolutionary biologists seek a neurobiological basis for the Freudian psyche. Thus, they are compatible.
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Hayek, Mario, Wallace A. Williams, Russell W. Clayton, Milorad M. Novicevic et John H. Humphreys. « In extremis leadership of Sartrean authenticity ». Journal of Management History 20, no 3 (3 juin 2014) : 292–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-08-2013-0040.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend the body of knowledge of authentic leadership in extreme contexts by developing a framework grounded in the Sartrean existentialist perspective on authenticity and illustrating this framework using the works of Xenophon. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use Sartre’s existential view of authenticity to develop a framework of authentic leadership in extreme contexts. They then use this framework to examine Xenophon’s recount of the retreat of the 10,000 in the classic work, Anabasis. For this analysis, the authors iterate between the ideas of the past and the concepts of the present to understand how this classic has influenced and informed the current body of knowledge about leadership. Findings – Using a Sartrean existentialist lens, “in extremis” authentic leaders exhibit an awareness of context extremity, responsibility in leading and following to share risks in extreme contexts and self-determination that inspires mutual trust and loyalty. Practical implications – A Sartrean existentialist perspective suggests that authentic leaders in extreme contexts reflect authenticity by exhibiting and encouraging freedom of choice. By espousing this perspective, authentic leaders create common goals and interests that appeal to followers' intrinsic motivation which has been found to result in positive individual and organizational outcomes. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the authentic leadership literature by using an existential conceptualization of authenticity to examine leadership in extreme contexts. This conceptualization might be more appropriate than the Aristotelian virtue-based deterministic philosophy that has dominated authentic leadership research.
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DALMAS, FRANCK. « Archéologie de la biographie chez Jean-Paul Sartre ». Australian Journal of French Studies : Volume 59, Issue 3 59, no 3 (1 juillet 2022) : 322–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ajfs.2022.25.
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This article explores the early conditions and motivations for biographical writing and reasoning in Jean-Paul Sartre’s literary project. When the Second World War broke out and called into question his initial prospects for becoming a renowned writer, his awakening to historical and political involvement justified a revision of his ontological premises. Carnets de la drôle de guerre (1940/1983), along with other sources and prior texts of his, operate like an archaeology of the biographical method, prepare a conversion to concrete realities in prelude to his Marxist existentialism, and herald the journalism of Les Temps modernes revamping the post-war intellectual life. This article advances that, rather than a subsidiary genre of expression, biography is a pivotal approach that connects the distinct facets of Sartre’s activities. Notional existences are described through life stories, and conversely, singular traits are made into universal types. It is thus crucial to examine the momentum that ultimately made Sartre a committed social thinker in works like Critique de la raison dialectique (1960) by turning his attention to life plans articulated in the essays on Baudelaire, Genet and Flaubert.
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Bhandari, Sabindra Raj. « The Journey from Essence to Existence in Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching ». Literary Studies 35, no 01 (9 mars 2022) : 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/litstud.v35i01.43678.
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This article examines Lao Tzu’s classical work Tao Te Ching with the concepts of essence and existence that predominantly guide the philosophy of existence propounded by Jean-Paul Sartre. Tao Te Ching provides the way to pursuit identity in the world. It centralizes on the making of the self. To cultivate the identity, one should face the realitie. Then one realizes that existence antecedes the essence because one becomes what one chooses. Essence is simply biological and not the destiny rather what we create out of multiple choices construct our individuality. This realization is the perfect way to be an evolved individual. This is another way of defining the concept of existence delivered by Tzu and Sartre. Likewise, both Tzu and Sartre agree that human exists at first. His/her existential journey starts with the materialization of facticity that s/he crisscrosses in the world. All these aspects are the fundamentals of Tao Te Ching and Sartre’s philosophy of existence. This paper becomes a landmark to perceive how the philosophical beats vibrate equally both in classical work and modern philosophy. To examine all these concepts, the article has used the textual analysis method, following the paradigm of qualitative approach to research.
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Minar, Karla Sharin, et Anton Sutandio. « Shame and Alienation in Kafka’s The Metamorphosis ». Jurnal POETIKA 5, no 2 (31 décembre 2017) : 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/poetika.27100.
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This article explores Sartre’s concept of shame and alienation in Kafka’s The Metamorphosis through the portrayal of the protagonist. By focusing on the interpretation of the characteristics of Gregor Samsa through New Criticism approach, this article reveals that shame and alienation may occur when a person realizes that one is judged by others and sees oneself through the eyes of others. This way of looking at one’s identity is problematic because it creates complexity within the existence of the self. Through his fantastical transformation into an insect, Gregor cannot help but seeing himself from his family’s point of view. Instead of fighting for himself, he is made to believe that he deserves to be alienated. From the analysis of the protagonist, it is revealed that his being selfess and dutiful in a way trigger the shame and alienation that result in his submission to death. Keywords: alienation, Kafka, Sartre, shame
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Minar, Karla Sharin, et Anton Sutandio. « Shame and Alienation in Kafka’s The Metamorphosis ». Poetika 5, no 2 (31 décembre 2017) : 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/poetika.v5i2.27100.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article explores Sartre’s concept of shame and alienation in Kafka’s The Metamorphosis through the portrayal of the protagonist. By focusing on the interpretation of the characteristics of Gregor Samsa through New Criticism approach, this article reveals that shame and alienation may occur when a person realizes that one is judged by others and sees oneself through the eyes of others. This way of looking at one’s identity is problematic because it creates complexity within the existence of the self. Through his fantastical transformation into an insect, Gregor cannot help but seeing himself from his family’s point of view. Instead of fighting for himself, he is made to believe that he deserves to be alienated. From the analysis of the protagonist, it is revealed that his being selfess and dutiful in a way trigger the shame and alienation that result in his submission to death. Keywords: alienation, Kafka, Sartre, shame
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Thonhauser, Gerhard. « Emotionale Fähigkeiten in den (neo-)existenzialistischen Perspektiven von Sartre und Moran ». Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 70, no 6 (1 décembre 2022) : 911–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dzph-2022-0063.
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Abstract The paper explores emotional abilities from the (neo-)existentialist perspectives of Jean-Paul Sartre and Richard Moran. First, it reconstructs Sartre’s understanding of emotions as active comportments achieving a magical transformation of the world. Second, it explores what existentialists mean by first-person authority: Regarding my own emotions, I cannot only explore what I feel, but I also need to ask myself what to feel. The claim is that my emotions depend on me committing to them. Third, I highlight a difference between a neo-existentialist account which focuses on reflective self-constitution, and a vintage existentialist approach which focuses on pre-reflective self-awareness. Forth, I point out that (neo-)existentialism helps to make explicit the normative claim which is implied when speaking of abilities regarding one’s emotions. The claim is that it is up to me to either endorse my emotions or to change who I am to feel differently. Finally, I indicate the limits of such an approach when it comes to social structures of inequality and domination.
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ANDREEVA, YULIYA. « A PERSON IN AN OPTIMISTIC PERSPECTIVE OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT : EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC APPROACH ». Культурный код, no 2022-3 (2022) : 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36945/2658-3852-2022-3-9-20.
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The author refers to the actual modern philosophy of people in the optimistic perspective of their personal development built on the methodological possibilities of the existential-humanistic approach. Overcoming objectivism and psychological naturalism in understanding the essence of man in the spirit of optimism is possible only in existential philosophy, transcendental phenomenology, humanistic psychology and pedagogy, through the creative and semantic activity of consciousness. The author examines the evolution of the ideas of existential subject-philosophy focused on the issues of freedom and responsibility, which revealed the ontological significance of “living unique subjectivity” in the works of M. Heidegger, K. Jaspers, J.-P. Sartre, V. Frankl, E. Fromm, K. Rogers. Based on the existential analytics of a person the author reveals the fact that the humanistic ideas of this direction based on the ideas of freedom, «being-without-support», are ultimately shaped by the principle of optimistic perspective and faith in Man in the humanistic pedagogy of A. S. Makarenko and V. A. Sukhomlinsky; the normativity of the universally valuable things. In conclusion, specific findings are presented about the methodological significance of the existential-humanistic approach in the modern philosophical conceptualization of paradoxical optimistic faith in a person, his optimism (Sartre’s heroic optimism, Makarenko’s courageous optimism, Frankl’s tragic optimism) as a perception of life based on the philosophy of responsibility and overcoming difficulties on path to success. A person must see himself in the perspective of opportunities, then he will have a positive freedom to choose and bear responsibility.
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Muñoz Ferrer, Álvaro. « Neoliberalismo y serialización : Una contribución crítica al enfoque de la gubernamentalidad desde la dialéctica sartreana ». Castalia - Revista de Psicología de la Academia, no 34 (31 juillet 2020) : 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.25074/07198051.34.1620.
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El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo realizar una contribución crítica al enfoque de la gubernamentalidad desarrollado a partir de Michel Foucault desde la teoría de los conjuntos prácticos de Jean-Paul Sartre. Se sostendrá que el enfoque gubernamental establece un diagnóstico acertado sobre el neoliberalismo y, en particular, del sujeto que engendra, pero quedará truncado en un sentido propositivo debido a que carece de un análisis profundo acerca de los efectos de las diversas fuerzas sociales generadas por el neoliberalismo sobre la capacidad de los individuos para construir proyectos colectivos. Se defenderá que es posible contribuir a superar esta limitación a través del análisis sartreano de las fuerzas que actúan sobre los sujetos y se planteará la posibilidad de pensar la grupalidad como una forma de resistencia al poder subjetivador del neoliberalismo.
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The objective of this work is to make a critical contribution to the governmentality approach developed by Michel Foucault from the theory of practical ensembles by Jean-Paul Sartre. It will be argued that the governmentality approach establishes an accurate diagnosis of neoliberalism and, in particular, of the subject it engenders, but it will be truncated in a propositive sense because it lacks an in-depth analysis of the effects of the social forces generated by neoliberalism over the capacity of individuals to build collective projects. It will be defended that it is possible to contribute to overcome this limitation through the Sartrean analysis of the forces that act on the subjects and that it is possible to think the concept of groupness as a form of resistance to the subjective power of neoliberalism.
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Blom, Björn. « The social worker-client relationship -- a Sartrean approach ». European Journal of Social Work 5, no 3 (novembre 2002) : 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714890055.
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Sari, Dian Eka. « The Tragedy of Existence in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground : An Approach to Sartre’s Existentialism ». LINGUA LITERA : journal of english linguistics and literature 2, no 2 (14 février 2017) : 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55345/stba1.v2i2.19.
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The tragedy of existence that appears in Fyodor Dostoevsky‘s novel entitled Notes from the Underground is analyzed by applying Jean-Paul Sartre‘s existentialism. The tragedy of man existence is originated from dualism of man freedom. It can be analyzed by applying the concept of absolute freedom which underlies man desire to achieve an ideal existence and the facticities that follow the freedom. Qualitative method that is based on Sartre‘s concept of engagement is applied to describe author‘s involvement as a speaker in literary work. Text is treated as a significant discourse, because words are not merely an object; but the signifiers that consist of meanings, issues, ideas, social situation in specific period. The result of the analysis shows that individual absolute freedom creates possibility to become God toward their own self to conduct acts as well as to recognize the aspects that prohibit them to do so. Man‘s individual freedom tries to surpass the limit, but eventually fails to realize it because of conflict among their consciousness. As the result, man fails to transcend their existence facticities because of other‘s freedom. At the end, it leads to tragedy that forms alienation in inauthentic existence.
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Balogun, Babalọla Joseph. « A Sartrean Approach to Ayé Ṣίṣe in Yorùbá Existentialism ». Yoruba Studies Review 3, no 1 (21 décembre 2021) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/ysr.v3i1.129932.
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The place of the world in the life of individual human being cannot be underestimated. This fact has culminated in the high esteem in which the concept of the world is held in the existentialist thinking. Using the Sartrean existentialist methodological approach, the paper critically examines the notion of the world (ayé) in the existentialist thinking of the Yoruba people of Nigeria. The paper argues that although humans find themselves thrown into the world (ayé) amidst situations that are not of their own making, sometimes amidst untoward circumstances, the right mark of an authentic existence is ṣíṣe ayé which literally means “doing the world”, rather than mere gbígbé ayé, that is, living in the world. The paper concludes that the hallmark of authentic existence is to be found in the act of “doing the world” rather than just living in it.
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Teixeira, Talita de Oliveira, et Zuleica Pretto. « Sartrean existentialism in Brazilian Psychology : Field research and intervention experiences ». International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, no 12 (2022) : 075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.912.8.
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Taking into account the growing development of existentialist psychology based on Jean-Paul Sartre in Brazil, the objective of the research portrayed here was to investigate the productions focused on this approach in the country, specifically those that present field research and practical intervention, and your characteristics. To this end, a survey of publications in journals indexed in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Periódicos Eletrônicos de Psicologia (PePSIC) electronic databases was carried out between the years 2000 and 2019. practical nature based on Sartrean Existentialist Psychology. From a thematic analysis, it was noticed that they address different fields of action and public: public policies (Unified Health System - SUS and education), promotion and strengthening of vulnerable people (women, youth, users/ those of psychoactive substances), mental health, field of work, children's clinic and art. Note the predominance of production in the southern region of the country and an evolution in the number of publications over the years. It is concluded that the Sartrian perspective supports a theory of significant contribution to psychological praxis, due to its dense theoretical-methodological foundations that combine with the defense of human rights, with the critique of hegemonic models, and with the proposal of paths for modifications subjectivation/objectification processes, in forms of sociability and in societies.
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Kholodynska, Svitlana. « Transformational processes within french existentialism development ». Bulletin of Mariupol State University Series Philosophy culture studies sociology 12, no 23 (2022) : 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2849-2022-12-23-155-165.
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The article reveals both the history of origin and specificity of existentialism philosophical movement development under the terms of French humanistics in the 1940–1980. The author traces the originality of the «European course» of this philosophical system, which, having been formed within the tradition of the Russian worldview between the 19th and 20th centuries, began to transform into philosophical-ideological or philosophical-ethical models in Germany and France. After the Second World War, existentialism was widely accepted among the Spanish and Italian philosophers, occasionally «capturing» the entire European cultural space. The study emphasizes that existentialism has common roots, although each of the existing models requires independent analysis, since they were chronologically formed in an interval of one or two decades, introducing marked changes into the orthodox model. The author finds out that existentialism played an important role in the development of French humanistics because it could rely on intuitivism and personnelism, which contributed to the renewal of philosophical thinking in the 1920–1940s. The paper demonstrates that the French model of existentialism was developed on the basis of inter-scientific approach, organically combining philosophy, natural science, psychology and literary studies, achieving significant success in the development of various types of art, in particular, literature and theater. The aim of the research suggests the following objectives: to reconstruct the history of existentialism formation, to identify the specificity of the French model of this philosophical system and to create the essence of possible transformational processes within the humanistic development based on application of existentialism. Methodology of the research is based on historical and cultural, biographical, analytical and comparative approaches. The scientific novelty of the article is defined by the possibility to use and exploit the potential of inheritance, which exists between existentialism and postmodernism, since, according to the chronology, the former determined by philosophical system in its logical development, came close to the latter in the logical sequencing. The author justifies the significance of the article considering works of French existentialists The obtained results make it possible to conclude: 1) the French model of existentialism should be evaluated as eclectic, because it was formed on the basis of the ideas of S. Kierkegaard and L. Shestov, demonstrating, at the same time, interest to its religious criterion (H. Marcel). 2) J.-P. Sartre's ‘transformational’ philosophical position: «Marxism – existentialism» should be taken into consideration. The article explains both his sympathy to politicalization of existentialism and his interest in the problems of «biographism», which strengthened the literary orientation of the philosopher's views, and his interest in «pathological» experiments of psychoanalysis. 3) The link between theoretical ideas of A. Camus and artistic practice, which enables to transform «philosophy of absurdity» at first into «dramaturgy of absurdity», and – later – into «theater of absurdity» has been established. Within this context, the works of J. Genet, S. Beckett and E. Ionesco are referred to. Theoretical and practical significance lies in the fact that the material of this study promotes further scientific and theoretical comprehension of French humanities at the turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries. The results can be used while lecturing aesthetics, philosophy, cultural studies, history and theory of art for students of higher institutions of humanities and rstistic creativity.
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Šerpytytė, Rita. « NIHILIZMO PARAŠTĖS : (AT)VAIZDAS IR IŠNYKIMAS ». Religija ir kultūra 6, no 1-2 (1 janvier 2009) : 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/relig.2009.1.2776.
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Šio straipsnio pretekstas – Lacoue-Labarthe’o tekstas Pratarmė į Išnykimą. Straipsnyje bandoma atrasti prieigą prie išnykimo „analizės“ – konceptualizuoti išnykimo temą ir susieti ją su tapatumo ir kitybės problematika. Pasirodymas ir išnykimas – judesiai, kuriais kuriamos ir griaunamos kokios nors tapatybės, pirmiausia nurodo fenomenologinę tradiciją. Fenomenologijoje pasirodymas ir išnykimas yra fenomeno charakteristikos. Aptariant fenomenologinę tradiciją, pirmiausia – Sartre’o požiūrį, straipsnyje keliamas klausimas apie išnykimo judesio (kaip tapatybes griaunančio ir kitybę nurodančio) judesio prigimtį. Straipsnyje pabandyta išnykimą aptarti vadinamųjų nihilizmo negatyviųjų „kategorijų“ kontekste. Šitaip išnykimas atskleidžiamas ne kaip propozicinio teiginio struktūrą turintis judesys, o kaip négatités – kaip patirties struktūrą turintis judesys. Tačiau kokia yra išnykimo patyrimo prasmė? Lacoue-Labarthe’o tekstas pasitarnavo kaip raktas neatsitiktinai, o vadovaujantis tam tikra strategija pasirinkti autorius, kalbančius apie išnykimą. Straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip išnykimas yra tematizuojamas Sartre’o, Heideggerio, Virilio, Severino, Baudrillard’o filosofijoje. Nors jų požiūriai į išnykimą ir skiriasi, vis dėlto juos vienija tai, kad kalbama apie tam tikrų „tapatumų“ – daiktų, esinių, tikrovės – pasirodymo ir išnykimo patyrimą. Pats išnykimas čia traktuojamas kaip patiriamybė, kuri gali būti aprašyta. Tačiau kas yra ne daiktų, esinių, tikrovės išnykimas, o pats išnykimas?Kaip kalbėti apie tokios patirties, kuri yra ribinė patirtis – savo išnykimo „patirtis“ – „pasirodymo“ galimybę? Lacoue-Labarthe’o teksto „paaiškinimui“ pasitelkiamas Jeano Luco Nancy tekstas Kristi iš miego. Šių dviejų tekstų sugretinimas pasitarnauja kaip filosofinė strategija nusakyti patirčiai, kuri, fenomenologiškai tariant, nėra patiriama. Taip žvelgiant atsiskleidžia Lacoue-Labarthe’o nusakytoji išnykimo prasmė – išnykimas (Niekas) sutampa su pasirodymo pradžia, su tuo, kas yra Visa.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: nihilizmas, išnykimas, pasirodymas, tapatumas, kitybė, patyrimas.The margins of Nihilism: image and disappearanceRita Šerpytytė SummaryThe pretext of this article is Lacoue-Labarthe’s text Preface to the disappearance. This article attempts to find access to the “analysis” of disappearance, i. e. to conceptualize a theme of disappearance and link it with the problem of identity and alterity. The appearance and disappearance – motions, by which any identities are being constituted and destroyed – direct, first of all, to the phenomenological tradition. The appearance and disappearance are being understood in phenomenology as characteristics of phenomenon. Discussing the phenomenological tradition, in particular – Sartre’s view, the article raises the question about the nature of the motion of disappearance (as the motion, which destroys identities and indicates or directs to alterities). This article attempts to discuss the disappearance in the context of so-called negative “categories” of nihilism. Thus, disappearance is not disclosed as the motion, which has a structure of proposition, but as négatités – as motion, which has a structure of the experience. But what is the meaning of the experience of disappearance? Lacoue-Labarthe’s text served as a key according to some strategy to choose an author, talking on disappearance. The article looks at how the disappearance in Sartre, Heidegger, Virilio, Severino, Baudrillard’s philosophy is being thematized. Although their approaches to appearance and disappearance differ, they are united by the fact of talking on the experience of appearance and disappearance of some identities – things, entities, reality. The disappearance itself is being treated there as something to be experienced, and to be possible to describe. But what it is not disappearance of things, of entities, of reality, but disappearance itself?How to speak on the conditions of possibility of the “appearance” of “experience”, which is a marginal experience – the experience of somebody’s own disappearance? For the Lacoue-Labarthe’s text explanation the text of another author – Jean-Luc Nancy, To fall from sleep, is being used. Juxtaposition of these two texts serves as a philosophical approach to describe practices that, phenomenologically speaking, is not experienced. It reveals the meaning of disappearance, expressed in Lacoue-Labarthe: disappearance (Nothingness) coincides with the origins of appearance, with what it is a Whole.Keywords: nihilism, disappearance, appearance, identity, alterity, experience.
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Abramciow, Rafał, et Alina Kałużna-Wielobób. « EMOTION FUNCTION, ACCORDING TO J. P. SARTRE’S PHENOMENOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY ». Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century 9, no 2 (20 décembre 2015) : 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/ppc/15.09.66.
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The aim of analysis is to demonstrate that phenomenological approach to nature can be useful for psychology, as it broadens the understanding of emotion. J. P. Sartre understanding of emotion nature was presented. Emotion functions according to Sartre were another focus of the research, as was comparing those functions to emotion functions specified in contemporary psychological literature. Key words: Sartre, emotion, emotional function, phenomenology.
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Engels, Kimberly S. « Bad Faith, Authenticity, and Responsibilities to Future Generations : A Sartrean Approach ». Environmental Ethics 36, no 4 (2014) : 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics201436448.
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Hendley, Steve. « Power, knowledge, and praxis : A Sartrean approach to a Foucaultian problem ». Man and World 21, no 2 (mars 1988) : 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01248681.
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Losoncz, Alpar. « Two conflicting interpretations of social philosophy ». Filozofija i drustvo 25, no 2 (2014) : 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1402056l.
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In this paper I present two philosophers, namely Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Jean-Paul Sartre, but from the perspective of social philosophy. I emphasize that social philosophy proves to be a rarity today, and this explains the necessity of articulation of the achievements of these philosophers. In particular, I analyze the relationship between the articulation of intersubjectivity and social philosophy and on the basis of these relations I present the differences and conflicts between the aforementioned philosophers. Merleau-Ponty?s philosophy is explained from the perspective of unbroken intersubjectivity; the philosophy of Sartre is presented on the basis of the relation between 56 transcendental subjectivity and intersubjectivity. The article follows the genealogical approach, that is, it highlights the dynamics of the thinking of these thinkers in order to show the displacements. Finally, I develop the thesis that the late Sartre, who remained within the frames of Marx?s approach, actually reinterprets the early indications to be found in Merleau-Ponty concerning social philosophy. Consequently, late Sartre is still an important reference point in terms of the critical philosophy of society.
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d’Anjou, Philippe. « An alternative model for ethical decision-making in design : A Sartrean approach ». Design Studies 32, no 1 (janvier 2011) : 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2010.06.003.
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Andreini, Giulia. « Du rêve comme passivité : Merleau-ponty entre Sartre et Binswanger ». Chiasmi International 23 (2021) : 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/chiasmi20212326.
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Always rich in heterogeneous suggestions, Merleau-Pontian reflection does not fail to address the status of oneiric experience, which is as complex as it is neglected or even trivialized in phenomenological studies. Although it is sometimes taken into consideration, notably in Sartrean analyses, this is only to reconduct it to the activity of the imagining consciousness. This contribution thus proposes to bring out the innovative character of Merleau-Ponty’ dream framework. After outlining the Sartrean considerations, Merleau-Ponty’s positions are briefly presented. Ultimately at stake is showing to what extent the advancement of a sincerely new conception of the dream, together with the rejection of the Sartrean positions, can only take place through reading the work of Ludwig Binswanger. Binswanger’s analyses of oneiric space allow an original approach to dreaming as an authentic experience that reveals a primary spatiality and a more originary mode of existence, thereby testifying to a form of passivity inherent in consciousness. Dreaming thus becomes fundamental for understanding our being-in-the-world in general and, consequently, also for understanding wakefulness.
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Lee, Jong-ju. « A Humanities Counseling Approach to Inferiority : Adler, Heidegger, Sartre, and Tolstoy ». Journal of Humanities 50 (28 février 2022) : 291–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.35559/tjoh.50.10.
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Banchetti-Robino, Marina Paola. « Black Orpheus and Aesthetic Historicism ». Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy 19, no 2 (12 décembre 2011) : 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jffp.2011.495.
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This essay offers a novel approach for understanding the poetry of negritude and its role in the struggle for black liberation by appealing to Giambattista Vico’s insights on the historical, cultural, and myth-making function of poetry and of the mythopoetic imagination. The essay begins with a discussion of Vico’s aesthetic historicism and of his ideas regarding the role of imagination, poetry, and myth-making and then brings these ideas to bear on the discussion of the function of negritude poetry, focusing primarily on the writings of Aimé Césaire and on Jean-Paul Sartre’s essay, Black Orpheus.
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Ramm, Brentyn J. « Body, Self and Others : Harding, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty on Intersubjectivity ». Philosophies 6, no 4 (3 décembre 2021) : 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6040100.
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Douglas Harding developed a unique first-person experimental approach for investigating consciousness that is still relatively unknown in academia. In this paper, I present a critical dialogue between Harding, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty on the phenomenology of the body and intersubjectivity. Like Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, Harding observes that from the first-person perspective, I cannot see my own head. He points out that visually speaking nothing gets in the way of others. I am radically open to others and the world. Neither does my somatic experience establish a boundary between me and the world. Rather to experience these sensations as part of a bounded, shaped thing (a body), already involves bringing in the perspectives of others. The reader is guided through a series of Harding’s first-person experiments to test these phenomenological claims for themselves. For Sartre, the other’s subjectivity is known through The Look, which makes me into a mere object for them. Merleau-Ponty criticised Sartre for making intersubjective relations primarily ones of conflict. Rather he held that the intentionality of my body is primordially interconnected with that of others’ bodies. We are already situated in a shared social world. For Harding, like Sartre, my consciousness is a form of nothingness; however, in contrast to Sartre, it does not negate the world, but is absolutely united with it. Confrontation is a delusion that comes from imagining that I am behind a face. Rather in lived personal relationships, I become the other. I conclude by arguing that for Harding all self-awareness is a form of other-awareness, and vice versa.
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Lechte, John. « Bataille : Image and Victim ». Theory, Culture & ; Society 38, no 4 (8 février 2021) : 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276420986618.
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This article aims to reveal aspects of the relation between the image and the victim in Georges Bataille’s writing, certainly as this applies to writings on art, but more particularly as it applies to Bataille’s relation to the victim of torture in the photographs of Chinese lingchi punishment, which entails physical dismemberment. It will be shown that Bataille does not have a ‘media specific’ approach to the image but reflects Sartre’s notion of the image. Critiques of Bataille’s relation to the lingchi photos will be addressed (notably that of Hollywood), so as to clarify what is at stake in the relation between image and victim.
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Barber, Michael D. « Sartre, phenomenology and the subjective approach to race and ethnicity in Black Orpheus ». Philosophy & ; Social Criticism 27, no 3 (mai 2001) : 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019145370102700305.
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Hu, Dalong, Bin Liu, Lei Wang et Peter R. Reeves. « Living Trees : High-Quality Reproducible and Reusable Construction of Bacterial Phylogenetic Trees ». Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no 2 (12 novembre 2019) : 563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz241.
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Abstract An ideal bacterial phylogenetic tree accurately retraces evolutionary history and accurately incorporates mutational, recombination and other events on the appropriate branches. Current strain-level bacterial phylogenetic analysis based on large numbers of genomes lacks reliability and resolution, and is hard to be replicated, confirmed and reused, because of the highly divergent nature of microbial genomes. We present SNPs and Recombination Events Tree (SaRTree), a pipeline using six “living trees” modules that addresses problems arising from the high numbers and variable quality of bacterial genome sequences. It provides for reuse of the tree and offers a major step toward global standardization of phylogenetic analysis by generating deposit files including all steps involved in phylogenetic inference. The tree itself is a “living tree” that can be extended by addition of more sequences, or the deposit can be used to vary the programs or parameters used, to assess the effect of such changes. This approach will allow phylogeny papers to meet the traditional responsibility of providing data and analysis that can be repeated and critically evaluated by others. We used the Acinetobacter baumannii global clone I to illustrate use of SaRTree to optimize tree resolution. An Escherichia coli tree was built from 351 sequences selected from 11,162 genome sequences, with the others added back onto well-defined branches, to show how this facility can greatly improve the outcomes from genome sequencing. SaRTree is designed for prokaryote strain-level analysis but could be adapted for other usage.
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Syea, Emma. « SELF-DECEPTION, EMOTIONS, AND IMAGINATION IN NIETZSCHE ». History of Philosophy Quarterly 37, no 3 (1 juillet 2020) : 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/48639196.
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Abstract Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality includes several cases of agents who are, prima facie, self-deceived. Recent work has linked these cases to deflationary accounts on the one hand and intentionalist Sartrean accounts on the other. But neither is fully satisfactory. I suggest a new account that gives a central role to focused daydreaming and imagination, especially as related to affective content that threatens to destabilize self-deception. This approach, not neatly categorizable, builds upon both deflationary and intentionalist accounts, emphasizing links between vengefulness and forgiveness in Nietzsche’s psychology.
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Galang Demo Satrio. « KEBEBASAN EKSISTENSIAL MANUSIA DALAM NOVEL “SUNA NO ONNA” KARYA ABE KOBO ». Japanology : The Journal of Japanese Studies 8, no 1 (2 juillet 2022) : 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jjs.v8i1.51569.
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Dalam kehidupan manusia sejak zaman dahulu hingga saat ini, tentu tidak akan pernah lepas dari hubungan antara masyarakat dengan karya sastra. Karya sastra merupakan refleksi pemikiran pengarang yang kerap kaitannya berupa pertanyaan, pernyataan sekaligus kritik. Karya yang betul-betul memiliki nilai untuk tetap eksis di dalam masyarakat akan terus hidup melampaui batas ruang dan waktu. Begitu juga dengan kesusastraan Jepang, banyak karya-karya sastra yang hingga kini masih dapat bertahan dan semakin menarik minat baca banyak orang. Hal itu dikarenakan kesusastraan Jepang yang memiliki ciri khas tersendiri dibandingkan negara-negara lain. Terlebih karya-karya penulis di era modern seperti Akutagawa Ryuunosuke, Kawabata Yasunari, yang karyanya telah diakui dan mendapatkan penghargaan Nobel Kesusastraan.Penelitian kali ini akan mengkaji novel yang berjudul Suna no Onna karya Abe Kobo yang terbit pertama kali pada tahun 1962. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif atau pendekatan objektif, yang artinya pusat penelitian adalah pada teks itu sendiri. Hasilnya, terdapat permasalahan yang signifikan terkait dengan tema kebebasan, ketidakbebasan manusia ditinjau dari situasi cerita. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini akan memfokuskan pada konsep kebebasan manusia melalui peranan tokoh pria dalam novel Suna no Onna dengan menggunakan teori kebebasan manusia dalam filsafat eksistensialisme Sartre. Since a long time ago, human life could not be separated with literary works. Literary works are the reflection of the writers’ thoughts, expressing their questions and critics towards life and society in general. The works that are considered to have a high societal value will carry on existing through space and time. This also applies in Japanese literature, which still survives up until now and attracts the reading interest of many people throughout the world. This is due to the certain characteristics Japanese literature has compared to other literary works throughout the globe. Moreover, the works of modern era author such as Akutagawa Ryuunosuke and Kawabata Yasunari have been recognized by the world and received Nobel Prize in literature.This study will analyze Kobo Abe’s Suna no Onna (1962) focusing on the concept on human freedom through the role of the male characters using human freedom theory in Jean Paul Sartre’s existentialism. This study applies qualitative method or objective approach, focusing on the text itself. The result is there are significant problems related to the theme of human freedom and elimination of human freedom in terms of story situation.
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Tekin, Ahmet. « Eğitim Felsefesinde Fırsat Eşitliği, Sosyal Uyum ve Refah Paradigması ». Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 9, no 19 (25 juillet 2023) : 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.9.19.23.
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At the beginning of the nineteenth century, social theorists distinguish between the ancient understanding of freedom, which indicates participation in social life directly and in the form of collectivity, and the modern understanding of freedom, which corresponds to independence from management and other individuals' situations of assault and harassment. Social scientists generally treat freedom in a moral ideal and vital norms and principled way. Along with this, social theorists prefer to separate the concept of freedom from questions about the values of freedom in many cases and refer to it by a conceptual, social and scientific term. Undoubtedly, the term freedom, which has an ideal function and has become popular, needs intellectual relevance and clarity. When an approach to the subject is made within the framework of the concepts of equality of opportunity, social harmony and well-being, it is possible to encounter a range of concepts that complement each other and are intertwined. Sartre, who is seen by most of those who defend the idea of existentialism, also argues that the existential substance of man comes before the essence, and this arises with existentialism. According to Sartre, the essence of a person who has existence has not been determined before. Sartre bases the problem of subject and existentialism on free will and argues that the free choices that a person can make within the possibilities will reveal his true essence. According to Sartre, only man determines what a person will become. Man is the only being who exists, and then manages to create himself, in whatever way and in whatever kind man makes himself. Key Words: Equality of Opportunity, Social Cohesion, Prosperity, Existentialism