Bibliographies thématiques / Rural cooperatives

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Rural cooperatives »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 18 mai 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Rural cooperatives"

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Akbari Dolatabad, Mohammad, Mohammad Sadegh Ebrahimi et Amir Mozafar Amini. « Pathology of Rural Production Cooperatives – Evidence from Iran ». Boletín de la Asociación Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, no 61 (29 décembre 2022) : 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/baidc.2298.

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Cooperative rural production companies are one of the most important types of cooperative system in Iran. Its activities have been started since 1963. It seems that this farming system hasn’t been able to become a source of positive developments to date. The present study seeks to assess the pathology of rural production cooperatives. The statistical population of this research is 55 rural cooperatives of Isfahan province with 21213 members that 41 cooperatives are active, with 16,870 members. The data collection method was documentary and survey. The required information for this research was collected by using a library method as well as interviewing method and completing the questionnaire. The sampling method was randomly classified according to the number of members of each cooperative based on sample size. According to the Cochran formula, 217 samples were determined and questionnaires were completed by the members. Also, 98 questionnaires were completed by the managers and board of cooperative production companies. The results showed that at least seven categories of damaged can be listed for these cooperatives, which are: adverse characteristics in cooperative members, adverse characteristics in cooperatives management, lack of communication, trust and participation of members with the management of cooperatives, low social activity of members in cooperatives, lack of effectiveness training for cooperative members, dissatisfaction with cooperative performance and lack of social capital. Received: 22 December 2021Accepted: 28 October 2022
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Liu, Zhenhang, et Peng Fu. « Exploring Ways and Mechanisms for Farmers' Cooperatives to Participate in Rural Public Services ». Transactions on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 4 (12 mars 2024) : 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/j1m38p45.

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From the perspective of the path and mechanisms of rural integration, this article explores the logic behind the integration of cooperatives into rural governance, using the Hongyuan Farmers' Cooperative in Binchuan County, Dali City, Yunnan Province, as a case study.By leading villagers in development initiatives and embedding itself culturally and socially, the cooperative uses its organisational advantages to promote the healthy economic growth of villages and foster harmonious livelihoods among villagers. Through specific benefit-sharing mechanisms, the cooperative provides governance resources to the village collective, thereby strengthening the community's governance capacity. As the development of the farmers' cooperative progresses, the joint development of rural economic and public governance goals leads to the gradual formation of a new rural governance community.Practical experience shows that integrating the institutional strengths of farmers' cooperatives into rural governance, coupled with internal and external policy management, reshapes the governance structure of different rural governance units. This becomes a new direction for promoting the modernisation of rural governance systems and governance capacities. In essence, this article highlights how the cooperative, by integrating itself culturally and economically into the village, not only promotes economic growth but also empowers villagers to live harmoniously. Moreover, the incorporation of the cooperative's institutional strengths into rural governance redefines the structure of rural management units, suggesting a promising way to modernise rural governance systems.
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Hilliová, Markéta, Jiri Hejkrlík, Jana Mazancová et Tserendavaa Tseren. « Reaching the rural poor through agricultural cooperatives in Mongolia ». Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 17, no 1 (3 janvier 2017) : 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v17i1.726.

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The paper is preoccupied with the cooperative sector in central Mongolia. Its aim is to provide new insights into the role and importance of cooperatives in regard to poor rural populations. In the paper we analyze the inclusiveness of smaller herders and farmers with in the cooperatives. The research is based on data collection in selected provinces of the Tov region. The data were collected for three distinctive target groups-cooperative board members, cooperative members and non-members/herders. We found that the cooperative sector in Mongolia is strongly affected by the governmental policy of wool subsidies, which allows subsidies only to cooperative members, and is thus potentially leading to very low levels of members self-identification with the cooperative due to big increases in the numbers of new cooperative members. This policy is potentially also affecting the inner organizational structure of cooperatives. Further, we have found suggestions that poorer herdsmen tend not to be members of cooperatives and overall benefits for non-members and the general community arising from local cooperatives are rather low.
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Suchoń, Aneta Anna, et Maria Zuba-Ciszewska. « Functioning of Cooperatives within the Context of the Tasks of Communes (Especially Rural) – Selected Economic and Law Issues ». Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 18, no 4 (29 octobre 2020) : 901–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/18.3.901-925(2020).

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The purpose of the article is, firstly, an attempt at assessing whether the legal regulations support the development of cooperatives and aid the communes in performing their tasks and, secondly, to evaluate the statistical data concerning cooperatives, types of operations and the possible directions of development within the context of communes' tasks (especially rural). At the beginning basic legal regulations concerning cooperatives were presented. The considerations focused on social cooperatives, dairy cooperatives, cooperative groups of agricultural producers, farmers' cooperatives, energy cooperatives, bank cooperatives, housing cooperatives. Selected legal regulations are presented, especially their changes, which aimed to encourage the establishment of cooperatives. Their functioning is in line with the seventh cooperative principle, i.e. concern for the local community. Statistical data has been presented of role of different cooperative sector in the Polish economy in the context of the tasks of communes (especially rural). In summary, the authors stated that the functioning of many cooperatives feeds into the performance of commune’s tasks. This mostly relates to implementation of programs aiming for civic and economic activation in a given region, creation of workplaces, higher income of rural inhabitants, social aid, renewable energy, supporting activities for the development of a given commune.
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Yin, Zhuyao, et Tingli Wu. « A comparative study on the reform of rural credit cooperatives under the strategy of rural revitalization ». SHS Web of Conferences 153 (2023) : 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315301003.

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Rural credit cooperatives are the main force serving “agriculture, rural areas and farmers” in China. Zhejiang and Shaanxi are the first pilot provinces of the rural credit cooperative reform in China. The research on the reform of rural credit cooperatives in Jiaxing, Zhejiang and Yan 'an, Shaanxi shows that there are significant regional differences in the reform and development of rural credit cooperatives. Yan'an rural credit institutions play a more prominent role in supporting agriculture, but Jiaxing rural credit institutions have comparative advantages in overall operational efficiency, anti-risk ability, profit model and other aspects. On this basis, it is proposed to follow the principle of “six insistence” in promoting the reform of rural credit cooperatives, continuously improve the operating capacity of rural credit cooperatives, and promote the supply side structural reform of rural finance.
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Kostyaev, A. I., et E. A. Shepeleva. « Short supply food chains in rural development ». Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 20, no 6 (17 décembre 2019) : 632–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2019.20.6.632-644.

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The article presents the results of study of the possibilities and prerequisites for the development of rural territories based on the restructuring of the agri-food system at the local level. The inclusion of peasant farm enterprises, private subsidiary farms, agricultural consumer cooperatives and agricultural cooperative markets into short supply food chains has been observed. The study was conducted on the basis of Rosstat data across the subjects of the Russian Federation. The polling survey was carried out in Vologda, Leningrad and Novgorod regions. The methods of correlation and socio-economic analysis were used. Groups of regions with a high share (60-70%; 71-80%; > 80%) of peasant farms and private subsidiary farms in food production as territories with prerequisites for the formation of short supply food chains were identified. The tendencies of decreasing the number of agricultural consumer cooperatives and their localization in a limited number of regions have been established. In ten regions of Russia 52.6% of agricultural consumer cooperatives are concentrated and 49.2% of peasant farms as their members are located. Cooperatives in Russia as a whole cover only 5.2% of all peasant farms. Operating agricultural consumer cooperatives provide their services only to 4% of private subsidiary farms. Based on the correlation of Spearman's ranks, a moderate tightness of the direct relationship between the number of agricultural consumer cooperatives and the number of peasant farms - members of the agricultural consumer cooperatives (correlation coefficient is 0.56) and a weak relationship between the number of agricultural consumer cooperatives and the number of private subsidiary farms served by them (0.08) has been established. It is concluded that agricultural consumer cooperatives can have a significant impact on the formation of short supply food chains only in certain regions with a developed cooperative network. The results of the questionnaire of agricultural consumer cooperatives have revealed a number of interrelated problems concerning the sale of products, the need for the development of agricultural cooperative markets and other retail markets. It was proposed to manage markets and food chains in general on the basis of a corporate social responsibility model using rural web networks (Rural web).Conflict of interest: the authors stated that there was no conflict of interest.
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Ovchintseva, L. A. « Case-study method in the studies of the Russian rural cooperation ». RUDN Journal of Sociology 20, no 3 (15 décembre 2020) : 669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2020-20-3-669-680.

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Qualitative methods are highly appreciated in both foreign and Russian sociological research focused on practical results and recommendations. Among numerous qualitative methods, case study seems to be the most relevant for the study of rural cooperation. Cooperatives are traditionally the most important means for supporting small producers in agriculture. Historical studies show that rural cooperation has always revived under social transformations. Today in Russia, transformations in rural areas are not complete and still determine serious social-economic consequences. The state support for cooperatives and small business is one of the priorities in rural development, but it has contradictory effects. Every year, many new cooperatives are registered, but their number is always smaller than the number of closed cooperatives. The study aims at understanding motives for creating cooperatives, and at identifying mechanisms of economic interaction of cooperative members and risks and conflicts that affect the life of the cooperative. The author shows the relevance of the case study method for studying the formation and functioning of cooperatives and for testing the hypothesis about combination of formal and informal mechanisms of economic interaction in cooperatives. The case study proved the dependence of formalization of economic relations in the cooperative on the scale of its activities, and revealed motives for cooperation of small agricultural producers. This work is a part of the research within the state assignment of the RANEPA Informal economy of rural households: Possibilities and limitations of economic practices in increasing the potential and general attractiveness of rural areas.
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Jeločnik, Marko, Jonel Subić et Zorica Vasiljevic. « SUPPORTING PROGRAMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATIVES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA ». Ekonomika poljoprivrede 70, no 3 (2 octobre 2023) : 881–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.59267/ekopolj2303881j.

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Serbia is among few countries that have two ministries, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management and the Ministry of Rural Welfare, active in solving actual problems linked to living and working conditions in rural space. Establishment of cooperatives, or joined action of rural population could enable developmental processes in rural areas. Both ministries offer certain programs of public support focused on cooperatives advancement or establishment, and indirectly securing the competitiveness and sustainability of cooperative members (i.e. mainly family farms). The main research goal is observing the economic impact of the one of program support lines of the Ministry of Rural Welfare directed to development of cooperatives, and further prevention of disappearing of rural communities in Serbia. Analysis shows that mentioned support has turned over the previous trend of shutting down the cooperatives into situation when over 1,100 new agricultural cooperatives have been established in last several years. Additionally, derived results initiate certain recommendations, useful both for policy makers and cooperatives.
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Abel Feleke. « Review on the Role of rural Saving and Credit Cooperatives in Improving Rural Farmers‘ Socio-economic Activities in Ethiopia ». Pacific International Journal 1, no 3 (30 septembre 2018) : 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v1i3.59.

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Rural Saving and Credit Cooperatives (RuSACCOs) are the main financial solution of the people who have low income level.Rural saving and credit cooperatives are considered to have immense potential in financing short term loans for agricultural production technologies and undertake off-farm income generating activities in rural areas where both the state and the private sector have failed. Cooperatives and socio-economic development in Ethiopia has its own Economic significance, Employment creation, income generation and poverty reduction, Social protection, Cooperative representation. Cooperatives have a long history in Ethiopia. Traditional forms of collective action such as iqub found that a traditional form of rotating savings and credit association; work groups such as jige, wonfel, and debo, which help in mobilizing labor resource (Labour sharing); and idir, a traditional association which provides insurance for members during death and other accidents. . Rural saving and credit cooperatives have their own challenges that retard their financial solution to their members and the economical contribution to a country. In Ethiopia, the development of SACCOs is low due to the existence of different challenges. Some of the most important challenges include lack of capacity for providing competent managerial services, limited participation of members in decision making and controlling activities (because of limited capacity and skill), and lack of finance, basic infrastructure, and market information against the need for a better linkage of cooperative members. And recommending Government cooperative agency offices, Unions, and NGOs should provide sustainable technical training for cooperatives technical staffs on financial planning, financial management, and inventory handling issues are the possible recommendations. Saving and credit cooperatives play a crucial role in economic and social development for rural farmers in Ethiopia.
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Perkasa, Rypho Delzy, et Wiwid Nur Sulistiani. « Peran dan Tantangan Koperasi dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi Masyarakat yang Berada di Desa Namo Bintang Kecamatan Pancur Batu ». El-Mujtama : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 4, no 2 (19 août 2023) : 1019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/elmujtama.v4i2.4687.

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Cooperatives play a crucial role in the economic development of communities, especially in rural areas like Desa Namo Bintang, Kecamatan Pancur Baru. Cooperatives can be an effective means to stimulate economic growth and improve the welfare of the community. However, in fulfilling their role, cooperatives face various challenges that need to be overcome in order to provide maximum benefits to the community. This research aims to analyze the role of cooperatives in the economic development of the community in Desa Namo Bintang and identify the challenges faced by cooperatives in achieving their goals. The research methodology employed in this study is field research, including interviews and direct observations of the cooperatives in Desa Namo Bintang. The research identifies several challenges faced by cooperatives in Desa Namo Bintang. Firstly, there is a limitation of capital that affects the cooperative's ability to provide loans to its members. Secondly, the lack of access to a broader market limits the sale of cooperative products. Thirdly, the insufficient involvement of the younger generation in cooperative activities threatens the sustainability of the cooperatives in the future. In addressing these challenges, several recommendations are provided. Firstly, the government needs to provide financial and technical support to cooperatives through mentoring and training programs. Secondly, cooperatives need to innovate in product marketing and expand their networks. Thirdly, cooperatives must actively engage the younger generation by involving them in decision-making processes and providing opportunities for skill development. Keywords: cooperative, economic development, challenges, and marketing
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Thèses sur le sujet "Rural cooperatives"

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Ferreira, Palloma Rosa. « A educação cooperativista em Minas Gerais : mapeando as organizações ». Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4120.

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The cooperative education begins with the very idea of cooperative. Aware of the peculiar characteristics of these organizational forms, where cooperation is proposed as an alternative to competition and individualism, the pioneers of the cooperative system themselves set that it will be one of the principles that define and support the cooperatives themselves. It transforms into one of the pillars of sustentation of the cooperative development, being constituent of the principles, as well as the explicit needs of these organizations. This work has as aim to discuss some aspects of the history, definitions and operation of cooperative education in the State of Minas Gerais- agricultural cooperatives and analyze the organizations that offer cooperative education. As methodological work for this analysis, there was first a survey, due to scarce available literature on the situation and to achieve more information about the problem, for it, it was directed questionnaires containing closed and open questions, addressed to all the agricultural cooperatives which it had access in the State. Second, it was performed a descriptive study of organizations that carry out cooperative education in the State of Minas Gerais, which were developed semi-structured interviews and documentary research. It is concluded that cooperative education is poorly developed in the Minas Gerais- agricultural cooperatives, although there is no single definition of what is the thematic or it should include. Therefore, the diversity of studied organizations allows the understanding of existence of multiple concepts of cooperative education, and also the observation of the variety of activities and public to whom theses activities are organized. It is possible to verify the presence of three focus areas - business management, social management and technical assistance to cooperatives members- in the contents that agricultural cooperatives identified as part of cooperative education. Among the organizations there are those that offer many of these contents, but with discrepancies, or sometimes with an emphasis of some contents and little attention given to the others. Yet, it is possible to visualize matches on the activities of cooperative education that are undertaken by these organizations, thereby causing duplicity of developed actions, however, not with the same approach. It´s verified the evidences of existence of a field, in Bourdieu´s way, multiple, diversified and in development, where diverse organizations with different profiles and purposes work.
A educação cooperativista nasce junto à própria ideia de cooperativa. Conscientes das características peculiares destas formas organizacionais, nas quais a cooperação se propõe como alternativa à competição e ao individualismo, os próprios pioneiros estabeleceram que ela será um dos princípios que sustentam e definem as próprias cooperativas. Como um dos pilares de sustentação do desenvolvimento cooperativo, é uma necessidade explícita destas organizações. O objetivo desta pesquisa é trazer para a luz do debate, aspectos relativos à história, definições e funcionamento da educação cooperativista nas cooperativas agrárias no Estado de Minas Gerais e analisar as organizações que atuam oferecendo educação cooperativista. Como trabalho metodológico para essa análise, realizou-se primeiro uma pesquisa exploratória, devido à escassa bibliografia disponível sobre a situação a ser observada e no intuito de alcançar maiores informações sobre o problema em questão. Para isso, foram encaminhados questionários, contendo questões fechadas e abertas, para todas as cooperativas agropecuárias às quais se teve acesso no Estado. Num segundo momento, foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva das organizações que realizam educação cooperativista no Estado de Minas Gerais; para tanto foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, assim como pesquisa documental. Conclui-se que a educação cooperativista é escassamente desenvolvida nas cooperativas agrárias mineiras, embora não existindo uma única definição do que seja ou das temáticas que ela deva englobar. Assim, a heterogeneidade das organizações estudadas permite perceber a polissemia do conceito de educação cooperativista e observar também a variedade de atividades e públicos para os quais são organizadas essas atividades. Verifica-se a presença de três áreas privilegiadas nos conteúdos que as cooperativas agrárias identificam como fazendo parte da educação cooperativista: gestão empresarial, gestão social e assistência técnica aos cooperados. Dentre as organizações, existem aquelas que oferecem simultaneamente vários dos conteúdos mencionados, porém com discrepâncias, ou seja, às vezes com ênfase num destes conteúdos e pouca atenção dispensada aos demais. Ainda é possível visualizar coincidências nas atividades de educação cooperativista que são realizadas por essas organizações, ocasionando consequentemente sombreamento das ações desenvolvidas, embora não necessariamente com enfoque similar. Observamse indícios da existência de um campo no sentido de Bourdieu, múltiplo, diversificado e em crescimento, em que diversas organizações de distinto perfil e finalidade atuam.
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Bhuimali, Anil. « The Experiments and prospects of rural cooperatives in West Bengal ». Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/323.

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Pivoto, Dieisson. « Governança cooperativa : uma análise dos problemas oriundos dos direitos de propriedade difusos nas cooperativas agropecuárias do Rio Grande do Sul ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/70628.

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As cooperativas agropecuárias são representativas dentro do cooperativismo e do agronegócio brasileiro. O ramo agropecuário possui 23% do total de cooperativas brasileiras (OCB, 2010), com participação considerável em inúmeras cadeias do agronegócio. Apesar da importância dessas organizações, com as mudanças que ocorreram nas últimas décadas na economia brasileira e mundial, como abertura econômica, menor aporte financeiro do estado às cooperativas agropecuárias e internacionalização dos mercados, muitas dessas organizações têm apresentado dificuldade de se manterem no mercado. As cooperativas agropecuárias tradicionais, conforme descreve Cook (1995), possuem os seus direitos de propriedade difusos, gerando problemas de governança (carona, horizonte, portfólio, controle e custos de influência), causando conflitos na organização cooperativa. De acordo com a intensidade dos problemas mencionados, podem levar à liquidação do empreendimento cooperativo. O Rio Grande do Sul apresenta-se como um dos estados onde o cooperativismo teve sua gênese. Diante do exposto, o trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a presença e a intensidade dos problemas oriundos dos direitos de propriedade difusos, bem como analisar e discutir as estratégias empregadas pelas cooperativas agropecuárias do Rio Grande do Sul e presentes na literatura para minimizar esses problemas. Verificou-se que o problema mais intenso nas cooperativas agropecuárias do estado é o do horizonte, sendo seguindo pelo problema do carona, de portfólio, de controle e custos de influência. Constatou-se que, em geral, as cooperativas que têm os “grãos” como principal atividade de negócio apresentam maior intensidade do problema do horizonte e carona que o grupo das demais cooperativas. As cooperativas agropecuárias do estado apresentam um grande número de estratégias e mecanismos para minimizar os problemas oriundos dos direitos de propriedade difusos, diferindo entre os diferentes grupos de cooperativas. No entanto, a ausência de estratégias para mitigar os problemas em algumas cooperativas, aumenta a incidência dos problemas. Os novos modelos organizacionais de cooperativas podem ser uma forma de minimizar os problemas de governança das cooperativas agropecuárias do Rio Grande do Sul.
The agriculture cooperatives are representative within Brazilian cooperativism and agribusiness. The agricultural line of business detains 23% of the total of Brazilian cooperatives (OCB, 2010), with a considerable participation in several chains of agribusiness. Despite the importance of these organizations, with the changes that took place in the last decade in the Brazilian and the world’s economy, such as the opening of economy, the diminishing of financial support from the government to the agricultural cooperatives and the internationalization of the market, many organizations such as these have been showing difficulties to keep themselves in the market. The traditional agricultural cooperatives, as Cook describes (1995), have their ownership rights diffused, creating governance issues (“free ride”, horizon, portfolio, control and influence costs), causing conflicts in the cooperative organization. According to the intensity of the issues mentioned above, they can liquidate the cooperative enterprise. Rio Grande do Sul is one of the states where cooperativism had its genesis. Considering what has been presented so far, the goal of this work was to verify the presence and intensity of the issues stemming from the diffused ownership rights, as well as analyze and discuss the strategies used by the agricultural cooperatives of Rio Grande do Sul and that are present in the literature in order to minimize these problems. It was verified that the most intense problem in the agricultural cooperatives in the state is the one related to “horizon”, followed by the “free ride” problem, the portfolio, the control and the influence costs ones. It was also verified that the cooperatives which have “grains” as their main business activity present a greater intensity of the “horizon” and the “free ride” problems, compared to the group of the other cooperatives. The state’s agricultural cooperatives have a great number of strategies and mechanisms to minimize the issues stemming from the diffused ownership rights, differing amongst the different cooperative groups. The lack of strategies to minimize the problems in some cooperatives increases the incidence of these issues. The new organizational models of the cooperatives can be a way of minimizing the governance problems of the agricultural cooperatives of Rio Grande do Sul.
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Green, John J. « Community-based cooperatives and networks : participatory social movement assessment of four organizations / ». free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060099.

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Meng, Junhong [Verfasser]. « Chinese Rural Banking Situation and the Reform of the Main Rural Financial Supplier Rural Credit Cooperatives / Junhong Meng ». Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & ; Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/110761256X/34.

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Andersson, Joel. « The Cooperative Role Model : A study of the Role Model Effect in rural agricultural cooperatives in Rwanda ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-403172.

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With the highest representation of female parliamentarians in the world, Rwanda is a frequently reoccurring case when studying the impact of increased female representation. In this debate, little attention has been given to symbolic representation and particularly to the concept of the Role Model Effect. To bridge this gap, the purpose is to provide insights to how the Role Model Effect operates in a rural, non-quota context, separated from high politics. Consequently, the thesis seeks to examine how female board members in Rwandan agricultural cooperatives affect the willingness of female members to obtain board positions. The data was collected through a qualitative field study where 44 respondents in three different cooperatives in Rwanda were interviewed. Respondents were chosen through a combination of strategic selection and snowball sampling. The thesis found that the Role Model Effect required two conditions to be fulfilled before it could be manifested: geographical proximity and trust. If these criteria were met, both female board members and female leaders of lower ranks were found to explicitly and implicitly increase the willingness to obtain leading positions among female members, thus altering ruling gender roles.
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Ndabeni, L. « Where there are no jobs : The South African Challenge of Creating Jobs and Incomes for Marginalized Rural Inhabitants ». Tshwane University of Technology, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001620.

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Abstract The problem of rural poverty, unemployment, lack of incomes, and marginalization has become an important area of policy in practice in South Africa. More specifically, employment is seen as an important policy instrument through which the marginalized rural inhabitants can enter and participate in the broader national economy. It is not surprising, therefore, that this area of policy concern is increasingly receiving attention among policy makers and scholars. The aim in this paper is to examine three specific strategies that are increasingly utilized to create employment and incomes for the marginalized rural inhabitants in South Africa.
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McGehee, Nancy Gard. « Effects of tourism-related cooperatives on community development in Appalachia / ». This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06232009-063350/.

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Corrêa, Fábio Rogério Cassimiro. « Os Bancos de Custeio Rural e o crédito agrícola em São Paulo (1906-1914) ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-10042015-113438/.

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O sistema de financiamento da cafeicultura evoluiu no processo da transição do trabalho escravo para o livre, ocasionando o aumento da demanda do crédito para o custeio anual da safra sobre os empréstimos de longo prazo exigidos durante o regime escravista. Por outro lado, a crise dos preços do café ocorrida entre 1896 e 1906 evidenciou as limitações do sistema de financiamento existente que estava baseado nos adiantamentos fornecidos por comerciantes. As novas necessidades de crédito e o crescente clima de descontentamento com os mecanismos comerciais de financiamento acabariam por suscitar propostas de intervenção do Estado com políticas de crédito agrícola a serem organizadas ou subsidiadas pelo governo do Estado de São Paulo e que viriam a ser concretizadas na esteira do programa de valorização do café, adotado em 1906. Tais intervenções incluiriam a criação de bancos agrícolas e o incentivo às cooperativas rurais de crédito, das quais os chamados Bancos de Custeio Rural são os primeiros experimentos desse tipo no estado e constituem nosso objeto de estudo. Os Bancos de Custeio Rural formaram uma rede de cooperativas de crédito, que atuou entre 1906 e 1914 no interior do estado de São Paulo. Esses bancos emprestavam apenas aos fazendeiros associados o valor demandado no financiamento anual da lavoura. Tendo surgido no contexto da crise cafeeira de 1896-1906, a sua reconstituição revela o intenso debate a respeito dos meios de se combater a crise e sobre o papel do Estado no financiamento agrícola. Os bancos de custeio surgiram como uma alternativa à intervenção governamental no sistema de crédito e representam a primeira experiência com o cooperativismo de crédito no Estado de São Paulo. Em 1914, eles estavam presentes em quarenta e nove cidades paulistas, no entanto, apesar de seu rápido crescimento, eles desapareceram após a falência da companhia que os organizava, em janeiro deste ano. Neste artigo discutimos as circunstâncias de seu surgimento, sua organização, atuação e falência
The financing system of coffee has evolved in the transition from slave to free labor process as credit for the cost of the annual harvest was imposed in relation to long-term loans required by the slave system. On the other hand, the crisis in coffee prices that occurred between 1896 and 1906 would demonstrate the limitations of the funding system, based on advances provided by merchants. The new credit requirements and the growing sense of discontent with commercial financing mechanisms would eventually raise proposals for state intervention through an agricultural credit policy to be organized by the state government of São Paulo and that was to be carried on the mat the coffee valorization program adopted in 1906. Such interventions include the establishment of agricultural banks and encouraging rural credit cooperatives of which the so-called Costing rural banks are the first experiments of this type in the state and constitute our object of study. The \"Bancos de Custeio Rural\" consisted of a network of credit unions that operated between 1906 and 1914 in the state of São Paulo. During this period, these banks lent, to associated farmers only, the necessary amount to fund their annual crop. Having arisen in the context of the coffee crisis of 1896-1906, their reconstitution reveals the intense debate regarding ways to tackle the crisis and the role of the state in agricultural finance. The BCRs emerged as an alternative to government intervention in the credit system and represented the first experience with the credit cooperativism in the state of São Paulo. In 1914, they were present in forty-nine cities of that state. However, despite its rapid growth, they disappeared as soon as the company that have organized them went bankrupt, in January of that same year. In this article, we discuss the circumstances of its emergence, organization, operations and bankruptcy
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Ghellere, Reginaldo. « REDES DE COOPERAÇÃO DA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR DO SUL DE SANTA CATARINA ». Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8908.

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Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária
This research discusses the role of family agriculture cooperative networks in country life social and economic aspects in southern Santa Catarina. Since colonization period, mainly Italian and German, the region has a history of several agricultural cooperatives formed by agricultural product, some of which having already more than 45 years of operation. From the year 2004, seeking to meet the needs of marketing, appear new agricultural cooperatives in the decentralized model. Thus, the study aims to analyze the importance of agricultural cooperatives by product and decentralized to the social reproduction of family farmers associated with them. To meet this purpose was done a research with twenty associated from four agricultural cooperatives, two by product and two decentralized. The study shows how these cooperatives contribute positively with associated families by creating favorable marketing conditions to local farmers and also providing technical improvement. However, even with the recognition of the benefits of the cooperative, it was found that some associated have not sold their entire production through its cooperative thereby resulting in economic and social losses for the entire system.
Esta investigação versa sobre o papel das redes de cooperação da agricultura familiar na reprodução social das famílias de agricultores familiares. As redes de cooperação estudadas são delimitadas por cooperativas agropecuárias por produto e descentralizadas, localizadas no Sul de Santa Catarina. Desde sua colonização, principalmente italiana e alemã, a região possui um histórico de diversas cooperativas agropecuárias constituídas por produto agrícola, sendo que algumas delas possuem mais de 45 anos de funcionamento. A partir do ano de 2004, procurando atender as necessidades de comercialização de produtos processados pelos próprios agricultores, nos mercados local e institucional, são constituídas novas cooperativas agropecuárias no formato descentralizadas. Assim, o estudo teve como objetivo principal, analisar a importância das cooperativas agropecuárias por produto e descentralizadas para a reprodução social dos agricultores familiares associados às mesmas. Para tanto, foi feita uma pesquisa com vinte associados de quatro cooperativas agropecuárias, sendo duas por produto e duas descentralizadas. O estudo demonstrou que as cooperativas contribuem positivamente com as famílias associadas. Enquanto as cooperativas por produto conseguem ditar condições favoráveis de comercialização do mercado local aos agricultores sócios e também a não-sócios, bem como prestar apoio técnico e oferta de insumos, as cooperativas descentralizadas, por sua vez, viabilizam o acesso a diversos canais de comercialização aos seus associados a partir da formalização dos empreendimentos dos associados. Porém, mesmo com o reconhecimento dos benefícios da cooperativa, constatou-se que alguns cooperados não tem comercializado a totalidade de sua produção por meio das suas cooperativas. Isto resulta em perdas econômicas e sociais para as cooperativas e, respectivamente, para o conjunto dos associados.
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Livres sur le sujet "Rural cooperatives"

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1938-, Taimni K. K., Institute of Rural Management (Ānand, India) et International Symposium on "Management of Rural Cooperatives" (1992 : Institute of Rural Management, Ānand, India), dir. Asia's rural cooperatives. Boulder : Westview Press., 1994.

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Sommer, Andy. Rural school district cooperatives. Portland, Or : Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 1990.

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Development, United States Rural. Help for cooperatives. [Washington, D.C.] : United States Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, 2016.

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Gyllstrom, Bjorn. State, cooperatives and rural change. Bromley : Chartwell-Bratt, 1990.

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India) Workshop on Decentralization and Development Approach of Panchayati Raj Institutions for Cooperative and Rural Development (2015 Pune. Decentralization, cooperatives and rural development. Sous la direction de Rajasekhar D. editor, Devendra Babu M. editor, Manjula R. editor, Vaikunth Mehta National Institute of Co-operative Management et Institute for Social and Economic Change. Jaipur : Rawat Publications, 2020.

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Garrick, Cynthia. Rural electric cooperatives : IRP survey. Golden, Colo : National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1995.

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1945-, Gyllström Björn, et Rundquist Franz-Michael 1948-, dir. State, cooperatives, and rural change. Lund, Sweden : Lund University Press, 1989.

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Dadson, J. A. Production co-operatives and rural development in Ghana. [Addis Ababa] : Economic Commission for Africa, 1985.

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Mlowe, Ladislaus H. K. Study of cooperatives and other rural organizations. [Arusha, Tanzania] : Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Africa, 1991.

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L, Kennedy Tracey, et United States. Rural Business and Cooperative Development Service, dir. Cooperatives, a housing alternative for rural America. [Washington, D.C.] : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Rural Business and Cooperative Development Service, 1995.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Rural cooperatives"

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Cousin, Violaine. « Rural Credit Cooperatives ». Dans Banking in China, 150–61. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230595842_14.

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Weitz, Raanan. « Rural Cooperation and the Stages of Economic Growth ». Dans Agricultural Cooperatives in Transition, 367–79. New York : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429041693-23.

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Du, Runsheng, et Thomas R. Gottschang. « Reflections on the Development of Rural Cooperatives ». Dans Reform and Development in Rural China, 207–18. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23665-7_20.

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Johnson, Derrick, et Ashura Lewis. « Organizing for Energy Democracy in Rural Electric Cooperatives ». Dans Energy Democracy, 93–112. Washington, DC : Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-852-7_6.

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Mayfield, James B. « Agricultural Cooperatives : Continuity and Change in Rural Egypt ». Dans Egypt from Monarchy to Republic, 81–102. New York : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429040962-8.

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Wu, Kaiqun. « Joint Cooperative of the Rural Credit Cooperatives Based on Transitional Institutional Arrangement ». Dans Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 457–62. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35398-7_58.

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Warlow, Alex, et Edward Kasabov. « Re-thinking Rural Conflict, Cooperation Difficulties, and Failure : The Case of Rural Cooperatives ». Dans Rural Cooperation in Europe, 266–82. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137348890_12.

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Giaccio, Vincenzo, et Mariella Zingaro. « Gli strumenti ». Dans Studi e saggi, 131–47. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-168-6.05.

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In this contribution, the financial and planning instruments that can promote the development of a Community-based cooperative are analysed. In particular, EU cohesion policy and rural development programs are considered. A focus is then made on the so-called InvestEU Fund, and another in-depth look is given to Smart Villages, which are defined as communities in inner areas using innovative solutions to improve their resilience, building on local strengths and opportunities: a very well suited definition to the potential role of Community-based cooperatives.
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Tang, Cheng. « Rural Finance : State Banks and Rural Credit Cooperatives in the Context of Fund Transfers ». Dans Studies on the Chinese Economy During the Mao Era, 143–60. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5410-8_7.

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Goussal, Darío M. « Utility Cooperatives as Rural NGT Providers : Feasibility, Potentials and Pitfalls ». Dans Handbook on ICT in Developing Countries, 85–116. New York : River Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003346043-5.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Rural cooperatives"

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DE LOS RÍOS CARMENADO, Ignacio, Maria RIVERA, Carmen García FERRER et Freddy Bolivar Lopez VILLAVICENCIO. « SOURCES OF RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES : LESSONS LEARNT FROM 25 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN MURCIA (SPAIN) ». Dans Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.086.

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Resilience is understood as the capacity of rural systems to transform and adapt, and this is key to achieving sustainable rural development. The aim of the research is to study resilience from a cooperative framework based on four concepts: persistence, adaptability, transformation capacity, and learning, and to collect successful strategies that encourage resilience. The research is part of a project called Rethink funded by the European Commission and state agencies of 14 European countries, included in the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) and the ERA-NET RURAGRI. The methodology is structured based on a common analytical framework that holds the four concepts of resilience applied to each of the key stakeholders (cooperative, public sector, private sector and civil society). The case study analyzed is a cooperative that has more than 25 years’ experience in agriculture during which it has demonstrated its capacity for renewal and recovery through its working model. The analysis covers the entire process of the cooperative, from previous experience of farmers, the creation of the company in 2007 to its current projects, focusing not only on market strategies, but also on its strategic vision and research investment, and on values such as trust and respect, on which the cooperative is based.
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Zimnoch, Krystyna. « The Role of Student Cooperatives in Education in Poland in the 21st Century ». Dans Rural environment. Education. Personality. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2018.031.

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Shainidze, Ekaterine, Vazha Verulidze et Iamze Surmanidze. « The role of cooperatives in the process of development of agriculture and integration into trade area of the European Union case of Georgia ». Dans 24th International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2023”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2023.57.055.

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In terms of agricultural development, Georgia, taking into account its biodiversity and soil and climatic conditions, is a country with significant potential in the Caucasus region. Despite the mentioned natural advantages, Georgia's agriculture has been facing significant challenges, in particular local production is underdeveloped, food safety is not protected and the food self-sufficiency ratio is low. In the context of agricultural development support programs, legislative regulation of cooperative activities and an association agreement signed with the European Union, the development and revival of agriculture was expected, which should have been a prerequisite for the possibility of opening the European Union market for Georgian agricultural products; however, in the context of land fragmentation, it’s still not possible to stimulate the production and export of agricultural products. The aim of the article is to assess the role of cooperatives in the process of development of agriculture and integration into the trade area of the European Union. The main reason for the failure of ongoing reforms in the field of agriculture is its inconsistency and imperfect laws, which leads to the inability of individual state programs to support agricultural value chain. Thus, in order to ensure the success of the reform, it is necessary to stimulate cooperatives using systematic and integrated approaches, which means, first of all, increasing the access of cooperatives to land, providing training services, technological, marketing support, providing preferences in public procurement, ensuring compliance with the conditions of product standardization and continuity of supply to enter the EU market.
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Yücel, Mustafa, Yaşar Aktaş et Neslişah Taner. « What are the New Functions of Agriculture Cooperatives in the Progress of Globalization ? The Case of Agriculture Cooperatives of Kastamonu ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01231.

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While production and markets have been becoming more integrated since barriers to the international trade reduced, capital movements and the speed of spreading of technology increased with the progress of globalization, issues regarding to agriculture, environment, women, employment, and education became more critical. In this research, “by which functions and missions can agricultural cooperatives sustain their assets under globalized conditions” is the major research question. In the research, 19 cooperatives were chosen among 308 cooperatives, depending on their distance to Kastamonu, foundation year, and the amount of member. Subjects were determined by their traits and occupations. 164 subjects were interviewed via survey questions in 2014-2015. In research, “The situation-specific approach” model, developed by Hartmut Albrecht was applied. Because of the progress of change in organizational values, agriculture cooperatives have to undertake new functions in addition to maintaining agricultural production. The functions can be classified into 4 categories as socio-economic (taking local goods to international markets, recording incomes in the agriculture sector, and creating new employment positions to reduce migration to urban), international relations (developing new projects toward internationalizing to collaborate with other cooperatives), planning (making long-term strategic plans), and education (training women in rural areas, and obtaining their collaboration in cooperative campaigns, and educating future's cooperative managers).
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LADYCHENKO, Kateryna, et Anna METELSKA. « INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR UKRAINIAN FARMS ». Dans RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.237.

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The study aimed to explore the current situation and services efficiency level of problems of Institutional framework of government support for Ukrainian farms. Nowadays, the agrarian sector of the economy shows a positive dynamics of growth, forming in recent years about 14% of gross value added in the country and about 40% of foreign exchange earnings on exports in Ukraine. This article aims to examine, through content analysis and statistical description, the importance of the agrarian sector in the national economy and its role in ensuring the country's food security requires the sustainability and effectiveness of its development based by experiences of USA and Europe practices. Therefore, the study examined the development of farming and service cooperatives are the necessary actions of the state, aimed at ensuring that a person working on the ground can earn enough money to be interested in continuing the work on his own land. Research data were collected from State Statistics Service of Ukraine, World Economic Forum and The European Statistical System. Research results showed that creating new jobs in the countryside are taxes to local budgets, and the development of rural areas, and the slowdown of urbanization, the reduction of the rate of extinction of the Ukrainian village. Such economic results, supplemented by the solution of other problems that farmers say, will obviously be better prepared for the opening of the land market in the future.
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Chen, Lishuang. « Analysis of the Development of Rural Microcredit from the Rural Credit Cooperatives - Taking Hubei Province Yi Chang City Rural Credit Cooperative as Example ». Dans 2011 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2011.5998444.

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Feldmane, Liene, et Andra Zvirbule. « Influence of institutional framework on economic activity of agricultural cooperatives : Latvia’s case ». Dans 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.004.

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Given the important role of agricultural cooperatives in strengthening competitiveness and market power of farmers in the food chain, it is essential to understand the competitiveness of their own economic activities. The purpose of this article is to summarize the institutional base affecting agricultural cooperation to assess its impact on the economic activity. To reach the goal, the normative documents that affect the agricultural co-operation directly were gathered and studied, and certain institutional obstacles and problems affecting the cooperation of economic activity were highlighted. At the end, conclusions on the institutional framework for economic activity of agricultural cooperatives in Latvia and suggestions on the legislative changes needed to improve the competitiveness of agricultural cooperatives are offered.
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Tao Hong, Thomas D. Laing et Pu Wang. « Four best practices of load forecasting for electric cooperatives ». Dans 2014 IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference (REPC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/repcon.2014.6842203.

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Watson, Michael F., Fathalla Eldali, Davis Farr et Jesse Smith. « Demand Management Using Dynamic Voltage Reduction at Rural Electric Cooperatives ». Dans 2023 IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference (REPC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/repc49397.2023.00012.

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Li, Yi, et Zhu Xihua. « Short Analysis of the stakeholders’ benefit and satisfaction about Rural Land Share Cooperatives of the Southern Jiangsu Province ». Dans 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/ztfm2175.

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The agricultural land around Shanghai is famous for its huge population and intensive cultivation. With the expansion of the metropolis, a large number of agricultural people have entered the city to work, and rural land has been abandoned1,2. In 2009, Kunshan City implemented a land transfer system, and 99% of the cultivated land was packaged for large scale farmers, and initially realized large‐scale operation3 . However, the large‐scale business model has gradually experienced problems such as predatory management, ecological destruction, and no sense of social responsibility. Through the establishment of agricultural land share cooperatives, Changyun Village took the lead in realizing the collective management of agricultural land, taking shares in the land, giving priority to paying dividends to the land, and paying wages to the farmers working in the cooperative. The peasants' enthusiasm for entering the city has become an important buffer for the migrants to work in Shanghai and surrounding village.It has increased the employment rate. At the same time, it has supplied green agricultural products to the city, passed on agricultural technology, and activated local communities. This article intends to analyse the correlation between several village share cooperative models based on Changyun Village and the large family farm contracting model of more than ten villages, and the satisfaction of villagers, combined with property rights theory, scale economy theory, and accounting cooperatives. Cost‐benefit, evaluate the effect of “long cloud-style” collectivization on revitalizing the surrounding villages of metropolises and assess the satisfaction of governments at all levels. Through field interviews and questionnaire surveys, the correlation analysis of village cadres and villagers' satisfaction was conducted. The government is optimistic about the role of the "long cloud model" in grassroots management and improvement of people's livelihood. Even if public finances are required to invest a large amount of money, it is necessary to strengthen the medical and social security of the villagers. The government is also quite satisfied with the Changyun model. At present, the economic benefits of the stock cooperatives have steadily increased. Although the growth rate is not large, the villagers have a strong sense of well‐being, and the village's ecological environment has been improved. In the future, the cost of the village will be reduced after the large scale operation, and the overall economic benefits will be improved. The future research direction will be how to solve the specific problems that plague the cooperative's production and operation, such as low rice prices and lack of high value added finishing facilities to continue to activate the surrounding areas of the metropolis and improve the satisfaction of the government and villagers.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Rural cooperatives"

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Garrick, Cynthia. Rural Electric Cooperatives IRP Survey. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/132709.

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Singh, Savitri, dir. Empowering the Female Rural Workforce. Asian Productivity Organization, mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61145/tlku6381.

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In this P-Insights report, Savitri Singh discusses the urgent issue of increasing women’s economic and political participation, especially in rural areas. As half of the world's population, it's time to address the glaring inequalities that deprive women of access to basic resources necessary for labor market participation. Empowering rural women is key to achieving national food security and economic growth. Drawing on her own experiences and examples of cooperatives in Asia, she offers positive solutions to this pressing issue.
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Helwig, Karin, Olga Biosca, Emanuella Christensen, Michael Mikulewicz, Patrick Mugiraneza et Liberata Mukamana. Climate Resilience Through Microfinance : Insights from Rwanda. Glasgow Caledonian University, juillet 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59019/ivkp2328.

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Research Topic: Smallholder farmers are highly sensitive to climate change impacts and often have limited means of recovering from or adapting to these. In Rwanda, microfinance products directed at farmers, available through farming or financial cooperatives, have mainly comprised of loans of seed and fertiliser, aimed at increasing yield but not specifically at increasing climate resilience. This project investigated farmers’ experiences with climate change and mitigation; vulnerabilities and exclusions; reverberations of rural climate change impacts in the urban areas of Kigali; opportunities for microfinance institutions (MFIs) to support climate adaptation beyond current products, and possibilities for widening access to climate-resilient solutions through financial inclusion for lower income and more vulnerable groups. Methods: Interviews (n=30), surveys (n=270), participatory mapping (n=3) and transect walks (n=3) were conducted with smallholder farmers (n=30) in three rural districts of Rwanda: Gisagara, Musanze and Ngoma. Participants were selected through initial contacts identified by Urwego Bank, the local MFI partner of Opportunity International, who funded this research project. Additional interviews were held with agricultural loans officers. Furthermore, 10 interviews were conducted with traders in agricultural produce in Kigali district. Finally, e-interviews (n=11) were held with stakeholders working in the field of financial inclusion, agriculture, development and climate change in Rwanda, to consider the way forward for microfinance as a tool for climate adaptation. The three rural districts comprise a range of climate vulnerabilities, in terms of the population’s income and age, infrastructure, agricultural sensitivity, and weather patterns.
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Torrero, E., et R. McClelland. Residential Fuel Cell Demonstration Handbook : National Rural Electric Cooperative Association Cooperative Research Network. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), juillet 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15000844.

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Gurung, M. B., Uma Pratap, N. C. T. D. Shrestha, H. K. Sharma, N. Islam et N. B. Tamang. Beekeeping Training for Farmers in Afghanistan : Resource Manual for Trainers [in Urdu]. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.564.

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Beekeeping contributes to rural development by supporting agricultural production through pollination and by providing honey, wax, and other products for home use and sale. It offers a good way for resource-poor farmers in the Hindu Kush Himalayas to obtain income, as it requires only a small start-up investment, can be carried out in a small space close to the home, and generally yields profits within a year of operation. A modern approach to bee management, using frame hives and focusing on high quality, will help farmers benefit most fully from beekeeping. This manual is designed to help provide beekeepers with the up-to-date training they need. It presents an inclusive curriculum developed through ICIMOD’s work with partner organizations in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal, supported by the Austrian Development Agency. A wide range of stakeholders – trainers, trainees, government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), associations and federations, and private entrepreneurs – were engaged in the identification of curriculum needs and in development and testing of the curriculum. The manual covers the full range of beekeeping-related topics, including the use of bees for crop pollination; production of honey, wax and other hive products; honey quality standards; and using value chain and market management to increase beekeepers’ benefits. It also includes emerging issues and innovations regarding such subjects as indigenous honeybees, gender and equity, integrated pest management, and bee-related policy. The focus is on participatory hands-on training, with clear explanations in simple language and many illustrations. The manual provides a basic resource for trainers and field extension workers in government and NGOs, universities, vocational training institutes, and private sector organizations, and for local trainers in beekeeping groups, beekeeping resource centres, cooperatives, and associations, for use in training Himalayan farmers. Individual ICIMOD regional member countries are planning local language editions adapted for their countries’ specific conditions.
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Perlack, R. D., H. G. Jones, A. III Garcia et E. Flores. Mid-term evaluation of the NRECA (National Rural Electric Cooperative Association) Central America Rural Electrification Support Program (CARES). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septembre 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6497300.

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Asesoría, Venta, Mantenimiento, Equipos, Informática Cia Ltda. Informe final de la consultoría para el desarrollo e implementación de los módulos informáticos de aseguramiento de vida y salud en el actual sistema Conexus de la Cooperativa Mujeres Unidas. Inter-American Development Bank, novembre 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010299.

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El presente informe reseña el desempeño de la implementación de los módulos informáticos para el plan de aseguramiento de vida y salud en el actual sistema de la Cooperativa Mujeres Unidas, CONEXUS, efectuada por la empresa AVMEI como desarrolladores del sistema durante 2009. La Fundación Cooperación y Acción Comunitaria y la Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito Mujeres Unidas CACMU Ltda., ubicadas en la ciudad de Ibarra, son organizaciones que se dedican a cubrir necesidades de asistencia técnica y fortalecimiento de organizaciones de base, y segundo grado, empresas de economía solidaria e instituciones solidarias, a través de la investigación, capacitación, seguimiento y coparticipación en proyectos de desarrollo autosostenibles que ayudan a mejorar la calidad de vida de las familias de escasos recursos económicos y viabilizar el crédito de desarrollo rural a través de organizaciones y grupos Solidarios de Mujeres de las etnias mestiza, negra e indígena, del norte ecuatoriano, teniendo al crédito como misión el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de sus socias.
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McIntyre, Phillip, Susan Kerrigan et Marion McCutcheon. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity : A Population and Hotspot Analysis : Albury-Wodonga. Queensland University of Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.206966.

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Albury-Wodonga, situated in Wiradjuri country, sits astride the Murray River and has benefitted in many ways from its almost equidistance from Sydney and Melbourne. It has found strength in the earlier push for decentralisation begun in early 1970s. A number of State and Federal agencies have ensured middle class professionals now call this region home. Light industry is a feature of Wodonga while Albury maintains the traditions and culture of its former life as part of the agricultural squattocracy. Both Local Councils are keen to work cooperatively to ensure the region is an attractive place to live signing an historical partnership agreement. The region’s road, rail, increasing air links and now digital infrastructure, keep it closely connected to events elsewhere. At the same time its distance from the metropolitan centres has meant it has had to ensure that its creative and cultural life has been taken into its own hands. The establishment of the sophisticated Murray Art Museum Albury (MAMA) as well as the presence of the LibraryMuseum, Hothouse Theatre, Fruit Fly Circus, The Cube, Arts Space and the development of Gateway Island on the Murray River as a cultural hub, as well as the high profile activities of its energetic, entrepreneurial and internationally savvy locals running many small businesses, events and festivals, ensures Albury Wodonga has a creative heart to add to its rural and regional activities.
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Martowijoyo, Sumantoro. Las micro-finanzas en Indonesia y el sistema de unidad BRI : Caso del Banco Rakyat. Inter-American Development Bank, juillet 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012072.

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Indonesia tiene una historia de un siglo en proyectos de micro finanzas, que va desde el establecimiento del Badan Kredit Desa (instituciones de crédito comunitario) en 1898, hasta el presente, con una gran variedad de instituciones formales y semiformales de micro-crédito rural a nivel comunitario. A pesar del éxito de esas instituciones de micro finanzas, para sostener sus operaciones con relativamente poca asistencia, el gobierno sigue implementando programas de crédito subsidiado para reducir la pobreza. El Sistema de Unidad del BRI se fundó en 1973 como una forma de canalizar créditos del Bimas, el programa de intensificación en la producción de arroz. Durante la implementación del programa y hasta 1983, las Unidades sufrieron grandes pérdidas por la concesión de malos créditos y fueron una fuente de déficit para el BRI. Al término del Programa Bimas y con la decisión del gobierno para canalizar el sucesor de Bimas, Kredit Usaha Tani (crédito para actividades agrícolas) a través de Koperasi Unit Desa (cooperativas de las comunidades); BRI decidió cerrar sus Unidades anteriores y convertirse en un banco comercial. La comercialización de las Unidades BRI se inició con el lanzamiento de Kupedes en 1985 (un esquema de crédito de propósitos generales), seguido de Simpedes (un esquema de ahorros rurales) en el año siguiente; estos dos progrmas mostraron ser la piedra angular del éxito del sistema de Unidad BRI. Después de dos años, el Sistema de Unidad empezó a operar sin pérdidas y de ahi en adelante se convirtió en una fuente de ganancias para BRI. El desarrollo de Simpedes ha sido impresionante, a marzo del 2001 los ahorros acumulados tienen un valor que equivale al doble de los préstamos otorgados por Kupedes; su éxito ha roto el mito de que los pobres rurales no ahorran y que no son sensibles a los incentivos que se les pueden otorgar para ahorrar. A medida que las Unidades BRI se desarrollan, hay una tendencia a sesgar sus operaciones hacia clientes de más altos ingresos. Sin embargo, todavía da servicio a una porción considerable de los pobres rurales a través de su vasta red de 3,700 centros en todo el país. Un aprendizaje importante que deja el Sistema de Unidad BRI, no es la replicabilidad mecánica de su funcionamiento, sino la forma como BRI ha sabido aprender de su propia experiencia, convirtiéndola en práctica de trabajo exitosa.
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Lessons learned from a community-based distribution programme in rural Bihar. Population Council, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1995.1019.

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The state of Bihar in North India ranks near the bottom of the Indian states in terms of its demographic situation. The infant mortality rate as of 1991 was 69 per 1,000, and the contraceptive prevalence rate as of 1990 was 26 percent. Bihar ranks near the bottom among other states of India in almost all indicators of social and economic development. One reason for its low performance is weak management. Besides poverty, a poor communications network and lack of proper infrastructure further make the implementation of programs difficult. Workers have misconceptions about FP methods, and educational activities are poorly designed and implemented. Grassroot workers generally do not attend to their work and program outreach is limited. Given the situation, it is difficult to increase acceptance of FP, particularly among lower parity couples, unless the whole program is revamped and innovative approaches are introduced to increase program outreach and quality of services. The present study, as stated in this report, monitors and documents one such innovative approach presently being implemented by the Bihar State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation in collaboration with the Centre for Development and Population Activities, Washington, DC.
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