Thèses sur le sujet « Sanità alimentare »

Corrette pratiche nutrizionali sono alla base della redditività e della sostenibilità delle produzioni animali e sono uno dei principali fattori che influenzano il benessere animale. Per valutare gli alimenti, oltre alla composizione chimica, la qualità sanitaria, in termini di qualità fermentativa e contaminazione microbiche, gioca un ruolo importante nel determinare l’effettiva appetibilità e sicurezza degli alimenti. Nel corrente lavoro di tesi di dottorato, si è affrontato, attraverso metodo euristico di raccolta dati e campioni, lo studio delle interazioni fra qualità degli alimenti e impatto sulle performance degli animali. In particolare, si sono studiate le interazioni fra qualità del silomais e delle diete. Data la complessità di queste matrici in termini di popolazioni microbiche che influenzano e guidano la qualità dell’alimento, le nuove sfide della valutazione nutrizionale per i bovini devono orientarsi verso valutazioni multi-parametriche che includano caratterizzazioni chimiche-biologiche, microbiologiche e sanitarie. La raccolta di queste informazioni condotta senza obiettivi predeterminati, ha permesso di analizzare con statistica multivariata e tecniche di machine learning le relazioni tra qualità degli alimenti e gli effetti che hanno sulle performance della mandria, proponendo nuovi approcci per classificare la qualità degli alimenti e le strategie nutrizionali adottate in stalle da latte.
Adequate nutritional practices are the basis of profitability and sustainability of animal production and are one of the main factors influencing animal welfare. In addition to the chemical composition, the safety quality, in terms of fermentation quality and microbial contamination, plays an important role in determining the actual palatability and safety of feed. In the current PhD thesis, we addressed, through heuristic method of data and sample collection, the study of interactions between feed quality and impact on animal performance. In particular, the interactions between silage quality and diets were evaluated. Given the complexity of these matrices in terms of microbial populations influencing and driving feed quality, new challenges in nutritional assessment for cattle must move toward multi-parameter assessments that include chemical-biological, microbiological, and safety characterizations. The collection of this information conducted without predetermined aims, has allowed to analyze with multivariate statistics and machine learning techniques the relationships between feed quality and the effects they have on herd performance, proposing new approaches to classify feed quality and nutritional strategies adopted in dairy farms.

Rendre les systèmes alimentaires durables est une nécessité pour ne pas dépasser les limites planétaires et garantir une vie dans de bonnes conditions aux prochaines générations. Cette thèse propose d’évaluer la durabilité de l’alimentation à une échelle individuelle en intégrant des indicateurs relatifs à l’environnement, l’économie ou le socio-culturel et la nutrition.Les travaux de cette thèse se basent sur les données de la cohorte NutriNet-Santé et celles recueillies lors du projet ANR-BioNutriNet. En particulier, le projet BioNutriNet a permis de recueillir des données sur les impacts environnementaux de la production de nombreux aliments en distinguant les modes de production biologique et conventionnel, ainsi que le prix des aliments en distinguant également les modes de production et les lieux d’achat. Nous avons proposé trois approches pour distinguer les comportements alimentaires selon leur durabilité au sein de notre cohorte : une approche se basant uniquement sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à la production des régimes alimentaires, une approche plus exploratoire donnant lieu à une typologie et enfin une approche a priori consistant à créer un indice d’évaluation de la durabilité des régimes alimentaires français. Dans un second temps, nous avons évalué les associations entre les régimes identifiés comme durables et les survenues d’obésité, de surpoids, de cancer et/ou de maladie cardiovasculaire et avec la prise de masse corporelle. Enfin, à partir des données, nous avons proposé des solutions plus ou moins conservatrices de régimes alimentaires durables en utilisant l’optimisation.Les résultats de ce travail montrent qu’au sein de la cohorte il est possible d’identifier des différences de comportements alimentaires selon leur durabilité. La structure de ces régimes plus durable ne diffère que très peu selon l’approche choisie. Les proportions en masse des groupes alimentaires dans les régimes alimentaires les plus durables sont d’environ 50% de fruits et légumes, 15% de féculents, 10% de produits laitiers, 3% de viande et 2% de poisson, 4% de soja. La différence la plus importante entre les trois approches concerne la contribution des aliments biologiques dans les régimes. On a observé une diminution du risque de survenue de l’obésité, du surpoids et des cancers pour les personnes adoptant les comportements alimentaires les plus durables selon nos indicateurs. Enfin, les solutions de l’optimisation montrent qu’en allant vers les scénarios les plus disruptifs, les contributions des fruits, légumes, féculents et sojas augmentent alors que celles des aliments d’origine animale et des aliments gras et sucrés ou salés diminuent. Ceci, peu importe le niveau de végétalisation des régimes de départ. Plusieurs solutions pourraient permettre de répondre aux enjeux environnementaux, tout en restant accessibles économiquement et en couvrant les besoins nutritionnels. Le choix du scénario sera à discuter au regard de l’effort que l’on souhaite faire porter à l’alimentation par rapport aux autres domaines.Finalement, les travaux menés au cours de cette thèse ont permis d’identifier et de proposer des régimes de bonne qualité nutritionnelle et parvenant à répondre en partie aux urgences environnementales et de santé publique tout en tentant de veiller à leur accessibilité économique et à leur acceptabilité. Dans un contexte de systèmes alimentaires non viables sur le long terme et d'une prévalence importante et croissante des maladies chroniques, ces résultats sont importants pour justifier la prise en compte de la durabilité dans les politiques agricoles et de santé publique
In order to not exceed the environmental planetary boundaries and ensure a good life for future generations, the food systems have to be sustainable. This thesis proposes to assess the sustainability of dietary patterns by integrating environmental, economic or socio-cultural and nutrition indicators.This thesis is based on data from the NutriNet-Santé cohort and those collected in the BioNutriNet project. In particular, during the BioNutriNet project data on the environmental impacts of food production by distinguishing between organic and conventional production methods, as well as food prices by also distinguishing production methods and places of purchase were collected. We proposed three approaches to evaluate the sustainability of dietary patterns within the cohort: an approach based on greenhouse gas emissions related to the production of diets, a more exploratory approach leading to a typology and finally an a priori approach consisting of creating an index to assess the sustainability of French diets. In a second step, we assessed the associations between diets identified as sustainable and the risk of obesity, overweight, cancer and/or cardiovascular disease and with body weight gain. Finally, from the data, we proposed more or less conservative solutions for sustainable diets using optimization.We were able to identify different dietary patterns according to their sustainability. The approach chosen has little impact on the structure of the most sustainable diets. The proportion of food groups in these most sustainable diets were almost 50% fruit and vegetables, 15% starch, 10% dairy products, 3% meat and 2% fish, and 4% soybean products. The most important difference between the three approaches relies on the contribution of organic foods to diets. We have observed a decrease in the risk of obesity, overweight and cancer for those who adopted the most sustainable dietary patterns. Finally, solutions from the optimization showed that from the least to the most disruptive scenarios, the contributions of fruits, vegetables, starch and soybean increase while those of animal foods and fatty and sweet foods decrease. Trends were independent of the level of vegetal-based food in the initial diets. Several solutions could be found to meet environmental challenges, while remaining economically accessible and covering the main nutritional needs. The choice of scenarios will have to be discussed in the light of the effort that we want to make on food in relation to other areas.Finally, the work carried out during this thesis showed that it is possible to identify and propose diets on good nutritional quality and to meet in part to environmental and public health emergencies while trying to ensure their economic accessibility and acceptability. In the context of unsustainable food systems and an increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, these results may be of major interest to justify the integration of sustainability into agricultural and public health policies

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Florianópolis, 2017.
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Em 2006 o Brasil cria seu Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SISAN) e, em 2010, sua Política Nacional (PNSAN). O principal instrumento de planejamento, gestão e execução desta política pública são os Planos de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (PlanSAN). Estes devem ser elaborados em todos os níveis de governo, sistematizando a intervenção do poder público para promoção da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN). Santa Catarina (SC) é um dos 13 estados que já publicaram seu plano, sendo um dos que melhor atende aos aspectos normativos exigidos pela PNSAN. No entanto, a aplicação de outras metodologias avaliativas, capazes de responder por outros objetivos, pode contribuir para qualificar esta política pública. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa avaliou a pertinência do I PlanSAN/SC ao conceito brasileiro de SAN, bem como identificou potencialidades e limites para a execução do Plano. O modelo de avaliação utilizado era composto por 7 dimensões, 16 subdimensões, 35 indicadores e 99 medidas. Foi definido o juízo de valor para avaliação de cada um dos elementos do modelo, permitindo que fossem classificados como possuindo ótima, boa, regular ou ruim pertinência ao conceito de SAN. Para identificar potencialidades e limites, entrevistaram-se 8 representantes de governo e da sociedade civil envolvidos com a política estadual de SAN, selecionados por meio de indicação das secretarias executivas do Conselho de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (CONSEA) e da Câmara de Gestão Intersetorial de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (CAISAN) do estado de Santa Catarina. As entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas, com análise pelo método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Em relação à avaliação de pertinência, o Plano, em sua totalidade de metas e ações, foi avaliado como de boa pertinência ao seu objetivo, destacando-se positivamente as dimensões de instituição de processos permanentes de educação, pesquisa e formação em SAN e de avaliação e monitoramento como as de melhor resultado. A dimensão de promoção do acesso universal à alimentação adequada obteve o pior resultado. Verificou-se a necessidade de aperfeiçoar metas e ações que respondam por um ajuste tributário e distribuição de alimentos e refeições. Em relação à execução do I PlanSAN/SC, as principais potencialidades apontadas foram a qualidade do plano e a estruturação do SISAN no estado. As limitações encontradas foram referentes aos recursos financeiros, interesse político e a estrutura da CAISAN. Espera-se que estes resultados possam contribuir para a gestão da PNSAN em Santa Catarina, qualificando o PlanSAN e auxiliando na identificação de estratégias para uma melhor execução do plano. Além disso, considerando que a realidade de Santa Catarina pode se aplicar em outros contextos, espera-se que este estudo fortaleça o SISAN a partir da introdução de novos elementos ao debate técnico e científico referente ao tema.
Abstract : In 2006, Brazil created its National Food and Nutrition Security System (SISAN) and, in 2010, its National Policy (PNSAN). The main instrument for planning, managing and implementing this public policy are the Food and Nutrition Security Plans (PlanSAN). These should be elaborated at all levels of government, systematizing public intervention to promote Food and Nutrition Security (SAN). Santa Catarina (SC) is one of the 13 states that have already published their plan, being one that best meets the normative aspects required by the PNSAN. However, the application of other evaluation methodologies, capable of responding to other objectives, can contribute to qualify this public policy. In this sense, this research evaluated the pertinence of the I PlanSAN/SC to the Brazilian concept of SAN, as well as identified potentialities and limits for the implementation of the Plan. The evaluation model used was composed of 7 dimensions, 16 subdimensions, 35 indicators and 99 measures. The value judgment was evaluated for each of the elements of the model, allowing them to be classified as having good, good, fair or poor relevance to the SAN concept. To identify potentialities and limits, 8 government and civil society representatives involved in the SAN policy were interviewed, selected through the executive secretariat of the Food and Nutrition Security Council (CONSEA) and the Inter-Sectoral Management Board of Food and Nutrition Security (CAISAN) in the state of Santa Catarina. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, with analysis by the Collective Subject Discourse (DSC) method. Regarding the evaluation of pertinence, the Plan, in its totality of goals and actions, was evaluated as being of good relevance to its objective, highlighting positively the dimensions of institution of permanent processes of education, research and training in SAN and evaluation and monitoring as the best outcome. The dimension of promoting universal access to adequate food has had the worst outcome. There was a need to improve goals and actions that respond for a tax adjustment and distribution of food and meals. In relation to the implementation of PlanSAN/SC, the main potentialities were the quality of the plan and the structuring of SISAN in the state. The limitations were related to financial resources, political interest and the structure of CAISAN. It is hoped that these results can contribute to the management of the PNSAN in Santa Catarina, qualifying PlanSAN and helping to identify strategies for a better execution of the plan. In addition, considering that the reality of Santa Catarina can be applied in other contexts, it is expected that this study will strengthen SISAN by introducing new elements to the technical and scientific debate on the subject.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Florianópolis, 2012
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O cultivo do polvo Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) vem ganhando importância ao longo dos anos, porém ainda existem dificuldades, como a dependência da captura de juvenis selvagens. Porém, no litoral catarinense, a realidade encontrada no cultivo de moluscos bivalves, apresenta condições de tornar o cultivo do polvo uma fonte de renda complementar. Com o intuito de desenvolver a engorda de O. vulgaris em sistema de cultivo artesanal, observando a influência da frequência alimentar, duas dietas foram oferecidas num período de 63 dias. O grupo 1 recebeu uma dieta diária baseada em 10% da biomassa total, constituída por 40% do siri Callinectes sapidus, 30% mexilhão Perna perna e 30% de peixe. Os grupos 2, 3, 4 e 5 foram alimentados em dias alternados com uma dieta baseada em 20% da biomassa total, onde o crustáceo era oferecido uma vez na semana. Não houve diferença significativa no ganho de peso dos polvos alimentados diariamente ou em dias alternados. Isto é importante tanto facilitando o manejo do cultivo do polvo, associado a outras atividades da maricultura, como evitando o estresse diário aos animais, devido a manipulação. A alimentação baseada no mexilhão e o siri como complementação trouxe bons resultados no ganho de peso dos polvos, além de facilitar a obtenção do alimento pelo produtor. As gaiolas não demonstraram ser viáveis para a manutenção de polvos com mais de 1,8 kg.

Abstract : The Octopus vulgaris farming (Cuvier, 1797) has been gaining ground in recent years despite difficulties still found in the capture of young species in nature. However, in the catarinense coast, the concrete reality of bivalve mollusk farming has proved to be possible the transformation of small-scale octopus farming into a complementary source of income. With the intention of rearing O. vulgaris in light and cheap cages while observing how dietary frequencies may influence the octopuses, two distinct diets were offered in a period of 63 days. Group 1 received a daily diet based on 10% of the total biomass, constituted of 40% of Calinectes sapidus blue crabs, 30% of Perna perna mussels and 30% of fisheries bycatch. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed in alternate days on a diet constituted of 20% of the total biomass, with the crustaceans offered once a week. There was no significant difference in weight gain for octopuses fed daily or in alternate days; a fact that became essential to octopus farming activities when associated to other mariculture activities in the prevention of daily stress provoked by handling of the animals. Diets which included a complementary proportion of blue crabs and mussels presented a successful result in octopuses' weight gain besides being easily obtainable by producers. The cages were considered inappropriate for maintenance of octopuses above 1,8 kg.

La présente étude fait partie d’un projet multidisciplinaire effectué à l’université américaine de Beyrouth. Elle est basée sur un échantillon de 798 individus dans trois communautés rurales libanaises ainsi qu’une analyse de marché et des politiques gouvernementales. Cette étude tente d’élucider si la qualité alimentaire est sacrifiée pour la quantité alimentaire dans une recherche de sécurité alimentaire. Une plus grande diversité alimentaire telle que définie par une consommation plus variée en groupes alimentaires est associée avec une plus grande sécurité alimentaire. En revanche, la collecte de plantes sauvages est associée à une plus grande insécurité alimentaire et l’auto-production d’aliments ne semble pas protéger de l’insécurité alimentaire. L’analyse des paniers normaux et « santé » montre qu’une alimentation diversifiée et plus saine est économiquement atteignable dans les communautés étudiées. Cependant, l’adoption de choix alimentaires plus sains est possiblement faite à l’encontre d’une politique gouvernementale qui n’encourage pas les aliments santé.
As part of a larger interdisciplinary project at the American University of Beirut, this research is based on a survey of 798 individuals in three rural areas of Lebanon, a market survey and analysis of government policy. It asks if a trade-off is being made between food quantity and food quality in the attempt to achieve food security. More dietary diversity, measured by food groups, is found to be associated with greater food security; wild plant collection is associated with food insecurity due to problems of endogeneity; and self-production of food was not significantly correlated with food security. Analysis of normal and ‘healthy’ food baskets show that healthier, diverse diets are indeed within the economic reach of people in these communities, however the choice of better quality diets may be undercut by current government policies which unwittingly promote unhealthy foods.

Cette étude exploratoire vise à mieux comprendre la sécurité alimentaire selon la perspective et le vécu d’Inuit du Nunavik (Québec). Des entrevues semi-structurées avec dix-neuf femmes inuites de différentes générations, occupations et statuts socio-économiques d’une communauté du Nunavik ont été réalisées. De plus, un atelier avec des aînés de la communauté sur les mots utilisés dans la langue inuite pour décrire la faim, la satiété et différentes sensations alimentaires a permis d’approfondir les concepts culturels entourant l’expérience alimentaire et la sécurité alimentaire. Les résultats suggèrent que la notion de ce qui constitue une nourriture suffisante et adéquate est construite à partir des expériences individuelles et de la culture et tend à varier selon les générations. Plusieurs participantes ont mentionné avoir manqué d’aliments dans leur maison dans un passé récent. Cependant, les ressources au niveau de la famille élargie et de la communauté tendaient à alléger la situation lorsqu’elle était transitoire.
This exploratory research seeks to better understand food security from the perspective of Inuit from Nunavik (Quebec). Nineteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with Inuit women from different generations, occupations and socio-economic status of one community in Nunavik. Additionally, a workshop with elders explored different sensations of food as they are described in Inuit language. This workshop allow for a deepening of the cultural concepts surrounding the experience of eating and food security. The results suggest that the notion of what constitutes sufficient and adequate food is built from individual experiences and socio-cultural context, and tends to vary across generations. Many of the participants interviewed experienced food shortage in their home in the recent past. However, resources within extended family and community tend to alleviate the situation when it was transitory.

Le contexte alimentaire actuel expose les individus à une offre alimentaire qui favorise un environnement de consommation obésogène lequel est défini par la somme des influences d’un milieu et des conditions de vie qui contribue à l’obésité. Cet environnement est couplé d’un environnement informationnel axé sur l’alimentation, la nutrition et la santé globale. Devant la diversité des informations divulguées, les individus développent différentes représentations mentales de la saine alimentation complexifiant leurs choix alimentaires. Faisant partie des principaux acteurs qui aident à améliorer la santé de la population, la santé publique répond à ces divergences de représentations. Elle fournit des informations sur la saine alimentation et la santé globale grâce à des interventions qui visent à éduquer, normaliser et responsabiliser la population. De manière générale, l’ensemble des informations divulguées au travers différents médias et interventions de la santé publique a favorisé le développement d’une attitude positive envers la saine alimentation. Or, malgré l’opinion publique favorable envers les saines habitudes, les taux d’embonpoint et d’obésité demeurent élevés tant au Québec qu’au Canada. Les problématiques de surpoids sont associées aux pratiques alimentaires individuelles qui découlent du contexte alimentaire actuel. Des études soulignent la nécessité d’accroître l’efficacité des interventions de la santé publique pour réduire ces problématiques par 1) l’identification de démarches entreprises par l’individu déjà acteur de sa propre santé globale pour atteindre ou maintenir un comportement alimentaire sain, et 2) la segmentation approfondie de groupes cibles au sein de la population. Suivant les conclusions de ces recherches, nous proposons d’étudier les stratégies alimentaires santé développées et adoptées visant à favoriser l’adhésion ou le maintien de comportements sains, en cohérence avec les interventions de la santé publique. Les stratégies viennent en réponse au besoin de simplification des décisions alimentaires. Nous proposons également d’étudier les stratégies en fonction de la génération des milléniaux, un groupe cible qui s’avère iv particulièrement à risque de développer des problématiques de surpoids, selon les dernières données fournies par Statistique Canada. Les milléniaux sont par ailleurs influents, en raison de leur poids démographique, expertise numérique, pouvoir de consommation en émergence, et attitudes et valeurs qui diffèrent des générations plus âgées. La compréhension des stratégies alimentaires santé développées et adoptées par la génération des milléniaux serait utile à la fois dans la formulation et la mise en œuvre des interventions en santé publique, et dans l’élaboration des stratégies de communication des entreprises qui se spécialisent dans l’offre de produits alimentaires à valeur santé améliorée. Enfin, notre étude s’inscrit dans un objectif de développement des connaissances sur les comportements alimentaires sains.
The current dietary context exposes individuals to a food supply that favours an obesogenic consumption environment, which is defined by the sum of the environmental influences of living conditions that contribute to obesity. This environment is coupled with an informational environment focused on food, nutrition and overall health. Faced with the diversity of information disclosed, individuals develop different mental representations of healthy eating, making their food choices more complex. As one of the main actors helping to improve the health of the population, public health responds to these divergent representations. It provides information on healthy eating and overall health through interventions that aim to educate, normalize and empower the population. In general, the range of information disseminated through different media and public health interventions has fostered the development of a positive attitude towards healthy eating. However, despite the favourable public opinion towards healthy habits, overweight and obesity rates remain high. Overweight problems are associated with individual eating practices that stem from the current dietary context. Studies highlight the need to increase the effectiveness of public health interventions to reduce these problems by 1) identifying the steps taken by individuals who are already active in their own overall health to achieve or maintain healthy eating behaviour, and 2) the in-depth segmentation of target groups within the population. Based on the conclusions of this research, we propose to study the healthy eating strategies developed and adopted to promote adherence to or maintenance of healthy behaviours, consistent with public health interventions. The strategies respond to the need to simplify dietary decisions. We also propose to study strategies based on the millennial’s generation, a target group that is particularly at risk of developing overweight problems, according to the latest data provided by Statistics Canada. Millennials are also influential because of their population density, digital expertise, emerging consumer power, and attitudes and values that differ from other generations. vi Understanding the healthy eating strategies developed and adopted by the millenial generation would be useful both in formulating and implementing public health interventions, and in developing the communication strategies of companies that specialize in providing food products with enhanced health value. Finally, our study is part of an objective to develop knowledge about healthy eating behaviours.

Nutritionnistes et gastroentérologues s’accordent pour admettre que le microbiote intestinal conditionne de nombreuses fonctions de l’hôte et joue un rôle important dans le bien-être digestif. Comprendre comment notre régime alimentaire modifie la structure et les fonctions du microbiote intestinal est essentiel afin de connaître en retour son impact sur notre santé. Le consortium d’espèces du microbiote intestinal de l’Homme adulte apparaît spécifique de l’individu. Ceci constitue un paradoxe dans la mesure où il existe une grande homogénéité fonctionnelle de l’écosystème intestinal quant à sa fonction physiologique de dégradation des fibres alimentaires. A partir d’un inventaire moléculaire basé sur le gène de l’ARNr 16S à partir de 17 volontaires sains ayant des régimes alimentaires variés, il apparaît en effet que la plupart des phylotypes sont spécifiques de l’individu. Néanmoins, 2% des phylotypes sont partagés par plus de 50% des individus représentant 35,5% des séquences obtenues. Ce petit nombre limité de phylotypes constituerait le noyau phylogénétique du microbiote intestinal et son rôle apparaît critique dans le bien-être digestif. Dans le cadre d’une étude clinique sur volontaires sains, impliquant deux régimes alimentaires contrôlés variant selon la teneur en fibres, une approche microbiomique a montré que la dynamique structurale et fonctionnelle du microbiote pouvait être modifiée en cinq jours. De plus, il a été montré que la structure du microbiote intestinal restait sous influence du régime alimentaire administré au moins 15 jours auparavant. Ces travaux ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour de futures investigations nutritionnelles et épidémiologique.

La montée des préoccupations de securité alimentaire a suscité des décisions a l'échelon national, avec, notamment la création de l'Agence francaise de securite sanitaire des aliments (afssa) et l'adoption de mesures rigoureuses pour lutter contre l'ESB et empêcher la consommation de produits contaminés. Au niveau europeen la création d'une autorité alimentaire recueille un très large accord. Mais, dans les échanges marqués par une tendance croissante a la mondialisation, les échelons national et europeen ne sont pas les seuls ou se joue la securité sanitaire. Pour que l'Union europeenne ne soit pas placée devant un dilemme entre ses exigences dans le domaine alimentaire et la liberté des echanges, elle doit parvenir à ce que ses préoccupations soient suffisamment prises en compte au sein de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)
The increase of food safety preoccupations resulted in national decisions, especially with the creation of the French national food safety agency (afssa). Strict rules have also been established to fight against bse and to prevent consumption of contaminated products. As far as Europe is concerned, the creation of a common food authority agency makes mutual consent. But with the increase of international food trade, french and european levels are not the only ones concerned by sanitary safety. In order to avoid European union to face a dilemma between its rules in food safety and international trade liberty, Europe has to persuade the word trade organisation (WTO) to take into account its sanitary preoccupations

Contexte : A l’adolescence, plus le statut socioéconomique (SSE) des individus est élevé, meilleur est leur état de santé et traduit l’existence d’inégalités sociales de santé. Ces inégalités pourraient s’expliquer par une inégale répartition des modes de vie comme l’activité physique (AP), le comportement sédentaire (CS) et le comportement alimentaire (CA) en fonction du SSE des adolescents. Les liens entre les modes de vie et les inégalités sociales de santé sont encore mal connus à l’adolescence. Objectifs : Cette thèse visait à analyser les liens entre les modes de vie et les inégalités sociales de santé à l’adolescence à travers trois objectifs : 1) décrire les modes de vie et leurs répartitions en fonction du milieu social des adolescents, 2) évaluer l’efficacité d’une intervention de santé publique sur la réduction des inégalités sociales de santé à l’adolescence, 3) mesurer et quantifier les effets médiateurs des modes de vie sur les inégalités sociales de santé à l’adolescence. Méthodes : Pour répondre à ces objectifs, les données de deux essais de prévention du surpoids et de l’obésité à l’adolescence ont été utilisées : PRALIMAP (PRomotion de l’ALImentation et de l’Activité Physique) et PRALIMAP-INES (INEgalités de Santé). L’AP et le CS ont été mesurés en utilisant l’auto-questionnaire « International Physical Activity Questionnaire » et le CA avec un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire. Le SSE a été défini à l’aide de l’Indice de Position Sociale des Elèves et du « Family Affluence Scale ». Les analyses statistiques réalisées comprenaient des modèles de régression linéaire, mixte et logistique et une analyse des transitions latentes. Résultats : Les adolescents de faibles SSE pratiquaient moins d’AP et avaient une alimentation moins équilibrée que ceux de SSE plus élevés. Globalement, le CS n’était pas associé au SSE des adolescents. Des inégalités sociales de corpulence et de qualité de vie ont été révélées. Il n’a pas été mis en évidence qu’une intervention universelle permettait de réduire les inégalités sociales de corpulence. Des effets médiateurs des comportements dans l’association entre le SSE et l’état de santé ont été suggérés. Conclusions : Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de la prise en compte le milieu social des adolescents pour réduire les inégalités sociales de santé à cette période de la vie. Les comportements apparaissent comme des leviers importants de réduction des inégalités sociales de santé
Background: During adolescence, the higher the socio-economic status (SES), the better the health status is and reflects the existence of social inequalities in health. These inequalities could be explained by the unequal distribution of lifestyles such as physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and dietary behaviour (DB) according to adolescents’ SES. The associations between lifestyles and social inequalities in health are unclear among adolescents. Objectives: This thesis aimed to analyze the associations between lifestyles and social inequalities in health during adolescence through three objectives: 1) to describe lifestyles and their distribution according to adolescents’ SES, 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of a public health intervention on the reduction of social inequalities in health among adolescents, and 3) to measure and quantify the mediating effects of lifestyles on social inequalities in health among adolescents. Methods: To address these objectives, data from two trials aimed at preventing overweight and obesity among adolescents were used: PRALIMAP (PRomotion de l’ALImentation et de l’Activité Physique) and PRALIMAP-INES (PRALIMAP-INEgalités de Santé). PA, SB were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and DB using a food frequency questionnaire. SES was defined using the Social Position Index of Students and the Family Affluence Scale. Statistical analyses included linear, mixed and logistic regression models and an analysis of latent transitions. Results: Low SES adolescents had lower levels of PA and less adapted DB than high SES ones. Overall, DB was not associated with adolescents’ SES. Social inequalities in weight and quality of life were highlighted. There was no evidence that a universal intervention could reduce social inequalities in weight. Mediating effects of behaviours in the association between SES and health status were suggested. Conclusions: These results underline the importance of taking SES into account in order to reduce social inequalities in health among adolescents. Behaviours appear to be important levers to reduce social inequalities in health

Etude 1 – Objectifs : Évaluer l’efficacité des programmes diffusés par Internet dans la réduction des symptômes de troubles du comportement alimentaire (TCA) et identifier les variables modératrices de l’efficacité. Résultats : Les programmes identifiés étaient efficaces dans la réduction des symptômes et des facteurs de risque de TCA avec une taille d’effet variant de faible à moyenne par rapport aux groupes contrôles. Les analyses de modération ont révélé que la sévérité des symptômes de TCA ne modérait pas l’effet de l’intervention. Etude 2 – Objectifs : Évaluer l’efficacité d’un programme de prévention des TCA par Internet (ProYouth) dans la réduction des symptômes de TCA. Résultats : Chez les individus qui ont complété au moins 4 questionnaires de suivi, la durée de participation au programme était une variable prédictrice de la diminution de la fréquence des crises d’hyperphagie (β = 0,01, p < 0,001). Etude 3 – Objectifs : Diffuser par Internet un guide de psychoéducation français visant à aider les personnes qui souffrent de symptômes de TCA et explorer les caractéristiques des utilisateurs et l’utilité perçue du guide. Résultats : Le guide a été téléchargé 1174 fois et 312 participants ont déclaré avoir téléchargé le guide pour obtenir des informations et par curiosité. Quarante-deux des 50 utilisateurs ayant répondu au second questionnaire ont trouvé le guide « utile » ou « très utile ». Conclusion : Internet pourrait s’avérer particulièrement bénéfique dans la prévention des TCA chez les étudiants français. Promouvoir des informations fiables par l’intermédiaire d’Internet pourrait optimiser l’éducation aux TCA en population générale
Study 1 – Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of Internet-based programs in decreasing eating disorder (ED) symptoms and to identify moderator variables of effects. Results: Compared to control conditions, Internet-based programs were successful in decreasing ED symptoms and risk factors with small to moderate between-group effect sizes. Moderator analyses revealed no impact of participant risk status on intervention effects. Study 2 – Aims: To evaluate an ED Internet-based prevention program efficacy (ProYouth) on decreases of disordered eating symptoms. Results: Among individuals having completed at least 4 monitoring assessments, time since registration was found to significantly predict decreases in binge eating (β = -.01, p < .001). Study 3 – Aims: To disseminate, through Internet, French guidelines for providing first aid to individuals suffering from ED symptoms and to explore the user characteristics and the perceived usefulness of the guidelines. Results: The guidelines were downloaded 1174 times and 312 participants have reported downloading the guidelines to increase their knowledge, or out of curiosity. Forty-two of the 50 users having completed the second questionnaire found the guidelines “useful” or “very useful.” Conclusion: The Internet might have great potential to prevent EDs among French college students. Promoting reliable information through the Internet could help to increase ED mental health literacy and would therefore be an important step towards improving access to ED treatment

Le comportement alimentaire représente un enjeu majeur pour la santé publique du fait de son impact sur les pathologies chroniques et plus spécifiquement l’obésité. Les préférences temporelles sont des facteurs psychologiques liées aux capacités d’autorégulation et pourraient être associées aux comportements alimentaires et à l’obésité. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était d’étudier la relation entre les préférences temporelles, le comportement alimentaire et l’obésité en population générale. Les préférences temporelles ont été évaluées à partir de questionnaires mesurant l’impulsivité et la considération des conséquences futures. Ce travail a été réalisé au sein de la cohorte NutriNet-Santé basée sur internet. L’impulsivité était associée à une moins bonne qualité de l’alimentation, à un grignotage plus fréquent et aux troubles des conduites alimentaires. Une considération pour les conséquences futures plus importante était associée à une plus forte motivation envers les facteurs santé et environnement lors des choix alimentaires, à une meilleure qualité de l’alimentation et à une part plus importante d’aliments issus de l’agriculture biologique dans le régime alimentaire. L’impulsivité et une faible considération pour les conséquences futures étaient associées positivement à l’obésité et modéraient de façon quantitative la relation positive entre alimentation émotionnelle et obésité. Ces résultats suggèrent une influence des préférences temporelles sur les comportements alimentaires et l’obésité, et apportent de nouveaux arguments en faveur de la prise en compte des déterminants psychologiques dans les stratégies de prévention de santé publique
Eating behavior represents a major stake regarding public health because of its impact on noncommunicable diseases and more specifically obesity. Time preferences are psychological factors linked with self-regulation behaviors and could be associated with eating behavior and obesity. The main objective of this thesis was to study the relationship between time preferences, eating behavior, and obesity in a general population. Time preferences were assessed with questionnaires measuring impulsivity and consideration of future consequences. This work was conducted as part of the NutriNet-Santé study, which is a large web-based cohort. Impulsivity was associated with a lower diet quality, a higher snacking frequency, and eating disorders. A high level of consideration of future consequences was associated with greater concern for health and environment when choosing food, with a better diet quality and a higher contribution of organic foods in the diet. Impulsivity and a low consideration of future consequences were positively associated with obesity and quantitatively moderated the relationship between emotional eating and obesity. These results suggest that time preferences influence eating behavior and obesity, and bring new arguments in favor of the consideration of psychological determinants in public health prevention strategies

L’alimentation infantile est très encadrée par les instances médicales. Elle constitue donc un point d’observation privilégié de la médicalisation du quotidien et des conditions de diffusion des cultures savantes. Afin d’expliciter les déterminants sociaux de l’alimentation infantile, deux ensembles de données sont mobilisés : d’une part, un corpus documentaire, composé d’articles scientifiques, de publications à destination des parents et des échanges tenus sur un forum en ligne consacré à la puériculture, d’autre part, les données de l’Étude longitudinale française depuis l’enfance. Cette enquête aborde les thématiques du développement, de la santé et de l’alimentation d’un échantillon d’environ 18300 nourrissons, elle renseigne également le détail des caractéristiques sociodémographiques des parents. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée aux conditions de production et de diffusion des recommandations médicales en matière d’alimentation infantile. Nous montrons que, d’une part, les luttes pour le monopole de l’autorité scientifique à l’intérieur de l’espace de la recherche en nutrition pédiatrique, d’autre part, les demandes particulières des pouvoirs publics et des industriels adressées aux experts de l’alimentation infantile, révèlent l’incertitude et la variabilité des recommandations médicales en matière d’alimentation infantile. La réception par les parents de ces recommandations peut alors prendre la forme d’une appropriation des recommandations dominantes, d’une appropriation des recommandations dominées considérées comme mieux actualisées ou d’une mise à distance, parfois très critique, des recommandations médicales voire de la résistance au principe même d’une puériculture médicalisée. La deuxième partie montre que la conformité aux recommandations médicales de l’alimentation des nourrissons est fonction de l’interaction entre le niveau de diplôme des mères et les conditions de leur socialisation au maternage (notamment, leurs pratiques de recherche d’information en matière de diversification alimentaire). Ainsi, la réception de la puériculture médicalisée apparaît dépendante autant du rapport entretenu, par les parents, à la médecine comme système abstrait que du rapport qu’ils entretiennent aux représentants de ce système. Ces rapports étant fonction de l’expérience scolaire des parents. Dans une troisième partie, nous montrons que les répertoires alimentaires maternels ont un effet propre ainsi qu’un effet conditionné aux caractéristiques sociales des mères sur l’alimentation des enfants durant leur première année
Medical instances strongly control infant feeding. Then parental feeding practices are a means of observing medicalization of everyday life and diffusion of science-based practices. In order to explain the social determinants of parental feeding practices, two sets of data are used: a corpus of documents composed of scientific articles, publications aimed at parents and conversations held on an online forum that concerns childcare and, on the other hand, the French longitudinal study from childhood. This study gathers information on 18300 infants. The study broaches questions of infant development, health and feeding. It also gives details on parents’ socio-demographic characteristics. The first part of this thesis is confined to conditions of production and diffusion of medical recommendations concerning infant feeding. We demonstrate that, firstly the struggle for the monopoly on scientific authority within the field of research in pediatric nutrition and secondly the specific demands of public authorities and industries transferred to experts of infant nutrition, reveals the uncertainty and the variations of the medical recommendations concerning infant nutrition. Parents receptiveness of those medical recommendations can take the form of an appropriation of the mainstream recommendations, an assimilation of minor recommendations considered as the most up to date, or a distancing, sometimes very critical, of the medical recommendations, or even more the resistance to the very idea of medicalised parental practices. The second part shows that the conformity to medical recommendations of infant feeding is a product of the interaction between mothers’ education levels and the conditions of their socialisation to maternity (in particular their methods of researching information on complementary feeding). Therefore, the receptiveness of medicalised childcare appears to be dependent as on the relationship between the parents and medicine, as an abstract system, as on the relationship between parents and representatives of that system. These relationships are a product of the educational experience of the parents. In the third part, we demonstrate that the mother’s feeding repertoires have a proper effect, and an effect conditioned by parents' social characteristics, on infant feeding during their first year

Cette thèse s’attache à analyser un des objets les plus « futilisé » et les moins étudié par la sociologie, le plaisir, en montrant comment la convergence de demandes sociales sur l'alimentation enfantine et les modalités de transmission fait naître l'intérêt scientifique et contribue à thématiser l'objet dans et hors de la discipline. L'investigation sociologique adoptée pour étudier la place du plaisir dans le processus de socialisation relève de la sociologie de l'alimentation. Elle se fonde sur une architecture à double entrée, à la faveur d'une démarche bio-psycho-socio-anthropologique unificatrice qui cherche à dépasser les découpages classiques entre les disciplines et la dichotomie objectivité/subjectivité. Ainsi, la première entrée s'appuie sur le processus de socialisation au(x) plaisir(s) tandis que la seconde en révèle le rôle sur la socialisation. Par le prisme de cette dernière, il s'agit de montrer le façonnement social et culturel du plaisir c'est-à-dire la manière dont les enfants et les adolescents reçoivent, s'approprient mais aussi acceptent ou refusent des plaisirs socialement, culturellement et historiquement construits. Celle-ci permet également de s'interroger sur ce que déclenche le plaisir comme double acte de sens chez les jeunes mangeurs : ce que sensation et cognition apportent, par-delà les expériences et les ressentis de ces populations, aux dimensions sociales et culturelles du plaisir. L'objet est exploré à partir de trois échelles d'analyse - macro-, méso- et micro- sociologiques. Les données correspondant à ces différents niveaux ont été collectées par une enquête quantitative portant sur trois sous-échantillons (1002 enfants et adolescents âgés entre 7 et 17 ans, 624 de leurs parents et 902 adultes représentatifs de la population française) ainsi que par une enquête qualitative réalisée auprès de 97 personnes dont 53 enfants âgés entre 7 et 14 ans. Les analyses conduites sur ces données mettent en évidence la complexité du plaisir alimentaire en révélant non seulement une pluralité de dispositions socioculturelles et d'expériences vécues et sensibles mais aussi un faisceau d'articulations entre elles. Ainsi, à travers la place du plaisir dans la socialisation enfantine et adolescente, il est possible d'analyser la relation entre dispositions et vécu sensible et de réinterroger l'expérience de la modernité par les jeunes mangeurs. Le corps mangeant, les émotions et les passions sont combinées à des questions de sociologie générale. Cette conception permet d'entrevoir un jeu d'aller-retour entre soi et les autres, constitutif de la socialisation et fondateur des identités. En dernière analyse, la thématisation du plaisir est abordée du point de vue de l'intensification et de la consolidation des connaissances, du travail d'organisation et de mise en récit ordonnateur, puis de diffusion. L'occasion d'interroger le rôle du sociologue est ici saisie par le biais de la thématisation du plaisir. La mise en avant des savoirs déjà constitués ou en cours de problématisation astreint le chercheur à questionner la maîtrise qu'il a de son travail et la manière dont il fournit des outils de gestion. La question des liens entre thématisation sociale du plaisir et expression de représentations utilitaristes sur son « bon usage » est abordée : la volonté de penser le plaisir suppose sans doute un intérêt pratique et pragmatique pour l'humain
This thesis deals with analyzing one of the objects that have been rendered as the most "futile" whilst being the less investigated by sociology: pleasure. This research attempts to demonstrate how both convergence of social enquiries upon child diet and transmission modalities awakened some scientific interest, while contributing to thematize the object within and out of the discipline. The proposed sociological investigation, studying the position of pleasure into the process of socialization is related in the sociology of the food. It is designed upon double-entry architecture in the light of a unifying biological-cum-sociological-cum-anthropological reasoning. This reasoning intents to overcome the standard divisions between disciplines, as well as the objectivity/subjectivity dichotomy. Thus, the first entry is determined by the socialization-with-pleasure(s) process, whilst the second one conditions the socialization function. Through the prism of the latter, we aim at showing the social and cultural shaping of pleasure, that is to say the way children and teenagers receive, appropriate themselves, but also accept or reject socially, culturally and historically constructed pleasures. This entry enables as well to wonder what triggers pleasure as a dual act of meaning for young eaters: what do sensation and cognition give, beyond experiences and feelings of these populations, to social and cultural dimensions of pleasure. The research object is being explored through three analytical scales: macro, meso and micro sociological. Data linked to these various levels have been collected through a quantitative study focusing on three sub-samples (1002 children and teenagers aged from 7 to 17 years old, 624 individuals from their own parents' sample, as well as 902 adults representative of French population), notwithstanding a qualitative study performed upon 97 persons comprising of 53 children aged between 7 and 14 years old. The analyseconducted on these data highlight the complexity of food-related pleasure by revealing not only a plurality of social and cultural dispositions, but also lived-cum-sensitive experiences, not omitting a spectrum of articulations between them. Therefore it is possible to analyze, through the position of pleasure within teenage-and-childhood period of socialization, the relation between dispositions and sensitive experiences. Hence we may understand the experience of young eaters to modernity. The eating body, as well as emotions and passions are being combined with general sociology issues. This conception it notably highlights the links between oneself and the others who create the identities. Our last analysis approaches the theme of pleasure from the viewpoint of first the intensification and solidification of knowledge, second the layout and design of structuring tales, and lastly their diffusion. The opportunity to question the role of the sociologist is hereby grasped through by mean of the thematization of pleasure. Stressing upon already-constituted or being worked-out body-of-knowledge condemns the researcher to question the command of her work and the way she provides related management tools. The questions of the links between social thematization of pleasure and expression of utilitarian representations of its "good use" is here tackled: the will of thinking the concept of pleasure presumes probably an interest both practical and pragmatic for all-things human

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The National School Nutrition Program is the oldest program in the country directed at food and nutrition safety. Its aims are to offer nutritional food as a supplement to students of public and philanthropic schools. Studying school nutrition transcends the investigation as a purely social program, given that it reaches the fields of public health, nutrition and food, using a wide variety of approaches. Thus, it is characterized by a multidisciplinary study, where the disciplines work side by side in distinct aspects of a single problem. Aim: This study aims to assess hygiene practices during the preparation of meat-based meals in public schools in the city of Natal, Brazil. Methods: A list was applied at 27 schools to identify the procedures of good food preparation practices. In addition, cooking and meal distribution temperature were measured and a microbiological analysis of the final preparation and of the water used in preparing it was performed. For microbiological analyses of the food, we analyzed coliforms at 45?C, coliforms at 35?C and Enterococcus, and for the water, we analyzed thermotolerant coliforms and total coliforms, using the methods recommended by APHA, 1995. Results: Most of the schools did not meet the required standards in all the variables related to good food preparation practices, except for the time spent preparing the meat, in which 89% were within the norm. Cooking temperature of the meals was within the standard; however, the temperature at distribution and the time spent dispensing the meals were inadequate. Of the 27 schools, 22 (81.5%) showed the presence of coliforms at 35? C in at least one meal sample and 18 (66.7%) had values above the recommended limit for coliforms at 45?C. The presence of E. coli was identified in 6.1% of the samples analyzed. The presence of Enterococcus was not found at any of the schools. With respect to the water, the North district of the city was the only one that did not meet the standards for the two indicators evaluated. The contamination found was not associated with the hygiene or food storage problems observed. Conclusions: The results show that the hygiene-sanitary conditions of meat-based public school meals were unsatisfactory, demonstrating the need for improvements in the production process to preserve the health of the student population. Multidisciplinarity: Researchers from the areas of food microbiology, nutrition, public health and statistics took part in this study, a decisive factor for characterizing the research as multidisciplinary
O Programa Nacional de Alimenta??o Escolar ? o programa voltado ? seguran?a alimentar e nutricional mais antigo do pa?s e tem por objetivo oferecer alimentos, de qualidade, em car?ter suplementar aos estudantes de escolas p?blicas e filantr?picas. Estudar a alimenta??o escolar transcende a investiga??o enquanto programa social, atingindo os campos da sa?de p?blica, nutri??o e alimentos, nas suas mais variadas abordagens. Assim, caracteriza-se por um estudo de car?ter multidisciplinar, onde as disciplinas trabalham lado a lado em distintos aspectos de um ?nico problema. Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as pr?ticas de higiene durante a produ??o de prepara??es ? base de carne em escolas p?blicas municipais na cidade de Natal/RN. M?todos: Foram avaliadas 27 escolas, onde foi aplicada uma lista de verifica??o a fim de identificar os procedimentos de Boas Pr?ticas de Fabrica??o, e ainda, foi medida a temperatura de coc??o e distribui??o das prepara??es e realizada an?lise microbiol?gica da prepara??o pronta e da ?gua utilizada no preparo das mesmas. Para as an?lises microbiol?gicas do alimento, foram analisados coliformes ? 45?C, coliformes ? 35?C e Enterococcus, e para a ?gua, foram analisados coliformes termotolerantes e coliformes totais, atrav?s dos m?todos preconizados pela APHA, 1995. Resultados: A maioria das escolas estudadas apresentou n?o conformidades em todas as vari?veis analisadas quanto ?s Boas Pr?ticas de Fabrica??o, com exce??o do tempo de pr?-preparo das carnes, no qual 89% estavam dentro do padr?o. A temperatura de coc??o das prepara??es encontrou-se dentro do padr?o, entretanto a temperatura e o tempo de distribui??o apresentaram-se inadequados. Das 27 escolas, 22 (81,5%) apresentaram pelo menos uma amostra da prepara??o pronta com presen?a de coliformes ? 35?C, e 18 (66,7%) apresentaram valores acima do padr?o para coliformes ? 45?C. Foi identificada a presen?a de E. coli em 6,1% das amostras analisadas. N?o foi encontrada a presen?a de Enterococcus em nenhuma escola. Com rela??o ? ?gua, a regi?o Norte foi a ?nica com evid?ncias estat?sticas de estar fora do padr?o para os dois indicadores avaliados. A contamina??o encontrada n?o apresentou associa??o com as n?o conformidades referentes ? higiene peri?dica e a conserva??o dos reservat?rios. Conclus?es: Os resultados encontrados mostram que as condi??es higi?nico-sanit?rias das prepara??es ? base de carne servidas na alimenta??o escolar apresentaram-se insatisfat?rias, evidenciando a necessidade de melhoria do processo de produ??o, visando ?s condi??es de sa?de da popula??o estudantil assistida. Multidisciplinaridade: Este estudo teve a participa??o de pesquisadores das ?reas de microbiologia de alimentos, nutri??o, sa?de p?blica e estat?stica, fator decisivo para caracterizar a pesquisa como multidisciplinar

Les aliments peuvent être contaminés par certaines substances chimiques, qui, lorsqu'elles sont ingérées à des doses trop importantes, peuvent engendrer des problèmes de santé. Notre but est d'évaluer la probabilité que l'exposition au contaminant dépasse durablement une dose tolérable par l'organisme que nous appelons risque. La modélisation de la queue de distribution par des lois extrêmes permet de quantifier un risque très faible. Dans les autres cas, l'estimateur empirique du risque s'écrit comme une U-statistique généralisée, ce qui permet d'en dériver les propriétés asymptotiques. Des développements statistiques permettent d'intégrer à ce modèle la censure des données de contamination. Enfin, un modèle économétrique de décomposition de données ménage en données individuelles nous permet de proposer une nouvelle méthode de quantification du risque de long terme prenant en compte l'accumulation du contaminant et sa lente dégradation par l'organisme.

L’objectif du travail de thèse était d’estimer la morbidité attribuable aux infections d’origine alimentaire en France métropolitaine pour la période 2008 à 2013.Le nombre annuel de cas symptomatiques et de cas hospitalisés ont été estimés pour 21 agents pathogènes (10 bactéries, 3 virus et 8 parasites).La morbidité attribuable aux maladies infectieuse d’origine alimentaire reste élevée en France avec 1 à 2,5 millions de cas survenant chaque année. Parmi celles-ci 14 000 à 21 000 font l’objet d’une hospitalisation.Nous montrons en particulier, comme dans bon nombre de pays développés, que les infections à Norovirus, Campylobacter spp. et Salmonella spp. représentent la majorité des cas et des hospitalisations d’origine alimentaire.Nous estimons pour la première fois la morbidité d’origine alimentaire attribuable au Virus de l’Hépatite E. Celle-ci est considérable, avec environ 50 000 cas, dont 500 cas hospitalisés annuellement.Pour chacun des agents toutes les sources de données potentielles ont été exploitées. Leur nombre et leur qualité sont variables et impactent les estimations présentées dans ce travail.Nos estimations sont essentielles pour l’ensemble des acteurs intervenant dans le domaine de la sécurité sanitaire. Elles permettront la réalisation d’autres travaux, intégrant l’impact sur la qualité de vie et l’impact économique
The objective of this work was to produce population-based estimates of the burden of foodborne infections in France for the 2008-2013 period.Number if illnesses and hospitalisations were estimated for 21 pathogens (10 bacteria, 3 viruses and 8 parasites).The burden of foodborne infections remains substantial with 1 to 2,5 million of cases and 14000 to 21000 hospitalisations occurring each year. As in other industrialized countries Norovirus, Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are the leading pathogens and account for the majority of cases and hospitalisations.We estimate for the first time the foodborne burden related to Hepatitis E Virus (HEV). HEV appears to be one of the key pathogens in France, with annually around 50 000 foodborne cases and 500 hospitalisations.Our estimates cannot be compared with prior crude estimates in France to assess illness trends as different methodologies were used. These results are useful to food safety policymakers for the prevention and control of foodborne pathogens. They can inform education campaigns for consumers and provide information for additional research including health states and cost estimates

Cette thèse traite des comportements des consommateurs face au risque alimentaire. La question porte sur la spécificité des comportements d'achat de produits alimentaires présentant un risque pour la santé. La thèse vise à établir cette spécificité et d'en analyser les raisons par l'étude des perceptions et des croyances des consommateurs en matière de risque santé. Nous montrons que les théories économiques du choix face au risque ne permettent pas la prise en compte de cette spécificité liée à la nature même du produit à risque. Afin d'établir la réalité de cette spécificité, nous avons conçu un protocole expérimental permettant d'étudier des comportements d'achat de produits avec risque santé en information croissante sur le risque. Ce protocole permet de comparer les comportements d'achat pour un produit alimentaire et pour un produit non alimentaire, la consommation de ces produits présentant tous les deux un risque pour la santé dont les caractéristiques du risque sont comparables. Les résultats permettent d'établir l'existence d'une spécificité des comportements d'achat de produits alimentaires à risque. Nous observons que l'effet produit alimentaire (la nature du produit) influence beaucoup plus le comportement que l'effet risque (l'information sur le risque santé). Afin d'expliquer cet effet, nous avons conduit une enquête sur les perceptions et les croyances des individus en matière de risque santé. Les résultats montrent une spécificité des perceptions du risque santé pour les produits alimentaires. Cette spécificité des perceptions du risque apporte une explication aux caractéristiques particulières du comportement du consommateur face au risque alimentaire
This thesis discusses consumers’ behavior related to food risk. The question addresses the consumer’s purchase behavior regarding food products presenting a health risk. The thesis establishes the relationship between purchase and food risk. We show that the economic choice theories related to risk do not take this into account, and that there’s a link between these theories and the very nature of the products in question. We came up an experimental protocol to study of purchase behavior regarding products presenting health risks under increasing information about those risks. We compare the purchase behaviors for either food products or any other product. The consumption of both of these products presents a health risk whose risk characteristics are comparable. We observe that the effect of the food product effect (the nature of the product) is much more important than the risk effect (the information on the health risk) when the consumers make their choices. Our results establish the existence of specific purchase behavior of risky food products. In second, we trait to explain this effect, we research the individuals’ perceptions and beliefs regarding health risk. We show a specific perception of the health risks of food products. This perception of risk explains the particular characteristics of the consumers’ behavior related to the purchase of such risky food products

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This paper deals with the hygienic and sanitary issues in campaign activities of the Brazilian Army. In these situations, large number of people may be exposed to serious health risks, even before entering combat. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the practices to be implemented to enhance biosecurity related to water supply, food service and waste management in the campaign. To this end, it was raised the processes and issues of interest to health by non-participant observation of four campaign activities conducted at the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras (AMAN), from June to November 2010. A specific checklist was developed and implemented in the first three activities were subsequently produced a Manual of Good Practice. In order to validate this document, an instruction was given on topics related to the military involved. Subsequently, a new application of the checklist was performed in a final activity to compare the results. In parallel, were analyzed for microbiological and physical-chemical water consumption in all the activities together. Furthermore, it was evaluated the cleanliness of water tanks by aerobic mesophilic count and the presence or absence of coliform bacteria. Tabulated the results confirmed the trend of improvement in the overall situation of biosecurity. It was concluded therefore that the application of good practices, consolidated in the proposed manual, can increase levels of biosecurity of troops on campaign in the Brazilian Army.
O presente trabalho trata das quest?es higi?nico-sanit?rias nas atividades de campanha do Ex?rcito Brasileiro. Nessas situa??es, grandes efetivos podem estar expostos a s?rios riscos ? sa?de, antes mesmo das atividades b?licas em si. Por essa raz?o, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as pr?ticas a serem implementadas para se aumentar a biosseguran?a relacionada ao suprimento de ?gua, servi?o de alimenta??o e gest?o de res?duos em campanha. Para tal, foram levantados os processos e assuntos de interesse sanit?rio pela observa??o n?o-participante de quatro atividades de campanha realizadas na Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN), de junho a novembro de 2010. Uma lista de verifica??o espec?fica foi elaborada e aplicada nas tr?s primeiras atividades sendo, posteriormente, produzido um Manual de Boas Pr?ticas. No sentido de validar este documento, uma instru??o sobre assuntos correlatos foi ministrada aos militares envolvidos. Posteriormente, uma nova aplica??o da lista de verifica??o foi realizada em uma ?ltima atividade para comparar os resultados. Paralelamente, foram realizadas an?lises microbiol?gicas e f?sico-qu?micas da ?gua de consumo de todas as atividades acompanhadas. Al?m disso, foi avaliada a higieniza??o dos reservat?rios de ?gua atrav?s da contagem de mes?filos aer?bios e da presen?a ou aus?ncia de bact?rias do grupo coliforme. Tabulados os resultados, confirmou-se a tend?ncia de melhoria na situa??o geral de biosseguran?a. Concluiu-se, portanto, que a aplica??o das boas pr?ticas, consolidadas no Manual proposto, ? capaz de aumentar os n?veis de biosseguran?a de uma tropa em campanha no ?mbito do Ex?rcito Brasileiro.

La thèse a pour but d’étudier la possibilité et la faisabilité économique de démarches de diversification des produits et d’amélioration des caractéristiques qualitatives des aliments par les entreprises, dans un contexte dans lequel ces modifications sont soumises à des contraintes techniques induisent des coûts non négligeables, non nécessairement valorisés par le marché. Dans ce cadre, nous cherchons à comprendre dans quelle mesure il est possible pour les autorités publiques d’intervenir pour inciter les entreprises à consentir des efforts suffisants (en termes d’investissement en amont) de façon à favoriser la mise en marché de produits conformes à la qualité voulue par la société. Nous avons appliqué ces perspectives de recherches à deux problématiques sociétales importantes et d’actualité, à savoir la coexistence des filières OGM et non OGM et la question de la santé et de la nutrition à travers l’enjeu de l’entrée de gammes de produits plus acceptables d’un point de vue nutritionnel (moins de sucre, de gras, …). Ces problématiques qui occupent les deux parties de la thèse sont élaborées en mobilisant des outils de la Théorie de l’Organisation Industrielle. Les résultats montrent que les choix spontanés de gammes de produits par les firmes ne sont pas toujours socialement satisfaisant, ce qui implique dans certaines conditions une intervention publique. Dans le cas de la coexistence OGM/non-OGM, le produit non-OGM peut ne pas avoir la caractéristique souhaitée en absence de régulation. Pour ce qui est des enjeux nutritionnels, les firmes présentes sur le marché n’offrent pas systématiquement des aliments favorables sur le plan de la santé en l’absence d’intervention publique. La thèse aboutit à la conclusion générale qu’il est souvent nécessaire de combiner plusieurs instruments publics. Dans le cas de la coexistence OGM/non-OGM, les pouvoirs publics peuvent gérer de manière efficace la coexistence en agissant simultanément sur le seuil d’étiquetage, les conditions de réalisation des tests et contrôles et le niveau de la pénalité. Dans le cas de la question nutritionnelle, l’intervention par le biais d’une subvention à la R&D présente certaines faiblesses telles que le risque d’instrumentalisation de la subvention par la firme ou induit des distorsions au détriment de la santé publique. Ceci suggère de combiner la subvention à la R&D avec un autre instrument tel que la taxation
Our research aims at analyzing the economic feasibility of approaches for product diversification and quality characteristics improvement by firms, in a context where these modifications are subject to technical constraints that induce high costs not necessarily valued by the market. In this context, we try to understand how it is possible for public authorities to intervene in order to encourage firms to make sufficient efforts (in terms of upstream investment) and facilitate the marketing of products in response to the needs of society. We apply these research perspectives to two important issues, namely the GM/non-GM coexistence and the health and nutrition issue through the development of product lines which are more acceptable from a nutritional point of view (for example, less sugar, fat, salt…). These two research issues are developed by mobilizing the tools of the Theory of Industrial Organization. The results show that the spontaneous choice of product lines by firms is not always socially satisfactory, which implies that in certain conditions, public intervention is desirable. In the case of GM/non-GM coexistence, non-GM products may not have the desired characteristics in the absence of regulation. In terms of health issues, companies in the market do not offer high nutritional value foods in the absence of public intervention. Overall, this thesis concludes that it is often necessary to combine several public instruments. In the first study, we show that the public authorities can effectively manage the GM/non-GM coexistence by acting simultaneously through the labelling threshold definition, the quality tests and controls, and the level of the penalty cost in case of non compliance. In the second study, we show that an intervention through Research and Development (R&D) subsidies has some weaknesses such as the risk of manipulation of the grant by firms, or the possibility of triggering distortions to the detriment of public health. This suggests combining the R&D subsidies with another instrument such as taxation

En Arctique, les populations autochtones vivent de la consommation de mammifères marins et de poissons et peuvent être exposées à des doses élevées de méthylmercure (MeHg). Par ailleurs, puisque la disponibilité des espèces concernées varie au fil des mois, tout porte à croire que l’exposition au MeHg change aussi d’un mois à l’autre. Il existe encore d’importantes lacunes dans les connaissances quant aux variations géographiques et temporelles de l’exposition au MeHg et quant aux aliments responsables de celles-ci, surtout pour ce qui est de l’exposition chronique et à de plus faibles doses chez les femmes enceintes au Nunavik. Plusieurs résultats de l’Étude sur le développement de l’enfant au Nunavik (EDEN) montrent que la vie fœtale est un moment crucial pour prévenir l’exposition au MeHg afin d’éviter plusieurs effets neurologiques qui se répercutent jusque tard dans l’enfance. En conséquence, en 2011, la Régie régionale de la santé et des services sociaux du Nunavik (RRSSSN) a publié et diffusé un message recommandant aux femmes enceintes et en âge de procréer de réduire leur consommation de viande de béluga. L’objectif de la présente étude était de caractériser les variations géographiques et temporelles de l’exposition au MeHg chez les femmes Inuit durant la grossesse et mieux identifier les aliments traditionnels responsables de ces variations. Cette étude transversale réalisée d’octobre 2016 à mars 2017 visait les femmes enceintes âgées de 16 ans et plus au Nunavik. Les femmes ont été recrutées sur une base volontaire et des échantillons sanguins et de cheveux ont été collectés. Un questionnaire administré lors d’un entretien a été utilisé pour recueillir des informations sur la grossesse, la fréquence de consommation des aliments traditionnels par saison et la sensibilisation aux messages de santé publique. Le Hg total dans le sang a été mesuré par spectrométrie de masse avec plasma à couplage inductif (ICP-MS). Dans les cheveux, le Hg total a été analysé par spectrométrie d’absorption atomique à vapeur froide (CV-AAS), ceci par centimètre (cm) pour évaluer l’exposition mensuelle et rétrospective au mercure (Hg). Des analyses de régressions multiples ont été effectuées afin d’évaluer la variation saisonnière et régionale des niveaux de Hg. Une analyse de classes latentes a été réalisée afin d’identifier les femmes enceintes présentant des trajectoires mensuelles similaires des variations de niveaux de Hg dans les cheveux au fil du temps. Basé sur les concentrations de MeHg dans les aliments traditionnels et la fréquence de consommation de ces aliments, l’apport moyen en MeHg par saison a été estimé. Au final, 97 femmes enceintes de 13 des 14 communautés du Nunavik ont été recrutées. Plus de 23% des participants avaient des concentrations sanguines de Hg supérieures à la recommandation de Santé Canada (≥ 8 µg/L) au moment du recrutement (automne 2016 - hiver 2017). Alors qu’aucune différence régionale des concentrations de Hg dans le sang et dans les cheveux n’a été constatée pendant cette période, les analyses séquentielles de Hg dans les cheveux ont révélé d’importantes variations mensuelles de l’exposition au Hg : les concentrations de Hg étaient plus élevées durant les mois d’été (p < 0.05) et plus basses durant ceux de l’hiver (p < 0.001). Trois classes latentes (groupes) de femmes enceintes avec des trajectoires similaires de variations mensuelles de Hg dans les cheveux ont été identifiées : variation élevée (n = 20; 22%), variation modérée (n = 38; 41%) et faible variation au fil des mois (n = 35; 38%). La viande de béluga était l’aliment traditionnel contribuant globalement à la plus grande proportion de l’apport quotidien en MeHg au sein de chaque groupe de femmes enceintes et durant chaque saison, mais principalement en été. La consommation de viande de béluga était également le seul aliment traditionnel associé au risque d’être classifié dans les groupes de variations mensuelles de Hg modérées et élevées (OR = 1,19 [1,01-1,39] d’être dans le groupe modéré par rapport au faible; OR = 1,25 [1,04 -1,50] d’être dans le groupe élevé par rapport au faible). Un peu plus du tiers (35%) des femmes enceintes avait déjà entendu le message de santé publique recommandant de réduire leur consommation de viande de béluga durant leur grossesse. Notre étude montre une exposition élevée au MeHg chez les femmes enceintes du Nunavik, particulièrement en été, et que la consommation de viande de béluga est la principale source d’exposition au MeHg chez ces femmes. Nos résultats soulignent également l’importance de documenter les variations saisonnières de la consommation d’aliments traditionnels avant de mener des études de biosurveillance pour évaluer de manière plus adéquate l’exposition au MeHg sur une base annuelle. Compte tenu de la prévalence élevée d’insécurité alimentaire au Nunavik et du rôle central que jouent les aliments traditionnels dans la culture et pour le statut nutritionnel des Inuit, une approche plus consolidée avec les professionnels de la santé locaux et des conseils alimentaires ciblés à l’approche de l’été et dans les villages où la viande de béluga est souvent consommée peuvent être des avenues prometteuses pour prévenir l’exposition au MeHg tout en faisant la promotion des aliments traditionnels pour des grossesses et des enfants en santé au Nunavik.
In the Arctic, indigenous populations living off marine mammals and fish consumption may be exposed to high doses of methylmercury (MeHg). Furthermore, since their availability varies over months, there is every reason to believe that exposure to MeHg also varies from month to month. There are still significant knowledge gaps with respect to geographic and temporal variations in MeHg exposure and about country foods responsible for MeHg exposure, particularly for pregnant women in Nunavik. Several findings from the Nunavik Child Development Study highlight that fetal life is a critical moment to prevent MeHg exposure in order to avoid neurodevelopmental outcomes later in childhood. Accordingly, in 2011, the Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services (NRBHSS) released and disseminated a dietary recommendation for pregnant and childbearing age women to reduce their consumption of beluga meat. The aim of the present study was to characterize the geographic and temporal variations in MeHg exposure among Inuit women during pregnancy and to better identify country foods responsible for these variations. This cross-sectional study was carried out with pregnant women aged 16 and over in Nunavik between October 2016 and March 2017. Pregnant women were recruited on a voluntary basis and blood and hair samples were collected. An interview-administered questionnaire was used to gather information on pregnancy, country food frequencies of consumption by season and awareness of public health messages. Blood total Hg was measured using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Hair total Hg was measured by centimeter as a surrogate for monthly exposure using Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS). Multiple regressions analyses were done to assess the seasonal variation and the regional difference of mercury (Hg) levels. A latent class growth analysis was conducted to identify pregnant women with similar monthly trajectories in hair Hg levels over time. Based on the MeHg concentrations in country foods and consumption frequencies, their seasonal daily intake of MeHg was estimated. In total, 97 pregnant women from the 13 of the 14 Nunavik communities were recruited. Up to 23% of participants had blood Hg levels above the Health Canada guideline (≥ 8 µg/L) at the recruitment time (Oct 2016 – March 2017). While no regional difference in hair and blood Hg were observed in this period, sequential Hg hair analyses show important monthly variations in Hg exposure over the past year as Hg hair concentrations were significantly higher in summer (< 0.05) and lower in winter (p < 0.001) Three latent classes (groups) of pregnant women with similar trajectories of Hg hair monthly variations were identified: high variation (n=20, 22%), moderate variation (n=38, 41%) and low variation over time (n=35, 38%). Beluga meat was the country food generally contributing to most of daily MeHg intake within each group of pregnant women for all seasons, but primarily in the summer. Beluga meat intake was also the only country food associated to the odd of being classified into moderate and high hair Hg monthly variations groups (OR = 1.19 [1.01-1.39] for moderate versus low; OR = 1.25 [1.04 -1.50] for high versus low). Only one-third (35%) of pregnant women were aware of the public health message recommending to reduce their consumption of beluga meat. Our study shows a high MeHg exposure among Nunavik pregnant women, particularly in the summer, and that beluga meat consumption was the primary source of exposure to MeHg among these women. This study also highlight the importance of documenting the seasonality in country foods consumption before conducting biomonitoring studies in order to more adequately assess MeHg exposure on an annual basis. Given the high prevalence of food insecurity in Nunavik and the central role that country foods play in the culture and nutritional status of Inuit, a more consolidated approach together with local health professionals and targeted dietary counselling as summer is coming and in villages where beluga meat is often consumed may be promising avenues for preventing MeHg exposure while promoting traditional foods for healthy pregnancies and children in Nunavik.

Protocole d'entente entre l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
Les mauvaises habitudes de vie sont associées à une augmentation du risque de développer des problèmes d'obésité, un diabète de type 2 et des maladies cardiovasculaires. Or, la première année universitaire est reconnue comme une période critique quant aux habitudes de vie. De nombreuses études ont observé un gain de poids au cours de cette période, ce qui pourrait avoir un impact négatif sur le profil de risque cardiométabolique des jeunes adultes. L'objectif de la présente étude était de décrire les changements dans les données anthropométriques, le profil lipidique, la condition physique et les habitudes alimentaires des étudiants durant une année universitaire. Au total, 50 étudiants ont participé à l'étude. Toutes les mesures ont été faites au début et à la fin de l'année scolaire. Les apports alimentaires ont été évalués à l'aide du FFQ-WEB, un questionnaire en ligne autoadministré de fréquence alimentaire. Une augmentation significative de la circonférence de taille a été observée chez les hommes et les femmes, tandis que l'indice de masse corporelle et le poids n'ont augmenté significativement que chez les hommes. Il n'y a eu aucun changement significatif dans la condition physique, ni dans les apports en macronutriments. Toutefois, la consommation de légumes et de fruits a diminué. Le cholestérol total, le cholestérol LDL et le cholestérol HDL, ainsi que l'apolipoprotéine B, ont augmenté de manière significative chez les hommes. Chez les femmes, le cholestérol HDL et l'apolipoprotéine B ont augmenté significativement, alors que les concentrations de cholestérol HDL ont diminuées. En conclusion, cette étude confirme que la transition vers l'université pourrait être associée à une détérioration du profil de risque cardiométabolique et des habitudes alimentaires. Des interventions ciblées devraient être développées pour aider les étudiants universitaires à atteindre ou à maintenir un mode de vie sain pendant cette période de leur vie.
Unhealthy lifestyle is associated with an increased risk of developing obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The transition to university is associated with deterioration in lifestyle and many studies observed a weight gain during this critical period. This could have a negative impact on the cardiometabolic risk profile of young adults. The objective of this study was to describe changes in anthropometric measurements, metabolic profile, physical fitness and food intakes of students during one academic year. A total of 50 university students were involved in this study. All measurements were made at the beginning and at the end of the school year. Food intakes were assessed using the FFQ-WEB, an online self-administered quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Our results showed a significant increase in waist circumference in both men and women, while body mass index and weight were significantly increased in men. There was no significant change in physical fitness, nor in macronutrient intakes. However, vegetables and fruits consumption decreased. Total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, as well as apolipoprotein B, increased significantly in men. In women, HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B increased significantly, while the total/HDL cholesterol ratio decreased. In conclusion, this study confirms that transition to university could be associated with deterioration in metabolic profile and eating habits. Targeted interventions should be developed to help university students achieve or maintain a healthy lifestyle, including diet, during this period.

(Introdução) Dispõe-se, atualmente, de evidências fortes e consistentes de que o estilo de vida está associado a diversos eventos relacionados à saúde. Mesmo nas populações jovens, a importância de um estilo de vida ativo e saudável tem sido apontada como elemento fundamental para prevenção de doenças, tanto as que podem se manifestar precocemente (obesidade) quanto aquelas de manifestação mais tardia e insidiosa (cardiovasculares). Além disso, estudos de tracking têm demonstrado que quando a exposição a comportamentos e fatores de risco à saúde ocorre na infância e adolescência, estes são mais estáveis na vida adulta e, portanto, mais difíceis de alterar. Mas, apesar de todo o corpo de conhecimento que vem sendo acumulado com relação à importância do estilo de vida para saúde de todas as pessoas, há ainda amplo desconhecimento sobre a proporção de jovens brasileiros que estão expostos a comportamentos de risco à saúde, particularmente à falta de atividades físicas e padrão alimentar inadequado. Além disso, mesmo considerando os estudos internacionais, foram poucos os que procuraram testar a eficiência de intervenções para promoção de atividades físicas e de hábitos alimentares saudáveis no contexto da escola de ensino médio. (Objetivos) Diante deste cenário, procurou-se, neste trabalho, ampliar o nível de conhecimento sobre a exposição a dois comportamentos de risco à saúde em estudantes de ensino médio. O objetivo, na primeira fase, foi identificar: (a) a proporção de escolares expostos a baixo nível de atividade física e padrão de consumo alimentar inadequado; (b) os determinantes da exposição a estes comportamentos; e, (c) os subgrupos populacionais expostos a maior risco. Num segundo momento, procurou-se elaborar e testar a eficiência e o impacto de uma intervenção para lidar com estes problemas no contexto do ensino médio. (Material e métodos) Trata-se portanto de uma investigação abrangente, subdividida em dois estudos independentes, mas complementares. O primeiro foi um estudo epidemiológico transversal e de base populacional (estudantes do ensino médio das escolas públicas estaduais em Santa Catarina), desenvolvido mediante análise secundária de dados. Medidas foram obtidas de 5.083 estudantes (59,4% moças), com idade entre 15 e 19 anos e que foram selecionados aleatoriamente através de amostragem por conglomerados em três estágios, sendo que “turmas” foram as unidades amostrais no último estágio. O segundo estudo foi uma intervenção experimental randomizada com duração de 13 semanas, sendo que os dois grupos acompanhados (intervenção e controle) foram submetidos a avaliações pré e pós-intervenção. A intervenção, baseada nos conceitos e filosofia do programa Escola Promotoras de Saúde, consistiu de um conjunto de 11 ações visando a promoção da prática de atividades físicas e de hábitos alimentares saudáveis. As ações foram organizadas em torno de três focos principais: modificação ambiental e em normas, ações educativas, e treinamento e engajamento de pessoal. Participaram da intervenção estudantes do ensino médio de 36 turmas de seis escolas de Florianópolis (SC), sendo 18 em três escolas de intervenção (n=452 estudantes) e 18 em três escolas controle (n=300). xv (Análise de dados) No tratamento estatístico dos dados foram utilizados testes paramétricos e não-paramétricos, segundo natureza das variáveis e distribuição dos dados. Análises bivariadas incluíram a aplicação dos testes de Quiquadrado (associação e tendência), McNemar (medidas repetidas), teste da razão crítica de Z (proporções extraídas de amostras independentes) e análise de variância simples. Na análise multivariada, recorreu-se a regressão logística binária (simples e múltipla) e à análise de variância medidas repetidas (modelo linear geral). Análises foram realizadas utilizando o programa SPSS e o EpiCalc. (Resultados) Com relação ao primeiro estudo (análise secundária), observouse que 46,2% dos estudantes do ensino médio em Santa Catarina não atendiam às recomendações de prática de atividades físicas (≥420 minutos AFMV/semana), sendo que a proporção de moças insuficientemente ativas (53,5%) foi significativamente maior que entre os rapazes (36,1%). Verificou-se, também, que aproximadamente um em cada quatro sujeitos estava exposto a padrão alimentar de risco (baixa freqüência de consumo de frutas e verduras e elevado consumo de refrigerantes), comportamento de risco mais prevalente entre os rapazes (30,6%) que entre as moças (19,4%). Após ajustamento, mediante análise multivariada, identificou-se que os subgrupos expostos a maior risco foram: (a) em relação à falta de atividades físicas, as moças, os estudantes do período noturno e aqueles que se deslocam de carro/ônibus para escola; (b) em relação à dieta inadequada, os rapazes, os residentes em áreas urbanas, estudantes que se deslocam de carro/ônibus para escola e que tem percepção de saúde negativa. No segundo estudo, onde se procurou avaliar a eficiência na implementação e impacto de uma intervenção para promoção de atividades físicas e alimentação saudável, verificouse que a taxa de participação/cobertura foi baixa (em média 20%), mas que as ações foram satisfatoriamente implementadas. Aproximadamente 40 a 60% dos sujeitos participantes referiram que a participação nas atividades oferecidas aumentou o seu nível de conhecimento e incentivou a fazer mudanças em comportamentos de risco. Entretanto, apesar de ter sido razoavelmente implementada, a intervenção teve um impacto modesto. Os efeitos observados, em relação à alimentação saudável, foram: o aumento do nível de conhecimento; e a redução na proporção de sujeitos que percebem a textura/sabor dos alimentos como barreira. Quanto às atividades físicas, houve um efeito positivo sobre a percepção de barreiras (falta de vontade e falta de energia) e um aumento no número de atividades físicas que os estudantes relataram participar habitualmente. (Conclusões) Desprezadas as limitações inerentes aos estudos baseados em medidas auto-relatadas e, no segundo estudo, o reduzido número de estudantes no grupo controle em comparação ao grupo intervenção, pode-se extrair duas conclusões principais: (1) a prevalência de estudantes (adolescentes com idades entre 15 e 19 anos) insuficientemente ativos e com dieta inadequada é alta e, infelizmente, comparável à observada em países como os Estados Unidos e Canadá, onde estes problemas já são enfrentados como uma prioridade de saúde pública; (2) no contexto da escola de ensino médio, intervenções que são baseadas na filosofia e conceitos do programa Escolas Promotoras de Saúde provocam efeitos modestos após 13 semanas de acompanhamento, mas parecem ser bem aceitas pelos estudantes que encontram nas atividades: incentivo, informações e oportunidades para mudar comportamentos de risco à saúde. Futuros estudos deverão acompanhar estudantes por um período de intervenção mais longo, permitindo assim controlar a interferência das variações sazonais observadas neste estudo.
(Background) Today there is a growing and reliable body of evidence linking lifestyle factors to several health outcomes. Even young people can avoid some severe problems (i.e.: obesity and cardiovascular diseases) through a healthy and active lifestyle. In addition, tracking studies have shown that health-risk factors and behaviors are more stable and hard to change during adulthood when an early exposure occurs. Despite all knowledge accumulated during the last decades, there is no available data on the prevalence of health-risk behaviors – such as physical inactivity and poor diet - among Brazilian adolescents. Moreover, there are only a few high school-based intervention studies (published and in progress) focusing physical activity and healthy eating promotion. (Objectives) This study has two separate, but complementary phases. In both, the aim was to expand the knowledge about how are the Brazilian adolescents (highschool students) exposed to inactivity and poor diet. In the first phase, the objectives were: (a) to estimate the prevalence of inactivity and poor diet using a database of a recently statewide survey; (b) to identify the determinants of those health-risk behaviors; and, (c) to identify the higher risk subgroups. During the second phase of the study, the short-term effects of a 13–week, school-based intervention was assessed. Process evaluation was also done. (Design) The first phase of the study consisted of a secondary analysis of a representative database from a statewide lifestyle survey. The 2001 lifestyle survey (referred as COMPAC) was planned through a three-stage cluster sampling design with high-school classrooms as the sampling unity in the last stage. Information from 5,083 students (59,4% female), 15-19 years of age were available to run the analysis. The second phase was a randomized school-based intervention study lasting 13 weeks. Intervention and control schools were randomly selected and assessed at the baseline and post intervention using validated questionnaires. The intervention was based on the WHO healthy promoting schools’ philosophy, and included 11 independent health promotion activities aiming improve healthy eating, physical activity, and mediators of those behaviors. The activities were organized around three major areas: environmental and organizational changes, health education (the entire school community), and personnel training and engagement (staff, teachers, and students leaders). The intervention was run in three high schools (452 students) in Florianópolis (State of Santa Catarina, Brazil) while other three matched schools (300 students) were used as controls. (Data analysis) Statistical procedures included parametric and non-parametric tests. For two-groups comparisons the following tests were used: Chi-square, Chisquare for trend, McNemar (repeated measures), critical ratio Z test, and ANOVA one-way. Multivariate analysis included: multiple logistic regression and GLM (general linear model) with ANOVA repeated measures. All analyze were performed using SPSS and EpiCalc software. (Results) It was observed that 46.2% of the students did not reach the healthrelated physical activity recommendations for youth (60 min/day MVPA), and the prevalence was higher among females (53.5%) than males (36.1%). Furthermore, it was verified that around one in each four subjects reported poor diet (low consumption of fruits and vegetables, and high consumption of soft drinks); the proportion was lower among female (19.4%) than among male (30.6%) students. Following the multivariate analysis, it was observed that gender, active transportation, and school period (morning X night classes) were factors significantly associated with the physical activity levels. Whereas, gender, local of residence (rural versus urban), mode of transportation, and self-rated health were significantly associated with eating behaviors. In the second phase (the intervention study), it was verified a low participation rate (below 20% in some activities). Positively, between 40 to 60% of the participants reported improvements in knowledge, and that they were more likely to change health-risk behaviors. The impact was just moderate and only a few outcomes variables were significantly affected. The effects were observed in relation to knowledge and barriers for healthy eating, but not over eating behaviors. Barriers for physical activity and one physical activity outcome variable were slightly affected by the intervention. (Conclusions) This study has several limitations, including self-reported measures and the small number of controls in the intervention phase. However, despite these limitations, the following conclusions can be presented: (1) physical inactivity and poor diet are both health-risk behavior highly prevalent among high-school students in Santa Catarina (similar to the prevalence among the youth in the U.S. and Canada); (2) a short-term intervention based on WHO health promoting schools’ philosophy seems to be well accepted by the students that consider it as a source of information and an opportunity to change behavior. Future researches must include a longer follow-up and objectively measure physical activity behavior.

Garantir la sécurité alimentaire demeure une responsabilité primordiale des gouvernements et de la communauté internationale. Le droit international, moyen principal d’encadrer les comportements des Etats et de rendre exécutoires les stratégies internationales, n’a toutefois pas pu faciliter effectivement la lutte contre la faim dans le monde. C’est particulièrement le cas des normes juridiques élaborées dans le cadre de l’OMC. En définissant les termes et conditions du commerce international des produits agricoles, ces normes exercent une influence majeure sur la sécurité alimentaire tant au niveau international qu’au niveau national. Si les accords de l’OMC offrent à ses Membres certains moyens pour faire face au problème alimentaire, ces moyens ne sont ni suffisants ni efficaces pour atteindre cet objectif. Ayant privilégié constamment les considérations commerciales par rapport aux impératifs alimentaires, les règles de l’OMC relatives au commerce agricole contribuent à restreindre sérieusement l’autonomie des Membres qui souhaitent améliorer leur situation de sécurité alimentaire. Ainsi, les politiques internationales régissant le commerce agricole devraient être reformulées, de sorte que les Membres de l’OMC puissent répondre aux besoins vivriers des peuples. Si une telle réforme ne parvient pas, pour l’instant, à établir des règles permettant aux Membres de l’OMC en déficit alimentaire de générer effectivement des ressources pour se procurer des aliments, elle doit viser au minimum à neutraliser les impacts négatifs des politiques commerciales en vigueur. Faute de cela, le système actuel d’échanges multilatéraux risque de perdre sa légitimité et sa crédibilité
Today’s world food situation is particularly disturbing. To guarantee food security for all remains the primary responsibility of governments and international society. As one of the major instruments to implement international strategy for food security, international law has failed to provide effective solution to mitigate the factors that contribute to food insecurity. This is particularly what happened when food problem was treated within WTO. Having established the terms and conditions of international trade in food and agricultural products, WTO trade regulations have major influence on food security both at international level and at national level. Even if the relevant WTO agreements did offer certain policy approaches to its Members to tackle their food problem, these policy approaches are neither sufficient nor efficient to achieve this goal. By constantly prioritizing commercial considerations over food concerns, WTO rules related to trade in agriculture seriously restrict the exercise of discretionary power of those Members who wish to improve their food situation. Therefore, international trade policies must be reformed, so that WTO Members can take creative measures to meet their people’s basic needs. Even it appears still difficult at present to create new rules that may allow food-deficit Members to generate sufficient income to guarantee their access to food; this reform must at least search for effective solutions to offset the negative impacts of trade policies on food security. Otherwise, the legitimacy and credibility of current global trading system will be at risk

Orientador: Ivan Sazima
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Neste trabalho, uma taxocenose de peixes de poças de maré foi caracterizada em relação a morfologia, grau de residência, constância de ocorrência e abundancia das espécies. Foi verificado os padrões de distribuição das espécies na zona entremarés, nas 'poças de maré e ao longo das estações do ano. Tambem foi verificado os hábitos alimentares das espécies mais "abundantes? bem como a influência de alguns parâmetros ambientais sobre a taxocenose. As coletas e observações de campo foram realizadas trimestralmente, de dezembro de 1983 a dezembro de 1984, em oito poças de maré da Praia de Manguinhos, Estado do Espírito Santo. A taxocenose de peixes estudada foi constituida por um total de 35 espécies, distribuidas em 23 famílias. Estas espécies foram agrupadas em três categorias distintas, de acordo seu grau de residência nas poças de maré. Onze espécies com o foram consideradas residentes primárias, sendo Bathygôbius soporator, Scartella cristata e Labrisomus nuchipinnis as mais abundantes. Vinte espécies foram consideradas residentes secundárias, sendo Stegastes dorsopunnicans, Acanthurus bahianus, Abudefduf saxatiis, Ahlia egrnontis e Halichoeres poeyi as mais abundantes. Quatro espécies foram consideradas transitórias, sendo Eucinostomus sp. e Xenomelaniris brasiliensis as mais abundantes. ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: A tidepool fish taxocenose was characterized regarding to morphology, residence degree, constancy and abundance of species. It was verified of occurrence the distribution patterns of species in the tidepool, along all the intertidal zone and throughout the seasons of the year. It was also verified the food habits of the most abundant species, as well the influence of some environmental parameters upon taxonose. Fish collections and field observations were made ineight tidepools at Manguinhos Beach, Espírito Santo, Brazil, from December, 1983 to December, 1984. The fish taxocenose studied was constituiedby a whole of 35 species, distributed among 23 families. These species were grouped in three distinct category, according to their residence degree in tidepools. Eleven species werw considered primary residents, the Bathygobius soporator, Scartella cristata and Labrisomus nuchipinnis being the most abundante TMenty species werw considered secundary residents,'xhe Stegastes dorsopunnicans, Acanthrus bahianus, Abudefduf saxatilis, Ahlia egmontis and Halichoeres poeyi being , the most Abundant. Four species were considered transeunts, the Eucinostomus sp. and Xenomelaniris brasiliensis being the most abundante In general,the tidepool fishes were small including as well asthe lnfluence of some environmental parameters upon taxocenose. Fish collections and field observations were made juveniles and adults of small size species (Gobiidae, Blenniidae, Labrisomidae) and juveniles of great size species ( Serranidae Muraenidae, Acanthuridae). This characxeristic is probably related to the small available space of tidepools. ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

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In Brazil school food is constitutionally guaranteed to public school students at the preschool and elementary level. This food must be nutritious, hygienic and sanitary. The aim of the present study was to assess the hygienic/sanitary conditions of food and table utensil handlers in municipal public schools in Natal, Brazil. In total, 27 public schools were assessed, using a checklist and microbiological analysis of the hands and table utensils. For the microbiological analyses of the hands, coliforms were analyzed at 45?C and for the utensils aerobic mesophilic bacteria, using methods recognized by AOAC, 2002 and APHA, 1992, respectively. Most of the schools studied did not exhibit good food and utensil handling practice procedures in any of the variables analyzed. It was shown that 74.1% of the handlers received no periodic training, 51.9% did not undergo annual health examinations and 100% did not practice proper hand hygiene, which reflected significantly (p < 0.05) in hand contamination, where fecal coliforms were detected on 55.6% of the hands analyzed. With respect to the utensils, it was found that 100% of the schools studied did not follow correct hygiene practices and most were classified as very bad ; that is, aerobic mesophilic bacteria values above the limits established by PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), with schools in the north and south districts recording the highest percentages. The results show that the hygienic-sanitary conditions of the food and utensil handlers in the schools studied were inadequate, demonstrating the need for implanting good handling practices aimed at protecting the health of children that take part in the program and offering safer foods. Researchers from the areas of food microbiology, nutrition, public health and statistics participated in this study, a decisive factor for characterizing it as multidisciplinary
No Brasil a alimenta??o escolar ? um direito constitucional dos alunos de escolas p?blicas que freq?entam a pr?-escola e ensino fundamental, devendo essa alimenta??o ser de boa qualidade em valores nutricionais e principalmente no aspecto higi?nico sanit?rio. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as condi??es higi?nico-sanit?rias de manipuladores de alimentos e utens?lios de mesa de escolas p?blicas municipais na cidade de Natal/RN, no qual foram avaliadas 27 escolas p?blicas, utilizando um check-list e an?lise microbiol?gica das m?os e utens?lios de mesa. Para as an?lises microbiol?gicas das m?os de manipuladores, foram analisados coliformes ? 45?C e para os utens?lios bact?rias mes?filas aer?bias, atrav?s dos m?todos preconizados pela AOAC,2002 e APHA, 1992, respectivamente. A maioria das escolas estudadas apresentou n?o conformidades em todas as vari?veis analisadas. Foi verificado que 74,1% dos manipuladores n?o recebem treinamentos peri?dicos, 51,9% n?o realizam exames de sa?de anuais e 100% n?o fazem a higiene correta das m?os, o que refletiu significativamente (p< 0,05) na contamina??o das m?os, nas quais foram detectados coliformes fecais em 55,6% das m?os analisadas. Quanto aos utens?lios foi constatado que 100% das escolas estudadas n?o realizam procedimento adequado de higieniza??o e a maior parte apresentam classifica??o p?ssima , ou seja, valores de bact?rias mes?filas aer?bias acima dos limites estabelecidos pela OPAS Organiza??o Panamericana de Sa?de, sendo as escolas da regi?o Norte e Sul que apresentaram maiores percentuais. Os resultados encontrados mostram que as pr?ticas e condi??es de higiene dos manipuladores de alimentos e utens?lios utilizados nas escolas estudadas encontram-se inadequadas, sendo necess?ria implanta??o de boas pr?ticas de manipula??o, visando a prote??o da sa?de das crian?as que participam do programa, oferecendo alimentos mais seguros. Participou desse estudo pesquisadores das ?reas de microbiologia de alimentos, nutri??o, sa?de p?blica e estat?stica, fator decisivo para caracterizar a pesquisa como multidisciplinar

Véritable carrefour de problématiques économiques, biologiques, sociologiques, culturelles et sanitaires, l’alimentation suscite de nombreuses polémiques. Dans un contexte où les échanges mondiaux facilitent le transport de denrées alimentaires produites dans des conditions environnementales diverses, où la consommation de masse encourage les stratégies visant à réduire les coûts et maximiser le volume de production (OGM, pesticides, etc.) il devient nécessaire de quantifier les risques sanitaires que de tels procédés engendrent. Notre intérêt se place ici sur l’étude de l’exposition chronique, de l’ordre de l’année, à un ensemble de contaminants dont la nocivité à long terme est d’ores et déjà établie. Les dangers et bénéfices de l’alimentation ne se restreignant pas à l’ingestion ou non de substances toxiques, nous ajoutons à nos objectifs l’étude de certains apports nutritionnels. Nos travaux se centrent ainsi autour de trois axes principaux. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à l'analyse statistique des très fortes expositions chroniques à une ou plusieurs substances chimiques, en nous basant principalement sur des résultats issus de la théorie des valeurs extrêmes. Nous adaptons ensuite des méthodes d'apprentissage statistique de type ensembles de volume minimum pour l'identification de paniers de consommation réalisant un compromis entre risque toxicologique et bénéfice nutritionnel. Enfin, nous étudions les propriétés asymptotiques d'un certain nombre d'estimateurs permettant d'évaluer les caractéristiques de l'exposition, qui prennent en compte le plan de sondage utilisé pour collecter les données
At a crossroads of economical, sociological, cultural and sanitary issues, dietary analysis is of major importance for public health institutes. When international trade facilitates the transportation of foodstuffs produced in very different environmental conditions, when conspicuous consumption encourages profitable strategies (GMO, pesticides, etc.), it is necessary to quantify the sanitary risks engendered by such economic behaviors. We are interested in the evaluation of chronic types of exposure (at a yearly scale) to food contaminants, the long-term toxicity of which is already well documented. Because dietary risk and benefit is not limited to the abuse or the avoidance of toxic substances, nutritional intakes are also considered. Our work is thus organized along three main lines of research. We first consider the statistical analysis of very high long-term types of exposure to one or more chemical elements present in the food, adopting approaches in keeping with extreme value theory. Then, we adapt classical techniques borrowed from the statistical learning field concerning minimum volume set estimation in order to identify dietary habits that realize a compromise between toxicological risk and nutritional benefit. Finally, we study the asymptotic properties of a number of statistics that can assess the characteristics of the distribution of individual exposure, which take into account the possible survey scheme from which the data originate

La qualité en matière de produits agro-alimentaire comporte deux aspects : la sécurité alimentaire, assurant que les produits mis sur le marché ne présentent pas de risque pour la santé humaine, et de la qualité spécificité, regroupant l'ensemble des caractéristiques organoleptiques des produits. L'analyse de la qualité agro-alimentaire dans le domaine de la concurrence et de la consommation permet de mettre en lumière le fait que celle-ci constitue soit des entraves, soit des outils de segmentation des marchés. S'agissant de la sécurité alimentaire, elle était essentiellement perçue comme une forme de protectionnisme, mais actuellement la légitimité de ce motif est plus fréquemment reconnue. Les politiques de valorisation des produits, quant à elles, ne peuvent être pleinement efficientes qu'à la condition que la réglementation soit suffisamment rigoureuse pour assurer une concordance parfaite entre la qualité réelle et la qualité légale du produit
Quality in the field of agricultural products and foodstuffs relates to two aspects: product safety and quality specifications. Safety relates to those factors that render a product safe for human consumption and quality specifications relate to the desired parameters specified by consumers and / or regulators for a particular product. It is shown that agricultural and food product quality is used as a means to either protect or divide markets. In the past, the safety component of product quality was perceived as a means to protect markets and more recently a legal framework has been developed to provide for this protectionism. Product development and promotion can only be effective within a regulated environment that adequately and rigorously ensures agreement between the actual quality of a product and the specified legal quality requirements

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas.
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A maricultura como atividade econômica começou a ser explorada no Estado de Santa Catarina em 1989, e vem crescendo progressivamente, sendo o Estado o maior produtor do país. O crescimento da maricultura reflete o sucesso da atividade como alternativa de desenvolvimento e geração de recursos para as comunidades de pescadores artesanais, além de contribuir, para conter a degradação progressiva dos ecossistemas litorâneos. Todavia, diversos problemas surgem com o aumento da produção e demanda no mercado consumidor. Poucos estudos existem sobre o impacto ambiental causado pela produção intensiva de mexilhões e ostras e sob o ponto de vista sanitário, um dos maiores problemas que afetam os cultivos e bancos naturais, é a contaminação do produto por toxinas produzidas pelas algas marinhas que compõem o fitoplâncton. No Brasil, não há estudos epidemiológicos relacionados às intoxicações em seres humanos. As doenças causadas pela ingestão são reportadas eventualmente, porém não há estimativas do número de casos. Com a expansão da maricultura, as florações de algas tóxicas, as chamadas 'Marés vermelhas", fenômeno ligado ao crescimento exacerbado de microalgas produtoras de toxinas se tornou um grande problema ambiental, econômico e de saúde pública em diversas regiões do planeta. Algumas toxinas provocam lesões cutâneas, perturbações digestivas, respiratórias ou nervosas. Apesar do amplo conhecimento científico e dos avanços da clínica e terapêutica, o controle das intoxicações por mariscos ainda se constitui em um desafio; porém não há como ignorar os determinantes sociais e culturais da endemia, assim como os conhecimentos e as necessidades das populações atingidas. Neste estudo, meu objetivo foi estudar as doenças causadas por toxinas marinhas interagindo com o conhecimento da sociedade - as concepções, normas e práticas retidas pela população. Minha preocupação era conhecer, através dos relatos a interpretação que as pessoas davam sobre as doenças causadas pela ingestão dos moluscos contaminados por toxinas marinhas e, mais particularmente, da origem destas, bem como do tratamento que lhes era imposto ou de como eles próprios viam ou praticavam o tratamento. A maioria dos entrevistados conhecia detalhes das doenças e verifiquei a existência de um imaginário coletivo muito bem estruturado, elaborado com base nas experiências vividas ou conhecidas. A etiologia das intoxicações revelou-se desconhecida, mas a expressão maré vermelha está sacramentada, porém sua associação com o quadro clínico não ficou clara. O conhecimento de que mariscos e ostras podem fazer mal, está estabelecido e aceito; porém fortemente influenciado pelo discurso e práticas médicas vigentes. Associa-se ao manuseio do alimento, cozimento e conservação inadequados. Muitas explicações foram apresentadas para justificar os sintomas decorrentes da ingestão de moluscos: No entanto, foi interessante perceber que todos têm consciência do risco, inclusive a nível coletivo. A maior parte dos sintomas descritos, com atribuição de causalidade às intoxicações por mexilhões e ostras, pode ser generalizada para várias outras doenças. Os sintomas gastrintestinais foram os mais citados, incluindo diarréias, náuseas e vômitos, cólicas, azias, dispepsias, além de vertigens e febre. E outra observação interessante, é que quaisquer que sejam os fatores etiológicos e terapêuticos, em parte estão culturalmente determinados. A resultante é a crescente popularidade das práticas ditas alternativas, principalmente os chás de ervas, tidos como infalíveis. A maioria das pessoas, não buscou recurso médico, quando acometidas por distúrbios relacionados à ingestão de frutos do mar. Durante um problema de saúde, percebe-se que a própria família é o primeiro e às vezes único recurso a ser procurado, especialmente nas figuras dos membros mais experientes. Nenhum dos entrevistados conseguiu descrever o complexo ciclo das intoxicações e todas mediações entre o meio ambiente e os seres humanos.

Avec l'apparition massive des borderline products, les frontières traditionnelles entre la denrée alimentaire et les autres catégories de produits que l'on ingère ne cessent de se brouiller. Certes des éléments de définition de cette denrée se trouvent dans divers textes juridiques, notamment communautaires à l'image du règlement Food Law, mais toujours est-il que malgré tout demeure en partie le mystère identitaire qui entoure cette notion. Aussi, afin de pouvoir appliquer aux produits litigieux un statut adéquat et déterminer par la même le régime juridique qui doit être le leur, des références précises de l'aliment doivent être mises en évidence au travers de son analyse d'ensemble, l'étude tant de sa fonction que de sa présentation s'avérant indispensable pour résoudre cette problématique non dépourvue d'importance pratique.

On a évalué l’état nutritionnel et de santé et les facteurs associés chez des scolaires d’une région proche de Tunis, et sur un échantillon représentatif de portée nationale tunisienne, d’adolescents scolarisés ou non (15-19 ans), La prévalence nationale de maigreur, surcharge pondérale et obésité était respectivement de 8,1%, 17,4% et 4,1% chez les garçons, et de 1,3%, 20,7% et 4,4% chez les filles. La maigreur est essentiellement un problème du monde rural ; la surcharge pondérale est surtout prévalente en ville pour les garçons. Par contre, la surcharge pondérale se retrouve à niveau égal en rural comme en ville pour les filles. De fortes différences régionales subsistent pour la surcharge pondérale, largement associées à des facteurs socio-économiques et de modes de vie chez les garçons. La plus grande sédentarité, et des apports énergétiques élevés sont en cause chez les filles, associés à des facteurs probablement de nature culturelle et éducative. L’analyse multifactorielle de la structure alimentaire a fait ressortir un axe principal de changement alimentaire allant du plus traditionnel au plus ‘moderne’ (lié à un mode de vie urbain et à un meilleur niveau économique) et clairement associé à la surcharge pondérale, surtout chez les garçons, il est également associé à une moindre prévalence de préhypertension chez les filles, en relation avec un plus grand apport en produits laitiers. Ces adolescents tunisiens présentent nettement moins de problèmes de tabac, alcool et drogue que leurs homologues de pays industrialisés pour le moment. Dans ce contexte de transition épidémiologique et nutritionnelle, des programmes d’éducation plus spécifiques sont nécessaires

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdorales, 2014-2015
Les médias sociaux comme les blogues sont de plus en plus utilisés dans la population et représentent une opportunité unique d’améliorer le transfert des connaissances en santé. L’objectif principal du projet était d’explorer les perceptions des femmes quant à l’utilisation de blogues écrits par une nutritionniste comme outil pour leur permettre d’améliorer leur alimentation. Afin de maximiser l’identification des croyances, un modèle théorique combinant la Théorie du Comportement Planifié et le Modèle de l’Acceptation de la Technologie a été utilisé. Les participantes ont été rencontrées individuellement et en groupe de quatre à six femmes. Les principaux résultats suggèrent qu’un blogue visuellement attrayant, complet, incluant des recettes et bien structuré pourrait contribuer à augmenter son utilité et sa facilité d’utilisation. Les travaux de cette maîtrise représentent la première étape vers l’élaboration d’un blogue qui sera testé pour déterminer la faisabilité d’une intervention nutritionnelle utilisant ce type d’outils de transfert de connaissances.
Social media such as blogs are increasingly being used in the population and therefore represent a unique opportunity to improve knowledge transfer in health. The main objective of this project was to explore women's perceptions about the use of healthy eating blogs written by a dietitian as a tool to improve their dietary habits. To maximize the identification of beliefs, a theoretical model combining the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Technology Acceptance Model was used. Participants were interviewed individually and in groups of four to six women. The main results showed that a blog visually appealing, comprehensive, including recipes and well-structured could help increase its relevance and use in women. The work of this master’s degree thesis is the first step towards the creation of a blog that will be tested to determine the feasibility of a nutritional intervention using this type of knowledge translation tool.

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A inserção no mercado de produtos alimentares é um desafio para pequenos agricultores familiares na comercialização de suas mercadorias, e compreender a utilização dos canais de distribuição curtos - feira livre - acessados por produtores de Santa Rosa/RS foi o objetivo geral desta dissertação. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi dado um enfoque qualitativo de alcance exploratório, sendo que inicialmente aplicou-se um questionário estruturado para 38 feirantes e, posteriormente, utilizou-se o método de grupo focal com 18 desses participantes para aprofundar o estudo. A análise dos dados se deu pela utilização da estatística descritiva aos dados quantizáveis e pela análise de conteúdo de Bardin às informações qualitativas. A partir da exploração das informações, pode-se constatar que o grupo de feirantes é formado por pequenos agricultores (minifundiários), que estão na meia idade, possuem baixa escolaridade e utilizam a pluriatividade como uma estratégia para melhorar a renda familiar. A produção nas propriedades envolve legumes, verduras, raízes, cereais, oleaginosas e animais, produzidos para a subsistência familiar e/ou comercialização. Entre os canais de distribuição acessados, os curtos se constituem como alternativa mais atrativa para este público, sendo a feira livre a mais utilizada em função de nela encontrarem mais vantagens econômicas (melhor e maior preço para seus produtos e recebimento à vista, por exemplo), promover a inclusão social e poderem trabalhar com mais liberdade, além de contar com a presença de elementos tradicionais/culturais. Além disso, ela representa o mecanismo de venda mais rentável e a única fonte de renda para uma parcela significativa de feirantes. Ademais, com a venda na feira livre os produtores podem trabalhar com mais liberdade de acordo com seus valores, condições e crenças próprias em busca de autonomia e autossuficiência. Destarte, foram identificados mais elementos positivos do que negativos na comercialização neste espaço, estando entre os positivos mais apontados a proximidade com os consumidores, o recebimento à vista, baixos custos com publicidade e a venda na medida em que a produção acontece, e entre os negativos a incerteza nas vendas e as restrições impostas pela legislação sanitária. A sobreposição de substantivos positivos aos negativos reflete favoravelmente aos feirantes, principalmente pelas implicações econômicas positivas que lhes traz bem-estar. Neste sentido, a feira livre pode ser considerada um instrumento de promoção do desenvolvimento, embora haja fragilidades no processo que limita os produtores, como as restrições impostas na legislação sanitária e que lhes gera insegurança. Assim, faz-se necessário a criação de políticas públicas mais robustas para fortalecer este grupo de agricultores em suas buscas por maior autonomia e autossuficiência.
The integration in the market of food products is a challenge for small family farmers in the trading of their goods, and the understanding of the use of short supply chains – street market - accessed by producers of Santa Rosa/RS was the general purpose of this dissertation. For the development of the research it was given a qualitative approach of exploratory scope, being initially applied a structured questionnaire to 38 street traders and, subsequently, the focus group method with 18 of these participants was used for further study. Data analysis was done by the use of descriptive statistics of the quantifiable data and by the analysis of content of Bardin for the qualitative informations. From the analysis of the informations, it can be noticed that the group of street traders is constituted by small farmers (minifundiaries), who are middle-age, have low schooling and use the pluriactivity as a strategy to improve family income. The production of the farms involves vegetables, greens, roots, cereals, oilseeds and animals, produced for family subsistence and/or commercialization. Among the distribution channels accessed, the short ones consist of a more attractive alternative for this public, being the street market the most used because it brings more economic advantages (better and higher price for the products and cash payments, for example), promotes social inclusion and enables work with more freedom, besides the presence of traditionals/cultural elements. In addition, it represents the most profitable sale mechanism and the only source of income for a significant portion of street traders. Furthermore, with the sale in the street market, producers can work more freely according to their own values, conditions and beliefs in search of autonomy and self-sufficiency. So, more positive than negative elements were identified in the commercialization is this space, being among the most positive ones the proximity to consumers, cash payments, low advertising costs and the sale as the production occurs, and among the negative the uncertainty in sales and the restrictions imposed by sanitary legislation. The overlap of positive over negative nouns reflects favorably at the street markets, mainly by the positive economic implications that bring them well-being. In this sense, the street market can be considered as an instrument to promote development, although there are weaknesses in the process that limit producers, such as restrictions imposed by sanitary legislation and that generate insecurity for them. Thus, it is necessary to create more robust public policies to strengthen this group of farmers in their search for greater autonomy and self-sufficiency.

Peu de données ont été publiées sur le statut nutritionnel des personnes âgées vivant àdomicile. Le premier objectif de cette thèse était d’évaluer le statut nutritionnel de personnesâgées de 65 ans et plus vivant à domicile et les facteurs associés à cet état. Le second objectifde la thèse était d’étudier la survenue de plusieurs événements de santé en fonction du statutnutritionnel. Les données de deux cohortes prospectives incluant des personnes âgées de 65ans et plus (AMI, n=1002 et E3C, n=9294) ont été exploitées. Les résultats de cette thèsemontrent qu’une proportion non négligeable de personnes âgées vivant à domicile présente unstatut nutritionnel altéré. Les individus les plus concernés étaient les plus âgés, de genreféminin, veufs, de niveaux de revenus et scolaire faibles, déments, présentant unesymptomatologie dépressive et des incapacités aux activités de la vie quotidienne. Cesindividus avaient de moins bonnes habitudes alimentaires caractérisées par desconsommations faibles de poisson, légumes, fruits, et élevées de biscuits et viennoiseries. Unstatut nutritionnel altéré à l’inclusion était significativement associé à la survenue de diversévénements au cours des 12 ans de suivi: démence, chute, fracture, incapacités, incontinence,institutionnalisation et décès. L’ensemble de ces travaux montre qu’un état nutritionnel altéré,avant que la dénutrition ne soit installée, n’est pas rare chez les sujets âgés vivant à domicileet que cet état est associé à la survenue plus fréquente d’événements de santé graves. Cesrésultats plaident pour une détection plus active qu’actuellement de ces sujets à risque et pourune prise en charge adaptée
Few data about the nutritional status of elderly people living at home are available. The firstaim of this work was to evaluate the nutritional status of community-dwellers aged 65 andover and the factors associated with this state. The second aim of the thesis was to study theoccurrence of several health events according to the nutritional status. The data of twoprospective cohorts including people aged 65 and over (AMI, n=1,002 and 3C, n=9294) wereanalyzed. The results of this work show that a relatively high proportion of older people livingat home have a poor nutritional status. Individuals most affected were older, of female gender,widowed, with low levels of income and education, presenting a dementia, a depressivesymptomatology and disability in activities of daily living. These individuals had poorereating habits characterized by low consumption of fish, vegetables, fruits, and highconsumption of biscuits and pastries. A poor nutritional status at baseline were significantlyassociated with the occurrence of several events during the 12 years of follow-up: dementia,falls, fractures, disability, incontinence, institutionalization and death. These results show thatpoor nutritional status is frequent in elderly living at home, before malnutrition is established,and that this state is associated with the occurrence of serious health events. These results alsoadvocate for a more active detection of these subjects and a more appropriate healthmanagement

Les Food Imitating Products (FIP) sont des produits d’hygiène corporelle ou domestique qui présentent des attributs alimentaires dans le but d’en enrichir l’expérience de consommation. Cette logique commerciale est également présentée comme une cause potentielle d’ingestions accidentelles en raison de la confusion qu’elle génèrerait dans l’esprit du consommateur. Nous considérons que les FIP reposent sur l’emploi d’une métaphore alimentaire non verbale qui consiste, selon la théorie de la métaphore conceptuelle, à mettre en rapport l’expérience de consommation des produits d’hygiène avec celle de l’aliment. Afin d’examiner si cette métaphore est en mesure de conduire à un défaut de catégorisation du consommateur, nous avons, dans un premier temps, mené une étude de terrain dans un centre antipoison. Nous avons pu apprécier, à partir des échanges téléphoniques enregistrés entre patients et médecins, que l’ingestion accidentelle d’un produit d’hygiène par un consommateur adulte pouvait être le résultat de la similarité créée entre un produit d’hygiène et un aliment par l’emploi d’une métaphore alimentaire non verbale à des fins commerciales. Pour contrôler les facteurs contextuels et personnels néanmoins susceptibles d’influencer la similarité perçue entre un produit d’hygiène et un aliment, nous avons conduit, dans un deuxième temps, une expérimentation en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle. Au regard de nos résultats de neuro-imagerie, les sujets ont généré des inférences gustatives à la vue d’un FIP, ce qui confirme, selon l’approche modale de la catégorisation, que des sujets adultes peuvent implicitement catégoriser un produit d’hygiène en aliment
Food Imitating Products (FIP) are household cleaners and personal care products that exhibit food attributes in order to enrich their consumption experience. Such a marketing logic can also be considered a potential source of consumers unintentional poisonings. In order to understand the rationale behind this marketing logic, we consider FIPs as non verbal food metaphors. According to the conceptual metaphor theory, the metaphor maps from the source domain (food) to the target domain (cleaners) in order to enlighten a (consumption) experience domain with another. We explore if the use of food metaphor could lead to a miscategorization. For this purpose, we conducted a qualitative analysis of household cleaners or personal care products related phone calls made to a poison control centre. It appears that unintentional home self-poisoning following the accidental ingestion of a chemical product by a healthy adult can result from the perceived similarity created by the commercial use of food metaphor. To control for contextual and personal factors that may influence the perceived similarity between household cleaners or personal care products and food, we performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. In light of our neuroimaging results, it appears that the visual processing of FIPs lead to taste inferences, confirming, in the modal approach of categorization, that adult subjects can implicitly categorize a personal care product as food

L’alimentation est un facteur de risque et de protection de nombreuses maladies chroniques. Par ailleurs, l’alimentation fait l’objet de disparités sociales pouvant être à l’origine d’inégalités sociales de santé. Enfin, l’adolescence et l’entrée dans l’âge adulte constituent une période critique au regard de l’acquisition des comportements de santé, pendant laquelle l’adoption de comportements alimentaires, favorables ou défavorables à la santé, est susceptible de perdurer à l’âge adulte. Cette thèse propose une revue systématique de la littérature sur le sujet, suivie de deux études dont les objectifs sont de :(i) étudier les associations entre la consommation d’aliments favorables à la santé et celle d’aliments moins favorables à la santé, et les caractéristiques socioéconomiques et culturelles des adolescents et des jeunes adultes résidant en Belgique, en 2014 ;(ii) ainsi que de comparer entre 2004 et 2014, l’alimentation décrite par un score de profilage nutritionnel et selon différents groupes d’aliment et nutriments, globalement et en fonction des caractéristiques socioéconomiques et culturelles, dans les mêmes groupes d’âge. Ces analyses reposent sur les données issues de deux rappels de 24 heures, obtenues lors des enquêtes nationales de consommation alimentaire réalisées par Sciensano en 2004 et en 2014. D’après la revue systématique de la littérature réalisée, les études de qualité suffisante sur les disparités d’alimentation chez les adolescents et, plus particulièrement chez les jeunes adultes, sont relativement peu nombreuses. Elles confirment toutefois l’existence d’un gradient socioéconomique de l’alimentation. Les analyses des données de consommation alimentaire en Belgique montrent des disparités, dans ces classes d’âge, de niveau d’éducation, de pays de naissance, de région de résidence, de catégorie professionnelle et de structure familiale dans la consommation de groupes d’aliments favorables ou moins favorables à la santé, ainsi que de qualité globale de l’alimentation. Nos analyses suggèrent toutefois certaines améliorations de la situation entre 2004 et 2014. Nos conclusions soulignent le besoin de cibler de manière spécifique la population d’adolescents et de jeunes adultes lors de la mise en place d’actions de santé publique à visée nutritionnelle. Des études complémentaires restent nécessaires pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes en jeu à cette période de la vie. Enfin, l’officialisation récente du Nutri-Score en Belgique offre l’opportunité d’en étudier l’impact sur la qualité de l’alimentation dans les prochaines enquêtes nationales de consommation.
Doctorat en Santé Publique
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Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2012-2013.
La littérature démontre une forte préoccupation à l'égard du poids ainsi qu'une prévalence élevée de désordres alimentaires chez les athlètes féminines, particulièrement chez les athlètes d'élite pratiquant des sports esthétiques et à catégories de poids. Puisque l'adoption de ces comportements entraîne des conséquences importantes, l'implantation d'un programme de prévention primaire auprès des adolescentes athlètes s'avère pertinente. Toutefois, la connaissance des facteurs influençant l'adoption de ces comportements demeure inconnue. Ce mémoire présente les résultats d'une étude ayant pour objectif général d'évaluer les comportements alimentaires reliés à la gestion du poids chez les athlètes féminines de niveau secondaire. Les facteurs psychosociaux de l'intention d'adopter ces comportements sont également identifiés. Basés sur la théorie du comportement planifié, nos résultats démontrent que seule l'attitude prédit cette intention. Ainsi, ce projet permet une compréhension plus approfondie des éléments permettant le développement d'un programme de prévention primaire auprès d'athlètes féminines de niveau secondaire.

Si le droit connaît les médicaments et les denrées alimentaires, il ne reconnaît pas les alicaments. Or, ces dernières années ont vu l’apparition et le développement, sur le marché de l’Union européenne, de « produits-frontière » c'est-à-dire de produits se trouvant à la frontière entre les médicaments et les aliments. Confrontées à un vaste conflit de qualification causé par l’ambivalence conceptuelle des « produits-frontière », les institutions de l’Union ont, au nom de la libre circulation des marchandises ainsi que de la nécessité d’une protection accrue des consommateurs et de la santé publique, entamé, dès le début des années 2000, une large harmonisation des dispositions nationales relatives à ces produits. Considérés comme aliments, leur nature particulière nécessite cependant une approche adaptative de la part du législateur européen. Cette nouvelle approche de l’aliment par le droit, favorable à la reconnaissance d’une santé alimentaire, tant convoitée par la société contemporaine, ne résout toutefois pas l’ambiguïté quant à la place à accorder aux « produits-frontière » dans le corpus juridique de l’Union européenne.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
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En France, le goûter est une habitude fréquente chez les enfants qui se caractérise généralement par la consommation d’aliments gras, sucrés et riches en énergie. Si les comportements alimentaires restent flexibles et peuvent évoluer tout au long de la vie, ils sont déjà fortement établis dès l’enfance. Dans ce contexte, améliorer les habitudes alimentaires en matière de goûter semble primordiale. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc d’évaluer l’efficacité de leviers visant à favoriser des choix de goûters favorables à la santé au sein du binôme mère-enfant. Une première expérimentation a été conduite de façon à évaluer l’impact du système d’étiquetage nutritionnel Nutri-Score sur la qualité nutritionnelle et sur l’appréciation des goûters choisis au sein du binôme mère-enfant. Les résultats soulignent une amélioration de la qualité nutritionnelle des goûters choisis par les participants pour eux-mêmes et pour l’autre membre du binôme à la suite de l’étiquetage des aliments avec le logo Nutri-Score. Cette amélioration s’accompagne toutefois d’une diminution de l’appréciation à l’égard des goûters choisis par les enfants et par les mères. Une deuxième expérimentation a été menée de façon à évaluer l’efficacité d’une intervention hédonique conduite au domicile mobilisant trois dimensions du plaisir alimentaire (sensorielle, interpersonnelle et psychosociale) pour stimuler la consommation d’aliments sains sur la qualité nutritionnelle des goûters choisis au laboratoire au sein du binôme mère-enfant. Cette intervention a également été testée sur différents indicateurs caractérisant la composition nutritionnelle des goûters consommés au domicile par les enfants. Si l’intervention n’a pas permis d’améliorer la qualité nutritionnelle des goûters choisis au laboratoire par les enfants et leur mère, elle a réduit la charge énergétique des goûters consommés au domicile par les enfants. Cette réduction serait due à une diminution des quantités consommées. Les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de ce travail pourraient fournir des pistes de réflexion à destination des autorités publiques chargées de la communication et des recommandations en matière d’alimentation chez les enfants
In France, the midafternoon snack is a frequent habit among children usually characterized by the consumption of fatty, sweet and high-energy-dense foods. If eating behaviours remain flexible and can evolve throughout the life, they are already strongly established during childhood. In this context, improve food habits in terms of midafternoon snack seem important. The thesis aim was therefore to assess the effectiveness of levers aimed at promoting healthy snack choices within mother-child dyads. A first experiment was conducted in order to assess the impact of a nutritional labelling system, the Nutri-Score, on the nutritional quality and on the liking of the snacks chosen within mother-child dyads. The results showed an improvement in the nutritional quality of midafternoon snacks chosen by the participants for themselves and for the other dyad member after labelling with the Nutri-Score. This improvement is accompanied by a decrease in the liking of the snacks chosen by children and mothers. A second experiment was conducted in order to assess the impact of a pleasure-based intervention conducted at home and mobilizing three dimensions of pleasure from eating (sensory, interpersonal and psychosocial) and on the nutritional quality of midafternoon snacks chosen in the laboratory in mother-child dyads. This intervention was also tested on different variables characterizing the nutritional composition of the midafternoon snack consumed at home by children. If the intervention did not improve the nutritional quality of the snacks chosen by the children and their mother in the laboratory, it reduced the energy content of snacks consumed at home by the children. This reduction would be due to a decrease in the quantities consumed. Results obtained in the context of this work could provide guidance for public authorities responsible for communication and recommendation on child nutrition

Les initiatives actuelles de promotion de la saine alimentation fondées essentiellement sur une approche cognitive qui valorise les bénéfices pour la santé et le poids de la consommation d’aliments sains demeurent généralement inefficaces tel que démontré par la difficulté des individus à adhérer aux recommandations alimentaires. Il est donc impératif de revoir les stratégies utilisées actuellement afin d’accroître la qualité de l’alimentation de la population. De récentes études ont laissé entrevoir le potentiel d’une approche axée sur le plaisir alimentaire pour encourager les choix alimentaires sains. Toutefois, encore peu d’études ont porté sur le sujet et poursuivre la recherche sur l’effet d’une telle approche sur les choix et les comportements alimentaires demeure essentiel. Le projet de recherche effectué dans le cadre de ce mémoire visait donc, dans un premier temps, à développer deux versions d’un outil de promotion de la saine alimentation, soit une version axée sur le plaisir de manger sainement et une version traditionnelle axée sur les attributs santé des aliments sains et, dans un deuxième temps, à comparer la perception d’adultes canadiens-français (N=100) de ces deux approches et évaluer leurs effets potentiels sur l’adoption d’une saine alimentation. Les résultats indiquent que ces deux versions sont perçues comme véhiculant deux approches distinctes et que la version « plaisir » du dépliant est en mesure d’induire la perception selon laquelle bien manger peut être plaisant. Cette version est également susceptible de susciter un changement de comportement par l’amélioration de l’attitude affective envers la saine alimentation et de l’intention de manger sainement. Ces outils pourront donc servir dans de futures études d’intervention visant à explorer le potentiel d’une approche axée sur plaisir de manger pour encourager les saines habitudes alimentaires au sein de la population.
Existing initiatives to promote healthy eating based primarily on a cognitive approach emphasizing the benefits on health and weight of consuming nutritious foods remain largely ineffective as individuals struggle to adhere to dietary recommendations. It is therefore of significant importance to challenge and review the strategies currently used to increase the quality of the population’s diet. Recent studies have indicated the potential of an approach oriented towards eating pleasure to promote the consumption of healthy foods. However, few studies have examined this topic and further investigation on the effect of such an approach on eating choices and behaviours is needed. The research project carried out as part of this thesis aimed, as a first step, at developing two versions of a healthy eating promotion tool, i.e. a version focusing on the pleasure of eating healthily and a traditional version focusing on health attributes of healthy foods. Secondly, it aimed at comparing perceptions of Canadian adults towards these two approaches (a pleasure vs. a health perspective) and to evaluate their potential effects on the adoption of healthy eating. The results showed that these two versions are perceived as conveying two distinct approaches, and that the “pleasure” version of the tool is capable of inducing the perception that eating healthy can be pleasurable and is likely to trigger behavioural changes through improved affective attitude towards healthy eating and intention to eat healthily. These tools could therefore be used in future intervention studies aiming to explore the potential of an eating pleasure-oriented approach to encourage healthy eating habits of the population

Il est de plus en plus important de quantifier la robustesse des animaux d’élevage pour améliorer la durabilité des systèmes des élevages. Cependant, robustesse est un trait complexe et non mesurable directement. Cette thèse a été consacré à quantifier des éléments de robustesse. Un modèle mathématique a été développé pour détecter des perturbations et pour quantifier la réponse des porcs en croissance en termes de la résistance et la résilience. Le modèle permet d’estimer la trajectoire ciblée de l’ingestion cumulatif pour les porcs en croissance. Des conséquences de perturbation peuvent être détecter par des déviations de cette ciblée. La réponse d’animal peut être caractérisée par quatre paramètres :le début et la fin de la perturbation, la réduction immédiate de l’ingestion journalière (la résistance), et la capacité de l’animal à retrouver sa trajectoire ciblée de l’ingestion via la consommation compensatrice (la résilience). Nous avons appliqué ce modèle à quantifier la réponse des porcs en croissance à une et deux périodes de distribution de régimes contaminées par des mycotoxines. Le modèle a prouvé sa capacité à détecter et quantifier la réponse des animaux aux mycotoxines. Les caractéristiques de la réponse d’animal peuvent être appliquées pour affiner les critères de sélection génétique et dans le contexte de mieux adapter les stratégies d’alimentation
Quantifying robustness of farm animals is essential to improve the sustainability of livestock production systems. Robustness, however, is a complex trait and not measurable directly. The aim of this PhD thesis was to develop a method to quantify elements of robustness in growing pigs. A mathematical model was developed to detect perturbations on feed intake and to quantify the response of pigs to perturbations in terms of resistance and resilience. The model estimated a targeted trajectory of cumulative feed intake which is hypothesized as the desired feed intake of pigs in non-perturbed condition. Consequences of perturbations can be detected from deviations of this target. The animal’s response can be characterized by four parameters: the start andend times of a perturbation, the immediate reduction in daily feed intake at the start of the perturbation (resistance trait) and the pig’s capacity to overcome the perturbing effect through compensatory feed intake (resilience trait). We then applied the model to quantify the response of group-housed pigs to a diet contaminated with mycotoxins in one or two periods of the experiment. The model proved its capacity to detect and quantify the response of pigs to mycotoxins. Characteristics of animal’s response obtained from the model can be applied to phenotype animals in genetic selection or in management strategies

CAPES
The increase in the number of commensals in the Federal Educational Institutes has created a demand for specialized food services to offer safe food. O Campus Monte Castelo of the Federal Institute of Maranh?o (IFMA) opted for an outsourced meal service on trays, self-service and fast food. This study aimed to diagnose the conditions of hygiene and management at the Food and Nutrition Unit (FNU) and develop educational and sanitary hygienic procedures essential to food safety. To do this, two check lists were developed, one to check the management and another to evaluate cleaning procedures and get a diagnostic of the situation. At the same time, microbiological analyzes were performed to verify the quality of air, water, hygiene of utensils and hands of food handlers. Four out of nine sampled environmental sites showed fungal contamination in the air higher than 100 CFU/cm ? / week especially the food preparation environment as a result of the higher temperature and humidity, and an inadequate or broken exhaust/ ventilation. One of the lounge areas of self service meal, next to the bathroom was also classified as nonconforming. With respect to the FNU water potability, it was detected the presence of total coliforms in only one of the drinking troughs, denoting that the procedure for maintenance and cleaning is inappropriate, since the water from the reservatory was potable. The evaluation of the microbial load of the surface of utensils and hands of food handlers was performed before and after implementation of Good Practices, and adoption of Standard Safety Operating Procedures (SOP). At the first evaluation, all surfaces were considered inadequate, with mesophilic counts up 150 CFU per cm2. After the procedures of hygiene adoption, mesophilic counts were reduced by more than one log cycle and only the vegetable cutting plate kept contaminated with more than 5cfu/cm2. The adopted hygiene procedures were not sufficient to completely eliminate total coliform that were detected in two of the utensils, which was related to the fact that they were over-worn and due to biofilm buildup. The contamination of the hands of food handlers with mesophilic microorganisms has been reduced by up to 3,6 log cycles after adoption of hygiene procedures. The total coliform contamination, even though reduced, persisted, which means that these procedures should be improved. However, they are considered satisfactory from the safety point of view, since fecal coliforms and coagulase positive staphylococci were not detected. The procedures established at the FNU, especially the GMPs manual and SOPs procedures resulted in adequacy of most hygiene procedures. For full compliance to the requirements of hygiene a continuous training of handlers is needed. Also inadequacies remain on the infrastructure and management.
O aumento do n?mero de comensais nos Institutos Federais de Educa??o criou uma demanda por servi?o especializado de alimenta??o, visando oferecer alimento seguro. O Campus Monte Castelo do Instituto Federal do Maranh?o (IFMA) optou, por contratar um restaurante terceirizado que oferece servi?o de refei??es em bandejas, self-service e lanchonete. Esse trabalho buscou diagnosticar as condi??es de higiene e gest?o da unidade de alimenta??o e nutri??o (UAN) e desenvolveu praticas educativas de procedimentos higi?nico-sanit?rios essenciais ? inocuidade dos alimentos. Para isso foram desenvolvidos dois check lists sendo um, para caracteriza??o do estabelecimento e dos procedimentos de higieniza??o existentes, e um outro check-list, exclusivo para avalia??o de Boas Praticas de Higiene, foi utilizado para diagnosticar e posteriormente verificar a adequa??o dos procedimentos de higieniza??o. Ao mesmo tempo, foram realizadas analises microbiol?gicas para verificar a qualidade do ar, da ?gua, a higiene dos utens?lios e m?os de manipuladores. Quatro de nove ambientes amostrados apresentaram contamina??o f?ngica no ar maior que 100UFC/cm?/semana especialmente o ambiente de preparo de alimentos por ser local onde a temperatura e umidade s?o elevadas, e ventila??o e exaust?o inadequadas e/ou inoperantes. Uma das ?reas do sal?o de refei??o do self service, pr?xima ao banheiro, tamb?m foi classificada como n?o conforme. Com rela??o ? potabilidade da ?gua da UAN, foi constatada a presen?a de coliformes totais somente em um dos bebedouros, denotando que o procedimento de manuten??o e higieniza??o do bebedouro ? inadequado, j? que a ?gua da caixa mostrou-se pot?vel. A avalia??o da carga microbiana da superf?cie de utens?lios e m?os de manipuladores foi realizada antes e ap?s implanta??o das Boas Pr?ticas, e ado??o de Procedimentos Operacionais Padr?o (POP) de higiene. No primeiro momento todas as superf?cies foram consideradas inadequadas com contagem de mes?filos de at? 150 UFC por cm2. Ap?s ado??o dos procedimentos de higiene houve redu??o de mais de um ciclo logar?tmico na contagem de mes?filos e apenas a placa de corte de folhosas apresentou contamina??o maior que 5 UFC/cm2, valor considerado adequado. Entretanto, os procedimentos de higieniza??o adotados n?o foram suficientes para eliminar totalmente a contamina??o com coliformes totais em dois dos utens?lios, o que foi relacionado ao fato de apresentarem-se desgastados pelo uso intensivo e forma??o de biofilmes A contamina??o com microrganismos mes?filos nas m?os dos manipuladores foi reduzida em at? 3,6 ciclos logar?tmicos ap?s ado??o dos procedimentos de higiene. A contamina??o com coliformes totais, mesmo que reduzida, persistiu, o que significa que estes procedimentos dever?o ser melhorados. Por?m s?o considerados satisfat?rios do ponto de vista sanit?rio, j? que n?o foram encontrados coliformes termotolerantes e estafilococos coagulase positiva. A interven??o feita na UAN, especialmente com a elabora??o do manual das BPFs e de POPs da higieniza??o resultou em adequa??o da maioria dos procedimentos de higiene adotados. Para a total adequa??o aos requisitos de higiene faz-se necess?ria a capacita??o continuada dos manipuladores. Tamb?m persistem inadequa??es relativas ? infra estrutura e gest?o

Protocole d'entente entre l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
Protocole d'entente entre l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
Des interventions en milieu scolaire combinant des activités sur l’alimentation et la pratique d’activités physiques ont des effets bénéfiques sur l’acquisition de saines habitudes alimentaires. Toutefois, plus d’études sont nécessaires afin d’améliorer les connaissances sur l’influence de ces interventions en milieu scolaire utilisant des stratégies d’apprentissage par l’expérience et l’implication des parents sur les habitudes alimentaires des enfants. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer l’effet d’un programme d’éducation parascolaire pour une saine alimentation et un mode de vie actif sur les habitudes alimentaires, la perception des compétences alimentaires et culinaires et le niveau d’autodétermination de l’alimentation des jeunes. Au total, 33 élèves âgés de 10 à 12 ans ont participé à l’an 1 (n=18) ou à l’an 2 (n=15) du projet de recherche. La durée du projet était de 6 mois à chacune des années. Durant le projet, les jeunes ont assisté à un atelier de nutrition par semaine. Des questionnaires sur leurs habitudes alimentaires, la perception de leurs compétences alimentaires et culinaires et leur niveau d’autodétermination à l’alimentation ont été distribués au début et à la fin de l’intervention. Aucune amélioration significative des habitudes alimentaires n’a été observée chez les participants. Toutefois, plus de la moitié des élèves (53,8 %) rapportaient consommer des légumes tous les jours au début du projet. Il n’est pas possible d’affirmer que le programme a eu un impact sur la perception de leurs compétences alimentaires et culinaires. Cependant, l’association positive entre le niveau d’autodétermination à l’alimentation et la consommation de légumes et de fruits est une avenue intéressante pour la recherche. En conclusion, les résultats sont prometteurs pour le maintien de saines habitudes alimentaires chez les jeunes. De futures études s’orienteraient sur l’adaptation du programme à plusieurs niveaux scolaires et sur ses effets à long terme sur les habitudes alimentaires des enfants
Des interventions en milieu scolaire combinant des activités sur l’alimentation et la pratique d’activités physiques ont des effets bénéfiques sur l’acquisition de saines habitudes alimentaires. Toutefois, plus d’études sont nécessaires afin d’améliorer les connaissances sur l’influence de ces interventions en milieu scolaire utilisant des stratégies d’apprentissage par l’expérience et l’implication des parents sur les habitudes alimentaires des enfants. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer l’effet d’un programme d’éducation parascolaire pour une saine alimentation et un mode de vie actif sur les habitudes alimentaires, la perception des compétences alimentaires et culinaires et le niveau d’autodétermination de l’alimentation des jeunes. Au total, 33 élèves âgés de 10 à 12 ans ont participé à l’an 1 (n=18) ou à l’an 2 (n=15) du projet de recherche. La durée du projet était de 6 mois à chacune des années. Durant le projet, les jeunes ont assisté à un atelier de nutrition par semaine. Des questionnaires sur leurs habitudes alimentaires, la perception de leurs compétences alimentaires et culinaires et leur niveau d’autodétermination à l’alimentation ont été distribués au début et à la fin de l’intervention. Aucune amélioration significative des habitudes alimentaires n’a été observée chez les participants. Toutefois, plus de la moitié des élèves (53,8 %) rapportaient consommer des légumes tous les jours au début du projet. Il n’est pas possible d’affirmer que le programme a eu un impact sur la perception de leurs compétences alimentaires et culinaires. Cependant, l’association positive entre le niveau d’autodétermination à l’alimentation et la consommation de légumes et de fruits est une avenue intéressante pour la recherche. En conclusion, les résultats sont prometteurs pour le maintien de saines habitudes alimentaires chez les jeunes. De futures études s’orienteraient sur l’adaptation du programme à plusieurs niveaux scolaires et sur ses effets à long terme sur les habitudes alimentaires des enfants

Un environnement nutritionnel périnatal délétère est à l’origine d’une programmation métabolique conduisant à un risque accru de développer un syndrome métabolique à l’âge adulte. Chez le rat une dénutrition protéique maternelle induit une hyperphagie au cours du développement postnatal et des défauts de satiété persistent à l’âge adulte. Ainsi, la composante homéostatique du comportement alimentaire reposant sur l’intégration centrale des signaux gastro-intestinaux pourrait être dérégulée. Cet axe intestin-cerveau implique les cellules entéro-endocrines (CEE) sécrétrices de peptides satiétogènes tels que la cholécystokinine (CCK) dont les effets sont médiés par le nerf vague et le système nerveux entérique (SNE). L’objectif de cette thèse était de déterminer chez le rat l’impact d’une dénutrition périnatale sur (i) la régulation vagale de la prise alimentaire par la CCK (ii) la maturation et la fonction de « sensing » nutritionnel des CEE sécrétant la CCK (iii) les interactions CEE-SNE. Nous avons montré qu’une restriction protéique maternelle induisait une perte de sensibilité vagale à la CCK à l’âge adulte. La densité de CEE sécrétrices de CCK était augmentée, contribuant vraisemblablement à la plus forte sécrétion de CCK en réponse au stimulus nutritionnel (acide gras). Néanmoins, cette réponse était accompagnée d’une augmentation de la perméabilité intestinale. Pour la première fois, un effet de la CCK sur cette fonction régulée par le SNE a été montré in vitro. Les interactions CEE-SNE constituent donc une cible nouvellement identifiée de la programmation métabolique et ouvrent de nouvelles pistes de compréhension des pathologies de l’axe intestin-cerveau, notamment du comportement alimentaire
A deleterious nutritional environment induces a metabolic programming thus leading to an increased risk of developing metabolic pathologies. In rat perinatal protein restriction induced hyperphagia during the postnatal development and default in satiety establishment at adulthood. Therefore the homeostatic component of eating behavior ensured by the central integration of gastrointestinal signals could be deregulated. This gut-brain axis involves the enteroendocrine cells (EEC) which secrete satietogenic peptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK) which physiological effects are mediated through the vagus nerve and probably the enteric nervous system (ENS). The aim of this thesis was to determine in rat the impact of perinatal denutrition on (i) the vagal regulation of food intake by CCK (ii) the maturation and the function of nutrient sensing of CCK secreting EEC (iii) the interaction between EEC and ENS. We demonstrated that perinatal protein restriction leads to a loss of vagal sensitivity to CCK at adulthood. The density of CCKsecreting EEC was increased likely contributing to the higher CCK secretion in response to nutritional stimulus such as long chain fatty acid. Nevertheless this response was accompanied by an increased intestinal permeability. For the first time a CCK effect on this function ensured by the ENS has been shown in vitro. The interactions between ENS and EEC constitute a novel identified target for metabolic programming thus opening news approaches for understanding gut brain axis pathologies notably eating behavior

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Florianópolis, 2014.
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O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar - PNAE é gerenciado pelo Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação - FNDE e visa a transferência, em caráter suplementar, de recursos financeiros aos estados, ao Distrito Federal e aos municípios destinados a suprir parcialmente as necessidades nutricionais dos alunos matriculados em escolas públicas e filantrópicas. Em 2009, a Lei 11.947 e a Resolução nº 38 passaram a exigir que do total dos recursos financeiros repassados ao PNAE, no mínimo 30% (trinta por cento), devem ser utilizados na aquisição de gêneros alimentícios diretamente da agricultura familiar e do empreendedor familiar rural ou de suas organizações. Neste contexto o presente estudo utilizou como panorama empírico o PNAE, por ser uma política pública que tem buscado favorecer a agricultura familiar, a produção e distribuição de alimentos a nível local e regional, o desenvolvimento rural sustentável e a qualidade das refeições dos escolares. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar as contribuições das dinâmicas de aquisição de alimentos da AF para o PNAE quanto à melhoria da sua governança, da qualidade nutricional das refeições e da organização produtiva e comercial dos agricultores. A pesquisa foi delineada como estudo de casos múltiplos com abordagem qualitativa complementada, em parte, pela quantitativa. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa realizou-se um estudo exploratório descritivo em 10 municípios localizados nas Encostas da Serra Geral no estado de Santa Catarina. A coleta de dados para aprofundamento do estudo foi realizada nos municípios de Santa Rosa de Lima, Rio Fortuna e Lauro Müller por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise documental. Todos os atores entrevistados participavam na prática de pelo menos uma das seguintes etapas: processo de compra, fornecimento e distribuição dos alimentos utilizados no preparo das refeições para os escolares, prestação de contas ou elaboração do cardápio. Os dados provenientes das entrevistas e dos documentos fornecidos foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicam que a aquisição de alimentos oriundos da AF para o PNAE trouxe contribuições significativas para a qualidade nutricional das refeições servidas, para a sustentabilidade econômica e para a organização produtiva e comercial de uma parcela dos agricultores familiares das Encostas da Serra Geral em Santa Catarina. A investigação também contribuiu para verificar importantes questões relacionadas à governança do processo de aquisição de alimentos da AF, demonstrando que o Conselho de Alimentação Escolar dos três municípios tem atuado de maneira bastante informal, prejudicando a interação entre os conselheiros e a discussão de questões importantes, o que acaba comprometendo a realização das atribuições previstas na legislação e a governança em torno do programa. A inclusão de produtos da AF na alimentação escolar foi fundamental para aumentar a oferta de frutas, verduras e legumes frescos e alimentos orgânicos nas escolas, para reduzir a oferta de produtos processados, além de proporcionar maior diversificação nos cardápios, favorecendo a aquisição de bons hábitos alimentares. A análise dos cardápios elaborados pelas nutricionistas permite inferir que os mesmos estavam de acordo com preceitos legais da resolução 38 de 2009 relacionados à utilização de gêneros alimentícios básicos, ao respeito à cultura alimentar da localidade e à diversificação agrícola da região. O estudo assinala que a diversidade de produtos demandados pelo PNAE incentiva os agricultores a diversificar os cultivos, o que se enquadra nos princípios da agroecologia, favorecendo a sustentabilidade dos agroecossistemas locais. Evidenciou-se que o fornecimento de alimentos para o PNAE é importante para a sustentabilidade econômica das organizações da AF estudadas e que as demandas do programa estimularam o aumento no número de cooperados e fortaleceram as agroindústrias familiares. Porém, ficou claro que outras vias de comercialização dos produtos oriundos da agricultura familiar devem ser incentivadas pelas políticas públicas, visto que somente o PNAE não é capaz de assegurar renda suficiente para as famílias dos agricultores. A assistência técnica, bem como a maior articulação e capacitação dos atores envolvidos na aquisição e comercialização de alimentos no âmbito do PNAE, podem favorecer o desenvolvimento do território, a adequação da oferta à demanda e a qualidade nutricional e sensorial dos alimentos fornecidos, facilitando a comercialização dos produtos da AF. Por fim, este estudo sinaliza que políticas públicas como o PNAE, quando bem implementadas, podem produzir mudanças positivas tanto na produção quanto no consumo de alimentos, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento com sustentabilidade e para a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) de alunos e agricultores familiares.

Abstract : The National School Feeding Programme (PNAE) is managed by the National Fund for Education Development (FNDE) and aims to transfer, in a supplementary way, financial resources to the states, the Federal District and the municipalities intended to meet partially the nutritional needs of students enrolled in public and nonprofit schools. In 2009, Law 11.947 and Resolution No. 38 started to demand that from the total financial resources allocated to PNAE, at least 30% (thirty percent) must be used in the purchase of food directly from family farms and family rural entrepreneurs or their organizations. In this context, the present study used the PNAE as an empirical overview, since it is a public policy that has sought to encourage family farming, production and distribution of food at a local and regional level, sustainable rural development and the quality of school meals. The study aimed to analyze the contributions of the dynamics of purchasing food from family farmers, through PNAE, in improving its governance, the nutritional quality of meals and the production and commercial organization of family farmers. This research was designed as a multiple case study with a qualitative approach supplemented in part by a quantitative one. In the first stage of the research, an exploratory descriptive study in 10 municipalities located in the slopes of the Serra Geral in the state of Santa Catarina State was conducted. Data collection for deepening the study was conducted in the cities of Santa Rosa de Lima, Rio Fortuna Lauro Müller and through semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis. All interviewed actors participated of at least one of the following steps: buying process, supply and distribution of food used in the preparation of meals for the schoolchildren, accountability or preparation of the menu. Data from interviews and documents provided were analyzed using content analysis. The results indicate that the acquisition of food from the family farmers through PNAE brought significant contributions to the nutritional quality of meals served, to the economic sustainability and also to the productive and commercial organization of a portion of the farmers in the slopes of the Serra Geral in Santa Catarina State. The research also contributed to identify important issues related to the governance in the process of acquiring food from family farmers, demonstrating that the Board of School Feeding (CAE) of the three municipalities has acted in a fairly informal manner, harming the interaction between the directors and the discussion of important issues, which ultimately jeopardize the achievement of the tasks set out in the legislation and the governancearound the program. The inclusion of products of family farmers in the school feeding was essential to increase the supply of fruits and fresh vegetables, as well as organic foods in schools, to reduce the supply of processed products, in addition to providing greater diversification in menus, favoring the acquisition of positive eating habits. The analysis of menus prepared by nutritionists infer that they were in accordance with the legal provisions of Resolution 38, of 2009, relating to the use of basic foodstuffs, to respect the food culture of the locality and agricultural diversification in the region. The study notes that the diversity of products demanded by PNAE encourages farmers to diversify crops, which fits on the principles of agroecology, promoting the sustainability of local agroecosystems. It was evident that the supply of food for PNAE is important for the economic sustainability of the family farmers? organizations studied and that the demands of the program stimulated an increase in the number of family members and strengthened agribusinesses. However, it became clear that other ways of selling products from family farms should be encouraged by public policy, since only PNAE is unable to ensure sufficient income for the family farmers. Technical assistance, as well as greater coordination and training of the actors involved in the acquisition and marketing of foods through PNAE, may favor the development of the area, adequacy of supply and demand, as well as the nutritional and sensory quality of the food provided, facilitating the marketing of family farmers? products. Finally, this study indicates that public policies such as PNAE, when properly implemented, can produce positive changes in both the production and consumption of food, contributing to the development with sustainability and to the Food Safety and Nutrition (SAN) for students and farmers.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Florianópolis, 2014.
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Introdução: Uma dieta saudável está baseada no consumo adequado de frutas, verduras e cereais integrais. Entre os cereais, o milho destaca-se por ser considerado uma boa fonte de ácido ferúlico. É amplamente utilizado para diversas preparações culinárias, a exemplo da polenta, que tem sido pouco estudada. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o perfil fenólico e a atividade antioxidante nas farinhas de variedades locais de milho, devido ao seu potencial de diversidade química, e avaliar os possíveis efeitos da preparação da polenta sobre o conteúdo daqueles compostos. Métodos: Grãos de 5 variedades locais foram resgatadas nos Municípios de Anchieta e Guaraciaba (Oeste de Santa Catarina) e uma variedade comercial foi utilizada para efeitos de comparação. As amostras foram moídas (60 mesh) e os compostos fenólicos livres (FL), esterificados (FE), glicosilados (FG), ligados liberados por hidrólise enzimática (HE) ou térmica (HT) foram extraídos. As farinhas das variedades Vermelho (76C), Mato Grosso Palha Branca (2109) e o milho comercial (P32R22) foram utilizadas para preparar as polentas. O teor de fenólicos foi determinado pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteau e a atividade antioxidante pelos ensaios ?Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power? (FRAP) e DPPH (2,2-difenil 1 picril hidrazil). A identificação dos compostos de interesse foi realizada por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Resultados: O conteúdo de fenólicos totais nas farinhas variou de 794,35 à 1.350,52 mg de equivalentes de ácido gálico (EAG. Kg-1), estando a maior parte deles ligados (76,92%). Entre as variedades, 76C e 2109 apresentaram maiores conteúdos de fenólicos. A análise das polentas evidenciou a liberação dos compostos fenólicos, com aumento médio de 129%. O maior conteúdo de fenólicos foi encontrado na polenta da variedade 76C. Com a preparação da polenta ocorreu um aumento da atividade antioxidante evidenciado por ambos os métodos (FRAP e DPPH). A maior atividade antioxidante total foi encontrada na farinha da variedade 76C, bem como na sua polenta. Os teores de fenólicos totais mostraram forte correlação positiva com a atividade antioxidante total, pelos métodos de FRAP (r2 = 0,903, P<0,01) e DPPH (r2 = 0,794, P<0,05). Entre os extratos, FL, FE e HT apresentaram correlação positiva entre o conteúdo de fenólicos e a atividade antioxidante. Já FG mostrou correlação positiva somente para as polentas. A CLAE revelou o ácido ferúlico e seu derivado como compostos majoritários dos extratos HT e FL, respectivamente. A identificação dos fenólicos nos outros extratos não foi possível pelaausência de padrões comerciais. No entanto, neste caso, foi observado composição química distinta entre as variedades. Similarmente, a análise dos perfis UV-vis via PCA revelou diferenças entre os extratos contendo os fenólicos solúveis e ligados e os ligados entre si. Conclusão: A variedade 76C apresentou maior potencial à produção de uma farinha e polenta diferenciada, pelo maior conteúdo de fenólicos e atividade antioxidante. Ficou evidenciado também que o processo utilizado para preparar a polenta acarretou no aumento do teor de fenólicos e da atividade antioxidante total. Portanto, os resultados encontrados são importantes no âmbito da segurança alimentar, mostrando as farinhas de milho como nutracêuticos (fonte de fenólicos solúveis) e a polenta como alimento funcional, principalmente pelo conteúdo de ácido ferúlico, os quais tem sido associados à prevenção do câncer de cólon.

Abstract : Introduction: A healthy diet is based on the adequate consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Among the grains, corn stands out as a good source of ferulic acid. Corn is used for various culinary dishes, including polenta, which has been poorly studied. As such, the objective of the current study was to investigate the phenolic profile and antioxidant properties of flours produced from landraces of corn, based on their chemical properties, and evaluate the possible effects of polenta preparation on chemical composition. Methods: Grains of five landraces were collected from the Municipalities of Anchieta and Guaraciaba (Western Santa Catarina State, Brazil) and one commercial variety was used for comparison. Samples were ground (60-mesh) and the following phenolic compounds were extracted: free (FL), esterified (FE), glycosylated (FG), and bonds released using enzymatic hydrolysis (HE) or thermal hydrolysis (HT). Flours from the varieties Red (76C), Mato Grosso White Straw (2109) and commercial corn (P32R22) were used to prepare polenta. The content of phenolic acid was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant properties using ?Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power? (FRAP) and DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The identification of the phenolis compounds was realized using High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results: The total phenolics content in flours ranged from 794.35 to 1350.52 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE.Kg-1), with the majority being bound (76.92%). Of all tested varieties, 76C and 2109 presented the greatest content of phenolics. The analysis of the polenta showed a release of phenolic compounds with an average increase of 129%. The highest content of phenolics was found in polenta from variety 76C. The process of preparing polenta led to an increase in antioxidant activity demonstrated using both FRAP and DPPH. The greatest total antioxidant activity was found in flour from the 76C variety, as well as its polenta. The levels of total phenolics showed a strong positive correlation with total antioxidant activity, using FRAP (r2 = 0.903, P<0.01) and DPPH (r2 = 0.794, P<0.05). Among the extracted components, FL, FE, and HT showed a positive correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity. FG showed a positive correlation only for the polentas. The HPLC demonstrated ferulic acid and its derivatives as major compounds of the extracts HT and FL, respectively. The identification of phenolic acids in other extracts was not possible due to the absence of commercial standards. However, in this study the chemical composition was distinct between varieties.Similarly, the analysis of UV-vis profiles using PCA showed differences between the extracts containing soluble and bound phenolics and between the bound phenolics. Conclusion: Variety 76C presented the greatest potential for the production of a distinct flour and polenta due to the higher content of phenolics and antioxidant activity. It was evident as well that the process used to prepare the polenta led to an increase in the level of phenolics and total antioxidant activity. Therefore, the results found in this study are important in the field of food security as it shows corn flour as a nutraceutical (a source of soluble phenolics) and polenta as a functional food, particularly because of the content of ferulic acid which is associated with the prevention of colon cancer.