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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Russia – Economic conditions – 1861-1917 »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Russia – Economic conditions – 1861-1917"

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Rudolph, Richard L. « Agricultural Structure and Proto-Industrialization in Russia : Economic Development With Unfree Labor ». Journal of Economic History 45, no 1 (mars 1985) : 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700033581.

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A revised view of the nature of Russian industrialization is proposed. It is argued that economic conditions on the serf estates did not hinder industrialization; they in fact facilitated proto-industrialization by promoting the nonagricultural pursuits of the peasantry. In opposition to the traditional view that industrialization took place after the Emancipation of the serfs in 1861, and that there was an “agrarian crisis” in the nineteenth century, it is argued that industrialization was well underway on a wide scale on the basis of serf labor before 1861. The so-called agrarian crisis may really have been a period of increased proto-industrial activity by the peasants.
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Stanziani, Alessandro. « European Statistics, Russian Numbers, and Social Dynamics, 1861–1914 ». Slavic Review 76, no 1 (2017) : 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2017.3.

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Recent analyses of the economic impact of the abolition of serfdom mark a major return to quantitative approaches in the economic and social history of Russia. Tracy Dennison, Steven Nafziger, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, among others, make wide use of data produced by thezemstvo(provincial elected assembly), the Central Statistics Committee (TsSK), the Ministry of Agriculture, and local governors. These figures are particularly crucial with regard to the debate over the impact of the abolition of serfdom and the economic dynamics of tsarist Russia between 1861 and 1914. Indeed, the authors are too quick to consider the data reliable and only concerned about which statistical method should be used. Markevich and Zhuravskaya claim outright: “Historians agree that the quality of the late imperial statistics and governor reports is rather high.” Nafziger makes a similar statement regarding zemstvo statistics, which he declares are fully reliable sources. Dennison and Nafziger add: “Zemstvo publications offer a unique window into rural economic conditions in the post-1861 period, but western scholars have only begun to explore them. We consider these household surveys, other zemstvo publications, research by central government and provincial statistical authorities (including the 1897 census), and various secondary sources to develop some “stylized facts” about rural living standards in Iaroslavl' and Vladimir provinces in the post-1861 period.”
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Dmitry I., Sostin. « The experience of national state building of the Caucassian people during the Russian revolutions in 1917 ». Kavkazologiya 2022, no 3 (30 septembre 2022) : 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2022-3-83-94.

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The article analyzes the features of the state building of Caucasian people in the crucial period of Russian statehood, marked by acute dramatic events—the revolutions of 1917. The specifics of the subject of the study are closely related to the All-Russian political process, the fall of the au-tocracy in February—March 1917. It is concluded that the consequence of the revolutions, includ-ing the October revolution, was not only the transformation of the social and political institutions of the mountain population of the Caucasus, the Cossacks of this agrarian outskirts of our country but a rather fierce struggle between local political forces that sought to implement their national state system projects in the region. However, none of them took place in 1918. The conclusion is given that in the conditions of the social and economic crisis, which was increasingly intensifying by the end of 1917, in the mass consciousness of the North Caucasian society, the South of Russia, as in other things, the main part of the population of other regions of Russia, left-wing radical tendencies prevailed, resulting in a civil war and the construction of socialism in the country.
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Kryuchkov, I. V. « ВОЕННОПЛЕННЫЕСТРАНЧЕТВЕРНОГОСОЮЗАНАТЕРРИТОРИИСТАВРОПОЛЬСКОЙГУБЕРНИИВУСЛОВИЯХПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГОКАТАКЛИЗМА(ФЕВРАЛЬНОЯБРЬ1917Г.) ». Istoricheskii vestnik, no 23(2018) part : 23/2018 (27 septembre 2019) : 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35549/hr.2019.2018.36612.

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В представленном материале исследуется положение военнопленных стран Четверного союза на территории Ставропольской губернии. В статье отмечается незначительное ухудшение условий содержания пленных в г. Ставрополе и ряде сел губернии в начале 1917 г., что не отразилось на общей привлекательности губернии для пленных в сравнении с другими регионами России. Февральская революция 1917 г. способствовала либерализации правового статуса пленных. Однако нарастание в стране политического и экономического кризиса привело к ухудшению положения пленных, в том числе в Ставропольской губернии. С осени 1917 г. они всеми доступными средствами стремились покинуть губернию и выехать за пределы России.The position of prisoners of war of the Quadruple Alliance countries on the territory of Stavropol Province is considered in the article. A modest deterioration of the detention conditions of prisoners in Stavropol and certain villages of the province at the beginning of 1917 is marked in the material. The deterioration didnt affect the general attractiveness of the province to prisoners in comparison with other regions of Russia. The February Revolution of 1917 promoted the liberalization of the legal status of prisoners. However, the growth of the political and economic crises in the country led to the deterioration of prisoners position, including Stavropol Province. They had sought to leave the province and Russia by all available means since the autumn of 1917.
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Wei, Xinyi. « Peasant reform of 1861 in N.A. Nekrasov's poem "Peddlers" ». Litera, no 7 (juillet 2022) : 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2022.7.38212.

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N.A. Nekrasov's poem "Peddlers", written in the summer of 1861, reflected the poet's reflections on the peasant reform that was beginning (announced by the Manifesto on February 19, 1861). Contrary to the testimony of N.G. Chernyshevsky, Nekrasov's attitude to the reform was not completely negative. Realizing that in some aspects the conditions of the changes were unfair to the peasants, the poet nevertheless saw in the reform the beginning of positive changes – the movement towards capitalist, market relations. Describing the recent past, Nekrasov, using specific figures of traveling peddlers, models the situation of the market in which landlords and peasants act not as masters and slaves, but as buyers. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that, in the analysis, the author also relies on the achievements of the current methodology of the "new economic criticism". Nekrasov shows the Russian national character as not alien to the love of market relations, the situation of purchase and sale, consequently, the emerging new living conditions, as quite favorable for the development of Russia. The necessary conditions for this development to really take place in the right direction, in the direction of improving the lives of both the nobility and peasants, as seen from this analysis, are the absence of severe ruinous wars (like the Crimean one, during which the action of the poem was transferred) and the protection of the domestic market from the expansion of European goods.
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Klepach, A., et G. Kuranov. « Cyclical Waves in the Economic Development of the U.S. and russia (Issues of Methodology and Analysis) ». Voprosy Ekonomiki, no 11 (20 novembre 2013) : 4–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-11-4-33.

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The article describes the methodology for identifying and analyzing economic cycles, which are based on historical spectral approach that combines the advantages of the historical and economic analysis and spectral method of the study of economic series. The proposed approach is used to isolate and analyze both their own regular fluctuations of economic dynamics inherent in the developed economies and the vibrations induced by technological and external economic shocks. The analysis has been carried out on the basis of data on the dynamics of the post-war U.S. economy as the main driver of world cycles, and of Russia’s economy from 1861 to 2012 using the latest research on the reconstruction of the time-series of its economic dynamics. Finally, conclusions are drawn in relation to the state economic policy in the conditions of the global cyclical development.
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Shishkina, Olga E. « The reasons for the institutionalization of administrative responsibility in post-revolutionary Russia (1917-1924). » Historical and social-educational ideas 13, no 2 (29 avril 2021) : 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2021-13-2-161-174.

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Introduction. The relevance of this topic is due to the ongoing reform of responsibility for administrative offenses, discussions in the scientific literature on the delimitation of crimes and administrative offenses and the grounds for their delinquency. The study of the historical stages of the normative isolation of responsibility for administrative offenses from the point of view of events taking place in political, economic and social life, in our opinion, helps in determining the development trends of this institution. In this article, the author aims to identify the reasons and conditions for administrative responsibility as an independent institution after the Great October Socialist Revolution. The gradual normative separation of responsibility for administrative offenses from criminal responsibility falls on the period of war communism and the first half of the New Economic Policy (NEP). Methods. The author uses the classical historical and legal research method, which includes both a chronological analysis of social, political and economic factors, and a study of the legal regulation of legal institutions over a period of time. Results. In the first years of Soviet power, administrative coercion, along with other measures of state coercion, was considered as one of the means of strengthening socialist legality and fundamental order and security. The normative separation of administrative responsibility from criminal responsibility during the first half of the new economic policy was due to the development of economic relations and technical progress. In general, it was associated with Soviet ideology, a permissive type of legal regulation, an increase in the number of rules issued by the state in various spheres of public life, the creation of control and supervisory bodies that required their own operational leverage on citizens and organizations, including in the form of imposing penalties.
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Gorokhova, Maria E. « ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE REVOLUTION OF 1917 BY THE FIRST WAVE OF RUSSIAN EMIGRANTS TO PRAGUE ». History and Archives, no 3 (2021) : 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2021-3-97-106.

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The article assesses the influence of the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 on the emergence of ideological and political trends among the representatives of the Russian emigration. In the absence of any opportunity to influence the situation in which Russia found itself in 1917, the emigrants decided to focus on the analysis and study of the experience of the revolution and the Civil War, as well as to discuss possible options for the development of events and their impact on the future of the country. The author considers such trends of emigrant political thought as smenovehovstvo and eurasianism, the common idea of which was the realization of the need to accept the Bolshevik revolution and its results in order to preserve the unity and power of Russia. Special attention is paid to the collections of articles “Change of Milestones” and “Exodus to the East”, which marked the beginning of the emigrant ideologies under consideration, as well as to their authors, who attempted to comprehend the role of the Russian intelligentsia in the new political and economic conditions. In addition, the article examines such trends among representatives of Russian emigration as “returnism”, the cult of personality and the world revolution. Studies of the history of eurasianism and smenovehovstvo allow to conduct a more in-depth study of the life and activities of the Russian Diaspora in the 1920s – 1930s, as well as to present the diversity of the processes of the ideological and political heritage of the Russian emigration of the first wave in Czechoslovakia
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Arlyapova, Elena, et Elena Ponomareva. « State building in Ingushetia and Chechnya (1917—1944) : imperial traditions and Soviet innovations ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no 5-2 (1 mai 2022) : 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202205statyi34.

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The article continues a series of publications on the political, socio-economic, and demographic development of Chechens and Ingush. This study raises the issues of the formation and evolution of the statehood of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. The incompleteness of this process in modern Russia gives additional relevance to the analysis. The article shows that the Soviet experience of state construction in the region has apparent similarities with previous imperial policy. They are pragmatism at the heart of the theory and practice of regulating political and socio-economic life, economic integration into the body of a large country, and the creation of conditions for the development of ethnic self-identification of the Caucasian peoples.
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Mukhutdinov, I. Z. « Achievements in the fight against infectious diseases in the Republic of Tatarstan ». Kazan medical journal 76, no 4 (15 juillet 1995) : 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj104870.

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In the struggle to reduce infectious disease in Tatarstan from 1917 to 1994, five major stages can be distinguished. Stage I (1917-1923). The very difficult sanitary and epidemiological legacy inherited from tsarist Russia was further aggravated in 19118-1920. as a result of civil war, intervention, economic ruin and famine. During these years, the epidemic situation as a whole worsened, especially in connection with an unprecedented rise in the incidence of typhus. Thus, in 1920, compared with 1918, the incidence of typhus increased 54 times, typhoid fever - 1.6 times, smallpox - 2 times. In 1921, the incidence of cholera was 390.0 per 100,000 population. The fight against these terrible diseases had to be carried out in the most difficult conditions: there were not enough doctors, paramedical workers, there were no hospitals, medicines - hunger raged!
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Thèses sur le sujet "Russia – Economic conditions – 1861-1917"

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DOROFEYUK, Maria. « Dynamics and structure of strikes : on the way to the first Russian Revolution ». Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/34981.

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Defence date: 12 February 2015
Examining Board: Professor Federico Giovanni (EUI Supervisor) ; Professor Youssef Cassis (EUI Second Reader) ; Professor Leonid Borodkin (Lomonosov Moscow State University) ; Professor Jean-Paul Depretto (Toulouse University).
The research seeks to explore the basic characteristics of labor conflicts in the Russian Empire from the year 1895 to 1905. The central theme of the research is the structure of these labor conflicts, which varied by year, region and branch of industry. A second main subject is the nature of the interactions between the major factors in the labor movement in pre-revolutionary Russia. This work seeks to determine if there is a correlation between the features of the conflict and the intensity of the strike movement. The dissertation gives a new vision of the important phenomenon in the social and political history of Russia in the end of 19th / the beginning of 20th century. The present study is concerned with the lack of statistical analysis of labor conflicts in pre-revolutionary Russia. Particular attention is given to the scale of the strikes that affected all the regions of the Russian Empire and all branches of industry. The period 1895-1904 which is under consideration in the dissertation is important in Russian social history because it was the decade when the workers movement becomes more organized and politically motivated on the way to the first Russian Revolution. The research is focused on the analysis of dynamics and structure of labor conflicts in Russian industries in the decade which preceded the first Russian Revolution (1905-1907). The author characterizes the historical context of the process under consideration and provides the comparative analysis of labor conflicts in the main industrial regions of European part of Russian Empire (Left-Bank Ukraine, St.-Petersburg and Central Industrial Region) on the edge of centuries. The substantial part of the work is oriented to verification of the working hypothesis by means of the statistical analysis of a variety of labor conflicts based on the materials of the two big data bases.
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Livres sur le sujet "Russia – Economic conditions – 1861-1917"

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Russia : Class and power, 1917-2000. London : Bookmarks, 2002.

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Pallot, Judith. Landscape and settlement in Romanov Russia, 1613-1917. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1990.

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Il pane quotidiano : Ideologia e congiuntura nella Russia sovietica (1917-1921). Bologna : Il mulino, 2001.

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The standard of living and revolutions in Russia, 1700-1917. New York, NY : Routledge, 2012.

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Un paese sull'orlo delle riforme : La Russia zarista dal 1861 al 1904. Milano, Italy : F. Angeli, 1998.

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Diaspora merchants in the Black Sea : The Greeks in southern Russia, 1775-1861. Lanham, Md : Lexington Books, 2001.

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1944-, Brumfield William Craft, Ananʹich B. V, Petrov, I︠U︡. A. kandidat istoricheskikh nauk et Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, dir. Commerce in Russian urban culture : 1861-1914. Washington, D.C : Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2001.

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Mozhaev, Boris. Zatmenie : Rasskazy, ocherki. Moskva : Trud, 1995.

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Government and peasant in Russia, 1861-1906 : The prehistory of the Stolypin reforms. Dekalb, Ill : Northern Illinois University Press, 1987.

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Marriott, John Arthur Ransome. The crisis in Russia 1920. London : Redwords, 1992.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Russia – Economic conditions – 1861-1917"

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Puffer, Sheila M., et Daniel J. McCarthy. « History of the USSR and CIS ». Dans Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 1–18. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3264-4.ch001.

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This chapter provides an overview of the history of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, from the time of its creation as a result of the 1917 Russian Revolution, to its dissolution in 1991. The major emphasis is on economic conditions, with political and social conditions as background. The chapter then discusses The Commonwealth of Independent States, the alliance that included most of the 15 former Soviet republics that became independent countries. Developments in Russia, the largest both geographically and demographically, as well as the most powerful of the CIS countries, are the major focus from 1991 to 2017.
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Pravilova, Ekaterina. « Forests, Minerals, and the Controversy over Property in Post-Emancipation Russia ». Dans A Public Empire. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159058.003.0003.

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The idea of private property, borrowed by Catherine the Great from Europe, was transplanted into an economic order based on serfdom and hierarchical patrimonial relations. Peasants were seen as being attached to land—along with rivers, forests, and whatever else this land might contain on and beneath its surface. This chapter traces the transformation of property rights set off by the reforms of the 1860s and, most importantly, the emancipation of the serfs, through the analysis of two acute issues in the Russian economy—the preservation of forests and the exploitation of mineral resources. It analyzes how the emancipation of peasants in 1861 affected the system of property rights designed in different economic conditions. It shows which elements of Catherine's vision of property survived through the reform, and how her legacy affected the post-emancipation vision, practice, and politics of property.
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Muldoon, James. « Between Social Democracy and Council Dictatorship ». Dans Building Power to Change the World, 16–51. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856627.003.0002.

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This chapter examines the underlying democratic and socialist impulses in the German council movements of the early twentieth century. It analyses the emergence of council movements in Russia (from the strikes in February 1917 to the crushing of the Kronstadt uprising in 1921) followed by their spread to Germany (from the heightened revolutionary activity of 1917 to the establishment of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919). It examines the council movements through primary documents such as minutes of council meetings, congress reports, newspaper articles, and socialist journals. The typical Cold War framework for interpreting the council movements has been to view them as a transitional phenomenon leading to either liberal democratic institutions or a single-party dictatorship. Moving away from this binary framework, I show that while a diversity of political views were held by participants in the council movements, there was broad support for the deepening and extension of democratic conditions in major political, economic, and social institutions, including the army, civil service, and workplaces.
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Pollock, Ethan. « Either Socialism Will Defeat the Louse or the Louse Will Defeat Socialism ». Dans Without the Banya We Would Perish, 129–56. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195395488.003.0007.

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In as much as the banya was associated with the Russian peasantry and urban decadence, Bolsheviks disdained it. But as a tool of modern hygiene, the banya was unassailable. Workers demanded accessible, affordable, and well-maintained bathhouses. After the revolution of 1917, the Soviet state committed to providing them. During the Russian Civil War, the prevalence of epidemics (typhus, relapsing fever) only increased the pressure on the new state to provide people with the means to clean themselves in banyas. During War Communism banyas came under municipal control and were expected to provide access to the lower classes; under the New Economic Policy of the 1920s, they re-emerged as commercial enterprises. But as satires by Zoshchenko and the commentary of others made plain, the conditions in Soviet banyas remained abysmal, a far cry from the idealized banyas of popular imagination.
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