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Holmes, Rachel. « READING ROUTE MAPS IN UNITED STATES ROAD TRIP BOOKS ». Studies in Travel Writing 4, no 1 (janvier 2000) : 165–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645145.2000.9634904.
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Bauer, John T. « Navigating Without Road Maps : The Early Business of Automobile Route Guide Publishing in the United States ». Proceedings of the ICA 1 (16 mai 2018) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-7-2018.
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In the United States, automobile route guides were important precursors to the road maps that Americans are familiar with today. Listing turn-by-turn directions between cities, they helped drivers navigate unmarked, local roads. This paper examines the early business of route guide publishing through the Official Automobile Blue Book series of guides. It focuses specifically on the expansion, contraction, and eventual decline of the Blue Book publishing empire and also the work of professional “pathfinders” that formed the company’s data-gathering infrastructure. Be- ginning in 1901 with only one volume, the series steadily grew until 1920, when thirteen volumes were required to record thousands of routes throughout the country. Bankruptcy and corporate restructuring in 1921 forced the publishers to condense the guide into a four-volume set in 1922. Competition from emerging sheet maps, along with the nationwide standardization of highway numbers, pushed a switch to an atlas format in 1926. Blue Books, however, could not remain competitive and disappeared after 1937. “Pathfinders” were employed by the publishers and equipped with reliable automobiles. Soon they developed a shorthand notation system for recording field notes and efficiently incorporating them into the development workflow. Although pathfinders did not call themselves cartographers, they were geographical data field collectors and considered their work to be an “art and a science,” much the same as modern-day cartographers. The paper concludes with some comments about the place of route guides in the history of American commercial cartography and draws some parallels between “pathfinders” and the digital road mappers of today.
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Soulard, Christopher E., William Acevedo et Stephen V. Stehman. « Removing Rural Roads from the National Land Cover Database to Create Improved Urban Maps for the United States, 1992 to 2011 ». Photogrammetric Engineering & ; Remote Sensing 84, no 2 (1 février 2018) : 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.84.2.101.
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Nazneen, Sahima, Mahdi Rezapour et Khaled Ksaibati. « Application of Geographical Information System Techniques to Determine High Crash-Prone Areas in the Fort Peck Indian Reservation ». Open Transportation Journal 14, no 1 (25 août 2020) : 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447802014010174.
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Background: Historically, Indian reservations have been struggling with higher crash rates than the rest of the United States. In an effort to improve roadway safety in these areas, different agencies are working to address this disparity. For any safety improvement program, identifying high risk crash locations is the first step to determine contributing factors of crashes and select corresponding countermeasures. Methods: This study proposes an approach to determine crash-prone areas using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques through creating crash severity maps and Network Kernel Density Estimation (NetKDE). These two maps were assessed to determine the high-risk road segments having a high crash rate, and high injury severity. However, since the statistical significance of the hotspots cannot be evaluated in NetKDE, this study employed Getis-Ord Gi* (d) statistics to ascertain statistically significant crash hotspots. Finally, maps generated through these two methods were assessed to determine statistically significant high-risk road segments. Moreover, temporal analysis of the crash pattern was performed using spider graphs to explore the variance throughout the day. Results: Within the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, some parts of the US highway 13, BIA Route 1, and US highway 2 are among the many segments being identified as high-risk road segments in this analysis. Also, although some residential roads have PDO crashes, they have been detected as high priority areas due to high crash occurrence. The temporal analysis revealed that crash patterns were almost similar on the weekdays reaching the peak at traffic peak hours, but during the weekend, crashes mostly occurred at midnight. Conclusion: The study would provide tribes with the tool to identify locations demanding immediate safety concerns. This study can be used as a template for other tribes to perform spatial and temporal analysis of the crash patterns to identify high risk crash locations on their roadways.
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Jacobs, Jennifer M., Lia R. Cattaneo, William Sweet et Theodore Mansfield. « Recent and Future Outlooks for Nuisance Flooding Impacts on Roadways on the U.S. East Coast ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no 2 (13 mars 2018) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118756366.
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Tidal floods (i.e., “nuisance” flooding) are occurring more often during seasonal high tides or minor wind events, and the frequency is expected to increase dramatically in the coming decades. During these flood events, coastal communities’ roads are often impassable or difficult to pass, thus impacting routine transport needs. This study identifies vulnerable roads and quantifies the risk from nuisance flooding in the Eastern United States by combining public road information from the Federal Highway Administration’s Highway Performance Monitoring System with flood frequency maps, tidal gauge historic observations, and future projections of annual minor tidal flood frequencies and durations. The results indicate that tidal nuisance flooding across the East Coast threatens 7508 miles (12,083 km) of roadways including over 400 miles (644 km) of interstate roadways. From 1996–2005 to 2006–2015, there was a 90% average increase in nuisance floods. With sea level rise, nuisance-flood frequency is projected to grow at all locations assessed. The total induced vehicle-hours of delay due to nuisance flooding currently exceed 100 million hours annually. Nearly 160 million vehicle-hours of delay across the East Coast by 2020 (85% increase from 2010); 1.2 billion vehicle-hours by 2060 (126% increase from 2010); and 3.4 billion vehicle-hours by 2100 (392% increase from 2010) are projected under an intermediate low sea-level-rise scenario. By 2056–2065, nuisance flooding could occur almost daily at sites in Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland, the District of Columbia, North Carolina, and Florida under an intermediate sea-level-rise scenario.
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Hilton, Brian N., Thomas A. Horan, Richard Burkhard et Benjamin Schooley. « SafeRoadMaps : Communication of Location and Density of Traffic Fatalities through Spatial Visualization and Heat Map Analysis ». Information Visualization 10, no 1 (9 décembre 2010) : 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ivs.2010.14.
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Road traffic injuries are the number one, non-disease-related, cause of death in the world; more than 1.2 million people die each year on the roads, and between 20 and 50 million sustain non-fatal injuries. In 2008, in the United States, there were 37 261 motor vehicle fatalities – the result of 34 017 motor vehicle crashes. Clearly, there is an urgent need for governmental agencies, and other key institutions, to increase and sustain action to prevent motor vehicle injuries. This article reports on the iterative development of SafeRoadMaps, a publicly accessible system for presenting accident frequencies and characteristics based on geographic location ( www.saferoadmaps.org ). The system was developed to visually communicate and allow analysis of public health issues related to rural and urban road transportation safety. One of the distinctive features of this online system is the use of ‘heat maps’ as a visual means for communicating the spatial density of traffic fatalities. The article begins with a review of the action research design approach utilized for the analysis, design and implementation of this system, continues with an overview of the system and its visualization methods to communicate safety information to travelers and other stakeholders, and concludes with a summary of findings from end-user feedback, including the system's potential to raise user awareness and affect driving behavior.
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Cook, Mylan R., Kent L. Gee, Mark K. Transtrum, Shane V. Lympany et Matthew F. Calton. « Improving upon standard approaches for mapping road traffic noise ». Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no 4 (avril 2022) : A117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010835.
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The Federal Highway Administration’s Traffic Noise Model is the standard model used to predict traffic noise in the United States. The Department of Transportation’s National Transportation Noise Map (NTNM), based on average annual daily traffic counts, uses the traffic noise model to map out an average A-weighted equivalent sound level based on road traffic. Because the NTNM does not account for temporal variation, measured acoustic levels often differ from the average predicted levels. A recent internally developed method uses state highway agencies’ reported traffic counts to create a model to predict hourly traffic across the United States based on geospatial features. This predictive approach can be combined with acoustical propagation algorithms in the traffic noise model to create temporally variable traffic noise maps. Because predicted traffic counts match reported traffic counts more closely than averaged counts, predicted sound levels are more characteristic of measured sound levels than the NTNM. The expected sound level errors using the predictive approach are shown to be significantly smaller than the expected NTNM errors. [Work supported by U.S. Army SBIR.]
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Quinn, Sterling D. « What can we see from the road ? Applications of a cumulative viewshed analysis on a US state highway network ». Geographica Helvetica 77, no 2 (4 mai 2022) : 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-77-165-2022.
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Abstract. In many parts of the world, motorized travel is one of the most common ways that people interact with their regional landscape. This study investigates how travelers' understandings of place might be influenced by what landforms they can see from a vehicle. It uses a cumulative viewshed analysis on the Washington State (United States) highway network to determine which physical landscape features are most frequently visible or obscured from the road. Adapting ideas from Kevin Lynch's The Image of the City, I propose spatial data processing methods to derive landmarks, edges, and districts that could most contribute to the mental maps of travelers and should be prioritized for labeling on print, electronic, and augmented reality maps. Other applications of the cumulative viewshed include deriving scenic byways, siting proposed construction for high or low visibility, and guiding conversations about critical toponymy and perceptions of place.
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Pan, Richard J. D., et Jonathan A. Finkelstein. « Pediatric Education and Managed Care : A Literature Review ». Pediatrics 101, Supplement_3 (1 avril 1998) : 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.101.s3.739.
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Managed care is becoming the dominant form of health care delivery and financing in the United States, necessitating changes in pediatric education. This transition is redefining the questions of what needs to be taught, who should be teaching it, where it should be taught, and how to pay for this education. We performed a literature review and examined reports from policy and professional groups to seek answers to these questions. We have identified curricular, administrative, and financial challenges to pediatric education in managed care. Although road maps for innovation have been described, there is a deficiency of research and information in key areas of pediatric education in the managed care environment.
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Cook, Mylan R., Kent L. Gee, Mark K. Transtrum, Shane V. Lympany et Matthew F. Calton. « A physics-guided model for predicting spectral and temporal variability of road traffic noise ». Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no 4 (octobre 2022) : A48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015497.
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The National Transportation Noise Map (NTNM) provides daily averaged A-weighted equivalent sound levels across the continental United States (CONUS) due to road traffic. The NTNM maps the spatial variability of road traffic noise, but not the temporal or spectral variability. A physics-guided model was developed to predict the temporal and spectral variability of road traffic noise across CONUS. Empirical models were developed to predict hourly road traffic volume and vehicle class mix across CONUS based on publicly available traffic volume measurements and geospatial data. The Federal Highway Administration’s Traffic Noise Model characterizes average spectral levels by vehicle class; by combining the empirical model with the Traffic Noise Model’s characteristic vehicle class spectra, hourly traffic noise predictions across CONUS are made which include temporal and spectral variability. This physics-based modeling approach improves upon nation-wide mapping of road traffic noise. [Work supported by U.S. Army SBIR.]
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Ali, Fouzia Hadi, et Sabra Munir. « EXAMINING BIBLIOMETRIC PATTERNS OF THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE IN THE CONTEXT OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS : HIGHLIGHTING ALIGNMENT WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ». Journal of Pakistan-China Studies (JPCS) 4, no 1 (29 décembre 2023) : 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55733/jpcs.v4i1.57.
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The Belt and Road Initiative presents a distinctive opportunity not only to bolster economic relations with partner nations but also to serve as a catalyst for regional economic growth. This study aims to delineate the advancement in research articles authored by various contributors, originating from diverse journals and countries, all of which are indexed in the SCOPUS database over the past two decades. The data is scrutinized employing VOS viewer software, enabling the visualization of co-occurrence maps among authors and countries. Additionally, the publications are also categorized based on the United Nations' 17 sustainable development goals. The findings elucidate that while the official inception of the concept was in 2013, the literature on One Belt One Road predates this period. However, a noticeable surge in publications occurred from 2014 onwards. Among the 6520 publications identified on the topic, 1613 are relevant to the domains of business, management, accounting, economics, econometrics, and finance. After refining the publication type to "article," the final tally stands at 1038 research articles published thus far. The study also discerns that a significant portion of these publications emanated from countries such as China, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Notably, there exists a scarcity of literature from Belt and Road partner countries especially from Central Asia and South-South regions. Given their pivotal role as direct stakeholders, their insights could be invaluable in generating research with tangible real-world implications.
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Bagwell, Dawn, Nicole R. Hall, Ti’Era Worsley et Debra A. Neblett. « Critical Race Theory and Mixed Methods in Educational Research : A Scoping Review ». International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches 1, no 14 (30 avril 2022) : 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29034/ijmra.v14n1a1.
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As educational researchers respond to the current debate around critical race theory (CRT) playing out in legislation across the United States, the debate is challenging mixed methods researchers to imagine new ways of conducting inquiry. In this scoping review, we examine current educational research that uses both a CRT theoretical framework and a mixed methods research (MMR) design to demonstrate the potential that a combined approach must leverage participants’ voices and experiential knowledge to provide more concrete ways in which institutions might challenge dominant ideologies and adopt a more transformative stance. We found that when researchers were able to both purposefully (and indistinguishably) integrate CRT within the MMR design (Hammersley, 2018) and highlight the underlying distinctions between quantitative and qualitative in their methodological choices (Morgan, 2018), they advanced the field by providing richer, more detailed road maps for dismantling systemic inequities. Our findings expose the ways in which well-defined, intentional methodological approaches more fully embrace praxis to foster more equitable outcomes.
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Keller, T. « The World Beyond the Windshield : Roads and Landscapes in the United States and Europe. Edited by Christof Mauch and Thomas Zeller. Athens : Ohio University Press, 2008. xv + 283 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, and index. Paper $22.95 ». Environmental History 14, no 3 (1 juillet 2009) : 591–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/14.3.591.
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Moualla, Lama, Alessio Rucci, Giampiero Naletto et Nantheera Anantrasirichai. « Learning Ground Displacement Signals Directly from InSAR-Wrapped Interferograms ». Sensors 24, no 8 (20 avril 2024) : 2637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24082637.
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Monitoring ground displacements identifies potential geohazard risks early before they cause critical damage. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is one of the techniques that can monitor these displacements with sub-millimeter accuracy. However, using the InSAR technique is challenging due to the need for high expertise, large data volumes, and other complexities. Accordingly, the development of an automated system to indicate ground displacements directly from the wrapped interferograms and coherence maps could be highly advantageous. Here, we compare different machine learning algorithms to evaluate the feasibility of achieving this objective. The inputs for the implemented machine learning models were pixels selected from the filtered-wrapped interferograms of Sentinel-1, using a coherence threshold. The outputs were the same pixels labeled as fast positive, positive, fast negative, negative, and undefined movements. These labels were assigned based on the velocity values of the measurement points located within the pixels. We used the Parallel Small Baseline Subset service of the European Space Agency’s GeoHazards Exploitation Platform to create the necessary interferograms, coherence, and deformation velocity maps. Subsequently, we applied a high-pass filter to the wrapped interferograms to separate the displacement signal from the atmospheric errors. We successfully identified the patterns associated with slow and fast movements by discerning the unique distributions within the matrices representing each movement class. The experiments included three case studies (from Italy, Portugal, and the United States), noted for their high sensitivity to landslides. We found that the Cosine K-nearest neighbor model achieved the best test accuracy. It is important to note that the test sets were not merely hidden parts of the training set within the same region but also included adjacent areas. We further improved the performance with pseudo-labeling, an approach aimed at evaluating the generalizability and robustness of the trained model beyond its immediate training environment. The lowest test accuracy achieved by the implemented algorithm was 80.1%. Furthermore, we used ArcGIS Pro 3.3 to compare the ground truth with the predictions to visualize the results better. The comparison aimed to explore indications of displacements affecting the main roads in the studied area.
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Tanaka, Masahiro. « Exploring the social position of tactile maps in Japan ». Abstracts of the ICA 1 (15 juillet 2019) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-361-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> It seems that the aim of conventional studies on tactile maps for visually impaired people have been to improve their utility in terms of instrumentalism. However, given the recent progress of disability studies in social science and post-representational approach in recent map studies, it is necessary to examine how tactile maps work in the society and how they relate to “disability” as a social phenomenon. These are also important issues to think about how geospatial information technology for visually impaired people embed in the society. Hence, regarding the map as more-than-representation, this paper analysed various documents (e.g. newspaper articles, essays, instruction manuals for orientation and mobility specialist), and considered the social position of tactile maps in Japan. The results showed the following.</p><p>The tactile map has a long history as a teaching material of geography. It was used for education for the blind in Western countries in the late 18th century. This situation was introduced to Japan by overseas memoir. For example, in the late Edo era, Namura Gohachirou who was a member of Japanese Embassy to the United States witnessed geography education using tactile maps at the blind school in New York. In his diary named <i>Akou Nikki</i>, Namura said that the education for blinds using tactile maps seemed to “translation” from the words of those who can see both eyes well to the words of visually impaired people. His statement clearly shows the material difference of tactile maps. Many tactile maps have acquired social status as “translated objects”. The material form of tactile maps is different from the “map” (visual map) known to the general public, so it makes awareness of physical differences between the body of visually impaired people and sighted people. In 1880, the first blind school in Japan, Kyoto Moua In had exhibited teaching materials and other instruments to the exposition, including a tactile map representing the city of Kyoto. Such a social event also had a role to attract the attention of sighted people to the material heterogeneity of the tactile map <i>and</i> visually impaired people.</p><p>The 1960s-80s was the period of the situation of tactile maps changed significantly in Japan. In the 1960s, rehabilitation techniques for visual impairments was introduced to Japan from USA, and the concept of “orientation” which was lacking in conventional walking training diffused. In accordance with these movement, the teaching manual of orientation and mobility (O&M) training became write the methodologies to make and use the tactile map for the training. In 1964, Kazuo Honma, the founder of Japan Brail Library, visited all over the world and bought lots of tools for visually impaired people, including tactile maps, at the blind libraries in various places and brought them back to Japan. He held an exhibition to show those materials in the following year. Furthermore, as the International Year of Disabled Persons 1981 and the subsequent enforcement of various laws related to people with disability, it has been emphasized to create cities where physically impaired people can go out of their homes. Since that time the tactile maps began to be installed in public facilities, and were introduced in the assistive technology catalogs. In this way, the tactile map was incorporated into the context of “outdoor behavior” and “walking”. Not only the body of visually impaired people but also the tactile maps as material objects have increasingly been exposed to the “outside” spaces (e.g. city, road). As a result, the tactile map became understood from the viewpoint of “safety”, and it became involved with human and non-human actors (e.g. government offices, volunteer organizations, barrier-free laws, traffic guidelines) different from those of geography education.</p>
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Dawson, Natalie G., James Tricker et Peter Landres. « Evaluating Potential Impacts of Proposed Industrial Access Road Routes on Wilderness Character in Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska ». ARCTIC 74, no 4 (18 janvier 2022) : 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic73828.
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Northern Alaska is home to the largest designated wilderness landscape in the United States and among the world’s largest remaining roadless regions. Under the 1980 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, the Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority, a semi-public corporation of the state of Alaska, proposed an industrial road to access the Ambler Mining District that would run approximately 320 km along the southern edge of the western Brooks Range, crossing federal, state, and Native Corporation lands. Two alternative routes are being considered that cross the Kobuk Preserve portion of Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, with the northern route running outside of but adjacent to Gates of the Arctic Wilderness. Both Kobuk Preserve and Gates of the Arctic Wilderness are managed by the National Park Service to preserve wilderness character under existing federal law and agency policy. This study evaluates the potential impacts of both routes on wilderness character in the Kobuk Preserve and adjacent Gates of the Arctic Wilderness. We use a hierarchical conceptual framework to identify spatially explicit measures that show the potential impacts of the road on wilderness character. The impacts from each measure are combined using a weighting scheme to generate a series of maps that quantify the potential impacts of these two proposed routes. Our results show that both routes would degrade wilderness character within the Kobuk Preserve, and that the northern route, which is the state’s preferred alternative for the road corridor, would have a significantly greater impact in terms of degrading wilderness character in the adjacent Gates of the Arctic Wilderness.
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Stephens, Mark, Mark Bensink, Samuel Brotherton, David Chandler, Jacob Garcia et Christopher Hollenbeak. « Geographic Access to Oncology Services in the United States (US) : Travel Disparities May Affect Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) Administration ». Blood 128, no 22 (2 décembre 2016) : 5905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5905.5905.
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Abstract Introduction: Cancer patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy often have suppressed white blood cell counts and are at risk for febrile neutropenia (FN). Treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (G-CSFs) after administration of chemotherapy is indicated for patients with a clinically significant risk of FN. In the US most doses of G-CSFs are administered in the clinic during separate visits after the chemotherapy session, to ensure on-label administration. Patients typically must return to the clinic between 1 and 7 times per chemotherapy cycle for G-CSF injections. Travel time and distance to specialized cancer care can be significant, and was previously reported to average 26 minutes round-trip for residents of the continental US, and considerably longer for some sub-populations and geographic areas (Onega et al. Cancer 2008). Travel distance has also been linked to reduced access to needed care. This study examined the travel burden specifically for a national sample of US cancer patients who are often indicated for G-CSF therapy. Methods: We estimated the driving distance and time to oncologist offices and hospitals for a national cohort of 3,606,270 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries with breast, lung, colorectal or prostate cancer. Medicare beneficiary counts by age cohort (<65, 65+), gender and ZIP code from the 2013 American Community Survey (ACS) were combined with 2014 Medicare cancer prevalence rates by age cohort, gender and county from the Medicare Disparities Mapping database to estimate the number of cancer patients by age and gender in each ZIP code. Oncologist practice locations and hospital addresses were obtained from the Medicare Physician Compare and Hospital Compare websites and geocoded using Google Maps. ZIP code population-weighted centroids were calculated from US Census Bureau population and geospatial files using PostGIS. Driving distance and time to the nearest oncologist office or acute care hospital from each ZIP code's centroid were calculated using Open Street Maps road networks. Geographic and socio-economic characteristics of each ZIP code from the ACS were used to stratify and analyze the travel estimates. Results: Cancer patient prevalence in 31,305 ZIP Codes ranged from 1 to 3531 patients. Patients would travel to 6753 unique oncologist or hospital addresses as the nearest possible locations for G-CSF therapy. The mean (median) round-trip driving distance to the nearest oncology provider was 10.6 (6.6) miles and the mean (median) round-trip driving time was 18.4 (12.7) minutes. When stratified by population density, the mean (median) round-trip travel time varied from 5.8 (5.2) minutes in Very Dense Urban areas to 50.2 (47.8) minutes in Super Rural areas. Variation by Census Region ranged from 15.2 (10.2) minutes in the Northeast to 21.0 (15.6) minutes in the South. About 90% of patients would have round-trip travel times of <40 minutes. However, patients in areas with above average concentrations of elderly, poor or disabled residents were more likely to experience longer travel. Patients living in ZIP codes with an above average (above the median) concentration of residents aged 65+ were almost twice as likely to need to drive >40 minutes round-trip to the nearest oncology provider (13.5% vs 6.9% of patients in ZIP codes with a lower percent of elderly). Mean drive times were 20.2 minutes in high elderly ZIP codes vs 16.6 minutes in low elderly ZIPs. Patients living in ZIPs with above average concentrations of residents living below the Federal Poverty level were slightly more likely to drive 40+ minutes to care (10.6% vs 9.7% in low poverty areas). Patients living in ZIPs with above average concentrations of disabled residents were more than twice as likely to drive 40+ minutes to care (14.1% vs 6.3% in low disability areas). Mean travel time was almost 25% higher in the ZIPs with higher percentages of disabled residents. Conclusions: Cancer patients needing G-CSFs following myelosuppressive chemotherapy appear to have generally good geographic access to oncology services in the US, but travel disparities exist for some vulnerable populations. In this modeling study, travel may be under-estimated due to inclusion of all acute care hospitals as potential providers of oncology services. To address this limitation, our future research will link patients to their actual sites of care for G-CSFs. Disclosures Stephens: Amgen, Inc.: Research Funding. Bensink:Amgen, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Brotherton:Prima Health Analytics: Research Funding. Chandler:Amgen, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Garcia:Amgen, Inc.: Employment, Research Funding. Hollenbeak:Prima Health Analytics: Research Funding.
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Arsentyeva, Irina I. « China’s Digital Silk Road : Challenges and Opportunities for Latin America and the Caribbean ». Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 24, no 1 (15 mars 2024) : 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2024-24-1-51-64.
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The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a Beijing-led format for international cooperation through the building of land and sea corridors connecting China with other countries and regions. One of its pillars is the Digital Silk Road (DSR), which aims to reduce the digital divide and improve the digital connectivity of the participating countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the DSR’s activation, which makes it urgent to study its practical implementation in different regions. The aim of this article is to analyze the conceptual foundations of the DSR and its implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The study relies on the technology leadership theory, which allows considering the DSR as an alternative format of cooperation used by China to reform digital international relations. Since it challenges the technological dominance of the West, especially the United States, the power transition theory is also of heuristic value. The methodological basis of the research covers a wide range of general scientific methods of political analysis. The primary sources of empirical analysis are government documents, papers of think tanks, international organizations and forums, statistical data, interactive maps, speeches by officials, etc. In the course of the study, the following objectives are achieved: to trace the evolution of the DSR concept in the official policy discourse; to systematize scientific works on the issue; to highlight key elements of the initiative; to identify opportunities and limitations for its implementation in the LAC region; to present the US response to the intensification of Sino-LAC digital cooperation. It is concluded that the DSR plays an important role in achieving the strategic objective of transforming China into a technological superpower. Therefore, it is highly likely to become a backbone of cooperation under the BRI.
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Cohen, Bernard L., Clement A. Stone et Catherine A. Schilken. « Indoor Radon Maps of the United States ». Health Physics 66, no 2 (février 1994) : 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199402000-00011.
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Castañeda, Alejandra. « Roads to Citizenship : Mexican Migrants in the United States ». Latino Studies 2, no 1 (25 mars 2004) : 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600062.
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Gransberg, Douglas D. « Chip Seal Program Excellence in the United States ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1933, no 1 (janvier 2005) : 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193300109.
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A survey of U.S. public highway and road agencies that use chip seals as a part of their roadway maintenance program was developed and conducted to identify best practices in chip seal design and construction. A total of 72 individual responses from 42 U.S. states and 12 U.S. cities and counties were received; of those, nine respondents reported that they were getting excellent results from their chip seal programs. Those responses were grouped together and analyzed by the case study method to identify trends that lead to consistently excellent chip seal results. The study found that the successful chip seal programs had much in common. They use chip seals as a preventive maintenance tool, applying them to roads before distress levels were classified as moderate. They require their contractors to use the latest technology, and they exploit advances in material science such as the use of modified binders. And most of them use chip seals on both high- and low-volume roads.
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Selim, Ali A., Kenneth O. Skorseth et Ratnasamy Muniandy. « Long-Lasting Gravel Roads : Case Study from the United States ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no 1 (janvier 2003) : 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-20.
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Gravel surfacing is commonly used on low-volume roads in rural areas of the United States to form farm-to-market networks that contain more than a million miles of unpaved roads. Some of these roads carry appreciable amounts of trucks and farm machinery. Some of these roads, if properly designed and constructed, can last a long time. One such road is in Hand County, South Dakota. This road was constructed in 1963 and has never been rehabilitated or reconstructed since its construction, and it has shown excellent performance for more than 37 years. This road normally carries less than 200 vehicles per day, but significant numbers of heavy trucks use the road. This exceptional performance led to an investigation of the reasons why that road lasted as long as it did without major maintenance or rehabilitation. Although this type of road construction is common in other nations, under different names, the practice of constructing this type of road in the United States was done without documented specifications. The main objectives of the study were to determine all factors that contributed to the longevity and the remarkable performance of this road through field and laboratory investigations. Field investigations with a dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) revealed that both the quality and the quantity of aggregate base were more than adequate. Although the subgrade soil was classified as A6 according to AASHTO soil specifications, it provided good support according to DCP data. Tests of the flatness and elongation of the coarse aggregate and the angularity of the fine aggregate also revealed satisfactory results. Gradation tests also revealed compliance with specifications.
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Herbert, Francis, et Eduard van Ermen. « The United States in Old Maps and Prints ». Geographical Journal 161, no 2 (juillet 1995) : 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3059980.
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Brevik, Eric C., et Alfred E. Hartemink. « Soil Maps of the United States of America ». Soil Science Society of America Journal 77, no 4 (14 juin 2013) : 1117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2012.0390.
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Love, Jeffrey J., Antti Pulkkinen, Paul A. Bedrosian, Seth Jonas, Anna Kelbert, E. Joshua Rigler, Carol A. Finn et al. « Geoelectric hazard maps for the continental United States ». Geophysical Research Letters 43, no 18 (19 septembre 2016) : 9415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl070469.
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Maguire, MSA, EMT-P, Brian J. « Ambulance safety in the United States ». Journal of Emergency Management 1, no 1 (1 avril 2003) : 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2003.0005.
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This paper reviews the dangers associated with ambulances in the United States. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) data, vehicle collisions involving ambulances result in twice as many injuries as the national average.Other dangers include: the safety of the vehicle itself; the lack of sufficient occupant protection in the ambulance patient compartment; distractions of the ambulance operator associated with operating lights, sirens, and communication equipment during emergency responses; drowsiness of the ambulance operator associated with extended work hours; and the lack of standardized or test- ed emergency vehicle operator training.Recommendations for improvement include: safety testing for vehicle crashworthiness, testing of diesel fume exposure among emergency medical services (EMS) personnel, and improved safety procedures for EMS personnel. Every effort must be made to make ambulances the safest vehicles on the roads of the United States.
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Girkus, Romualdas, et Viktoras Lukoševičius. « LITHUANIAN ROADS MARKED ON THE OLD MAPS / LIETUVOS KELIAI SENUOSIUOSE ŽEMĖLAPIUOSE / ДОРОГИ ЛИТВЫ НА СТАРИННЫХ КАРТАХ ». Geodesy and Cartography 37, no 2 (15 juin 2011) : 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921541.2011.591484.
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This publication looks at ongoing legacy mapping studies at one of the geographical sites of Lithuanian water and road maps considering the historical portrayal of events in perspective and highlighting the most significant developments at several stages and cartographic development times. This article presents the old maps displaying water and land roads in Lithuania. The paper puts forward the authors and designers of the maps having marked roads and their characteristics, including issue dates, scale, the names of territorial unites and geographical objects etc. The article provides extensive data on the evolution of the development of Lithuanian roads. When summarizing research results of the study, the authors conclude that the roads marked in the ancient maps are excellent historical witnesses helping with a better understanding of a long and complicated process of forming the Lithuanian state. The authors stress the need to restore the old Lithuanian inland road maps so that historically important documents of state development should not be buried in archives but become available not only to historical researchers but also to the general public. Santrauka Tęsiant senosios kartografijos tyrinėjimus, šioje publikacijoje norima pažvelgti į vieno iš geografinių objektų – Lietuvos vandens ir sausumos kelių vaizdavimą žemėlapiuose istorinių įvykių perspektyvoje, išryškinti reikšmingiausius kelių raidos etapus ir kartografijos raidos momentus. Pristatomi senųjų žemėlapių, kuriuose atvaizduoti Lietuvos vandens ir sausumos keliai, kūrėjai ir sudarytojai, pateikiamos žemėlapių charakteristikos: leidimo metai, vaizduojami teritoriniai vienetai ir geografiniai objektai. Pateikiama daug duomenų apie Lietuvos kelių raidą. Apibendrindami tyrimo rezultatus autoriai daro išvadą, kad senoviniai žemėlapiai, kuriuose pažymėti keliai, yra puikūs istorijos liudytojai, padedantys geriau suvokti ilgą ir sudėtingą Lietuvos valstybės formavimosi procesą. Žemėlapių analizė ir kraštotyrininkų atliekamos paieškos vietose atveria galimybes atkurti senųjų Lietuvos vidaus kelių žemėlapį, kad ir šiandien svarbūs istoriniai valstybės civilizacijos dokumentai nedūlėtų archyvuose, o taptų prieinami ne vien istorijos tyrinėtojams, bet ir plačiajai visuomenei. Резюме Исследовано отображение древних дорог Литвы на старинных картах в перспективе их развития с выделением наиболее важных этапов развития дорожных сетей и самой картографии. Приведены старинные карты разных времен с отображением на них древних литовских дорог и представлены их характеристики: составители и годы издания карт, локализация географических объектов, размещение древних дорог и др. Приведены обширные данные об эволюции развития литовских дорог. Подводя итог результатам исследования, авторы приходят к выводу, что старинные карты древних дорог являются прекрасными историческими свидетельствами, способствующими лучшему пониманию сложного и длительного процесса формирования Литовского государства. Авторы подчеркивают необходимость воссоздания карты литовских исторических внутренних дорог с тем, чтобы важные исторические свидетельства цивилизации государства не были похоронены в архивах, a стали доступными для широкой общественности.
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Hochmair, Hartwig, et Adam Benjamin. « An Introduction to USGS Topo Maps ». EDIS 2021, no 1 (26 janvier 2021) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fr432-2021.
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Topographic maps provide both a detailed and accurate representation of cultural and natural features on the ground and a quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines. They can be used to address spatial questions in disciplines related to natural resources, hydrology, forestry, agriculture, or ecology. In 1879, the United States Geological Survey began to map the topography of the United States, producing new map versions of each area at semi-regular time intervals. US Topo maps are the current generation of USGS topographic maps. Unlike traditional topographic maps, the US Topo product is automatically generated from national map databases with topographic maps and produced every three years for all 48 of the contiguous United States, Hawaii, and the United States territories. They are published as freely available geospatial PDF documents that facilitate coordinate readings and spatial measurements (e.g. distance, area) through built-in georeferencing technology. This 7-page fact sheet written by Hartwig H. Hochmair and Adam R. Benjamin and published by the UF/IFAS School of Forest Resources and Conservation focuses on US Topo quadrangle download procedures and layer structure. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr432
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Mueller, Charles S., Oliver S. Boyd, Mark D. Petersen, Morgan P. Moschetti, Sanaz Rezaeian et Allison M. Shumway. « Seismic Hazard in the Eastern United States ». Earthquake Spectra 31, no 1_suppl (décembre 2015) : S85—S107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/110414eqs182m.
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The U.S. Geological Survey seismic hazard maps for the central and eastern United States were updated in 2014. We analyze results and changes for the eastern part of the region. Ratio maps are presented, along with tables of ground motions and deaggregations for selected cities. The Charleston fault model was revised, and a new fault source for Charlevoix was added. Background seismicity sources utilized an updated catalog, revised completeness and recurrence models, and a new adaptive smoothing procedure. Maximum-magnitude models and ground motion models were also updated. Broad, regional hazard reductions of 5%–20% are mostly attributed to new ground motion models with stronger near-source attenuation. The revised Charleston fault geometry redistributes local hazard, and the new Charlevoix source increases hazard in northern New England. Strong increases in mid- to high-frequency hazard at some locations—for example, southern New Hampshire, central Virginia, and eastern Tennessee—are attributed to updated catalogs and/or smoothing.
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Reich, Simon. « Roads to follow : regulating direct foreign investment ». International Organization 43, no 4 (1989) : 543–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300034445.
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The United States faces a formidable and growing economic challenge from Japan. Over the last decade, the American state has characteristically responded to the loss of domestic market dominance in the manufacturing sector to foreign firms by invoking the principles of free and fair trade in order to delegitimate this foreign competition and legitimate the imposition of trade barriers designed to encourage the investment of multinational corporations (MNCs) in the United States. These tactics have largely succeeded in attracting investment and thus aided domestic employment and the balance of trade. The short-term benefits, however, have been achieved at long-term, unforeseen, undesirable economic and political costs in terms of both the balance of payments and state autonomy. Alternative state responses to the threat posed by Japanese MNCs, while consistent with principles of free trade, challenge the traditional liberal conception of the scope and domain of state behavior and provide more effective policies in achieving both short- and long-term objectives. This article draws on data relating to the treatment of subsidiaries of American automobile manufacturers by European governments with competing indigenous producers in specifying two variables critical to identifying policy alternatives: first, the degree of access granted by the state to foreign firms (limited or unlimited access) and, second, the type of support provided by the state to domestic firms (discriminatory or nondiscriminatory intervention). The analysis suggests that there are four possible policy combinations, which generally reflect the four different postwar state policies pursued by West Germany, France, Britain, and the United States. Of these four, the combination employed by West Germany has proved most effective in pursuing policies consistent with liberal trade principles while reconciling short-term employment and fiscal goals with the broader long-term objectives of sustaining state autonomy and balance-of-payments surpluses in the face of foreign competition. British policies, which have consistently proved the most ineffective, have sacrificed long-term objectives for short-term ones. As a result of structural changes during the 1970s, the American state's chosen policy combination was altered and now replicates the traditional British formula. The United States therefore risks comparable economic and political consequences.
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Kusano, Kristofer D., et Hampton C. Gabler. « Characterization of Opposite-Direction Road Departure Crashes in the United States ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2377, no 1 (janvier 2013) : 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2377-02.
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Opposite-direction crashes can be extremely severe because opposing vehicles often have high relative speeds. The objective of this study was to characterize the overall frequency of opposite-direction crashes as well as the frequency of crashes involving fatalities and serious injuries. The results of the study will guide future research and investment in infrastructure-based countermeasures to opposite-direction crashes, such as centerline rumble strips. The study used data from the National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) General Estimates System for 2010, the NASS Crashworthiness Data System for 2006 to 2010, and the Fatality Analysis Reporting System for 2010. The most common opposite-direction crash scenario was a driver departing the road driving over the centerline or the road edge to the left, which accounted for only 5% of nonjunction vehicle-to-vehicle crashes but 44% of serious injury and 49% of fatal crashes of the same type. Of the cross-over-to-left crashes, 72% of fatal crashes occurred on rural, undivided, two-lane roads and accounted for 1,659 fatal crashes in 2010. In cross-over-to-left crashes on rural two-lane roads, the driver was going straight or negotiating a curve in 88% to 94% of the crashes. The driver was overtaking another vehicle in only 2% of serious injury crashes and 6% of fatal crashes. Cross-over-to-left crashes on curves were to the outside of the curve more often than to the inside of the curve. This research suggests that countermeasures to opposite-direction crashes should focus on rural two-lane roads.
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Li, Mengying, Hannah B. Peterson et Carlos F. M. Coimbra. « Radiative cooling resource maps for the contiguous United States ». Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 11, no 3 (mai 2019) : 036501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5094510.
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Hammond, Jesse. « Maps of mayhem ». Journal of Peace Research 55, no 1 (26 septembre 2017) : 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343317702956.
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Disaggregated studies of civil violence attempt to predict where violence is most likely to break out within states, but have been limited by a near-exclusive focus on political, economic, and accessibility-based factors in explaining local patterns of violence. These factors are important, but the calculus of military conflict does not focus solely on lootable resources or population distributions. Both states and insurgents try to exert control over geographic territory in order to increase their resource base and political legitimacy. Historic evidence suggests that groups use violence to contest control over strategically important locations that allow them to effectively attack and defend territory. I use GIS and social network analysis to operationalize strategic location based on the network of roads and population settlements that make up a country. I find that during conflicts, locations with high degree and betweenness centrality in the road network – in other words, locations that control access to other areas within the state – are significantly more likely to be fought over, even after controlling for a wide range of variables suggested by previous literature and testing for reporting bias. These findings expand on the previous body of literature studying disaggregated violence and show that the calculus of violence during civil conflict encompasses strategic considerations as well as economic, political, or topographic factors.
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Fielding, Jonah A. H., Brent S. Hawks, W. Michael Aust, M. Chad Bolding et Scott M. Barrett. « Estimated Erosion from Clearcut Timber Harvests in the Southeastern United States ». Forest Science 68, no 3 (27 mai 2022) : 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxac013.
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Abstract Timber harvests with inadequate forestry best management practices (BMPs) can accelerate soil erosion, which has been associated with reductions in water quality and site productivity. Previous studies affirm positive water quality effects accrued by harvesting with BMPs. However, few studies document erosion rates and masses associated with harvest and access network features (e.g., decks, roads, skid trails, stream crossings) across different southeastern regions. This research evaluated 109 recent harvests across eleven southeastern states and three topographically different regions (Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountains). Descriptive statistics of erosion for harvests and access features were developed from USLE-Forest model estimates. Harvests and access network areas were used in conjunction with erosion averages to calculate total erosion masses. Across the southeast, combined network features averaged nearly 12% of total harvest area yet produced approximately 48% of total site erosion due to disproportionately higher erosion rates. Regional differences indicated that the Mountain region had an average overall erosion rate of 6.8 t/ac/yr, whereas the Piedmont and Coastal Plain sites had lower average erosion rates of 2.7 and 2.2 t/ac/yr, respectively. Results suggest that additional BMP implementation strategies may be beneficial for erosion control from roads, skid trails, and stream crossings, particularly in erosive landscapes.
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Russell, Edmund, et Lauren Winkler. « Animating History : Digitally Mapping the United States Telegraph System ». Technology and Culture 64, no 4 (octobre 2023) : 1211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2023.a911001.
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abstract: Digital humanities is a booming field. This article introduces a new digital map that shows the development of the telegraph system in the United States from its inception in 1844 to 1862. This interactive map locates offices and lines, and it displays data that put the telegraph system in its political, social, and environmental contexts. As far as the authors know, this is the first born-digital map of a telegraph system anywhere in the world. Readers are invited to explore the freely available map, and historians of technology are encouraged to use digital maps for their research and teaching. Digital maps are ideal for visualizing systems and networks, two concepts that have dominated the history of technology for several decades. The ability to display time-sensitive data for several variables at the same time is especially useful.
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Smith, Bryant Walker. « Automated Vehicles Are Probably Legal in the United States ». Texas A&M Law Review 1, no 3 (janvier 2014) : 411–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v1.i3.1.
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This article provides the most comprehensive discussion to date of whether so-called automated, autonomous, self-driving, or driverless vehicles can be lawfully sold and used on public roads in the United States. The short answer is that the computer direction of a motor vehicle’s steering, braking, and accelerating without real-time human input is probably legal. The long answer, which follows, provides a foundation for tailoring regulations and understanding liability issues related to these vehicles. The article’s largely descriptive analysis, which begins with the principle that everything is permitted unless prohibited, covers three key legal regimes: the 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic, regulations enacted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and the vehicle codes of all fifty U.S. states.
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Preston, Dennis R. « Five visions of America ». Language in Society 15, no 2 (juin 1986) : 221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500000191.
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ABSTRACTThe study of dialect distribution has generally focused on the performance of speakers rather than on their perception of speech variation. The exceptions in so-called attitude studies do not further our understanding of where ordinary speakers believe dialect boundaries exist. Hand-drawn maps from five areas (Hawaii, southeastern Michigan, southern Indiana, western New York, and New York City) are converted into generalized maps of local perceptions of dialect areas of the United States. The maps are compared with one another, with traditional maps of U.S.dialect areas, and with maps of cultural and regional zones of the United States. The maps are shown to be of value in calculating attitudinal factors and may be of considerable importance in determining the existence and scope of such notions as “speech community.” (Dialect geography, language standards, American speech, language attitudes)
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Ajdacka, Iga, et Izabela Karsznia. « Analiza zmian zagospodarowania osiedla Kozanów we Wrocławiu w latach 1934–2020 na podstawie wybranych źródeł kartograficznych ». Prace i Studia Geograficzne 67, no 4 (20 février 2023) : 27–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.48128/pisg/2022-67.4-02.
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The purpose of the work was to conduct the analysis covering the area of Kozanów neighborhood before and after the occurrence of the commonly named “Millennium flood” in 1997. The scope of the work included the analysis of four time states presented on old maps from 1934, 1979 and 1997 and a fragment of the OpenStreetMap database (OSM) current for 2020. The research included quantitative analyses, consisting of comparing all feature classes among the analyzed time states, as well as qualitative analyses, relating to the detailed characteristics of the maps and the OSM database. In order to ensure the comparability of all types of land use, old maps were georeferenced, and then the data contained on the maps were vectorized, which allowed to obtain a universal vector database for all tested time states. This enabled the design of maps of the Kozanów neighborhood for individual years and maps of changes presenting quantitative changes by feature classes. The output maps show an increase in the area of buildings and length of roads as well as a decrease of green areas and wastelands. The results of the work allowed us to draw conclusions regarding the severe negative effects of the flood that occurred in this neighborhood and the evaluation of the use of the OSM database in such analyses.
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Sarkar, Sheila, A. A. Jan Nederveen et Albert Pols. « Renewed Commitment to Traffic Calming for Pedestrian Safety ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1578, no 1 (janvier 1997) : 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1578-02.
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Success of road design depends to a large extent on how safe it is for different users. Unfortunately, in most instances the definition of road users in the United States has precluded pedestrians and bicyclists. Safety of pedestrians and bicyclists is most often relegated to a marginal status in many parts of the urban areas. The roads in the past few decades, with a few exceptions, were built for speed, ensuring maximum convenience to drivers, but, intimidating the green modes (pedestrians and bicyclists). Traffic calming is one way of reclaiming the roads for a more equitable use by different users. Many European countries have been successful in giving back the road to the pedestrians and bicyclists by implementing areawide traffic management and speed-reduction measures. The United States, however, is far behind these countries in actual implementation of such concepts, although thinking on these lines had started as early as the 1960s. There is a strong argument in favor of traffic calming in the United States based on facts and figures on accidents, road conditions, and driver behavior. In addition, field research in some European countries reveals the positive attributes of these planning principles and designs.
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Wu, Dianwen, et Yi Wu. « Research Progress on the Development of Domestic and Foreign Tourism Road ». BCP Business & ; Management 13 (16 novembre 2021) : 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v13i.76.
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This paper compares and analyzes the development process of tourism road in the United States, Germany, Japan and China, and summarizes the relevant research results of tourism road with great significance so far. From the development of other countries, we put forward suggestions for our country's tourism roads. The goal is to explore the scientific and reasonable development path of our country's tourism roads, and build our country's tourism road design and evaluation system.
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Rezaeian, Sanaz, Mark D. Petersen, Morgan P. Moschetti, Peter Powers, Stephen C. Harmsen et Arthur D. Frankel. « Implementation of NGA-West2 Ground Motion Models in the 2014 U.S. National Seismic Hazard Maps ». Earthquake Spectra 30, no 3 (août 2014) : 1319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/062913eqs177m.
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The U.S. National Seismic Hazard Maps (NSHMs) have been an important component of seismic design regulations in the United States for the past several decades. These maps present earthquake ground shaking intensities at specified probabilities of being exceeded over a 50-year time period. The previous version of the NSHMs was developed in 2008; during 2012 and 2013, scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey have been updating the maps based on their assessment of the “best available science,” resulting in the 2014 NSHMs. The update includes modifications to the seismic source models and the ground motion models (GMMs) for sites across the conterminous United States. This paper focuses on updates in the Western United States (WUS) due to the use of new GMMs for shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions developed by the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA-West2) project. Individual GMMs, their weighted combination, and their impact on the hazard maps relative to 2008 are discussed. In general, the combined effects of lower medians and increased standard deviations in the new GMMs have caused only small changes, within 5–20%, in the probabilistic ground motions for most sites across the WUS compared to the 2008 NSHMs.
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Wahib, Youssef, et My Larbi Abidi. « The Contribution of Lime Addition on the Contact between Aggregate-Asphalt and on the Mix Asphalt Performances ». Key Engineering Materials 724 (décembre 2016) : 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.724.16.
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The lime addition in the mix asphalt became nowadays an innovative technique in the field of infrastructure. The objective of the experiences is to improve the durability of roads, especially in the United States and in Europe. In Morocco, this aspect remains in the reflecting phase, a part from some simple experiences; this technique allows, from a precise dosage of lime, to increase the service life of roads, and to optimize the maintenances costs caused by the damages.
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Jaiswal, Kishor S., Douglas Bausch, Rui Chen, Jawhar Bouabid et Hope Seligson. « Estimating Annualized Earthquake Losses for the Conterminous United States ». Earthquake Spectra 31, no 1_suppl (décembre 2015) : S221—S243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/010915eqs005m.
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We make use of the most recent National Seismic Hazard Maps (the years 2008 and 2014 cycles), updated Census data on population, and economic exposure estimates of general building stock to quantify annualized earthquake loss (AEL) for the conterminous United States. The AEL analyses were performed using the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Hazus software, which facilitated a systematic comparison of the influence of the 2014 National Seismic Hazard Maps in terms of annualized loss estimates in different parts of the country. The losses from an individual earthquake could easily exceed many tens of billions of dollars, and the long-term averaged value of losses from all earthquakes within the conterminous United States has been estimated to be a few billion dollars per year. This study estimated nationwide losses to be approximately $4.5 billion per year (in 2012 dollars), roughly 80%of which can be attributed to the states of California, Oregon, and Washington. We document the change in estimated AELs arising solely from the change in the assumed hazard map. The change from the 2008 map to the 2014 map results in a 10% to 20% reduction in AELs for the highly seismic states of the Western United States, whereas the reduction is even more significant for the Central and Eastern United States.
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Jarnevich, Catherine S., Paul Evangelista, Thomas J. Stohlgren et Jeffery Morisette. « Improving National-Scale Invasion Maps : Tamarisk in the Western United States ». Western North American Naturalist 71, no 2 (août 2011) : 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/064.071.0204.
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Hansen, David M., et David A. Clary. « Fortress America : The Corps of Engineers, Hampton Roads, and United States Coastal Defense ». Technology and Culture 34, no 1 (janvier 1993) : 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106469.
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Hammond, Leroy D., et David A. Clary. « Fortress America : The Corps of Engineers, Hampton Roads, and United States Coastal Defense. » Journal of Military History 55, no 1 (janvier 1991) : 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986143.
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Ferber, Abby L., et Sara Diamond. « Roads to Dominion : Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States. » Contemporary Sociology 26, no 1 (janvier 1997) : 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076583.
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Shallat, Todd, et David A. Clary. « Fortress America : The Corps of Engineers, Hampton Roads, and United States Coastal Defense. » Journal of American History 77, no 4 (mars 1991) : 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078306.
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Aho, James, et Sara Diamond. « Roads to Dominion : Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States. » Political Science Quarterly 111, no 2 (1996) : 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2152342.
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Harrison, Joseph H., et David A. Clary. « Fortress America : The Corps of Engineers, Hampton Roads, and United States Coastal Defense. » Journal of Southern History 57, no 3 (août 1991) : 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2209955.
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