Articles de revues sur le sujet « Rock groups – Australia – Biography »

On the example of the Internet-discourse dealing with understanding the life and creativity of Konstantin Stupin, the problems associated with formation and approval of the prebiographical image of the Russian rock-poet in the reader’s environment are revealed. Media decoding of different aspects of private life is studied from the standpoint of the confrontation of cultures, moral and aesthetic stances of different recipient groups. The points of contact between the biographed and the biographer as the central subjects of biography are considered. A range of issues is determined, the solution of which is necessary for further theoretical and methodological study of the structure and content of the prebiography and biography of the rock-poet in the context of creative memory of culture.

Interpreting seismic data for petrophysical rock properties requires a rock-physics model that links the petrophysical rock properties to the elastic properties, such as velocity and impedance. Such a model can only be established from controlled experiments in which both groups of rock properties are measured on the same samples. A prolific source of such data is wellbore measurements. We use data from four wells drilled through a clastic offshore oil reservoir to perform rock-physics diagnostics, i.e., to find a theoretical rock-physics model that quantitatively explains the measurements. Using the model, we correct questionable well curves. Moreover, a crucial purpose of rock-physics diagnostics is to go beyond the settings represented in the wells and understand the seismic signatures of rock properties varying in a wider range via forward seismic modeling. With this goal in mind, we use our model to generate synthetic seismic gathers from perturbational modeling to address “what-if” scenarios not present in the wells.

This chapter introduces some issues related to the different interpretations and narratives that have been put forward in relation to the Indigenous rock-art of the Kimberley, Northwest Australia. At the centre of inquiry is an examination of the construction of European narratives around these images in their respective historical context. The earliest interpretations were put forward by British explorers and were constructed within the racist and evolutionistic frameworks of the 19th century. These narratives were intimately bound to the contemporary colonialist experience. However, it is also shown that certain elements of these interpretations have lasting effects that resonate until today. Interpretations about the art and the rock-art of the Kimberley find their place today in disputes over the control over land and resources between Aboriginal and other interest groups in post-colonial Australia.

Petroleum geochemical analysis of samples from the Canning, Carnarvon, Officer and Perth basins identified several formations with source potential, the: • Triassic Locker Shale and Jurassic Dingo Claystone of the Northern Carnarvon Basin; • Permian Irwin River Coal Measures and Carynginia Formation, Triassic Kockatea Shale and Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures of the Perth Basin; • Ordovician Goldwyer and Bongabinni formations, Devonian Gogo Formation and Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation of the Canning Basin; • Devonian Gneudna Formation of the Gascoyne Platform and the Lower Permian Wooramel and Byro groups of the Merlinleigh Sub-basin of the Southern Carnarvon Basin; and • Neoproterozoic Brown, Hussar, Kanpa and Steptoe formations of the Officer Basin. Burial history and geothermal basin modelling was undertaken using input parameters from geochemical analyses of rock samples, produced oil, organic petrology, apatite fission track analysis (AFTA), heat flows, subsurface temperatures and other exploration data compiled by the Geological Survey of Western Australia (GSWA). Of these basins, the Canning, Carnarvon, and Perth basins are currently producing oil and gas, whereas the Southern Carnarvon and Officer basins have no commercial petroleum discovery yet, but they do have source, reservoir, seal and petroleum shows indicating the presence of petroleum systems. The Carnarvon Basin contains the richest identified petroleum source rocks, followed by the Perth and Canning basins. Production in the Carnarvon Basin is predominantly gas and oil, the Perth Basin is gas-condensate and the Canning Basin is oil dominated, demonstrating the variations in source rock type and maturity across the state. GSWA is continuously adding new data to assess petroleum systems and prospectivity of these and other basins in Western Australia.

A total of 83 samples of stranded bitumens collected from the western and southern coasts of Western Australia have been classified into eight groups on the basis of their biomarker compositions. The source rock characteristics inferred for these bitumens, in terms of organic matter type and depositional setting indicated by the biomarkers, suggest strongly that the bitumens originate from a variety of areas in SE Asia in the vicinity of the Indonesian archipelago. In fact, in seven of the eight cases a good correlation is observed between biomarker composition of each bitumen group and a produced crude oil or oil seep from this region. The bitumens are transported to and around the Australian coastline by a system of ocean currents.

In the absence of conventional core data, drill cuttings provide a continuous, independent and relatively inexpensive data source. Data collected from this often under-utilised resource can be used to determine permeability, provide information on diagenesis, stratigraphy and sedimentology, locate natural fractures, discriminate between genuinely poor reservoir and under performing assets and assist with petrophysical characterisation. Data can also be acquired in real time at the wellsite.Drill cuttings analysis or rock typing is a visual method of semi-quantitatively describing rock and pore characteristics from drill cuttings. More specifically it partitions rocks into distinct permeability groups according to their petrophysical properties as observed under high-powered stereo microscope. Based on the observation of key visible attributes, the rocks are assigned to one of six rock types equivalent to the following permeability ranges; 1A (>100mD ambient), 1B (10-100 md ambient), 1C (1-10 mD ambient), 1D (0.5- 1 mD ambient), type II (0.5-0.07 mD ambient) and type III (One of the major strengths of rock typing is it can be used to provide an estimate of in-situ permeabilities. As rock type categories are related to ambient permeability classes an algorithm has been developed to take these ambient range estimates to single in-situ values for permeability and then taking into consideration the lithology in the sample, calculates a permeability height (kh) for the interval. The algorithm corrects for overburden, klinkenberg and relative permeability effects.A comparison of kh derived from rock typing with kh derived from production and test data indicates a strong correlation between the two datasets. Results indicate that the kh sources are consistently similar and fall within one third of an order of magnitude of each other. As both of these data sources are independently derived it suggests both are realistic derivations of the actual kh of the reservoir interval. Consequently, once calibrated to all data sources, rock typing is considered capable of providing a robust estimate of in-situ kh for a specified reservoir interval.

Nuclear DNA measurements for 17 Australian populations of Bulbine support the recognition of the four major groups already suggested by chromosome studies. Within the perennial group, Bulbine bulbosa s. lat., the tuberless, 46-chromosome (hypo-8x) "rock lily" has a similar DNA content to the hypo-4x, 24-chromosome populations of the "bulbosa" complex, which has populations at hypo-4x, -8x, and -12x levels. The "rock lily" also has substantially less DNA than another 46-chromosome entity, represented by the Kroombit population. Within the annual group, Bulbine semibarbata s. lat., the distinctions are less clear. However, the winged-seeded, 4x, 28-chromosome "alata" appears to have slightly more DNA than the closely related 26-chromosome "semibarbata." The 54-chromosome, 8x annual populations of eastern Australia have a DNA amount consistent with their proposed allopolyploid origin. The 52-chromosome "semibarbata" populations of Western Australia have, as expected, a lower DNA content than the 54-chromosome form and approximately twice the 4x "semibarbata" amount. It is suggested that some observed clinal variation in DNA content and an apparent DNA deficit in some of the higher polyploids of both perennial and annual groups may be attributable to climatic trends since the Miocene. Key words: Liliaceae, Bulbine, DNA content, polyploids, genome evolution.

This paper explores past connections of Aboriginal people within what is now known as the Wet Tropics, a coastal strip of tropical rainforest in northeast Australia. As a result of historical and ethnographic descriptions the rainforest is often defined as a ‘cultural zone’. The proclamation of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, based on environmental parameters, has exaggerated the idea of the rainforest as a cultural boundary. We propose that in the past, Aboriginal connections were multifaceted, multifunctional and multidirectional, extending beyond the Wet Tropics boundaries. We use rock art to illustrate connections within and beyond the rainforest. For example, decorated shields, an iconic item of rainforest material culture, are depicted in rock art assemblages south of the rainforest boundary. Are the shield paintings out-of-place or do they illustrate networks of connection? We examine rock art motifs found in rainforest areas and compare them with those found in other rock art regions in North Queensland. We identify, for example, that sites located in the eastern rainforest are dominated by painted anthropomorphs (people) and zoomorphs (animals) in the silhouette style similar to figurative rock art of southeast Cape York Peninsula. We suggest that, like other areas, there were connections between cultural groups within the rainforest but that these same groups had links that went beyond this environmental zone. We further propose that the proclamation of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area has particularly influenced non-Aboriginal understandings of the past within this region.

In the latter half of the 1990s there was a long-running but unreported conflict over use of a coastal rock platform on the Central Coast of New South Wales, just to the north of Sydney. This multifaceted dispute was between poor Korean Australians from the inner suburbs of Sydney and locals. The source of this conflict was the manner in which the rock platform was being used, how its resources were exploited and the type of social life that accompanied these activities. Different peoples brought different understandings to the rock platform, and they acted in accordance with those understandings.For many older settler Australians, and for the diminishing number of those ‘on the land’, the essence of what it is to be Australian is found outside of urban environments. Colloquially referred to as ‘the bush’, this can mean virtually any rural, remote, regional, or non-urban setting. For those living in cities, and for more recent immigrants to Australia, national parks are one site that provides ready access to ‘the bush’. As with the coastal rock platform, different peoples bring different understandings to their encounters with national parks and ‘the bush’, and their use of these places changes accordingly.This paper begins with a description of the rock platform incident, before moving on to discuss the response of different immigrant groups to national parks and other open public spaces.

Uperoleia is a large genus of small-bodied terrestrial frogs that occur in Australia and southern New Guinea. With nine species, the Kimberley region in northern Western Australia is the most diverse. Recent surveys of the northwest coast of the Kimberley have revealed a tenth species of Uperoleia. The new species is characterized by a combination of small body size, dark and slightly tubercular dorsal skin, basal webbing between the toes, outer metatarsal tubercle spatulate and oriented perpendicular to the foot, possession of maxillary teeth, a broadly exposed frontoparietal fontanelle and the advertisement call is a high-pitched rasp. All specimens collected have been associated with sandstone boulders or escarpments with flowing water or rock pools. The northwest Kimberley is an isolated region of high rainfall and rugged terrain that possesses high biodiversity for many plant and animal groups and is therefore worthy of special conservation attention.

Feeding free-ranging native animals is a form of wildlife-based tourism that is particularly popular in Australia as a result of the cryptic nature of many native species. The colony of Mareeba rock-wallabies (Petrogale mareeba) at 'Granite Gorge', North Queensland, where tourists feed a spatially defined subset of animals daily, was studied to determine the effects of provisioning on their behaviour and body condition. Provisioned P. mareeba had higher activity levels, including higher aggression levels, and spent more time performing contact behaviours (including mutual and non-mutual allogrooming) than did non-provisioned animals. Possible explanations for increased aggression include competition over provisioned food and territorial defence. Increased contact behaviours may serve to reduce tension caused by provisioning. The diurnal activities of the provisioned rock-wallabies were dictated by the activities of tourists. Provisioned rock-wallabies emerged from their shelters to receive food much earlier each afternoon than did the unprovisioned animals. The level of autogrooming exhibited by the provisioned wallabies was much higher than that of the unprovisioned animals, presumably as a thermoregulatory response to the high afternoon temperatures. Although provisioned P. mareeba feed more, their higher activity levels explain the lack of difference in the body condition between the two groups.

The opportunistic pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus poses a significant food safety risk worldwide, and understanding its growth in commercially cultivated oysters, especially at temperatures likely to be encountered post-harvest, provides essential information to provide the safe supply of oysters. The Blacklip Rock Oyster (BRO) is an emerging commercial species in tropical northern Australia and as a warm water species, it is potentially exposed to Vibrio spp. In order to determine the growth characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in BRO post-harvest, four V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from oysters were injected into BROs and the level of V. parahaemolyticus was measured at different time points in oysters stored at four temperatures. Estimated growth rates were −0.001, 0.003, 0.032, and 0.047 log10 CFU/h at 4 °C, 13 °C, 18 °C, and 25 °C, respectively. The highest maximum population density of 5.31 log10 CFU/g was achieved at 18 °C after 116 h. There was no growth of V. parahaemolyticus at 4 °C, slow growth at 13 °C, but notably, growth occurred at 18 °C and 25 °C. Vibrio parahaemolyticus growth at 18 °C and 25 °C was not significantly different from each other but were significantly higher than at 13 °C (polynomial GLM model, interaction terms between time and temperature groups p < 0.05). Results support the safe storage of BROs at both 4 °C and 13 °C. This V. parahaemolyticus growth data will inform regulators and assist the Australian oyster industry to develop guidelines for BRO storage and transport to maximise product quality and safety.

Les Chamanes de la Préhistoire: Transe et Magie dans les Grottes Ornées, by Jean Clottes & David Lewis-Williams, 1996. Paris: Éditions Seuil; ISBN 2-02-028902-4 hardback 249FF, 110 pp., 114 colour ills.The Shamans of Prehistory: Trance and Magic in the Painted Caves, by Jean Clottes & David Lewis-Williams, 1996. New York (NY): Harry N. Abrams; ISBN 0-8109-4182-1 hardback, US$49.50, 120 pp., 116 colour ills.Jean Clottes and David Lewis-Williams' recent book Les Chamanes de la Préhistoire builds on a body of rock art research which has come to dominate the field, marginalizing interest in other cultural themes such as totemism and records of everyday foraging. Shamanism and totemism are, however, two of the most pervasive indigenous theories of being to have been discussed in the anthropological literature. The word totem comes from the Ojibwa, a native North American people, while the word shaman comes from the Tungus of central Siberia. Their use cross-culturally to refer to types of religion (i.e. shamanism and totemism), is an artefact of anthropology. Shamanism can be applied to customs that are inferred to have arisen independently in different parts of the world; customs in a single circum-arctic culture area; or scattered survivals from an allegedly original human condition. The cross-cultural validity of shamanism has been considered by Eliade, Lewis, Hultkrantz and Vitebsky. Shamanism refers to the use of spirits as guardians and helpers of individuals, contacted through trance. The validity of totemism as a cross-culturally-valid category has been vigorously debated in anthropology. It is generally agreed to refer to the use of animals or plants as emblems or guardians of social groups celebrated in ritual. The rationale of totemism is that each group is identified with a different species; the significance of each species derives from its place in the cognitive structure. Group A is kangaroo because it is not emu or python. While Durkheim interpreted totemism as the original human religion, Lévi-Strauss persuasively argued that totemism is a product of human cognition, which has developed independently in North America, Australia and Africa.

Captive-bred brush-tailed rock-wallabies (BTRW) were reintroduced into the Grampians National Park, Australia, during 2008–12. Two release strategies (methods) were examined: ‘Small release with supplementation’ (Strategy 1) and ‘Larger release, no supplementation’ (Strategy 2). Of the 39 animals released, 18% survived. Thirty-six percent of all mortality occurred within the first 100 days. Under Strategy 1, 22 animals were released in five groups. Twenty deaths occurred across 48 months, with predation estimated to account for 15% of mortalities. Under Strategy 2, 17 individuals were reintroduced across one month. Twelve deaths occurred in the five months following release, with predation estimated to account for 83.4% of mortalities. Of the independent variables tested for their relationship to survival time after release, release strategy was the only significant predictor of survival time after release with the risk of death 3.2 times greater in Strategy 2. Independent variables tested for their relationship to predation risk indicated that release strategy was also the only significant predictor of predation risk, with the risk of death associated with predation 10.5 times greater in Strategy 2. Data suggested that fox predation was the main factor affecting BTRW establishment. Predation risk declined by 75% during the first six months after release. A significant positive relationship was also found between predation risk and colony supplementation events. We conclude that predation risk at Moora Moora Creek is reduced in releases of fewer animals, that it declines across time and that disturbing BTRW colonies through the introduction of new animals can increase predation risk. We recommend that future reintroductions should employ diverse exotic predator control measures at the landscape scale, time releases to periods of lowest predator activity, and limit colony disturbance to maintain group cohesion and social structure. Furthermore, the preferred method of population establishment should be single, small releases over multiple sites without supplementation. Further testing of the reintroduction biology of this species is urgently required.

The ca. 1.83 Ga El Sherana – Edith River basin of Northern Territory, Australia, contains terrestrial sedimentary and volcanic rocks deposited during continental extension or transtension. Braid-plain sandstones and conglomerates, turbiditic sediments, and interbedded mafic and felsic volcanics, including ignimbrites, filled the basin. Alluvial fans and rock avalanche breccias are locally developed. Prebasinal structure controlled antecedent topography and influenced drainage patterns, thickness changes, and facies distribution.Unconformities bound all formations of the El Sherana and Edith River groups, revealed by beveled and incised strata, reversals in paleocurrent trends, sharp discordance in juxtaposed facies, and paleovalleys filled with unique sediments. Scarp-derived sediments are preserved only in a small, transfer-related strike-slip basin within the larger basin environment. Unconformities are regional and are interpreted as time lines throughout the basin. These unconformities developed during regrading of slopes forced by active tectonism, accompanied by syntectonic sedimentation and basin depocenter migration.The El Sherana – Edith River strata overlie older sediments (~2.1–1.88 Ga) of the Pine Creek orogen, which formed during a period of global orogeny related to continental assembly. Development of the El Sherana – Edith River basin began substantially (40–50 Ma) after denudation of the Pine Creek orogen belt, and is related to regional postcollisional extension. This extension is recorded by basin formation, bimodal tholeiitic and alkalic magmatism, and elevated geotherms. Other paleo-Proterozoic basins of northern Australia show a similar history of rift deposition above a fossil compressional belt.

Depictions of battle scenes, skirmishes and hand-to-hand combat are rare in hunter-gatherer art and when they do occur most often result from contact with agriculturalist or industrialized invaders. In the Arnhem Land region of the Northern Territory of Australia we have been documenting rare depictions of fighting and are able to show that there has been a long tradition of warrior art. At least three phases have been identified and in each of them groups of hunter-gatherers are shown in combat. The oldest are at least 10,000 years old, and constitute the most ancient depictions of fighting from anywhere in the world, while the newest were produced as recently as early this century. Significantly, a pronounced change in the arrangement of figures began with the second, middle phase — beginning perhaps about 6000 years ago. This appears to be associated with increased social complexity and the development of the highly complicated kinship relationships that persist in Arnhem Land today. Evidence from physical anthropological, archaeological and linguistic studies supports the idea of the early development of a highly organized society of the type more commonly associated with agriculturalists or horticulturalists.

Communal deposition of faeces into scat piles plays a role in pheromonal communication among group members in many ‘social’ vertebrates, including the scincid lizard Egernia stokesii. How general is this apparent link between scat piling and sociality? Thick-tailed geckos (Nephrurus milii, Gekkonidae) are large nocturnally active lizards that are widely distributed across southern Australia. They spend the daylight hours inactive inside retreat sites, typically rock crevices or burrows. Unusually among geckos, these animals often form groups of several individuals at these times. Our observations of captive N. milii showed that they also form discrete scat piles. However, habitat-selection experiments suggested that adding scats to a crevice did not modify the lizards’ probability of using that crevice. Thus, although Nephrurus milii scat pile (at least in captivity), communal faeces deposits do not appear to serve a social role in this taxon.

AbstractHylbrownite, ideally Na3MgP3O10·12H2O, the second known triphosphate mineral, is a new mineral species from the Dome Rock mine, Boolcoomatta Reserve, Olary Province, South Australia, Australia. The mineral forms aggregates and sprays of crystals up to 0.5 mm across with individual crystals up to 0.12 mm in length and 0.02 mm in width. Crystals are thin prismatic to acicular in habit and are elongate along [001]. Forms observed are {010}, {100}, {001}, {210} and {201}. Crystals are colourless to white, possess a white streak, are transparent, brittle, have a vitreous lustre and are nonfluorescent. The measured density is 1.81(4) g cm−3; Mohs' hardness was not determined. Cleavage is good parallel to {001} and to {100} and the fracture is uneven. Hylbrownite crystals are nonpleochroic, biaxial (−), with α = 1.390(4), β = 1.421(4), γ = 1.446(4) and 2Vcalc. = 82.2°. Hylbrownite is monoclinic, space group P21/n, with a = 14.722(3), b = 9.240(2), c = 15.052(3) Å, β = 90.01(3)°, V = 2047.5(7) Å3, (single-crystal data) and Z = 4. The strongest lines in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [d (Å)(I)(hkl)]: 10.530(60)(10,101), 7.357(80)(200), 6.951(100)(11, 111), 4.754(35)(10, 103), 3.934(40)(022), 3.510(45)(30, 303), 3.336(35)(41, 411). Chemical analysis by electron microprobe gave Na2O 16.08, MgO 7.08, CaO 0.43, P2O5 37.60, H2Ocalc 38.45, total 99.64 wt.%. The empirical formula, calculated on the basis of 22 oxygen atoms is Na2.93Mg0.99Ca0.04P2.99O9.97·12.03H2O. The crystal structure was solved from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data using synchrotron radiation (T = 123 K) and refined to R1 = 4.50% on the basis of 2417 observed reflections with F0 > 4 σ(F0). [Mg(H2O)3P3O10] clusters link in the b direction to Naφ6 octahedra, by face and corner sharing. Edge sharing Naφ6 Octahedra and Naφ7 polyhedra form Na2O9 groups which link via corners to form chains along the b direction. Chains link to [Mg(H2O)3P3O10] clusters via corner-sharing in the c direction and form a thick sheet parallel to (100). Sheets are linked in the a direction via hydrogen bonds.

Porosity generation and reservoir potential of the early Cambrian Ouldburra Formation in the eastern Officer Basin is delineated by combining petrographical, petrophysical and sedimentological studies. The shallow marine Ouldburra Formation consists of carbonates, mixed carbonates and clastics, clastics and evaporites. Detailed analysis of more than 100 samples shows that dolomitisation resulted in substantial secondary porosity development within the carbonates. Secondary porosity has also been generated within the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate zone by carbonate matrix and grain dissolution as well as by dolomitisation. Prospective reservoir units correspond to highstand shallow marine facies where short periods of subaerial exposure resulted in diagenetic changes.Sedimentary facies and rock character indicate that sabkha and brine reflux models are applied to dolomitisation within the Ouldburra Formation. Dolomite mainly occurs in two stages: common anhedral dolomites formed early by replacement of pre-existing limestone, and saddle dolomite and coarse crystalline dolomite formed during the late stages of burial diagenesis, associated with hydrocarbon shows. The dolomite reservoirs identified are ranked on the basis of their porosity distribution and texture into groups I to IV. Dolomites with rank I and II exhibit excellent to good reservoir characteristics respectively.The Ouldburra Formation shows many depositional and diagenetic similarities to the Richfield Member of the Lucas Formation in the Michigan Basin of the USA. Substantial oil and gas production from middle Devonian shallow water to sabkha dolomites makes the Richfield Member an attractive reservoir analogue to the Ouldburra Formation.

Based on the analysis of coring, logging and experimental data, fine evaluation on Fort Copper Coal Measures (FCCM) of Early Permian Blackwater Group in north Bowen Basin of Australia has been done. FCCM is a potential coal measure. Eight coal seams exist in FCCM. Laterally, they develop steadily. Seams of FCCM characterize interbedding with partings, high ash content, high gas content and mediate-low permeability. The content of partings, which are groups of siltstone, mudstone and tuff, ranges from 15% to 55%. The cumulative thickness of pure coal ranges from 40 to 60 m. The ash content ranges from 20% to 70%, averaging 45%. Coal seams gas content is as high as 7% to 15%, benefitting from the dense rock block effect on the top and bottom, as well as the interplayers. The permeability ranges from 0.1 to 10 mD laterally. Parameters above show FCCM has good developing potential. Western slope of Nebo syncline is suggested as the favorable area, considering its good developing factors such as shallow buried depth of coal seams, relatively high permeability and effective gas preserve environment. Meanwhile, gas in partings can be considered in collaborative development strategy. Developing gas along with ash will be the focus of future development evaluation.

Abstract Multi-year tag-recovery models can be used to derive estimates of age- and year-specific annual survival rates and year-specific instantaneous fishing and natural mortality rates. The latter, which are often of interest to fisheries managers, usually can only be estimated when the tag-reporting rate (λ) and the short-term tag-induced mortality and tag-shedding rate (φ) are known a priori. We present a new multi-year tagging model that permits estimation of instantaneous mortality rates independently of φλ, provided tagged animals from two adjacent size groups are released simultaneously. If the two size groups comprise animals just above and below the minimum harvestable size limit, then it is possible to estimate year-specific instantaneous fishing and natural mortality rates after 2 yr of tagging and tag-recovery. In addition to the standard assumptions of multi-year tag-recovery models, it is necessary to assume that recruited animals have equal selectivity, pre-recruited animals become fully recruited in 1 or 2 yr, and the size groups experience the same natural mortality rate. Applicability of the model to the Tasmania southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fishery is evaluated using a simulation model and parameters based on data from the lobster fishery; assumptions are likely to be met and precision should be adequate if at least 1000 animals are tagged per year in each size group.

The George Gill Range (24�S,132�E) 220 km south west of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory, lies within one of the driest regions of Australia. Diel and seasonal temperature differences are extreme and the average rainfall is 250 mm per annum. The streams of the Range are the largest group within the Central Ranges and are relatively pristine. Their flow regimes are episodic but deep rock pools appear to act as reservoirs of surface runoff and may also receive groundwater from the Mereenie aquifer. The waterbodies of the Range and some nearby areas were sampled in July and December 1986 to determine the composition of the macroinvertebrate communities and biogeographical relationships with the fauna of lotic systems elsewhere in Australia. Macroinvertebrate species richness at the Range was comparable with that of other Australian streams but no Plecoptera, Isopoda or Amphipoda were collected. The almost complete absence of shredders may reflect low allochthonous inputs, because riparian vegetation in the arid zone is generally sparse. A small proportion of the fauna of the Range appears to be a relictual stream fauna. Species of low vagility such as the waterpenny, Sclerocyphon fuscus, would not be capable of dispersal across the large tracts of arid land that now separate the Range from southern Australia, where it is also found. The occurrence of new species at the Range suggests that it is also a site of allopatric speciation within some groups. The conservation values of the streams of the George Gill Range and other sites, such as Giles Springs in the Chewings Range, are extremely high. They represent unique aquatic communities of both ecological and evolutionary importance in the arid zone.

Smelting of base metal sulfide rich ore in Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, has led to the formation of black rock coatings on exposed rocks to a maximum distance of 6 km from the smelter centre. This study has shown that these coatings are excellent mineralogical and chemical fingerprints of smelter emissions, ore types, and elemental partitioning into mineral phases. The black coatings are composed of a silica-rich matrix that formed due to the intense chemical weathering of exposed silicate rocks interacting with acidic meteoric waters. They contain metal sulfate rich layers along the atmosphere-coating interface (ACI) and rock-coating interface (RCI) formed by the in situ dissolution and precipitation of metal(loid)-bearing phases. Entombed within the silica matrix are spherical particulates and particles composed of Cu- and Zn-bearing Fe oxides (e.g., spinels), Fe oxides (e.g., hematite), Pb silicates (e.g., alamosite), sulfates (anglesite (PbSO4) and minerals of the jarosite group), amphiboles, pyroxenes, micas, Na feldspar, and clinochlore. Concentrations of elements are low in proximity to the smelter but drastically increase ∼2 km from the stack, most likely the result of a shadow effect of the smelter. This shadow effect is more pronounced if an element is highly compatible with minerals of the jarosite and spinel groups; it is called the smelter-compatibility effect. Elements displaying a high smelter-compatibility effect are Ag, Cu, Se, and As, whereas elements such as Hg, which is incompatible with the jarosite and spinel groups, show a low smelter-compatibility effect. High δ34S (5.5‰) values in proximity to the smelter and their decrease with distance is the result of mixing processes between primary and secondary sulfates in the atmosphere. The relative enrichments of metal(loid)s in coatings at Rouyn-Noranda and Sudbury, Ontario, when normalised to the MUd standard from Queensland, Australia, (MUQ) reflect the composition of the smelter emissions, ore, and lithologies. Black rock coatings of the Rouyn-Noranda and Sudbury study areas are enriched, for example, in Pb and Fe, respectively, reflecting higher abundances of galena and Fe-bearing minerals in the respective ore, emissions, and rocks in the region.

Geochemical data from oils and source rock extracts have been used to delineate the active petroleum systems of the Northern Bonaparte Basin. The study area comprises the northeastern portion of the Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, and the western part of the Zone of Co-operation Area A, and is specifically concerned with the wells located on and between the Laminaria and Flamingo highs. The oils and condensates from this region can be divided into two distinct chemical groups which correspond with the reservoir types, namely, a smaller group recovered from fracture porosity within the Early Cretaceous Darwin Formation, and a larger group reservoired in sandstones of the Middle-to-Late Jurassic Plover and Elang formations. The oils recovered from the Darwin Formation have a marine source affinity and correlate with sediment extracts from the underlying Early Cretaceous Echuca Shoals Formation. The Elang/ Plover-reservoired oils, which include all the commercial accumulations, were divided into two end-member families; the first includes the relatively land-plant- influenced oils from the northwestern part of the area (e.g. Laminaria, Corallina, Buffalo and Jahal fields), the second includes the relatively marine-influenced oils to the southeast (e.g. Bayu-Undan fields). Another oil family comprises the geographically and geochemically intermediate oils of the Elang and Kakatua fields and adjacent areas. While none of the oils can be uniquely correlated with a single source unit, they show geochemical similarities with Middle-to-Late Jurassic source rock extracts. Organic-rich rocks within the Plover and Elang formations are the major source of hydrocarbons for this area. The range in geochemistry of the Elang/Plover-reservoired oils may arise from facies variation within these sediments, but is more probably due to the localised additional input of hydrocarbons generated from thermally mature organic-rich claystone seals that overlie the Elang reservoir in catchment areas and traps; i.e. from the Frigate Formation for the northwestern oil family and from the Flamingo Group for the southeastern oil family. The short-range migration patterns dictated by the structural complexity of the basin are reflected in the closeness with which variations in the geochemical character of the accumulated liquids track variations in the character of source-seal lithologies. The length of migration pathways can, therefore, be inferred from the similarity or otherwise of source-seal characters with those of the hydrocarbon accumulations themselves. The resulting observations may challenge existing ideas concerning migration patterns, hydrocarbon prospectivity and prospect risking within the Northern Bonaparte Basin.

The diets of dusky (Carcharhinus obscurus), whiskery (Furgaleus macki) and gummy (Mustelus antarcticus) sharks from south-western Western Australia were examined by analysis of stomach contents. The majority of samples were obtained from catches of commercial gill-net fishers. Carcharhinus obscurus had a diverse diet dominated by pelagic teleosts and cephalopods. A wide range of demersal and benthic prey were also consumed, but represented only a small portion of the diet. As body size increased, importance of elasmobranchs in the diet of C. obscurus increased, while most other groups remained at similar levels. Furgaleus macki had a specialized diet, feeding almost exclusively on octopus and other cephalopods. The diet of M. antarcticus was dominated by benthic and epibenthic prey, including crabs, lobsters, tetraodontid fishes and octopus. As M. antarcticus increased in size there was an increase in the occurrence of rock lobster and a decrease in the occurrence of crabs in the diet. Differences in the diet were also noted between male and female M. antarcticus, but were confounded with differences between size classes.

In 2002, an investigation into the rock art of Waanyi country was undertaken in conjunction with ongoing archaeological excavation. Various subjects, styles and techniques were documented, associated oral history from Waanyi elders was recorded and the relationship to archaeological deposits was assessed. A large number of rainbow-like designs, in red or red-and-yellow, were recorded, along with a magnificent and very large red-and-yellow Rainbow Serpent. These and other images are discussed in relation to the travels of Ancestral Beings, stories and uses of coloured pigment and the use of local stone for both tools and the situating of important spiritual sites. Links to a network of other communities across northern and central Australia are highlighted. It is concluded that colour played a fundamental role in both expressing and maintaining relationships to places, Ancestral Beings and other groups of people. Important local differences can be seen in comparison to the ways in which colour has been used by Aboriginal people elsewhere. The research highlights ways in which the study of colour can prove valuable to archaeology globally.

Many of the 600 species of Acacia found in Australia form part of the diet of several groups of marsupials. Acacia foliage is generally high in tannins but is consumed by several folivorous possums and by some macropods (kangaroos and wallabies), but the macropods eat it mainly as dry leaf litter during times of food shortage (in dry seasons and drought). Acacia gum is an important diet component of two omnivorous possums (Petaurus breviceps, Gymnobelidius leadbeateri) and, to a lesser extent, two rat-kangaroos (Bettongia sp.). Acacia seeds are consumed by marsupials to a limited extent, but are an important seasonal component of the diet of the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami), and possibly the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) on Kangaroo Island. Likewise, Acacia arils (lipid-rich appendages to the seeds of some species) are an important seasonal component of the diet of the mahogany glider (Petaurus gracilis). Acacia pollen and nectar are consumed by several omnivorous possums (e.g., Petaurus norfolcensis) as well as by at least one species of rock-wallaby (Petrogale sp.), but the quantitative contributions made by these floral products to the protein and energy budgets of the consumers have been difficult to determine. Thus several parts of the Acacia plant are food resources for one or more groups of marsupials, but the contribution of the genus to marsupial nutrition is often overlooked.

Here we provide an example of a combined genetic and morphologic approach in a taxonomic re-evaluation in lichen forming fungi to resolve a log-standing controversy. We used nuclear ITS and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences to determine species delimitation in Parmotrema tinctorum, sensu M. Hale. We sampled 50 specimens representing the morphospecies from Africa, Asia, Australia, and Europe, and generated 92 new sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA. The results revealed two divergent and strongly supported monophyletic clades, in which isidium morphology of the samples was concordant with both groups. Samples clustered in Clade I are recognized as P. tinctorum, characterized with thin cylindrical isidia growing either on bark, or rocks, while specimens grouped in Clade II are characterized by thick, coarse and somewhat globular isidia and mainly grow on rock. The name P. pseudotinctorum is resurrected here for this last clade, corresponding with the commonly growing foliose lichen species present in the Canary archipelago, but not P. tinctorum. Consequently, we discussed the possibility that P. tinctorum had been present in the past in Canary Is. and been lost through over-collecting for the dye industry in the 19th century

The vulnerability of marine fish species, particularly those inhabiting coastal waters, is an increasingly important issue in marine conservation. Although the weedy seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepede, 1804), a syngnathid fish endemic to southern Australia, is legally protected in New South Wales, there are no studies on population density, habitat use and behaviour to support this protection. We investigated the abundance, sex ratios and distribution of the weedy seadragon at three sites near Sydney, Australia. The distribution, density and sex ratios of seadragons were temporally stable, suggesting no large-scale seasonal migrations. Estimated population densities varied among sites from 10 individuals per ha to 65 individuals per ha, with sex ratios close to 1 : 1. Survival rates from one encounter to the next (approximately weekly) were high, being slightly lower for males (0.985 ± 0.006, mean ± se) and females (0.987 ± 0.005) compared with juveniles (1.000 ± 0.000). All size classes and both sexes were most common near the border of kelp and sand except when exhibiting hiding behaviour, when they were more often found in kelp beds. Kelp beds were the least-used habitat when feeding. Pregnant males tended to hide more often than other groups and therefore were more frequently found in kelp and kelp patches. Seadragons tended to be solitary, although pairing and grouping behaviour was also observed. Results of the present study show that weedy seadragons are resident in the same area throughout the year and have a strong affinity with heavily weeded rock and/or sand habitat. It is therefore recommended that the current species-based protection laws be used in concert with habitat-protection zones as a necessary measure to ensure the conservation of weedy seadragon populations.

Understanding the impacts of fishing on the trophic structure of systems has become increasingly important because of the introduction of Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management and the legislative requirements of fisheries to demonstrate that they are not having a negative impact on other species. A biomass-based dynamic model of Jurien Bay Marine Park (∼30°S) was constructed using Ecopath to investigate the ecosystem impacts of fishing (mainly commercial rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus) in the park, as an example of the potential responses of temperate marine ecosystems in Western Australia to commercial fishing. A simulated 50% reduction in fishing mortality for commercial finfish predicted that after 20 years, the biomass of important fished species (i.e. Pagrus auratus and Choerodon rubescens) would increase by up to 30%. A simulated total fishing closure resulted in much larger (2.5–8 fold) increases in targeted populations, but did not result in any predicted cascading effects on grazing invertebrates and benthic primary producers. The simulations suggest that the structure of this ecosystem is characterised more by bottom-up than top-down processes; i.e. benthic primary production is a major limiting factor. The present study identified trophic linkages and ecosystem processes such as the role of both low and high trophic-level groups and the impact of fishing mortality in the marine park, an essential step towards distinguishing the impacts of fishing from those attributable to natural or other human-induced changes.

Coalbed methane (CBM) pilot wells typically exhibit a short production period, necessitating evaluation of their estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) through numerical simulation. Utilizing limited geological data from the pilot areas to finish history matching and subsequent production forecasting presents substantial challenges. This paper introduces a comprehensive numerical simulation workflow for CBM pilot wells, encompassing the following steps. Initially, geological parameters are categorized into two groups based on their statistical distribution trends: trend parameters (i.e., gas content, permeability, Langmuir volume, and Langmuir pressure) and non-trend parameters (i.e., fracture porosity, gas–water relative permeability, and rock compressibility). The probability method is employed to ascertain the probable high and low limits for trend parameter distributions, while empirical or analogous methods are applied to define the boundaries for non-trend parameters. Subsequently, the parameter sensitivity analysis is conducted to understand the influence of varying parameters on cumulative gas and water production. Conclusively, experimental design algorithms generate over 100 simulation cases using the identified sensitive parameters, from which the top ten optimal cases are chosen for EUR prediction. This workflow features two technological innovations: (1) considering the most comprehensive set of reservoir parameters for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, and (2) considering the matching accuracy of both cumulative production and dynamic production trends when selecting optimal matching cases. This approach was successfully implemented in the C pilot area of the Bowen Basin, Australia. In addition, it offers valuable insights for numerical simulation of unconventional natural gases, such as shale gas.

It has taken many years for different styles of music to be utilised within Pentecostal churches as acceptable forms of worship. These shifts in musical sensibilities, which draw upon elements of pop, rock and hip hop, have allowed for a contemporisation of music that functions as worship within these settings, and although still debated within and across some denominations, there is a growing acceptance amongst Western churches of these styles. Whilst these developments have taken place over the past few decades, there is an ongoing resistance by Pentecostal churches to embrace Indigenous musical expressions of worship, which are usually treated as token recognitions of minority groups, and at worst, demonised as irredeemable musical forms. This article draws upon interview data with Christian-Māori leaders from New Zealand and focus group participants of a diaspora Māori church in southwest Sydney, Australia, who considered their views as Christian musicians and ministers. These perspectives seek to challenge the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous relations within a church setting and create a more inclusive philosophy and practice towards being ‘one in Christ’ with the role of music as worship acting as a case study throughout. It also considers how Indigenous forms of worship impact cultural identity, where Christian worship drawing upon Māori language and music forms has led to deeper connections to congregants’ cultural backgrounds.

ABSTRAK Keterdapatan batuan gunung api di Sumatra diakibatkan oleh penunjaman Lempeng Samudra India-Australia ke bawah Lempeng West Sumatra sejak Eosen. Tanggamus adalah kabupaten di ujung selatan Lampung dengan keterdapatan beberapa unit batuan gunung api berumur Tersier maupun Kuarter. Studi ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan komposisi geokimia batuan gunung api Tersier Formasi Hulusimpang dengan batuan gunung api Kuarter Gunung Tanggamus. Perangkat XRF dan ICP-MS dimanfaatkan untuk mengetahui kadar oksida utama, unsur jejak, dan unsur tanah jarang pada penelitian ini. Berdasarkan karakter geokimia, sampel dari Formasi Hulusimpang adalah batuan gunung api kalk-alkali, metalumina hingga peralumina, dan dalam rentang trakiandesit basaltik hingga riolit. Sampel batuan gunung api berumur Kuarter berada pada rentang kadar silika yang lebih sempit dan cenderung metalumina. Studi ini membuktikan bahwa kedua kelompok batuan berasal dari magma yang sama, tetapi dengan kontaminasi kerak selama diferensiasi. Proses pembentukan yang berbeda pada kedua kelompok batuan diperjelas oleh derajat kemiringan kurva diagram laba-laba UTJ dan jenis anomali Eu.ABSTRACT The presence of volcanic rocks in Sumatra is due to the subduction of the Indian-Australian Ocean Plate under the West Sumatra Plate since the Eocene. Tanggamus Regency situated at the southern edge of Lampung with the occurrence of several Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rock units. The aim of this study is to compare the geochemical composition of Tertiary volcanic rocks from the Hulusimpang Formation and Quaternary volcanic rocks from Mount Tanggamus in the Tanggamus Regency. XRF and ICP-MS devices were used to determine the compositions of major oxides, trace elements, and rare earth elements in this study. Based on geochemical characters, samples from the Hulusimpang Formation are calc-alkaline volcanic rocks, metaluminous to peraluminous, and in the basaltic trachyandesite to rhyolite ranges. Quaternary samples are in a narrower range of silica content and tend to be metaluminous. This study proves that the two rock groups originate from the same magma but with crustal contamination during differentiation. The two volcanic should experience through different formation processes based on the slope of the heavy-REE and the type of Eu anomaly.

The Australian species of the water beetle genus Hydraena Kugelann, 1794, are revised, based on the study of 7,654 specimens. The 29 previously named species are redescribed, and 56 new species are described. The species are placed in 24 species groups. High resolution digital images of all primary types are presented (online version in color), and geographic distributions are mapped. Male genitalia, representative female terminal abdominal segments and representative spermathecae are illustrated. Australian Hydraena are typically found in sandy/gravelly stream margins, often in association with streamside litter; some species are primarily pond dwelling, a few species are humicolous, and one species may be subterranean. The areas of endemicity and species richness coincide quite closely with the Bassian, Torresian, and Timorian biogeographic subregions. Eleven species are shared between the Bassian and Torresian subregions, and twelve are shared between the Torresian and Timorian subregions. Only one species, H. impercepta Zwick, is known to be found in both Australia and Papua New Guinea. One Australian species, H. ambiflagellata, is also known from New Zealand. New species of Hydraena are: H. affirmata (Queensland, Palmerston National Park, Learmouth Creek), H. ambiosina (Queensland, 7 km NE of Tolga), H. antaria (New South Wales, Bruxner Flora Reserve), H. appetita (New South Wales, 14 km W Delagate), H. arcta (Western Australia, Synnot Creek), H. ascensa (Queensland, Rocky Creek, Kennedy Hwy.), H. athertonica (Queensland, Davies Creek), H. australula (Western Australia, Synnot Creek), H. bidefensa (New South Wales, Bruxner Flora Reserve), H. biimpressa (Queensland, 19.5 km ESE Mareeba), H. capacis (New South Wales, Unumgar State Forest, near Grevillia), H. capetribensis (Queensland, Cape Tribulation area), H. converga (Northern Territory, Roderick Creek, Gregory National Park), H. cubista (Western Australia, Mining Camp, Mitchell Plateau), H. cultrata (New South Wales, Bruxner Flora Reserve), H. cunninghamensis (Queensland, Main Range National Park, Cunningham's Gap, Gap Creek), H. darwini (Northern Territory, Darwin), H. deliquesca (Queensland, 5 km E Wallaman Falls), H. disparamera (Queensland, Cape Hillsborough), H. dorrigoensis (New South Wales, Dorrigo National Park, Rosewood Creek, upstream from Coachwood Falls), H. ferethula (Northern Territory, Cooper Creek, 19 km E by S of Mt. Borradaile), H. finniganensis (Queensland, Gap Creek, 5 km ESE Mt. Finnigan), H. forticollis (Western Australia, 4 km W of King Cascade), H. fundaequalis (Victoria, Simpson Creek, 12 km SW Orbost), H. fundata (Queensland, Hann Tableland, 13 km WNW Mareeba), H. hypipamee (Queensland, Mt. Hypipamee National Park, 14 km SW Malanda), H. inancala (Queensland, Girraween National Park, Bald Rock Creek at "Under-ground Creek"), H. innuda (Western Australia, Mitchell Plateau, 16 mi. N Amax Camp), H. intraangulata (Queensland, Leo Creek Mine, McIlwrath Range, E of Coen), H. invicta (New South Wales, Sydney), H. kakadu (Northern Territory, Kakadu National Park, Gubara), H. larsoni (Queensland, Windsor Tablelands), H. latisoror (Queensland, Lamington National Park, stream at head of Moran's Falls), H. luminicollis (Queensland, Lamington National Park, stream at head of Moran's Falls), H. metzeni (Queensland, 15 km NE Mareeba), H. millerorum (Victoria, Traralgon Creek, 0.2 km N 'Hogg Bridge', 5.0 km NNW Balook), H. miniretia (Queensland, Mt. Hypipamee National Park, 14 km SW Malanda), H. mitchellensis (Western Australia, 4 km SbyW Mining Camp, Mitchell Plateau), H. monteithi (Queensland, Thornton Peak, 11 km NE Daintree), H. parciplumea (Northern Territory, McArthur River, 80 km SW of Borroloola), H. porchi (Victoria, Kangaroo Creek on Springhill Rd., 5.8 km E Glenlyon), H. pugillista (Queensland, 7 km N Mt. Spurgeon), H. queenslandica (Queensland, Laceys Creek, 10 km SE El Arish), H. reticuloides (Queensland, 3 km ENE of Mt. Tozer), H. reticulositis (Western Australia, Mining Camp, Mitchell Plateau), H. revelovela (Northern Territory, Kakadu National Park, GungurulLookout), H. spinissima (Queensland, Main Range National Park, Cunningham's Gap, Gap Creek), H. storeyi (Queensland, Cow Bay, N of Daintree River), H. tenuisella (Queensland, 3 km W of Batavia Downs), H. tenuisoror (Australian Capital Territory, Wombat Creek, 6 km NE of Piccadilly Circus), H. textila (Queensland, Laceys Creek, 10 km SE El Arish), H. tridisca (Queensland, Mt. Hemmant), H. triloba (Queensland, Mulgrave River, Goldsborough Road Crossing), H. wattsi (Northern Territory, Holmes Jungle, 11 km NE by E of Darwin), H. weiri (Western Australia, 14 km SbyE Kalumburu Mission), H. zwicki (Queensland, Clacherty Road, via Julatten).

AbstractThe establishment of permanent animal communities on land was a defining event in the history of evolution, and one for which the ichnofauna and facies of the Tumblagooda Sandstone of Western Australia have been considered an archetypal case study. However, terrestrialization can only be understood from the rock record with conclusive sedimentological evidence for non-marine deposition, and original fieldwork on the formation shows that a marine influence was pervasive throughout all trace fossil-bearing strata. Four distinct facies associations are described, deposited in fluvial, tidal and estuarine settings. Here we explain the controversies surrounding the age and depositional environment of the Tumblagooda Sandstone, many of which have arisen due to the challenges in distinguishing marine from non-marine depositional settings in lower Palaeozoic successions. We clarify the terminological inconsistency that has hindered such determination, and demonstrate how palaeoenvironmental explanations can be expanded out from unambiguously indicative sedimentary structures. The Tumblagooda Sandstone provides a unique insight into an early Palaeozoic ichnofauna that was strongly partitioned by patchy resource distribution in a littoral setting. The influence of outcrop style and quality is accounted for to contextualize this ichnofauna, revealing six distinct low-disparity groups of trace fossil associations, each related to a different sub-environment within the high-ichnodisparity broad depositional setting. The formation is compared with contemporaneous ichnofaunas to examine its continued significance to understanding the terrestrialization process. Despite not recording permanent non-marine communities, the Tumblagooda Sandstone provides a detailed picture of the realm left behind by the first invertebrate pioneers of terrestrialization.

ABSTRACTSilicic and minor intermediate and mafic pyroclastics, lavas, and dykes occupy a NW-trending zone through the Whitsunday, Cumberland and Northumberland Island groups, and locally areas on the adjacent mainland, over a distance of more than 300 km along the central Queensland coast. K-Ar and Rb-Sr data indicate an age range of 95–132 Ma, with the main activity approximately between 105–120 Ma; there is, however, evidence for easterly increasing ages. Comagmatic granites, some clearly intrusive into the volcanics, occur together with two localised areas of Triassic potassic granites (229 Ma), that form the immediate basement.The volcanics are dominantly rhyolitic to dacitic lithic ignimbrites, with intercalated surge and bedded tuffs, accretionary lapilli tuffs, and lag deposits. Associated rock types include isolated rhyolitic and dacitic domes, and volumetrically minor andesite and rare basalt flows. The sequence is cut by abundant dykes, especially in the northern region and adjacent mainland, ranging from dolerite through andesite, dacite and rhyolite. Dyke orientations show maxima between NW-NNE. Isotope data, similarities in petrography and mineralogy, and alteration patterns all suggest dyke intrusion to be broadly contemporaneous with volcanism. The thickness of the volcanics is unconstrained, although in the Whitsunday area, minimum thicknesses of >1 km are inferred. Eruptive centres are believed to occur throughout the region, and include at least two areas of caldera-style collapse. The sequences are thus considered as predominantly intracaldera.The phenocryst mineralogy is similar to modern “orogenic” volcanics. Phases include plagioclase, augite, hypersthene (uralitised), magnetite, ilmenite, with less common hornblende, and even rarer quartz, sanidine, and biotite. Fe-enriched compositions only develop in some high-silica rhyolites. The granites range from quartz diorite to granite s.s., and some contain spectacular concentrations of partially disaggregated dioritic inclusions.Chemically, the suite ranges continuously from basalt to high-silica rhyolite, with calc-alkali to high-K affinities, and geochemical signatures similar to modern subduction-related magmas. Only the high-silica rhyolites and granites exhibit evidence of extensive fractional crystallisation (e.g. pronounced Eu anomalies). Variation within the suite can only satisfactorily be modelled in terms of two component mixing, with superimposed crystal fractionation. Nd and Sr isotope compositions are relatively coherent, with εNd + 2·2 to +7·3, and ISr (calculated at 110 and 115 Ma) 0·7031-0·7044. These are relatively primitive, and imply mantle and/or newly accreted crustal magma sources.The two end-members proposed are within-plate tholeiitic melt, and ?low-silica rhyolitic melts generated by partial fusion of Permian (to ?Carboniferous) arc and arc basement. The arc-like geochemistry is thus considered to be source inherited. The tectonic setting for Cretaceous volcanism is correlated with updoming and basin rifting during the early stages of continental breakup, culminating in the opening of the Tasman Basin. Cretaceous volcanism is also recognised in the Maryborough Basin (S Queensland), the Lord Howe Rise, and New Caledonia, indicating the regional extent of volcanism associated with the complex breakup of the eastern Australasian continent margin.

AbstractThe flux of meteorites to the Earth over the last 50,000 yr has remained approximately constant. Most meteorites that fall in temperate or tropical areas are destroyed on a time scale which is short compared to the rate of infall; however, in arid regions (both “hot” deserts and the “cold” desert of Antarctica) weathering is slower and accumulations of meteorites may occur. The initial composition for many meteorite groups is well known from modern falls, and terrestrial ages may be established from analyses of the abundance of cosmogenic radionuclides, providing an absolute chronology for recording terrestrial processes. As samples are falling constantly, and are distributed approximately evenly over the Earth, meteorites may thus be thought of as an appropriate “standard sample” for studying aspects of the terrestrial surface environment. Studies involving 14C and 36Cl terrestrial ages of meteorites, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy (to quantify the degree of oxidation in samples), stable isotopes, and determination of halogen abundances are yielding information on the terrestrial history of meteorites: (i) terrestrial age and oxidation-frequency distributions for populations of samples allow the ages of surfaces to be estimated; (ii) differences in the weathering rate of samples between sites allows constraints to be imposed on the effect of climate on rock weathering rates; (iii) carbon isotopic compositions of generations of carbonate growth within meteorites allows, in some cases, temperatures of formation of carbonates to be estimated; (iv) structure in the oxidation–terrestrial age distribution for meteorites from some arid accumulation sites (specifically, the Nullarbor of Australia) appears to be linked to previous humid/arid cycles; (v) meteorite accumulations in Antarctica have been used to constrain aspects of the Quaternary evolution of the ice sheet, and terrestrial age and oxidation data have been used to constrain ice flow.

Abstract Introduction Bibliotherapy is the use of books as a therapeutic intervention for structuring interaction between facilitator and participant based on the mutual sharing of literature. Bibliotherapy has been utilized to address childhood teasing, healthy lifestyles in children, and eating disorders. With the dramatic improvements in survival of burn patients over the past decades, biographies and novels featuring pediatric burn survivors have emerged. These patients often face significant barriers in accessing psychosocial support. Our team hypothesized that bibliotherapy could benefit pediatric burn patients. In order to test this hypothesis, as a first step, our team conducted an assessment of the available burn survivor literature. Methods WorldCat book database was queried using the terms “Burn Patient Fiction” (45 results) and “Burn Patient Biography” (53 results). The authors identified 12 books out of these 98 results likely to be appropriate for adolescent and teenage burn patients based on the brief summaries. The 12 books were then read by the research team and analyzed for burn patient demographics and relevant clinical data when available. Simple descriptive statistics were utilized for numerical data Results Out of 12 books read, 5 were biographies & 7 fictional novels. Protagonists mean age at time of injury was 8.7±5.1 years (range 2–16), with 5 males and 7 females. Average injury size was 57±21% TBSA (range: 14–85). 10 of 12 protagonists suffered facial burns; 7 of 12 suffered hand burns. Oral health/dental issues were described in 4 of 12 books. Geographically, these English language novels spanned Australia (1), Canada 92), and the U.S. (9). Average page length was 237±88 pages (range: 64–372). In 11 of 12 books, mechanism of injury involved flame from car accidents (2), house fires (4), and campfires (2). With regards to sources of positive support during the recovery phase, family was the most commonly cited source (11 novels) followed by friends (10), spiritual/religious support (5), sports (3), burn survivor groups (3), hospital psychiatrists (3), and performing arts (2). Appropriate audience group for most books were teenagers (11) with 5 books deemed also appropriate for adults (only 1 book judged appropriate only for adults), and 2 books appropriate for adolescents. Conclusions Several novels and biographies with pediatric burn survivor protagonists have been written over the past 20 years. Commonalities across these books include flame burn etiology, relatively large TBSA, and burn injuries to visible body areas (face and hand). Family and friends were the most common emotional support for these protagonists. Most books were appropriate for teenagers.

Cancer is one of the main causes of mortality worldwide and the cancer deaths figure is estimated to reach 11 million by 2030 (Momenimovahed and Salehiniya, 2019). Among the cancers, breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide affecting more than 1 million women annually (Stuckey, 2011; Ghoncheh, et al., 2016). Breast cancer incidence varies widely, ranging from 27/100,0002 (Central-East Asia and Africa) to 85-94/100,0002 (Australia, North America and Western Europe) indicating that the environmental and genetic factors play significant role in incidence of breast cancer occurrence worldwide (Sancho-Garnier and Colonna, 2019). Considering the development and pathology of breast cancer, it is a highly heterogeneous cancer in its pathological characteristics, some cases showing slow growth with excellent prognosis, while others being aggressive tumors (Tao, et al., 2015). Despite many studies carried out to investigate the etiology of breast cancer, much of the etiology of this disease is unknown, however, many gene polymorphisms of breast cancer have been described as possible neoplasm etiologic factors (Bugano et al., 2008).MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to have a pivotal role in gene regulation and the control of cancer-related mechanisms such as apoptosis and metastasis. miRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce pre-miRNA, which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA. The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex, which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. Studies have shown that the miR-125 family acts as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer and inhibits ERBB2, ERBB3 and other target genes at post-transcriptional level. The miR-125 family has three homologues, hsa-miR-125a, hsa-miR-125b-1 and hsa-miR-125b-2 located at (19q.13.41), (11q.23) and (21q.21), respectively. Research shows ERBB2, HUR, ROCK-1, KLF13 and ARID3 genes are controlled by miR-125a. However, increased expression level of the genes is related to decreased expression of miR-125a, in breast cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the miRNA encoding genes are believed to be involved in cancer development (Bahreini et al., 2020). Single nucleotide polymorphisms such as rs143525273, rs12975333, rs10404453 and rs12976445 are effective in miR-125a expression. Due to the increasing incidence of breast cancer and important role of miR-125a rs12976445 in the disease many studies have cited this single nucleotide polymorphism (Tang et al., 2015; Tang et al., 2019; Duna et al., 2007; Inoue et al., 2014; Deng et al., 2017; Bahreini et al., 2021).In this study, blood samples were prepared from two groups: patients with breast cancern (approved by an oncologist) (n=51) and control healthy women (n=50) after obtaining written informed consent form. PCR-RFLP technique was used to determine miR-125a genotype. The data were analyzed using Chi-Square.Our findings indicated that there was significant difference regarding rs12976445 genotype distribution between the control group and patients with breast cancer indicating that rs12976445 might be a predictor of the development of breast cancer in women.

During the late twentieth century, Australia started to recognize the rights of the Aboriginal people. Indigenous claims for self-determination revolved around struggles to maintain a distinct cultural identity in strategies to own and govern traditional lands within the wider political system. While these fundamental challenges pervaded indigenous affairs, contemporary popular music by Aboriginal artists became increasingly important as a means of mediating viewpoints and agendas of the Australian national consciousness. It provided an artistic platform for indigenous performers to express a concerted resistance to colonial influences and sovereignty. As such, this study aims to examine the meaning and significance of musical recordings that reflect Aboriginal identity and place in a popular culture. It adopts an ethnomusicological approach in which music is explored not only in terms of its content, but also in terms of its social, economic, and political contexts. This paper is organized into three case studies of different Aboriginal rock groups: Bleckbala Mujik, Warumpi Band, and Yothu Yindi. Through these studies, the prevalent use of Aboriginal popular music is discerned as an accessible and compelling mechanism to elicit public awareness about the contemporary indigenous struggles through negotiations of power and representations of place.

Drowning amongst older people is a growing concern. Exploring demographic and other factors associated with unintentional drowning incidents amongst older adults may assist to identify key target groups and refine prevention strategies. This study sought to examine the heterogeneity of older individuals who have drowned and identify population subgroups in Western Australia (WA). A cluster analysis was used to segment the population by examining coronial data 2001-2018 (n = 93). Analysis identified four groups; 1) ‘men who boat & fish in company’ 2) ‘affluent men with poor health’ 3) ‘non-drinkers who boat and fish’, and 4) ‘older men, who slipped or fell’. Males aged 65-74 years were particularly at-risk while participating in various aquatic activities such as boating, fishing (incl. rock-fishing) and swimming/recreating. This study provided insights into an underserved area and will directly inform the development of new strategies for this target group in WA.

В основе данной статьи лежит исследовательская проблема, связанная с маркерами идентичности поколения 80-х гг., важную роль в самосознании которого сыграла отечественная рок-культура. Источниками исследования выступают мемуары рок-музыкантов и журналистов, близких к ним. Объект этих мемуаров – творческая биография отечественных рок-музыкантов и групп, действовавших в 80-е гг. Методология строится на принципах структурного, функционального и дискурс-анализа. Цель статьи – поиск основных идентификационных маркеров, на основе которых авторы воспоминаний характеризуют отечественную рок-культуру и свое место в ней. Важное место в структуре воспоминаний занимает соотнесение биографического нарратива с историческим контекстом кризисной стадии существования советского государства. Данная корреляция имеет в текстах ритуальный характер, так как субъект воспоминаний исключен из социально-политических процессов. Отграничение субъекта от доминантной культуры носит главным образом ментальный характер, сопровождаясь абсолютизацией погружения авторов и персонажей мемуаров в ценностно-нормативную сферу рок-культуры, всецело следующих ее этическому императиву. В социальном аспекте герои повествований не являются аутсайдерами. Таким образом, редуцируется потенциальный субкультурный характер рок-культуры. Вспоминающий субъект формирует ее ассимиляцию «большим» социумом, частью которой является аудитория рок-музыки. Преодоление границы между рок-музыкой и публикой осуществляется авторами мемуаров через десакрализацию творческого субъекта, автора, лидера творческого процесса. Создание музыки и стихов превращается авторами в часть рекреации, подчиненную случайному стечению обстоятельств. Целеполагание исключено из совокупности стратегий, которыми руководствуются персонажи текстов. С доминантой случайного, а также с утверждением неформальной коллективности тесно связана апология дилетантизма, противостоящего профессионализму. Финальной точкой воспоминаний становится утверждение тезиса о смерти отечественной рок-культуры, фиксируемой на индивидуальном персонифицированном уровне. The article is based on the research problem related with identity of the generation of the 80`s. Russian rock-culture had played important role in self-consciousness of this people. The research sources are memoirs of rock-musicians and journalists who were close to them. The object of these memoirs is the art biography of Russian rock-musicians and groups of 80`s. The methodology of research is based on the principles of structural, functional and discourse analysis. The purpose of the article is to search the main identification markers. Authors of memoirs characterize Russian rock-culture and their place in it by these markers. Correlation of biographical narrative with historical context of the crisis stage of the existence of the Soviet state takes important place in the structure of memories. This correlation has ritual character in the texts, because the subject of memories is excluded from social and political processes. The separation of the subject of memories from the dominant culture is mainly mental. This process is accompanied by the absolute immersion of the characters of memories in the value and normative sphere of rock-culture. They fully follow its ethical imperative. The characters of the memories are not outsiders in the social aspect. Thus, the potential subcultural character of rock-culture is reduced. The remembering subject says about assimilation of rock-culture by «society». The auditory is part of this society. Overcoming of border between rock-music and its public is carried out by the authors of memoirs through the desacralizing of the subject of creative process, author. Creation of music and poetry becomes part of recreation. It is guided by random combination of circumstances. Goal setting is excluded from the set of strategies of characters of texts. Another important feature of Russian rock-culture is reduction of professionalism. It connects with dominant of causal and with assertion of informal collectivity. The final point of the memories is the statement of the thesis about the death of national rock-culture. This process is fixed on individual personified level.

Summary Two Malaysian women had a dialogue about their respective experiences pursuing a career in the outdoors. Pei Ting Tham is entering her second decade as an outdoor educator, with nine of those years in Australia working with school groups, whereas Joanne Lee is primarily a rock climbing guide and instructor. Both women, with Chinese heritage, grew up in Malaysia but went through very different pathways to end up working and settling in Melbourne. Both women are now engaged in social justice and advocacy work in the outdoors in their respective ways. The conversation centres on their initial beginnings of engaging in the outdoors as women-of-colour, the trials and tribulations of their outdoor career and their work in advocating for diversity and inclusion in the outdoors. Information © CAB International 2024

Abstract The Northern Carnarvon Basin (NCB) located on Australia's North West Shelf hosts an extensive (∼40,000 km 2 ) intrusive igneous complex related to Mesozoic rifting and breakup. Using an extensive suite of modern 3D seismic reflection surveys, we have mapped this intrusive system across the NCB. We identify three predominant intrusion morphologies: Stacked sheets of large interconnected sill intrusions (up to ∼170 km long) and smaller (8 to 30 km long) isolated, strata concordant intrusions, which often interact with normal faults emplaced into deltaic sedimentary rocks; and variably sized (10 to 40 km long) saucer-shaped intrusions emplaced into marine shales, spread across seven zones (geographically constrained groups of intrusions of a specific morphology). We consider the zones' margin-parallel orientation, suggesting control by sub-crustal extensional processes during rifting; and, variation in intrusion morphology between these zones, suggesting a dominant control by host rock mechanical properties. We integrate previous work with our observations, constraining emplacement to between the Kimmeridgian and Valanginian, coinciding with key phases of margin evolution. Finally, we assess the impact of this intrusive complex on local petroleum systems. There is likely little to no adverse impact on source rock maturation or reservoir contamination by CO 2 . But, there is a spatial dissociation between the location of groups of intrusions and the gas fields, particularly in the Exmouth Plateau; this suggests that migrating hydrocarbons may be blocked, baffled and/or redirected by emplaced igneous rocks.

Summary Estimating a transition between rock types from well logs using traditional methods can be challenging and time-consuming. Developing new approaches to improving the quality of the estimation as well as saving time becomes necessary. This paper presents a new methodology that uses elements of chaos theory to evaluate the variability of well logs to identify rock layers. Four different parameters that quantify chaos were used in the present study: fractal correlation dimension, sample entropy, Hurst exponent, and Lyapunov exponent. Each of them describes a different property of a well log. The method presented in this paper uses all of them together for an extensive characterization of well log irregularities. The study was carried out on a set of 68 well logs from six wells in the Pluto gas field (Australia). The logs were divided into segments of 25 m. A computer program was written to calculate the chaos parameter values of each interval. The parameters were then analyzed statistically. Hierarchical methods and k-means clustering were used to create dendrograms and clusters. The statistical analysis of the results has shown that the well log variability can be used to successfully differentiate rock formations by showing which intervals on a log are similar. In addition, the intervals that correspond to Mungaroo sandstones, which are the reservoir rock of the Pluto gas field, were particularly distinguished from other parts of the log. Therefore, the presented methodology could prove useful to estimate zones of interest in terms of hydrocarbon potential. The presented algorithm accounts for the variability of the well log readings, not the log values themselves. It does not point exactly to a depth where rock layers interface, but it rather allows similar (in terms of irregularities), consecutive intervals to be grouped together. Based on that, one can draw a conclusion that a lithology differs between groups of intervals.

Abstract ~3.5-2.8 Ga granitoids from the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia are one of the most ancient and best-preserved records of early processes of continental crust generation. A number of recent studies have focused on the nature of the mantle source from which Pilbara granitoids derived, yet no consensus has been reached on whether the mantle was chondritic or depleted in the Eo/Palaeoarchaean. Here we present integrated whole-rock (major and trace elements) and zircon (U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes) data for 10 granitoids sampled across the Mount Edgar Dome, which recorded four main magmatic events between 3.47 and 3.23 Ga. Whole-rock major and trace element analyses suggest that the samples belong to two distinct petrogenetic groups. The first group is akin to the tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) suite, representing highly fractionated magmas initially formed by partial melting of a basaltic crust. The second group, here classified as granites, is best interpreted by the remelting of a basaltic crust and the addition of more evolved material, and it is striking that TTG-like and granitic magmas occurred coevally in time and space. Overall, both groups were formed through intense intracrustal differentiation processes that lead to the loss of significant geochemical information about their original sources. High-precision Lu-Hf analyses in zircon allow to obtain such information and to trace back the isotopic composition of the Palaeoarchaean mantle. A clear change from superchondritic to subchondritic Hf isotope compositions is observed between 3.47 and 3.23 Ga. The superchondritic Hf isotope composition of the 3.47 Ga old granitoids substantiates derivation from a depleted mantle source that separated from the chondritic mantle prior to 3.8 Ga. The presence of ca. 3.5 Ga old inherited zircons in younger magmas suggests that crustal remelting processes were involved in their generation. We propose that all granitoids investigated in this study had their crustal sources originated from a single mantle–crust differentiation event that occurred at 3.50 Ga. This event resulted in the differentiation, from the same original mantle, of two distinct crustal reservoirs, i.e., a mafic reservoir with a 176Lu/177Hf ratio of 0.023, and a reservoir of intermediate/felsic composition ( 176Lu/ 177Hf=0.013). 3.32-3.31 Ga-old granitoids were produced by remelting of the mafic reservoir, whereas 3.43 and 3.23 Ga granitoids derived from the intermediate/felsic reservoir. Overall, our data suggest that protracted intracrustal remelting processes and differentiation have played a key role in the formation, evolution, and maturation of the building blocks of continents during the Palaeoarchaean.

ABSTRACTThe destruction of rock art in the Burrup Peninsula, performed by several mammoth industries strategically located in the Peninsula since the 1960s, allows me to analyse the concept of heritage within a global history of art and find meaning in the difficult task of interpreting rock art. The Burrup Peninsula not only hosts the largest rock art site in the world, but also one of the largest deposits of natural gas, iron ore and salt. As a consequence, the land (sacred to the Indigenous people), becomes extremely important in order to sustain the booming economy of Australia. In this difficult negotiation between heritage and progress the rock art is embedded with new meanings and the heritage becomes ephemeral. Failing to include the site in the World Heritage Site list created by UNESCO, the roles of identity and memory are contested by the two groups represented on each side of the debate: on one hand, the Aboriginal Traditional owners and the archaeologists; on the other, the Australian government and the cultural establishment that denies the rock art an aesthetic significance by considering it "primitive" and "archaic". The debate becomes even more pertinent after realizing that the Australian government has flagged other buildings and natural parks as World Heritage Sites, while the rock art in the Burrup Peninsula is catalogued as national, but not World, Heritage. As a result, the concept of heritage can be defined on several levels: local, regional, national and international.RESUMENLa destrucción de arte rupestre en la península Burrup, llevada a cabo por varias industrias colosales, estratégicamente localizadas en la península desde la década de los años sesenta, me permite analizar el concepto de patrimonio y encontrar un significado en la difícil tarea de interpretar arte rupestre. La península Burrup no sólo alberga el sitio arqueológico de arte rupestre más grande del mundo, sino que también uno de los depósitos más grandes de gas, mineral de hierro y sal. Como consecuencia, la tierra (sagrada para la comunidad aborigen), se ha convertido en un punto álgido ya que sostiene la economía creciente de Australia. En esta difícil negociación entre patrimonio y progreso, el arte rupestre encuentra nuevos significados y el patrimonio se torna efímero. Al no estar el sitio incluido en la lista de Patrimonio Mundial auspiciada por la UNESCO, los roles de identidad y memoria son impugnados por los dos grupos que representan ambos lados del debate: por un lado, los dueños tradicionales aborígenes y los arqueólogos; por el otro, el gobierno australiano y el es-tablecimiento cultural que le niega al arte rupestre una significancia estética al considerarlo “primitivo” y “arcaico”. El debate se torna cada vez más pertinente al darnos cuenta de que el gobierno australiano ha propuesto otros sitios y parques naturales para su introducción en la lista de Patrimonio Mundial, mientras que el arte rupestre de la península Burrup está catalogado como patrimonio nacional, mas no mundial. Como resultado, el concepto de patrimonio se puede definir en diferentes niveles: local, nacional e internacional.

At the Grimlock laterite deposit (Northern Territory, Australia), Co and Ni mineralization occurs mainly in the Mn-oxide rich layers of Fe-Mn crust overlying ultramafic bedrock. Groundwater-associated Fe-Mn crusts consist of mineral (e.g., Mn-oxide, Fe-oxyhydroxide, and silicate) groups suitable for studying triple oxygen isotopes and present unique interpretative challenges (e.g., small Mn-oxide fractions relative to Fe-Mn precipitates from other formation environments, and extensive weathering). We evaluate triple oxygen isotopes within the context of changes to properties (i.e., mineralogy, major and trace element geochemistry, and degree of weathering) of a lateritic profile. We use pre-existing mineral-water fractionation factors, meteoric water δ 18 O and temperature data to calculate δ 18 O values of fully altered mineralogical endmembers, then, using mass balance, discuss scenarios to elucidate measured whole rock δ 18 O values. The δ ' 18 O and Δ ' 17 O of near-surface samples (0-8 m) are generally lower (mean of 8.892 ‰) and higher (mean of -0.141 ‰), respectively, than the δ ' 18 O (mean of 12.767 ‰) and Δ ' 17 O (mean of -0.176 ‰) of samples from greater depth (19-22 m). At 16-17 m depth, δ ' 18 O and Δ ' 17 O are relatively high (means of 17.509 ‰ and -0.118 ‰, respectively). The measured whole rock δ 18 O values are explainable by substituting lower δ ' 18 O values for the Mn-oxide and Fe-oxyhydroxide fractions, and higher δ ' 18 O values for the aluminosilicate fraction, changes coinciding with greater alteration. These results suggest that mineral weathering is primarily responsible for observed variations in the triple oxygen isotopes of groundwater-associated Fe-Mn crusts, rather than variation in the initial source of oxygen incorporated into Mn-oxide. Supplementary material: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7071907

Abstract The petrogenesis of Sukadana Basalt remains an enigma till present. Major and trace element data are analyzed from Sukadana Basalt lava, located at East Lampung, Sumatra, to study the processes involved in the petrogenesis of the erupted magmas and the origin of mantle source compositions. The Sukadana Basalt display SiO2 (48.1–52.5 wt%), MgO (5.3–9.3 wt%), TiO2 (1.3–2.6 wt%), P2O5 (0.2–0.6 wt%), and Fe2O3T (8.9–11.3 wt%) contents. The Sukadana Basalt enriched in light rare earth elements with weak negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.8–1) and show Ocean Island Basalt (OIB)-like characteristics. There are two different petrogenesis groups, namely group A and group B. Group A samples show enrichment of Hf, Pb, K, and Sr and depletion of Nb. Group B samples show enrichment of K, Sr, and depletion of Pb. These differences are closely related to the mechanism of slab roll-back and normal fault activity. This study shows that Sukadana Basalt has Nb = 7.4–29.8 ppm, Nb/U = 18–060.3, and Nb/La = 0.8–1.6. These characteristics were similar to those found in typical Nb-enriched basalts. Geochemical analyses suggest that the Sukadana Basalt have experienced minimal crustal contamination and Olivine plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and magnetite fractional crystallization. The chemical features, together with high incompatible-element ratios, are consistent with low degrees of partial melting of a dominantly a partial melting of garnet–peridotite mantle source. The trace-element patterns suggest a mantle source influenced by an enriched component. The occurrence of OIB-like basalt suggests significant upwelling of the asthenosphere in response to slab roll-back. These processes occured in the above of a Paleo Indo-Australia subducting N–S beneath the southern part of Sumatra.

Every act of art is able to reveal, balance and revive the relations between a territory and its inhabitants (François Davin, Southern Forest Sculpture Walk Catalogue)Introducing the Understory Art in Nature TrailIn February 2015, a colossal wildfire destroyed 98,300 hectares of farm and bushland surrounding the town of Northcliffe, located 365 km south of Perth, Western Australia (WA). As the largest fire in the recorded history of the southwest region (Southern Forest Arts, After the Burn 8), the disaster attracted national attention however the extraordinary contribution of local knowledge in saving a town considered by authorities to be “undefendable” (Kennedy) is yet to be widely appreciated. In accounting for a creative scene that survived the conflagration, this case study sees culture mobilised as a socioeconomic resource for conservation and the healing of community spirit.Northcliffe (population 850) sits on a coastal plain that hosts majestic old-growth forest and lush bushland. In 2006, Southern Forest Arts (SFA) dedicated a Southern Forest Sculpture Walk for creative professionals to develop artworks along a 1.2 km walk trail through pristine native forest. It was re-branded “Understory—Art in Nature” in 2009; then “Understory Art in Nature Trail” in 2015, the understory vegetation layer beneath the canopy being symbolic of Northcliffe’s deeply layered caché of memories, including “the awe, love, fear, and even the hatred that these trees have provoked among the settlers” (Davin in SFA Catalogue). In the words of the SFA Trailguide, “Every place (no matter how small) has ‘understories’—secrets, songs, dreams—that help us connect with the spirit of place.”In the view of forest arts ecologist Kumi Kato, “It is a sense of place that underlies the commitment to a place’s conservation by its community, broadly embracing those who identify with the place for various reasons, both geographical and conceptual” (149). In bioregional terms such communities form a terrain of consciousness (Berg and Dasmann 218), extending responsibility for conservation across cultures, time and space (Kato 150). A sustainable thematic of place must also include livelihood as the third party between culture and nature that establishes the relationship between them (Giblett 240). With these concepts in mind I gauge creative impact on forest as place, and, in turn, (altered) forest’s impact on people. My abstraction of physical place is inclusive of humankind moving in dialogic engagement with forest. A mapping of Understory’s creative activities sheds light on how artists express physical environments in situated creative practices, clusters, and networks. These, it is argued, constitute unique types of community operating within (and beyond) a foundational scene of inspiration and mystification that is metaphorically “rising from the ashes.” In transcending disconnectedness between humankind and landscape, Understory may be understood to both culturalise nature (as an aesthetic system), and naturalise culture (as an ecologically modelled system), to build on a trope introduced by Feld (199). Arguably when the bush is cultured in this way it attracts consumers who may otherwise disconnect from nature.The trail (henceforth Understory) broaches the histories of human relations with Northcliffe’s natural systems of place. Sub-groups of the Noongar nation have inhabited the southwest for an estimated 50,000 years and their association with the Northcliffe region extends back at least 6,000 years (SFA Catalogue; see also Crawford and Crawford). An indigenous sense of the spirit of forest is manifest in Understory sculpture, literature, and—for the purpose of this article—the compilation CD Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests (henceforth Canopy, Figure 1).As a cultural and environmental construction of place, Canopy sustains the land with acts of seeing, listening to, and interpreting nature; of remembering indigenous people in the forest; and of recalling the hardships of the early settlers. I acknowledge SFA coordinator and Understory custodian Fiona Sinclair for authorising this investigation; Peter Hill for conservation conversations; Robyn Johnston for her Canopy CD sleeve notes; Della Rae Morrison for permissions; and David Pye for discussions. Figure 1. Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests (CD, 2006). Cover image by Raku Pitt, 2002. Courtesy Southern Forest Arts, Northcliffe, WA.Forest Ecology, Emotion, and ActionEstablished in 1924, Northcliffe’s ill-founded Group Settlement Scheme resulted in frontier hardship and heartbreak, and deforestation of the southwest region for little economic return. An historic forest controversy (1992-2001) attracted media to Northcliffe when protesters attempting to disrupt logging chained themselves to tree trunks and suspended themselves from branches. The signing of the Western Australian Regional Forest Agreement in 1999 was followed, in 2001, by deregulation of the dairy industry and a sharp decline in area population.Moved by the gravity of this situation, Fiona Sinclair won her pitch to the Manjimup Council for a sound alternative industry for Northcliffe with projections of jobs: a forest where artists could work collectively and sustainably to reveal the beauty of natural dimensions. A 12-acre pocket of allocated Crown Land adjacent to the town was leased as an A-Class Reserve vested for Education and Recreation, for which SFA secured unified community ownership and grants. Conservation protocols stipulated that no biomass could be removed from the forest and that predominantly raw, natural materials were to be used (F. Sinclair and P. Hill, personal interview, 26 Sep. 2014). With forest as prescribed image (wider than the bounded chunk of earth), Sinclair invited the artists to consider the themes of spirituality, creativity, history, dichotomy, and sensory as a basis for work that was to be “fresh, intimate, and grounded in place.” Her brief encouraged artists to work with humanity and imagination to counteract residual community divisiveness and resentment. Sinclair describes this form of implicit environmentalism as an “around the back” approach that avoids lapsing into political commentary or judgement: “The trail is a love letter from those of us who live here to our visitors, to connect with grace” (F. Sinclair, telephone interview, 6 Apr. 2014). Renewing community connections to local place is essential if our lives and societies are to become more sustainable (Pedelty 128). To define Northcliffe’s new community phase, artists respected differing associations between people and forest. A structure on a karri tree by Indigenous artist Norma MacDonald presents an Aboriginal man standing tall and proud on a rock to become one with the tree and the forest: as it was for thousands of years before European settlement (MacDonald in SFA Catalogue). As Feld observes, “It is the stabilizing persistence of place as a container of experiences that contributes so powerfully to its intrinsic memorability” (201).Adhering to the philosophy that nature should not be used or abused for the sake of art, the works resonate with the biorhythms of the forest, e.g. functional seats and shelters and a cascading retainer that directs rainwater back to the resident fauna. Some sculptures function as receivers for picking up wavelengths of ancient forest. Forest Folk lurk around the understory, while mysterious stone art represents a life-shaping force of planet history. To represent the reality of bushfire, Natalie Williamson’s sculpture wraps itself around a burnt-out stump. The work plays with scale as small native sundew flowers are enlarged and a subtle beauty, easily overlooked, becomes apparent (Figure 2). The sculptor hopes that “spiders will spin their webs about it, incorporating it into the landscape” (SFA Catalogue).Figure 2. Sundew. Sculpture by Natalie Williamson, 2006. Understory Art in Nature Trail, Northcliffe, WA. Image by the author, 2014.Memory is naturally place-oriented or at least place-supported (Feld 201). Topaesthesia (sense of place) denotes movement that connects our biography with our route. This is resonant for the experience of regional character, including the tactile, olfactory, gustatory, visual, and auditory qualities of a place (Ryan 307). By walking, we are in a dialogue with the environment; both literally and figuratively, we re-situate ourselves into our story (Schine 100). For example, during a summer exploration of the trail (5 Jan. 2014), I intuited a personal attachment based on my grandfather’s small bush home being razed by fire, and his struggle to support seven children.Understory’s survival depends on vigilant controlled (cool) burns around its perimeter (Figure 3), organised by volunteer Peter Hill. These burns also hone the forest. On 27 Sept. 2014, the charred vegetation spoke a spring language of opportunity for nature to reassert itself as seedpods burst and continue the cycle; while an autumn walk (17 Mar. 2016) yielded a fresh view of forest colour, patterning, light, shade, and sound.Figure 3. Understory Art in Nature Trail. Map Created by Fiona Sinclair for Southern Forest Sculpture Walk Catalogue (2006). Courtesy Southern Forest Arts, Northcliffe, WA.Understory and the Melody of CanopyForest resilience is celebrated in five MP3 audio tours produced for visitors to dialogue with the trail in sensory contexts of music, poetry, sculptures and stories that name or interpret the setting. The trail starts in heathland and includes three creek crossings. A zone of acacias gives way to stands of the southwest signature trees karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor), jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), and marri (Corymbia calophylla). Following a sheoak grove, a riverine environment re-enters heathland. Birds, insects, mammals, and reptiles reside around and between the sculptures, rendering the earth-embedded art a fusion of human and natural orders (concept after Relph 141). On Audio Tour 3, Songs for the Southern Forests, the musician-composers reflect on their regionally focused items, each having been birthed according to a personal musical concept (the manner in which an individual artist holds the totality of a composition in cultural context). Arguably the music in question, its composers, performers, audiences, and settings, all have a role to play in defining the processes and effects of forest arts ecology. Local musician Ann Rice billeted a cluster of musicians (mostly from Perth) at her Windy Harbour shack. The energy of the production experience was palpable as all participated in on-site forest workshops, and supported each other’s items as a musical collective (A. Rice, telephone interview, 2 Oct. 2014). Collaborating under producer Lee Buddle’s direction, they orchestrated rich timbres (tone colours) to evoke different musical atmospheres (Table 1). Composer/Performer Title of TrackInstrumentation1. Ann RiceMy Placevocals/guitars/accordion 2. David PyeCicadan Rhythmsangklung/violin/cello/woodblocks/temple blocks/clarinet/tapes 3. Mel RobinsonSheltervocal/cello/double bass 4. DjivaNgank Boodjakvocals/acoustic, electric and slide guitars/drums/percussion 5. Cathie TraversLamentaccordion/vocals/guitar/piano/violin/drums/programming 6. Brendon Humphries and Kevin SmithWhen the Wind First Blewvocals/guitars/dobro/drums/piano/percussion 7. Libby HammerThe Gladevocal/guitar/soprano sax/cello/double bass/drums 8. Pete and Dave JeavonsSanctuaryguitars/percussion/talking drum/cowbell/soprano sax 9. Tomás FordWhite Hazevocal/programming/guitar 10. David HyamsAwakening /Shaking the Tree /When the Light Comes guitar/mandolin/dobro/bodhran/rainstick/cello/accordion/flute 11. Bernard CarneyThe Destiny Waltzvocal/guitar/accordion/drums/recording of The Destiny Waltz 12. Joel BarkerSomething for Everyonevocal/guitars/percussion Table 1. Music Composed for Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests.Source: CD sleeve and http://www.understory.com.au/art.php. Composing out of their own strengths, the musicians transformed the geographic region into a living myth. As Pedelty has observed of similar musicians, “their sounds resonate because they so profoundly reflect our living sense of place” (83-84). The remainder of this essay evidences the capacity of indigenous song, art music, electronica, folk, and jazz-blues to celebrate, historicise, or re-imagine place. Firstly, two items represent the phenomenological approach of site-specific sensitivity to acoustic, biological, and cultural presence/loss, including the materiality of forest as a living process.“Singing Up the Land”In Aboriginal Australia “there is no place that has not been imaginatively grasped through song, dance and design, no place where traditional owners cannot see the imprint of sacred creation” (Rose 18). Canopy’s part-Noongar language song thus repositions the ancient Murrum-Noongar people within their life-sustaining natural habitat and spiritual landscape.Noongar Yorga woman Della Rae Morrison of the Bibbulmun and Wilman nations co-founded The Western Australian Nuclear Free Alliance to campaign against the uranium mining industry threatening Ngank Boodjak (her country, “Mother Earth”) (D.R. Morrison, e-mail, 15 July 2014). In 2004, Morrison formed the duo Djiva (meaning seed power or life force) with Jessie Lloyd, a Murri woman of the Guugu Yimidhirr Nation from North Queensland. After discerning the fundamental qualities of the Understory site, Djiva created the song Ngank Boodjak: “This was inspired by walking the trail […] feeling the energy of the land and the beautiful trees and hearing the birds. When I find a spot that I love, I try to feel out the lay-lines, which feel like vortexes of energy coming out of the ground; it’s pretty amazing” (Morrison in SFA Canopy sleeve) Stanza 1 points to the possibilities of being more fully “in country”:Ssh!Ni dabarkarn kooliny, ngank boodja kookoorninyListen, walk slowly, beautiful Mother EarthThe inclusion of indigenous language powerfully implements an indigenous interpretation of forest: “My elders believe that when we leave this life from our physical bodies that our spirit is earthbound and is living in the rocks or the trees and if you listen carefully you might hear their voices and maybe you will get some answers to your questions” (Morrison in SFA Catalogue).Cicadan Rhythms, by composer David Pye, echoes forest as a lively “more-than-human” world. Pye took his cue from the ambient pulsing of male cicadas communicating in plenum (full assembly) by means of airborne sound. The species were sounding together in tempo with individual rhythm patterns that interlocked to create one fantastic rhythm (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Composer David Pye). The cicada chorus (the loudest known lovesong in the insect world) is the unique summer soundmark (term coined by Truax Handbook, Website) of the southern forests. Pye chased various cicadas through Understory until he was able to notate the rhythms of some individuals in a patch of low-lying scrub.To simulate cicada clicking, the composer set pointillist patterns for Indonesian anklung (joint bamboo tubes suspended within a frame to produce notes when the frame is shaken or tapped). Using instruments made of wood to enhance the rich forest imagery, Pye created all parts using sampled instrumental sounds placed against layers of pre-recorded ambient sounds (D. Pye, telephone interview, 3 Sept. 2014). He takes the listener through a “geographical linear representation” of the trail: “I walked around it with a stopwatch and noted how long it took to get through each section of the forest, and that became the musical timing of the various parts of the work” (Pye in SFA Canopy sleeve). That Understory is a place where reciprocity between nature and culture thrives is, likewise, evident in the remaining tracks.Musicalising Forest History and EnvironmentThree tracks distinguish Canopy as an integrative site for memory. Bernard Carney’s waltz honours the Group Settlers who battled insurmountable terrain without any idea of their destiny, men who, having migrated with a promise of owning their own dairy farms, had to clear trees bare-handedly and build furniture from kerosene tins and gelignite cases. Carney illuminates the culture of Saturday night dancing in the schoolroom to popular tunes like The Destiny Waltz (performed on the Titanic in 1912). His original song fades to strains of the Victor Military Band (1914), to “pay tribute to the era where the inspiration of the song came from” (Carney in SFA Canopy sleeve). Likewise Cathie Travers’s Lament is an evocation of remote settler history that creates a “feeling of being in another location, other timezone, almost like an endless loop” (Travers in SFA Canopy sleeve).An instrumental medley by David Hyams opens with Awakening: the morning sun streaming through tall trees, and the nostalgic sound of an accordion waltz. Shaking the Tree, an Irish jig, recalls humankind’s struggle with forest and the forces of nature. A final title, When the Light Comes, defers to the saying by conservationist John Muir that “The wrongs done to trees, wrongs of every sort, are done in the darkness of ignorance and unbelief, for when the light comes the heart of the people is always right” (quoted by Hyams in SFA Canopy sleeve). Local musician Joel Barker wrote Something for Everyone to personify the old-growth karri as a king with a crown, with “wisdom in his bones.”Kevin Smith’s father was born in Northcliffe in 1924. He and Brendon Humphries fantasise the untouchability of a maiden (pre-human) moment in a forest in their song, When the Wind First Blew. In Libby Hammer’s The Glade (a lover’s lament), instrumental timbres project their own affective languages. The jazz singer intended the accompanying double bass to speak resonantly of old-growth forest; the cello to express suppleness and renewal; a soprano saxophone to impersonate a bird; and the drums to imitate the insect community’s polyrhythmic undercurrent (after Hammer in SFA Canopy sleeve).A hybrid aural environment of synthetic and natural forest sounds contrasts collision with harmony in Sanctuary. The Jeavons Brothers sampled rustling wind on nearby Mt Chudalup to absorb into the track’s opening, and crafted a snare groove for the quirky eco-jazz/trip-hop by banging logs together, and banging rocks against logs. This imaginative use of percussive found objects enhanced their portrayal of forest as “a living, breathing entity.”In dealing with recent history in My Place, Ann Rice cameos a happy childhood growing up on a southwest farm, “damming creeks, climbing trees, breaking bones and skinning knees.” The rich string harmonies of Mel Robinson’s Shelter sculpt the shifting environment of a brewing storm, while White Haze by Tomás Ford describes a smoky controlled burn as “a kind of metaphor for the beautiful mystical healing nature of Northcliffe”: Someone’s burning off the scrubSomeone’s making sure it’s safeSomeone’s whiting out the fearSomeone’s letting me breathe clearAs Sinclair illuminates in a post-fire interview with Sharon Kennedy (Website):When your map, your personal map of life involves a place, and then you think that that place might be gone…” Fiona doesn't finish the sentence. “We all had to face the fact that our little place might disappear." Ultimately, only one house was lost. Pasture and fences, sheds and forest are gone. Yet, says Fiona, “We still have our town. As part of SFA’s ongoing commission, forest rhythm workshops explore different sound properties of potential materials for installing sound sculptures mimicking the surrounding flora and fauna. In 2015, SFA mounted After the Burn (a touring photographic exhibition) and Out of the Ashes (paintings and woodwork featuring ash, charcoal, and resin) (SFA, After the Burn 116). The forthcoming community project Rising From the Ashes will commemorate the fire and allow residents to connect and create as they heal and move forward—ten years on from the foundation of Understory.ConclusionThe Understory Art in Nature Trail stimulates curiosity. It clearly illustrates links between place-based social, economic and material conditions and creative practices and products within a forest that has both given shelter and “done people in.” The trail is an experimental field, a transformative locus in which dedicated physical space frees artists to culturalise forest through varied aesthetic modalities. Conversely, forest possesses agency for naturalising art as a symbol of place. Djiva’s song Ngank Boodjak “sings up the land” to revitalise the timelessness of prior occupation, while David Pye’s Cicadan Rhythms foregrounds the seasonal cycle of entomological music.In drawing out the richness and significance of place, the ecologically inspired album Canopy suggests that the community identity of a forested place may be informed by cultural, economic, geographical, and historical factors as well as endemic flora and fauna. Finally, the musical representation of place is not contingent upon blatant forms of environmentalism. The portrayals of Northcliffe respectfully associate Western Australian people and forests, yet as a place, the town has become an enduring icon for the plight of the Universal Old-growth Forest in all its natural glory, diverse human uses, and (real or perceived) abuses.ReferencesAustralian Broadcasting Commission. “Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests.” Into the Music. Prod. Robyn Johnston. Radio National, 5 May 2007. 12 Aug. 2014 <http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/intothemusic/canopy-songs-for-the-southern-forests/3396338>.———. “Composer David Pye.” Interview with Andrew Ford. The Music Show, Radio National, 12 Sep. 2009. 30 Jan. 2015 <http://canadapodcasts.ca/podcasts/MusicShowThe/1225021>.Berg, Peter, and Raymond Dasmann. “Reinhabiting California.” Reinhabiting a Separate Country: A Bioregional Anthology of Northern California. Ed. Peter Berg. San Francisco: Planet Drum, 1978. 217-20.Crawford, Patricia, and Ian Crawford. 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