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Kormysheva, Eleonora, et Svetlana Malykh. « Lepsius Tombs in the Giza Necropolis Rediscovered : Preliminary Report on the Russian Archaeological Mission at Giza Excavations 2006–2008* ». Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 96, no 1 (janvier 2010) : 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751331009600103.
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Goncharov, E. Yu, et S. E. Malykh. « ISLAMIC COINS FROM EASTERN GIZA (EGYPT) ». Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no 3 (13) (2020) : 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-57-62.
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The article focuses on the attribution of one gold and two copper coins discovered by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Giza. Coins come from mixed fillings of the burial shafts of the Ancient Egyptian rock-cut tombs of the second half of the 3rd millennium B.C. According to the archaeological context, the coins belong to the stages of the destruction of ancient burials that took place during the Middle Ages and Modern times. One of the coins is a Mamluk fals dating back to the first half of the 14th century A.D., the other two belong to the 1830s — the Ottoman period in Egypt, and are attributed as gold a buchuk hayriye and its copper imitation. Coins are rare for the ancient necropolis and are mainly limited to specimens of the 19th–20th centuries. In general, taking into account the numerous finds of other objects — fragments of ceramic, porcelain and glass utensils, metal ware, glass and copper decorations, we can talk about the dynamic nature of human activity in the ancient Egyptian cemetery in the 2nd millennium A.D. Egyptians and European travelers used the ancient rock-cut tombs as permanent habitats or temporary sites, leaving material traces of their stay.
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Malykh, Svetlana E. « LATE POTTERY FROM THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TOMB OF NESEMNAU IN GIZA AND FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THIEVES’ DEBRIS IN BURIAL SHAFTS ». Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no 1 (19) (2022) : 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2022-1-126-139.
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The ancient Egyptian rock-cut tomb of Nesemnau in the north-eastern part of the Giza Necropolis was explored by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in 2015–2017 and 2020. Archaeological study of the three tomb shafts revealed repeated violation of the filling layers due to the numerous robberies; as a result, the original burials of the Old Kingdom were destroyed, and later pottery (827 out of 2602 ceramic samples) and artifacts entered these complexes. Pottery analysis dating from the New Kingdom to the beginning of the 20th century allows speculating on the formation of thieves’ debris in the burial shafts of this tomb. Obtained data indicates repeated human intervention into the tomb, occurring apparently in the Late Period (possibly in order to create secondary burials), in Ptolemaic and Byzantine times, in the Middle Ages and in Modern times (during the robbery). Fragments from the same vessels are present in the fillings of all the shafts in Nesemnau’s tomb; therefore, they ended in these burial complexes at the same time as a result of the one and the same group of robbers’ activities. The latest ceramic fragments belonging to the zir-jars of the 19th — early 20th centuries indicate terminus ante quem of plundering. It is probable that the increase of tourism and the beginning of large-scale archaeological excavations in Giza Necropolis at that time intensified the thieves’ activity at the ancient site.
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Lebedev, Maksim, et Svetlana Malykh. « Apotropaea in the Equipment of Ancient Egyptian Infant Burials of the 1st Millennium BC from Eastern Giza : Archaeological Context, Typology, and Interpretation ». Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no 2 (25 avril 2023) : 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp23281104.
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The paper analyzes the results of the work of the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences at Giza in 2013, 2017, and 2019—2020. During these seasons, the team recorded a unique double infant burial in an amphora in rock-cut tomb GE 49 (the southern section of the Russian concession) and a cemetery to the west of the rock-cut tomb of Kakherptah (the north-western section of the Russian concession). The internments are dated to the first half of the 1st millennium B. C. The infant burial in an Egyptian amphora of Dynasty XXI (1070/1069—946/945 BC) has been preserved in fragments. However, part of the accompanying inventory has survived and is represented by a beaded bracelet and a scarab amulet. Of the 29 burials in the cemetery near the tomb of Kakherptah, 11 belonged to children. They are mostly well preserved, allowing us to study the features of burial rites, which included inhumation in an extended position on the back, head to the west with some shift to the south or north. The latter is probably related to burial at different months when orientation of internments followed the solar declination. Unlike the burials of adults, which remained without grave goods, the infant burials were equipped with a significant amount of jewelry and apotropaic amulets. Their shape is typical for Dynasties XXII—XXV (946/945—664 BC), which determines the dating of the cemetery near the tomb of Kakherptah. Despite the abundance of comparative material, primarily amulets, in Egyptological literature and museum collections, the discovery of these items in situ is extremely rare. The archaeological context allows us to consider the characteristics of their use in the ancient Egyptian burial rites of the Third Intermediate Period.
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Vetokhov, Sergey V. « Non-standart position of the false door in Giza tombs - a builing mistake or a least-evil solution ? » Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva : istoriia i sovremennost, no 4 (2021) : 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080013935-5.
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In the chapels of a number of tombs in the Giza necropolis, both rock-cut and stone (mastaba), the false door – the main place of worship of the tomb – is sometimes not located on the west wall. Given that the tradition of placing the false door precisely on the western wall had deep roots for centuries, these cases raise a legitimate question about the reasons for such an anomaly. But the paucity of examples, both in Giza and in other necropolises, made it difficult to conduct a broad analysis of this phenomenon. This question has been repeatedly raised in the literature, but it is still debatable. And after the discovery of new examples at the site of the Russian Archaeological Mission at Giza of the Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS (RAMG), it became necessary to return to this problem to analyze it, to structure and summarize the early information, to try to understand the nature of the occurrence of such cases. A total of nine such cases are known in the Giza necropolis; all of them date from the time of the V–VI dynasties, when the necropolis is drastically compacted – and the tombs are occupied by any vacant space. It was not always possible to place false doors on the western wall of the chapels for each individual burial. As a result, sometimes the builders deliberately placed a false door not on the western wall but in the immediate vicinity of the burial to emphasise the connection between them.
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Goncharov, Evgeny Yu, et Svetlana E. Malykh. « ANTIQUE COINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES RAS IN GIZA (EGYPT) ». Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no 3 (17) (2021) : 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2021-3-144-151.
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Malykh, Svetlana E. « Egypt and the Levant in the 1st millennium B.C. on the ceramic material of the Memphite region : New data ». Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva : istoriia i sovremennost, no 2 (2023) : 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080024799-5.
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The article analyzes Levantine ceramics of the 1st millennium B.C., discovered in the Memphite region including the materials of the Russian Archaeological Mission at Giza. Memphis and its environs is a key region for Egypt, located on the border of Upper and Lower Egypt, which did not lose its significance when other cities received the role of the capital. Archaeological studies have revealed a significant amount of Levantine pottery – fragments of “torpedo” amphorae of the 7th–3rd centuries B.C., amphorae with basket handles of the “Cypriot type” of the 7th–4th centuries B.C., less often – Cypriot tableware and cosmetic vessels. Along with imports, local imitations of foreign amphorae were found. In the 1st millennium B.C. the Memphite region demonstrated stable relations with the Eastern Mediterranean, founded in earlier times and expressed in active trade, political and cultural interaction. Fluctuations in regional trade turned out to be a direct reflection of the general Egyptian-Levantine ties, which were bilateral; it is demonstrated not only by the presence of ceramic imports on Egyptian archaeological sites, the distinct influence of Eastern Mediterranean products on Egyptian handicraft products, but also by the appearance of Egyptianized objects in Palestine, Phoenicia and Cyprus. The abundance of Levantine imports in the Late Period and its growth since the annexation of Egypt by Persian Empire in 525 B.C. shows the involvement of foreigners in ancient Egyptian life. Fluctuation of the amount of imported pottery at archaeological sites is directly dependent on political events that affected the economy and regional trade.
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Malykh, S. E. « CERAMIC PIPES-OTTOMANS FROM GIZA : ON THE HISTORY OF TOBACCO SMOKING IN THE ORIENT ». Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no 3 (13) (2020) : 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-77-89.
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The article analyzes 13 fragmented ceramic smoking pipes found at the eastern edge of the Eastern Field of the ancient Egyptian Giza Necropolis by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS. The objects of the late 17th — early 20th centuries were discovered during the exploration of the rock-cut tombs of the second half of the Third millennium B.C. and the adjacent area. They testify to the human activity in the ancient necropolis in the Modern Period and demonstrate the spread of tobacco smoking in Egypt, the first of the Ottoman provinces to encounter tobacco at the end of the 16th century through the mediation of Europeans. Morphologically, the pipes from Giza can be divided into three types in the shape of a cup — lily-shaped, round-cylindrical and daffodil-shaped. The round-cylindrical pipe is attributed as the products of Cairo pottery workshops situated near the Salah ad-Din Citadel in 1730–1780. Other objects demonstrate clay and the method of decorating characteristic of the workshops of Upper Egypt, located in Asyut and Aswan; some of them relate to the early types of the late 17th — early 18th centuries, others — to the late versions of the 19th — early 20th centuries. One fragment belongs to a pipe brought from Istanbul, and refers to the so-called “Tophane style”, which is characterized by bright red clay and gilding or silvering. This elite ware were produced by Istanbul craftsmen since the end of the 18th century until 1929; the pipe found in Giza can be dated to the interval from the 1860s to the 1900s.
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Vetokhov, Sergey V. « Door Construction of Ancient Egyptian Rock-Cut Tombs at the Eastern Plateau of the Giza Necropolis ». Oriental Courier, no 2 (2022) : 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310021617-6.
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On the basis of extensive material obtained during the work of the Russian archaeological mission, a generalization of the structural design of doors in Ancient Egyptian rock-cut tombs on the Eastern Plateau of Giza was carried out. The analysis showed that the size and structural design of the doors are directly related to the time of the chapel construction, the wealth of the tomb owner and natural or artificial features of the rocky area. Thus, the first rock-cut tombs whose owners had a high social status, which began to be built from the middle of the V dynasty on the eastern edge of the Eastern Plateau, are distinguished not only by their large size and extensive pictorial program of chapel decoration, but also by wide passages, inserted drums of better stone and well executed door fastening places. While towards the end of the Old Kingdom, when the Necropolis became compact and generally impoverished, there was a marked tendency not only to reduce the size of the passages to the chapels, but also to simplify the door arrangement and even to abandon the doors in most of the tombs. The development of gentle rocky areas and areas of poor rock quality in V–VI dynasties, leads to the appearance of steps to descend into the chapel, open courtyards and reduced dimensions of the passages to maintain their strength. Statistical analysis of the width of the passages and drums height in the chapels of the 72 currently available rock-cut tombs has demonstrated the existence of stable dimensional standards at the beginning of the development of the rock massif (c. mid V dynasty). For example, the tombs that appeared first in the tomb groups had an opening width of 10 or 12 ancient Egyptian palms (76–80 or 90–98 cm) and a drum height of 4 or 7 palms (30 or 52 cm). But towards the end of the Old Kingdom the width of the passages is reduced to about 8 palms (about 60 cm) and the height of the drums above the passages to 17 cm, and in many cases they disappear from the decoration of the entrances.
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Lebedev, M. A. « G. B. CAVIGLIA AND THE BEGINNING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF ROCK-CUT TOMBS OF THE EASTERN ESCARPMENT OF GIZA ». Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no 3 (13) (2020) : 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-63-76.
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The paper continues a series of publications dealing with early explorers who contributed to the study of the eastern escarpment of the Giza Necropolis. Its protagonist is the Italian antiquarian Giovanni Battista Caviglia, the author of the first documented archaeological works in rock-cut tombs on the territory of the modern-day Russian concession at the pyramids. The paper argues that the Italian researcher had access to many burial complexes both in the southern and in the northern parts of the necropolis area currently studied by specialists from the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Contemporary reports demonstrate that Caviglia not only excavated ancient tombs, but also lived in one of the rock-cut complexes and used rock-cut chapels as storerooms for his finds. In 1835, the British officer Howard Vyse, who hired Caviglia for his excavations at Giza, built a large camp at the eastern escarpment of the necropolis. The author locates the camp in front of the tombs of Perinendju, Tjenty I, Tjenty II, and Khufuhotep and examines its fate: After the end of British excavations in 1837, the camp was converted into the first hotel at the foot of the pyramids. Narrative and visual materials presented in works of explorers of the first half of the 19th century correspond neatly with the material culture artifacts retrieved in Giza during contemporary Russian excavations. Despite the disappearance of the camp built by Vyse, the occupation layer preserved in the rock-cut tombs contains numerous finds and complexes that can be dated to the 18th–19th centuries. A thorough study of the activities and field practices of early explorers in the age of antiquarianism contributes to the better understanding of the general stratigraphy of the Giza Necropolis and works toward more accurate interpretation of the archaeological evidence obtained by contemporary specialists at the foot of the pyramids.
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Smagina, Eugenia. « Eleonora Ye. Kormysheva : Near the Pyramids of Giza and Meroe (An Interview). Part 2 ». Oriental Courier, no 2 (2024) : 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310031313-2.
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An interview with the famous Egyptologist, Oriental historian, and head of the archaeological expedition in Giza (Egypt) of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Eleonora Ye. Kormysheva, was prepared as а part of the project “Russian Oriental Studies — Oral History” of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, supervised by Dr. Valentin Ts. Golovachev, who publishes the authoritative series “Russian Sinology — Oral History” and “Russian Oriental Studies — Oral History”. The interviewers are interested in the expeditionary activities of Professor Kormysheva and her colleagues and an assessment of the formation and development of Egyptology and Sudanese studies as an Orientalist specialty in modern Russia and abroad.
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Smagina, Eugenia. « Eleonora Ye. Kormysheva : Near the Pyramids of Giza and Meroe (An Interview). Part 1 ». Oriental Courier, no 1 (2024) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310030106-4.
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An interview with the famous Egyptologist, oriental historian, and head of the archaeological expedition in Giza (Egypt) of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Eleonora Ye. Kormysheva, was prepared as а part of the project “Russian Oriental Studies — Oral History” of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, supervised by Dr. Valentin Ts. Golovachev, who publishes the authoritative series “Russian Oriental Studies — Oral History”. The interviewers are interested in the choice of profession, in the studies at Moscow State University and the Sorbonne, professional training at Moscow University, the expeditionary activities of Professor Kormysheva and her colleagues and an assessment of the formation and development of Egyptology and Sudanese studies as an Orientalist specialty in modern Russia and abroad.
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Séfériadès, Michel Louis. « Neolithisation in Mongolia : the Mesolithic-Neolithic site of Tamsagbulag (Dornod district) ». Documenta Praehistorica 31 (31 décembre 2004) : 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.31.10.
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The article outlines the first results of the French Archaeological Mission to Mongolia centered on the Neolithic. The topics discussed include general aspects of the initial Neolithisation in Eurasia, and the use of state-of-the art archaeological techniques in studies of Prehistory, with special reference to the Mesolithic/Neolithic interface, as exemplified by a survey and excavations in the area of Tamsagbulag site (Eastern Mongolia, aimak/district of Dornod) originally investigated by a Soviet-Mongolian mission directed by Professor A. P. Okladnikov, a renowned Russian archaeologist.
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May, N. N. « [Book review:] Beljaev L. Byzantine Jericho : Excavations after a Century. Ed. by Acad. N. A. Makarov. Moscow : Indrik, 2016. 500 p., ill. » Orientalistica 6, no 2 (8 septembre 2023) : 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2023-6-2-385-389.
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The book of L. A. Beljaev “Byzantine Jericho” publishes four seasons of the first modern Russian archaeological mission in the Southern Levant. This is, however, not just a usual archaeological report, but a review of history of research of Russian archaeologists and Biblical scholars in the region from its beginning in the end of the 19th century through nowadays. Due to the multidisciplinary approach of the author the publication is provided with the survey of archaeology and topography of the Jericho Oasis as well as with the report on conservation of the site.
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Lebedev, Maxim A. « Cultural and natural context of the ancient settlement of Gebel el-Nour in the mouth of Wadi Ghayada (Middle Egypt) : main challenges and prospects for studying ». Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva : istoriia i sovremennost, no 6 (2023) : 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080027503-0.
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In 2022, the archaeological site of Gebel el-Nour witnessed the first season of the Egyptian-Russian archaeological mission organizes in cooperation between the Supreme Council of Antiquities of Egypt and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This Greek-Roman site and its surrounding infrastructure have not attracted much attention of researchers besides archaeological works within the temple area built by Ptolemy II. The inauguration of the new international project may become an important step for Russian specialists in developing an integrated approach to Egyptian settlement archeology and regional studies of ancient and medieval sites in the Nile Valley. The paper deals with the history of the research on the archaeological zone of Gebel el-Nour, its layout and dating, the general archaeological context, as well as the surrounding cultural and natural landscapes. The author provides a brief review of the climatic changes that occurred during the history of the settlement and outlines the problem of reconstructing the migration of the main Nile channel at a local scale. The issue of the formation of a system of settlements on the territory of the XVIIIth Upper Egyptian nome and the problem of linking archaeological sites to toponymy preserved in written sources are also considered. The paper discusses the possible role of the site in exploiting large calcite quarries and in control over one of the contact zones on the border of the Nile Valley and the Eastern Desert. The purpose of this communication is to introduce the new monument into a wider regional context and to formulate priority issues and tasks related to its study.
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Kuznetsov, Vladimir D., et Mikhail G. Abramzon. « The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence) ». Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17, no 1 (2011) : 75–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092907711x575340.
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Abstract The authors publish the coins found in excavations at Phanagoria in 2007-2008, conducted by the Taman Archeological Mission of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences. This unique numismatic material allows the authors to clarify a number of important events in the history of the Bosporan Kingdom under Mithradates VI Eupator. The most significant finds of the two archaeological seasons are a so-called “hoard” and two purses containing Bosporan and Pontic coins, many isolated silver coins of Panticapaion and Phanagoria, a tetradrachm of Mithradates VI and a golden piece of jewellery found in a large burnt building situated on the acropolis. These finds are thought to be connected not just with the general historical context of the epoch but specifically with the events of 63 BC.
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Ананьев, В. Г., et М. Д. Бухарин. « «AN ABSOLUTELY NEW MUSEUM IS NEEDED» : THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY FOR THE HISTORY OF MATERIAL CULTURE AND THE PROJECT ON CREATING THE CENTRAL MUSEUM FOR THE HISTORY OF MATERIAL CULTURE IN THE 1920S ». Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no 267 (4 octobre 2022) : 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.267.437-449.
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В раннесоветский период неоднократно обсуждались проекты организации археологических музеев. Проект организации Центрального археологического музея был выдвинут в Государственном институте истории искусств в 1917 г. Эта тема обсуждалась на первой Всероссийской музейной конференции в 1919 г., решения которой попыталась претворить в жизнь Комиссия по организации Центрального музея истории материальной культуры РАИМК в 1920-1921 гг. Для реализации этого проекта затем комиссия была трансформирована в совместную, организованную РАИМК и Государственным Эрмитажем. В конце 1920-х гг. в ГАИМК обсуждался уже проект организации Музея человеческой культуры. Ни один из этих проектов не был воплощен ввиду нехватки материальных ресурсов, нерешенности проблем с насыщением новых музеев экспонатами, однако сохранившиеся документы из РО НА ИИМК РАН наглядно демонстрируют ход дискуссий вокруг предназначения и структуры музея как такового и археологических музеев в частности. Проекты организации Музея истории материальной культуры - памятник неосуществленным амбициозным проектам в музейной сфере 1920-х гг. The early Soviet period saw repeated discussions of various projects on organization of archaeological museums. The project on organization of the Central Archaeological Museum was proposed by the Institute of Art History in 1917. This subject was discussed at the first All-Russian Museum Conference in 1919; the Commission on organization of the Central Museum for the History of Material Culture tried to implement decisions made at this conference in 1920-1921. For this project to come to fruition, this Commission was transformed into a joint commission of the Russian Academy for the History of Material Culture and the State Museum of Hermitage. At the end of the 1920s the State Academy for the History of Material Culture discussed another project aimed to organize the Museum of Human Culture. None of the projects was implemented because of the lack of resources and outstanding issues related to insufficient number of exhibits to be put on display; however, the documents from the archives of the Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, clearly demonstrate how the discussions on the mission and the structure of this museum, in general, and archaeological museums, in particular, proceeded. The projects on organizations of the Museum for the History of Material Culture is a memorial to unrealized ambitious projects in the museum sector in the 1920s.
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Telizhenko, Serhii. « The War in Ukraine : new challenges for archaeology ». Vita Antiqua 14 (2023) : 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37098/va-2023-14-24-35.
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As a result of the Russian aggression, which began in 2014, hundreds, if not thousands, of cultural heritage sites were destroyed or damaged to one degree or another. Against this background, the objects of archaeological heritage, which include settlements, hillforts, barrows, burial mounds (kurgans), etc., stand out. Work on collecting information on damaged archaeological sites began back in 2014. In 2016, after a monitoring mission to study the state of archaeological heritage in the war zone within the territory of Luhansk region, information began to be collected somewhat more actively. Starting from February 2022, when even more Ukrainian territory was subjected to military action, even more archaeological heritage sites were damaged or completely destroyed. Identification and analysis of cases related to the destructive impact of the war on the archaeological heritage is the main task for the near future. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop methodological recommendations. The publication proposes the allocation of three conditional groups of locations of archaeological heritage objects: group A - objects in the zone of cessation of hostilities or in the zone of active hostilities in the unoccupied territory (controlled by Ukraine); group B - objects in the zone close to the front line, military operations were not carried out, but archaeological objects were damaged by the military (territory controlled by Ukraine); group C - objects in the zone where hostilities are no longer taking place, or in the zone of active military operations in the occupied territory. Given the existing information, a preliminary typology of the nature of damage to archaeological heritage objects was developed, which includes 6 items: 1. mounds with partially destroyed embankments as a result of shelling (presence of ruptures from explosions); 2. mounds damaged as a result of the arrangement of protective structures/support and observation point or firing points with the help of machinery or hand tools; 3. settlements, hillforts, and ground necropolis, on the day surface of which there are ruptures from explosions (the integrity of the object is damaged); 4. settlements, hillforts, and ground necropolis that were damaged or destroyed as a result of the construction of protective structures; 5. mined areas; 6. areas with objects of archaeological heritage allocated for large-scale construction of military infrastructure (Crimean Peninsula). The construction of civil infrastructure in the occupied territories is a topic for a separate study. In all cases, the degree of damage is indicated separately. The possibility of supplementing or correcting the data is not excluded, since the research process is at the stage of development. It also offers 4 ways of obtaining information about the facts of the destruction of archaeological heritage sites, including private messages, monitoring of social networks and specialized forums, visual monitoring, and research of satellite images. Key words: archaeological heritage, war, Ukraine, methodology.
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Kazaryan, A. Yu, D. A. Kukina et M. V. Medvedeva. « Records “on the N. Ya. Marr’s mission to Russian Armenia for carrying out archaeological researches there”. The first experience of excavations at Ani ». Archaeological News, no 37 (2022) : 214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2022-37-214-227.
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Kazaryan, Armen. « Architecture of Medieval Armenia as a Field of Research for Russian and Italian Scholars : Comparative Analyses of the Historiography ». Arts 12, no 6 (9 novembre 2023) : 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts12060238.
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For the first time in the literature, this study provides an analysis of the activities of two major architectural–archeological missions that investigated the architectural heritage of the Armenian Highlands: the Russian Ani Archaeological Expedition (1892–1893 and 1904–1917) and the Italian academic programs of the Universities of Rome and Venice and that of Milan Polytechnic (from 1966 to the 1980s). In this article, the results of the conducted research are compared, and their contribution to the development of the history of medieval architecture is evaluated. The differences in the results are related to the chronological distance between the missions, as well as the main focus of each work: the activities of the Russians are primarily archeological, while those of the Italian groups are architectural. The head of the Ani Institute, Nikolay Marr, set himself the task of exhibiting the original artifacts in the museum he had created in the medieval capital of Armenia, Ani, while the Italian professors relied on photography for both permanent and touring exhibitions. The second mission was in unspoken contact with the first, forming a kind of time-stretched dialog. Although, by the 1970s, almost none of the participants in Marr’s expedition remained alive, his scientific works were periodically being published, with some still waiting their turn in the scientific archives.
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Kormysheva, Eleonora E. « Was Diodorus right ? » Orientalistica 4, no 3 (12 octobre 2021) : 578–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2021-4-3-578-595.
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In the article, an attempt to find archaeological confirmation of the information of Agatharhides Cnides information in Diodorus Siculus regarding the election of a king has been undertaken. In particular it concerns the election of king in Meroe, whom the priests circle around, and people choose as king, the one whom god touches. The article examines the recent findings of the Italian-Russian joint archaeological mission in Abu Erteila, where a new structure of unusual orientation was discovered, located on the same axis with the Lion Temple, which was found earlier. Fragments of the steles of the kings of ancient Sudan are also analyzed, which give evidences on the election of a new king and participation of the people, historical reasons and factors influencing this process. Much still remains unclear, namely the participants and composition of the procession, the moment when God chose the king in the procession. Thus, the considered material of finds from Abu Erteila suggests that nevertheless Diodorus Siculus was right and the discovered material confirms the information of Agatharhides Cnides about the election of a king in Meroe. The priests were the protagonists of the procession, they selected the best candidates and choose as king whom the god seized while being carried about in a procession. As from which only the legs of the figures have survived in Abu Erteila, it is not possible to restore the appearance of the participants, as well as whether the applicant/s were in this procession for the throne. As far as only the legs of the figures have survived in Abu Erteila, it is not possible to restore the appearance of the participants, as well as whether the applicant/s were in this procession for the throne.
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Malykh, Svetlana E. « Rejected pottery in Gebel Barkal : Revisiting the localisation of ceramic workshops in the Kingdom of Meroe (Sudan) ». Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva : istoriia i sovremennost, no 5 (2022) : 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080018487-2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article analyzes the results of a study of the modern day surface of the ceramic accumulation (“pottery dump”) in Gebel Barkal, carried out by the author as a member of the Russian-Sudanese Archaeological Mission at Gebel Barkal (IOS RAS – National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM, Sudan)). During the survey of the territory north of the Great Temple of Amun, 239 samples of rejected pottery were found and a map of their location was compiled. The highest concentration of objects is confined to the north-western part of the “pottery dump”, while moving south and east, the number of samples noticeably decreases. All the samples belong to the small moulds for baking bread with plain rim, conical body and pointed bottom. Some of them had simple potmarks. Among the samples, all possible variants of kiln waste are presented – deformation, cracking, melting and sintering of vessels. According to the accompanying ceramic material – fragments of a Hellenized krater with geometric painting, rejected pottery can be dated to the 3rd–1st centuries B.C. The dominance of bread moulds indicates their connection with temple bakeries of the Great Temple of Amun that were nearby, but not yet discovered. The size of the “pottery dump” in Gebel Barkal, covering the area of more than 9500 square meters, indicates a significant amount of consumption of bread by temple staff and pilgrims. The presence of rejected pottery clearly indicates the connection of the “pottery dump” with ceramic workshops, presumably located in its northern part, between the Barkal Mountain and building B 2300.
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Timofeeva, Natalia S. « “...SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS ARE NOW RESUMING THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE INSTITUTIONS OF OTHER COUNTRIES”. DOCUMENTS OF THE ALL-UNION SOCIETY FOR CULTURAL RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES ABOUT THE BOOK EXCHANGE IN THE 1940S OF SOVIET EGYPTOLOGISTS WITH THEIR EGYPTIAN COLLEAGUES ». History and Archives, no 4 (2023) : 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2023-5-4-61-76.
Texte intégralRésumé :
On the basis of the archival materials from the Foundation of the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries of the State Archives of the Russian Federation, the author considers the process of the book exchange in 1944–1946 between Soviet Orientalists and their Egyptian colleagues. That exchange played an important part in the Soviet-Egyptian relations, the genesis of which was interrupted with the beginning of the “Cold War”. The book transaction was carried out largely due to the activities of the Soviet Egyptologist, TASS correspondent M.A. Korostovtsev, who was sent to Egypt at the very beginning of the establishment of the diplomatic relations between the USSR and Egypt. The documents of the above Foundation cover the contacts between the Orientalists within the framework of the major institutions: the French Institute of Oriental Archeology in Cairo and the Permanent Archaeological Mission of France in Lebanon, on the one hand, and the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, on the other. As part of the shipment, the Soviet side sent the works on Iranian studies by V.V. Bartold, Arabic studies by I.Yu. Krachkovsky, the textbooks on the History of the Ancient East by B.A. Turaev and V.V. Struve, the works of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the copies of the Journal of Ancient History for 1937–1941, as well as the five-volume edition of works by N.Ya. Marr. The article is based on the archival documents that are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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Vetokhov, Sergey V. « Reconstruction of the Design of the General Entrance to the Mine Temple at Abu Erteila by Surviving Architectural Details ». Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva : istoriia i sovremennost, no 3 (2022) : 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080015890-6.
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The Russian-Italian mission has been conducting archaeological excavations of the temple complex at Abu Erteila (Sudan) since 2009. In recent years, two temples of different sizes have been discovered – the so-called main and small, belonging to the Meroitic period of the Kingdom of Kush. The earlier analysis of the architectural details found near the main temple and the comparative analysis of its layout with similar temples of the same period allowed to make its general reconstruction, but there were still open questions about the details of the decoration of the general, internal and lateral passages of the temple. Temples built with combined materials (mud brick, fired brick and sandstone), such as the temple at Abu Erteila, have been preserved in a severely damaged state and not all of them have been fully published or reconstructed. Therefore, this reconstruction was mainly based on the sandstone temples, the details of which are better preserved and which have been reconstructed. The analysis of the shape, surfaces and plasters of the architectural details allows to ground some of them as belonging to the decoration of the general entrance to the temple and make conjecture about the location on the main (east) facade. The general entrance features an architrave above the entrance, ending in a two-tiered cavetto cornice but without a crowning uraeus frieze; the corner elements of the cornice had a vertical rectangular incision, the only known analogue of which decorates the entrance to the lion temple at Musawarat as-Sufra. Although the ancient builders were guided in the details by sandstone constructions, the use of simpler materials (mud brick and fired brick) may still have imposed restrictions on the choice of decoration elements towards the simpler ones.
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Храпунов, Н. И. « Russia in the Crimea : Civilizer or Oppressor ? Images of the Imperial Power in the Dispute of the Late 18th and the First Half of the 19th Century’s Travelogues ». Historia provinciae - the journal of regional history, no 1 (15 mars 2023) : 190–237. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2023-7-1-5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Присоединение Крыма к России в 1783 г. стало значимым событием в мировой политике и привлекло внимание всей Европы. Свидетельством этого интереса явилось включение Крыма в маршрут большого образовательного путешествия (Grand Tour) представителей европейской элиты. В опубликованных впоследствии путевых записках они вели обсуждение «законности» и эффективности действий российских властей. Учитывая специфический облик Крыма, региона с преобладавшим мусульманским населением, который располагался у воображаемой границы между Европой и Азией, путешественники использовали традиционные для европейской общественной мысли рассуждения об исторической роли Востока и Запада, о миссии европейских держав и о сущности Российского государства. Материалом для исследования стали несколько наиболее популярных в исследуемую эпоху травелогов, в частности сочинения Франсуа де Тотта и Эдварда Даниэля Кларка, Уильяма Итона и Маттью Гатри, Мэри Хоулдернесс и Поля Гибаля, супругов Омер де Гелль, а также Олимпиады Петровны Шишкиной. Показан генезис полярных интерпретаций исторической роли и судьбы Крымского ханства, от «золотого века» в истории региона до катастрофы, отбросившей его далеко назад. В зависимости от этого присоединение к России воспринималось либо как «нашествие варваров», либо как открытие возможностей для быстрого прогресса. Раскрыты использованные путешественниками основные критерии оценок действий российских властей: их отношение к местным жителям, способность организовать эффективное управление, развивать торговлю, защищать христианство, охранять археологические и архитектурные памятники и проч. Проанализированы устойчивые стереотипы, выработанные путешественниками и связанные с «колоссальным хозяйственным потенциалом» Крыма, с восприятием его жителей как «благородных дикарей» / «праздных ленивцев», а также с «русским варварством» по отношению к памятникам культурного наследия и слабостью Черноморского флота. Показано, что многие оценки в травелогах зависели от изначальных установок их авторов, усвоенных ими еще до поездки. Продемонстрирована устойчивость стереотипов и объяснительных моделей, активно проявившаяся, в частности, во время обострения противоречий между Россией и Европой накануне и в ходе Крымской войны, когда вновь востребованными оказались антироссийские идеологические приемы и дискурсы. The unification of the Crimea with Russia in 1783 was an important event in the world politics and attracted the attention of the whole Europe. The apparent evidence of that interest was the inclusion of the Crimea in the itinerary of the great educational journey, or the Grand Tour, of the European elite. In their travelogues, published later on, the representatives of the European elite discussed the “legality” and effectiveness of the actions of the Russian authorities in the region. Given the specific image of the Crimea, a region with a predominantly Muslim population, located at the imaginary border between Europe and Asia, the travellers used traditional in the European mind ideas of the historical roles of East and West, the historical mission of the European powers, and the essence of the Russian state. As the source base for the study, several of the most popular travelogues of the period under research were chosen, in particular the works of François de Tott and Edward Clarke, William Eton and Matthew Guthrie, Mary Holderness and Paul Guibal, Xavier and Adèle Hommaire de Hell, and Olimpiada Shishkina. The article shows the genesis of popular, and the same time opposite interpretations of the historical role and fate of the Crimean Khanate, from the “golden age” in the history of the region to the disaster that threw it far back. Depending ⁎ This article is an extended version of the paper presented at the conference “State Politics and Images of Power in Central Europe and Neighboring Regions: Praise, Criticism, and Rejection” (Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, November 2–3, 2021). Исследования Н.И. Храпунов. Россия в Крыму – цивилизатор или угнетатель? Образы имперской власти в полемике травелогов конца XVIII – первой половины XIX в. Historia provinciae – журнал региональной истории. 2023. Т. 7, № 1 ISSN 2587-8344 (online) 192 on the author’s aim, the unification with Russia was interpreted as a “barbarian invasion,” or, alternatively, as a new possibility for fast progress. Moreover, the article uncovers the main criteria used by the travellers when evaluating the activities of the Russian government, their attitude towards the local residents, the ability to establish effective administration, develop trade, protect Christianity, keep archaeological and architectural monuments and sites, and so on. The work analyses established stereotypes developed by the travellers, such as “huge economic potential” of the Crimea, the perception of its residents as “noble savages / lazy idlers,” “Russian barbarism” concerning cultural heritage, and “military impotence” of the Black Sea Navy. It is indicated that many such assessments depended on the travellers’ background and already existing opinion, which had been formed before the journey. The article demonstrates the continuity in the stereotypes and explanatory models, especially in the period of aggravation of relations between Russia and Europe on the eve and in the course of the Crimean War, when anti-Russian ideological patterns and discourses became in demand again.
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EL AGUIZY, Ola Mohamed, Mohamed Mostafa GOBASHY, Ahmed METWALLY, Khaled Soliman SOLIMAN et Nader EL-HASSANIN. « The discovery of the tomb of the Great Army General Iwrhya : A quasi 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Saqqara, Giza, Egypt ». Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 50, no 4 (7 décembre 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/congeo.2020.50.4.3.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A quasi 3D electrical resistivity (ERT) survey was undertaken at a UNESCO World Heritage site, Saqqara, Giza, Egypt, during a joint archaeological-geophysical mission from Cairo University. The main objective is to detect the locations of the subsurface archaeological tombs/or crypts and to allocate any possible archaeological bodies/features buried underneath the study area. In this survey, SYSCAL Pro system with 24 electrodes and a multi-core cable is used for automatic data acquisition of profiling data. The dipole–dipole array was used to enhance resolution, 14 resistivity lines are conducted during this Survey. The processed data were analysed in order to produce resistivity tomography (ERT) for qualitative and quantitative interpretations. Inversion of the ERT data identified variation of resistivity values and the expected locations of the underground galleries and highlight the presence of regular shape structures probably due to features of archaeological interest. Excavations made accordingly in the study area led to an interesting discovery of a tomb of the Great Army General, Iwrhya. The tomb is approximately 2000 years old as it covers the reigns of both Kings Seth I and Ramesses II. Using the 3D resistivity tomography with such a multi-electrode technique proved its efficiency and applicability for non-invasive archaeo-geophysical prospecting.
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Мусаева, С. И. « THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF COASTAL DAGESTAN IN DEVELOPING CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF RUSSIA AND IRAN ». Известия СОИГСИ, no 34(73) (13 décembre 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.23671/vnc.2019.73.43107.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Иран и Дагестан издавна связывали активно развивающиеся взаимовыгодные торгово-экономические связи, исследование которых актуализировано современными тенденциями развития регионального сотрудничества субъектов РФ с Ираном. Настоящее исследование посвящено изучению исторического опыта взаимодействия, в ходе которого выявляются торгово-экономические, политические и культурные контакты народов Дагестана и Ирана, сложившиеся со времен существования Мидийского государства, державы Ахеменидов и Кавказской Албании. О наличии довольно тесных взаимовыгодных связей между народами России, Приморского Дагестана и Ирана свидетельствуют археологические и нумизматические материалы, обнаруженные на территории Дагестана, письменные источники, которые подтверждают существование таких контактов на протяжении длительного периода. В статье предпринимается попытка исследования торгово-экономических и военно-политических взаимоотношений и культурных связей народов Дагестана и Ирана, начиная с эпохи правления Сасанидов, когда последние привлекали местную дагестанскую знать со своими вооруженными подразделениями в качестве союзников к охране северных границ Дербентского прохода. После завершения строительства оборонительных сооружений Дербентской крепости на территорию южного Дагестана были переселены представители ряда иранских этносов, которые вместе с воинами- стражниками стали надежной военно-служилой и гражданской прослойкой на границах империи. В результате тесного взаимодействия иранцев с местным населением произошло распространение на территории южного Дагестана персидского языка, литературы и элементов зороастризма. Исследованы важнейшие торговые пути, проходившие через Дербент и Приморский Дагестан Великий шелковый путь, на котором Дербент выполнял важную контрольную миссию, создание выгодных условий налогообложения караванов, приносивших большие доходы народам Ирана и Приморского Дагестана. Выявлена значимость Волжско-Каспийского торгового пути как фактора интенсивных торгово-экономических контактов народов России и Ирана. Iran and Dagestan have long been linked by dynamically developing and mutually beneficial trade and economic ties, the study of which is updated by current trends in the development of regional cooperation between the subjects of the Russian Federation and Iran. The present research is devoted to the study of the historical experience of interaction, during which the trade, economic, political and cultural contacts of the peoples of Dagestan and Iran were established since the existence of the Median state, the Achaemenid state and Caucasian Albania. The existence of rather close mutually beneficial relations between the peoples of Russia, Seaside Dagestan and Iran is evidenced by archaeological and numismatic materials discovered in Dagestan, written sources that confirm the existence of such contacts over a long period. The article attempts to study the trade, economic and military-political relations and cultural ties of the peoples of Dagestan and Iran, starting from the era of the Sassanids, when the latter attracted the local Dagestan nobility with their armed units as allies to protect the northern borders the Derbent Pass. After the construction of the defensive structures of the Derbent Fortress had been completed, representatives of a number of Iranian ethnic groups were resettled on the territory of southern Dagestan, which, together with the guards formed a reliable military and civilian stratum on the borders of the empire. As a result of the close interaction of the Iranians with the local population, the Persian language, literature, and elements of Zoroastrianism spread in Southern Dagestan. The article highlights the most important trade routes passing through Derbent and Seaside Dagestan the Great Silk Road, where Derbent performed an important control mission, creating favorable conditions for the taxation of caravans that brought great incomes to the peoples of Iran and Seaside Dagestan. The significance of the Volga-Caspian trade route as a factor in intensive trade and economic contacts between the peoples of Russia and Iran is revealed.