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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Roads – New England – Maps"
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Rosevear, Alan, Dan Bogart et Leigh Shaw-Taylor. « The spatial patterns of coaching in England and Wales from 1681 to 1836 : A geographic information systems approach ». Journal of Transport History 40, no 3 (26 septembre 2019) : 418–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526619875258.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Passenger coach services grew enormously in England and Wales between 1681 and 1836. This article documents the spatial patterns using data from trade directories, original maps and geographic information systems. Digital mapping illustrates the development of long-distance services from London to various destinations, including resorts, ports, industrial towns and county towns. Mapping also illustrates the development of Country services between provincial towns, especially major hubs like Manchester and Birmingham, and commuter traffic around large conurbations. Overall the maps and figures point to substantial change in destinations and the structure of the coach network. Country coach services increased after the 1790s to complement the London services. By 1835, an extensive, interlinked network of long-stage coaches grew across the country and a radial network of daily-return services grew on roads leading into London. Beyond coaching, our findings illustrate how traditional primary sources can yield new insights when combined with geographic information systems.
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Pettai, Vello. « Estonia : Old Maps and New Roads ». Journal of Democracy 4, no 1 (1993) : 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.1993.0015.
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Et al., Rashidbek M. Xudoyqulov. « Monitoring of Road Conditions Based on Geographic Information Systems : A Case Study of Yangiyul District of Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan ». Psychology and Education Journal 58, no 2 (1 février 2021) : 1500–1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.2301.
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Modern requirements for road management require the use of new technologies and methods in solving the problems of construction, reconstruction and maintenance of roads. Currently, road organizations have begun work on the creation of a geographic information system for roads; digital maps with the location and layer of roads are being assembled. Information about roads, is very important data for many social-economic sectors of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In this paper, creating geospatial digital and informative map of roads of Bukhara district of Tashkent region is revealed. The map covers all types and categories of roads. All availability conditions of roads inserted to attribute table of ArcGIS 10.2 and analyzed geospatial operations. On maps, created by not road organizations, information about roads is presented in a standard form, which leads to the lack of modern information on the condition of roads.
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DeLeon, Richard E. « Old Maps And New Roads. Left Turns in Urban Politics ». Policy Studies Journal 21, no 1 (mars 1993) : 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1993.tb01462.x.
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Chiu, Ching‐Sang, James F. Lynch et Glen Gawarkiewicz. « Tomographic maps of the New England Shelfbreak Front ». Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107, no 5 (mai 2000) : 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.429157.
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Valenti, Michael. « Proving Wind Power in New England ». Mechanical Engineering 120, no 08 (1 août 1998) : 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-aug-9.
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This article discusses that despite of the challenging winter weather conditions the largest windmill-based power plant located on East of Mississippi has been exceeding performance expectations. Green Mountain Power selected the Searsburg site because of its powerful and persistent winds and its proximity to existing access roads and transmission lines. The stronger winter winds enable the plant to generate more electricity at the time it is most needed. Indeed, the wind power plant at Searsburg, the largest east of the Mississippi River, is expected to have a positive effect on the environment by reducing the need to burn fossil fuels in other parts of New England. Green Mountain Power estimates that the electricity generated by the Searsburg plant will eliminate approximately 22 million pounds of air emissions per year that would have been generated by adding fossil fuel-burning capacity.
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Sui, Haigang, Ning Zhou, Mingting Zhou et Liang Ge. « Vector Road Map Updating from High-Resolution Remote-Sensing Images with the Guidance of Road Intersection Change Detection and Directed Road Tracing ». Remote Sensing 15, no 7 (30 mars 2023) : 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15071840.
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Updating vector road maps from current remote-sensing images provides fundamental data for applications, such as smart transportation and autonomous driving. Updating historical road vector maps involves verifying unchanged roads, extracting newly built roads, and removing disappeared roads. Prior work extracted roads from a current remote-sensing image to build a new road vector map, yielding inaccurate results and redundant processing procedures. In this paper, we argue that changes in roads are closely related to changes in road intersections. Hence, a novel changed road-intersection-guided vector road map updating framework (VecRoadUpd) is proposed to update road vector maps with high efficiency and accuracy. Road-intersection changes include the detection of newly built or disappeared road junctions and the discovery of road branch changes at each road junction. A CNN-based intersection-detection network (CINet) is adopted to extract road intersections from a current image and an old road vector map to discover newly built or disappeared road junctions. A road branch detection network (RoadBranchNet) is used to detect the direction of road branches for each road junction to find road branch changes. Based on the discovery of direction-changed road branches, the VecRoadUpd framework extracts newly built roads and removes disappeared roads through directed road tracing, thus, updating the whole road vector map. Extensive experiments conducted on the public MUNO21 dataset demonstrate that the proposed VecRoadUpd framework exceeds the comparative methods by 11.01% in pixel-level Qual-improvement and 13.85% in graph-level F1-score.
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Bromberg, Keryn D., et Mark D. Bertness. « Reconstructing New England salt marsh losses using historical maps ». Estuaries 28, no 6 (décembre 2005) : 823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02696012.
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Shaw, Jon, et William Walton. « Labour's New Trunk-Roads Policy for England : An Emerging Pragmatic Multimodalism ? » Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 33, no 6 (juin 2001) : 1031–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a33202.
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Chen, Banqiao, Chibiao Ding, Wenjuan Ren et Guangluan Xu. « Automatically Tracking Road Centerlines from Low-Frequency GPS Trajectory Data ». ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no 3 (1 mars 2021) : 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030122.
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High-quality digital road maps are essential prerequisites of location-based services and smart city applications. The massive and accessible GPS trajectory data generated by mobile GPS devices provide a new means through which to generate maps. However, due to the low sampling rate and multi-level disparity problems, automatically generating road maps is challenging and the generated maps cannot yet meet commercial requirements. In this paper, we present a GPS trajectory data-based road tracking algorithm, including an active contour-based road centerline refinement algorithm as the necessary post-processing. First, the low-frequency trajectory data were transferred into a density estimation map representing the roads through a kernel density estimator, for a seeding algorithm to automatically generate the initial points of the road-tracking algorithm. Then, we present a template-matching-based road-direction extraction algorithm for the road trackers to conduct simple correction, based on local density information. Last, we present an active contour-based road centerline refinement algorithm, considering both the geometric information of roads and density information. The generated road map was quantitatively evaluated using maps offered by the OpenStreetMap. Compared to other methods, our approach could produce a higher quality map with fewer zig-zag roads, and therefore more accurately represents reality.
Thèses sur le sujet "Roads – New England – Maps"
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Steinert, Bryan Christopher. « Field and Laboratory Evaluation of the Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer ». Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SteinertBC2005.pdf.
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Khanta, Pothu Raju. « Evaluation of traffic simulation models for work zones in the New England area ». Connect to this title, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/184/.
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Tepper, Rachel Cathryn. « Mapping Mueller : a post occupancy evaluation of transportation choices in a new urbanist community in Austin, Texas ». Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/25064.
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The 711-acre Mueller development is located just three miles northeast of downtown on the former site of the Robert Mueller Municipal Airport. Planned as one of Austin’s major transit-oriented New Urbanist developments, Mueller contains a pattern of pedestrian and bike friendly streets to encourage a range of transportation options for residents and visitors. Mueller is 30% complete and provides housing and jobs to over 3000 residents and 3000 employees. This MDS seeks to understand how current residents, employees, and visitors use the bike lanes, sidewalks, and roads in the Mueller community. To evaluate the transportation infrastructure, the author designed and coded a custom Google Maps survey that asked residents to draw common routes, points of interest, and points of concern related to their transportation choices. The results of this study then influenced a future urban design of the undeveloped portion of Mueller.text
Livres sur le sujet "Roads – New England – Maps"
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Moll, Herman. A set of fifty new and correct maps of England and Wales, &c. : With the great roads and principal cross-roads, &c. shewing the computed miles from town to town ... Leeds : Old Hall Press, 1993.
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New Zealand. Dept. of Survey and Land Information., dir. New road atlas of New Zealand. Auckland, N.Z : Beckett Publishing in association with the Dept. of Survey & Land Information, 1991.
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Cowper, Prime William. Along New England roads. New York : Harper, 1987.
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Wurman, Richard Saul. USATLAS : Richard Saul Wurman's new road atlas, 1991. New York, NY : Access Press, 1990.
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Roads less traveled : Visionary New England lives. Concord, N.H : Plaidswede Publishing, 2009.
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Ranasinghe, P. C. H. Tyranny of the terrain : Transport in Papua New Guinea. New Delhi : CBS Publishers and Distributors, 2002.
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Powers, Helen. Winding Roads : A New England notebook of wisdom and wit. [Rocky Hill, CT : Limited Editions, 1999.
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Cutrone, Trudy. Recipes from a New England inn. Castine, Me : Country Roads Press, 1992.
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Cutrone, Trudy. Recipes from a New England inn. 2e éd. Castine, ME : Country Roads Press, 1995.
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McCorkle, Barbara B. New England in early printed maps, 1513 to 1800 : An illustrated carto-bibliography. Providence, R.I : John Carter Brown Library, 2001.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Roads – New England – Maps"
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Olyha, Gail P. « New York to New England and Seas in Between ». Dans Roads Taken, 143–52. New York : Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003446897-18.
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Wear, Andrew. « Popular Medicine and the New Science in England. Cross Roads or Merging Lanes ? » Dans Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Geschichte des Wissens im Dialog - Connecting Science and Knowledge, 61–84. Göttingen : V&R Unipress, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737001717.61.
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Elshaer, M., et C. Decarlo. « Field investigation of the deterioration of flexible polymer modified pavements : A case study in northern New England ». Dans Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Volume 1, 387–96. London : CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003222880-35.
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« List of Maps ». Dans The New England Knight. Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442664623-001.
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Bergonzi, Bernard. « Into the Thirties ». Dans A Study in Greene, 22–60. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199291021.003.0003.
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Abstract Greene was reported to have been annoyed when John le Carré described him as a man of the 1930s. It would be understandable if he thought that his literary significance should not be restricted to the first ten years of a career that covered sixty. But they were extraordinarily productive years: if Greene had died at the end of the decade he would be on record as the author of eight novels, a collection of short stories, and two travel books. There were also many literary essays and film reviews, later collected, and a biography that remained unpublished until the 1970s. The patterns of thought and feeling in his work, the things he was moved by and curious about, had affinities with other writing of the 1930s, in the work of the so-called Auden generation. Though much of the Victorian order had survived, despite the devastations and dissolution caused by the First World War and the subsequent industrial depression, English life was increasingly affected by an expanding mass culture, often American in origin. The traditional face of England was marked by cinemas and roadhouses, petrol stations, new motor roads, and spreading suburbia. Greene was keenly interested in these innovations.
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Chapagain, Arjun. « Formal versus informal practices ». Dans Shadow Exchanges along the New Silk Roads. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland : Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462988934_ch06.
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The trading of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) is a traditional means of livelihood in rural areas along the Trans-Himalayan Silk Road and is an important source of revenue for the government of Nepal. Researchers estimate that the officially recorded export value of Nepalese MAPs is many times less than the amount actually exported. MAPs in Nepal are harvested by individuals mostly from the wild and are channelled through intermediate actors within a confusing policy environment. An official permit is required to collect ‘non-timber forest products’ and the Department of Forestry is responsible for regulating the MAPs trade in Nepal by issuing permits and collecting revenue. The hidden economy and informal practices are thus more likely to be used in sectors where permissions are necessary for harvesting, locally transporting, and exporting any commodity.
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Stanford, James N. « The Linguistic Variables ». Dans New England English, 38–58. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625658.003.0002.
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This chapter outlines each of the linguistic variables studied in this New England English project, including r-lessness, START/PALM-fronting, “broad-a” BATH, NORTH/FORCE distinctions, MARY/MARRY/MERRY distinctions, LOT/THOUGHT distinctions, nasal short-a, and other traditional regional features. Each variable is discussed in terms of prior work, with a focus on results of the 1930s Linguistic Atlas of New England and the 2006 Atlas of North American English. The chapter includes maps of prior work that are used as a comparison for the results of the current study.
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Stanford, James N. « Results from the Mechanical Turk Online Audio Recordings ». Dans New England English, 75–112. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625658.003.0004.
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This is the first of the two chapters (Chapters 4 and 5) that present the results of the online data collection project using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk system. These projects provide a broad-scale “bird’s eye” view of New England dialect features across large distances. This chapter examines the results from 626 speakers who audio-recorded themselves reading 12 sentences two times each. The recordings were analyzed acoustically and then modeled statistically and graphically. The results are presented in the form of maps and statistical analyses, with the goal of providing a large-scale geographic overview of modern-day patterns of New England dialect features.
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Stanford, James N. « Results from the Mechanical Turk Online Written Questionnaires ». Dans New England English, 113–38. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625658.003.0005.
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This is the second of the two chapters (Chapters 4 and 5) that present the results of the author’s online data collection project using Mechanical Turk. This chapter analyzes the results of the online written questionnaires; 534 people responded to online questions about New England dialect features, including phonological features and lexical items. The author maps the results in terms of regional features in different parts of New England, comparing them to prior surveys and to the acoustic analyses of the prior chapter. The chapter also analyzes 100 free-response answers where New Englanders gave further insights into the current state of New England English.
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Rudel, Thomas K. « England ». Dans Shocks, States, and Sustainability, 68–90. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190921019.003.0004.
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Amidst a worldwide globalization of markets in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, England became dependent on overseas sources for grains and for timber. These trends gradually reduced English agriculture to providing dairy products. During the interwar years, English farming declined still further when real estate developers, with the stimulus provided by the spread of automobiles, began to convert fields alongside roads into lots for new homes. The shock of World War II and the German submarine campaign to starve the British into submission focused the public and policymakers’ attention on food security. To assure their access to food in the event of another war, the English established green belts reserved for agricultural land uses around major English cities during the 1950s and 1960s. These regulations made cities more compact and reduced energy consumption among urban residents.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Roads – New England – Maps"
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Krupowicz, Wioleta, et Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska. « Possible Applications of Spatial Analyses in Designing the Agricultural Road Network with Particular Consideration of the Environmental and Landscape Aspects ». Dans Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.208.
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The development of the agricultural road network is a complex activity based on a broad range of criteria necessary to be taken into account during analyses and desk studies. The analyses and design solutions cannot be unilateral, considering only technical and economic aspects. Elements of environmental protection and management of agricultural landscape, as well as solutions in the scope of protection of soils and waters are necessary in this type of design works, and result from solutions accepted for implementation in reference to the rural areas of all Member States of the European Union. Such a multi-aspect process requires the use of tools in an environment which technologically permits the development of multi-variant solutions to a given problem, and selection of a single, most appropriate proposal. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) currently constitute such an environment. Their undeniable advantages include their analytical possibilities which can be formalised in the form of developed models of spatial analyses – creating sets of new, ready to use tools supporting the decision making process in the scope of determination of the optimal course of agricultural roads. Additional advantages are the possibility of integration of data obtained from various sources, and presentation to stakeholders (e.g. residents, farmers, local authorities, entrepreneurs, and investors) of the obtained solutions in the form of maps, almost in real time, as well as possibility of making optimum decisions with their active participation. Easier access to GIS technology and systematically growing level of awareness regarding measurable benefits from the application of this type of solutions should also be emphasised. The article presents examples of spatial analyses allowing for relatively fast obtaining of spatial information necessary for efficient design-related decision making for the purpose of improvement of the system of agricultural roads with particular consideration of environmental and landscape aspects.
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Elkafrawy, Sameh, Sameh Elkafrawy, Akram Soliman, Akram Soliman, Mohamed Bek et Mohamed Bek. « EVALUATING SHORELINE, URBAN AND ROADS CHANGES IN THE HURGHADA AREA, EGYPT, USING MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE IMAGES ». Dans Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b9422c50d28.22324330.
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The rapid urban development in the Hurghada area since the 1980s has dramatically enhanced the potential impact of human activities. To inventory and monitor this urban development effectively, remote sensing provides a viable source of data from which updated land cover information can be extracted efficiently and cheaply. In this study, data from three satellite datasets, Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat 5 TM), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat 7 ETM+) and Terra/Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), acquired during 1987, 2000 and 2005, respectively, were used to detect and evaluate Hurghada's urban expansion. Five change detection techniques were tested to detect areas of change. The techniques considered were image differencing, image ratioing, image overlay, multidate principal component analysis (PCA) and post-classification comparison. The post-classification comparison was found to be the most accurate procedure and produced three land use/land cover (LULC) maps of the years 1987, 2000 and 2005 with overall accuracies of 87.8%, 88.9% and 92.0%, respectively. The urban expansion analysis revealed that the built-up area has expanded by 40 km2 in 18 years (1987–2005). In addition, 4.5 km2 of landfill/sedimentation was added to the sea as a result of the coastal urban development and tourist activities. The booming coastal tourism and population pressure were considered to be the main factors driving this expansion, and some natural and artificial constraints constrained the physical shape of the city. The expansion is represented by urban fringe development, linear, infill and isolated models. Topography, lithology and structures were also analysed as possible factors that influenced the expansion. The understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of Hurghada's urban expansion is the cornerstone for formulating a view about the future urban uses and for making the best use of the limited resources that are available [1]. A Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image of 1987 and a Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image of 2000 were used to examine changes in land use/land cover (LULC) around Hurghada, Egypt, and changes in the composition of coral reefs offshore. Prior to coral reef bottom type classification, the radiance values were transformed to depth invariant bottom indices to reduce the effect of the water column. Subsequently, a multi component change detection procedure was applied to these indices to define changes. Preliminary results showed significant changes in LULC during the period 1987–2000 as well as changes in coral reef composition. Direct impacts along the coastline were clearly shown, but it was more difficult to link offshore changes in coral reef composition to indirect impacts of the changing LULC. Further research is needed to explore the effects of the different image processing steps, and to discover possible links between indirect impacts of LULC changes and changes in the coral reef composition [2]. Knowledge and detecting impacts of human activities on the coastal ecosystem is an essential management requirement and also very important for future and proper planning of coastal areas. Moreover, documentation of these impacts can help in increasing public awareness about side effects of unsustainable practices. Analysis of multidate remote sensing data can be used as an effective tool in environmental impact assessment (EIA). Being synoptic and frequent in coverage, multidate data from Landsat and other satellites provide a reference record and bird’s eye viewing to the environmental situation of the coastal ecosystem and the associated habitats. Furthermore, integration of satellite data with field observations and background information can help in decision if a certain activity has caused deterioration to a specific habitat or not. The present paper is an attempt to utilize remote sensing data for assessment impacts of some human activities on the major sensitive habitats of the north western Egyptian Red Sea coastal zone, definitely between Ras Gemsha and Safaga. Through multidate change analysis of Landsat data (TM & ETM+ sensors), it was possible to depict some of the human infringements in the area and to provide, in some cases, exclusive evidences for the damaging effect of some developmental activities [3]. The coastline of Hurghada has experienced considerable environmental stress from tourist and residential recreational activities. Uncontrolled tourist development has already caused substantial damage to inshore reefs and imbalance in the hydrodynamic pattern of the coastal sediments. The objective of this paper is to investigate environmental changes using multitemporal, multispectral satellite data to identify changes at Hurghada caused by anthropogenic influences. Major detected changes include resort beaches, protection structures and landfill areas; these changes are mainly due to human intervention. Two Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in 1984 and 1997 are used for this analysis. The landfill areas formed during this period are calculated at about 2.15 Km2 . Whilst landfill creates new inexpensive land and improves access to the sea for tourists, it is the cause of environmental problems. In addition, land-use/land-cover and beach changes are determined over the 13-year period [4]. The Red Sea coastal zone is characterized by its sensitive, fragile, unique natural resources and habitats. In the Hurghada coastal region, major changes in the tourism industry have taken place in the last few decades. The detection of environmental changes, in a selected site of the Red Sea coastal zone, will be helpful to protect and develop this coastal environment. A methodology for separating natural and man-made changes in satellite images was developed. It was based on the following assumptions: (1) slow changes, which occur within the range of the class reflectance, represent a natural change rather than an anthropogenic one; (2) natural changes tend to be in the same land-use/land-cover class in each date, i.e. slow changes in the reflectance, not leading to changes in the type of land-use/land-cover class from the master image to the destination one; and (3) rapid changes in the reflectance of the Earth's objects are usually related to anthropogenic activities. This technique is used to identify and assess changes along the coast of Hurghada and Ras Abu Soma, the Red Sea. Results indicate serious human impacts and the necessity for control measures and monitoring. Recommendations are presented [5]. The rapid urban development of the Hurghada area began in early 1980 to build villages and huge tourist resorts and this has continued urban development and subsequent land filling and dredging of the shoreline and the destruction of coral so far. These coastal developments have led to an increase in shoreline land filling and dredging. Despite all the environmental laws of the organization to reduce infringement on the shoreline, the abuses are still ongoing. Change detection analysis using remote sensing is a very good tool to monitor the changes condition in urban development and shoreline. Four sensors was used in this study, three of them are, Landsat Multispectral Scanner (Landsat 1 MSS), Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat 5 TM), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat 7 ETM+) and the another one is SPOT XS 4 (Originally Système Probatoire de l’Observation de la Terre), acquired during 1972, 1984, 1992, 2004 and 2011, respectively, were used to detect and evaluate Hurghada’s urban expansion and shoreline changes. After the images have been geometrically, radio-metrically and atmospherically corrected using ENVI 5.0 software, the digital number was transformed to the reflectance values and the images were ready to change detection process with the integration of geographic information system using Arc GIS 10 software. The results show that changes during the 39 years of the shoreline is 6.29 km2, (5.65 km2 accretion and 0.64 km2 erosion) and urban development is 16.47 km2 the road network is the 8.738 km2.
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Elkafrawy, Sameh, Sameh Elkafrawy, Akram Soliman, Akram Soliman, Mohamed Bek et Mohamed Bek. « EVALUATING SHORELINE, URBAN AND ROADS CHANGES IN THE HURGHADA AREA, EGYPT, USING MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE IMAGES ». Dans Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4316250187.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The rapid urban development in the Hurghada area since the 1980s has dramatically enhanced the potential impact of human activities. To inventory and monitor this urban development effectively, remote sensing provides a viable source of data from which updated land cover information can be extracted efficiently and cheaply. In this study, data from three satellite datasets, Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat 5 TM), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat 7 ETM+) and Terra/Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), acquired during 1987, 2000 and 2005, respectively, were used to detect and evaluate Hurghada's urban expansion. Five change detection techniques were tested to detect areas of change. The techniques considered were image differencing, image ratioing, image overlay, multidate principal component analysis (PCA) and post-classification comparison. The post-classification comparison was found to be the most accurate procedure and produced three land use/land cover (LULC) maps of the years 1987, 2000 and 2005 with overall accuracies of 87.8%, 88.9% and 92.0%, respectively. The urban expansion analysis revealed that the built-up area has expanded by 40 km2 in 18 years (1987–2005). In addition, 4.5 km2 of landfill/sedimentation was added to the sea as a result of the coastal urban development and tourist activities. The booming coastal tourism and population pressure were considered to be the main factors driving this expansion, and some natural and artificial constraints constrained the physical shape of the city. The expansion is represented by urban fringe development, linear, infill and isolated models. Topography, lithology and structures were also analysed as possible factors that influenced the expansion. The understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of Hurghada's urban expansion is the cornerstone for formulating a view about the future urban uses and for making the best use of the limited resources that are available [1]. A Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image of 1987 and a Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image of 2000 were used to examine changes in land use/land cover (LULC) around Hurghada, Egypt, and changes in the composition of coral reefs offshore. Prior to coral reef bottom type classification, the radiance values were transformed to depth invariant bottom indices to reduce the effect of the water column. Subsequently, a multi component change detection procedure was applied to these indices to define changes. Preliminary results showed significant changes in LULC during the period 1987–2000 as well as changes in coral reef composition. Direct impacts along the coastline were clearly shown, but it was more difficult to link offshore changes in coral reef composition to indirect impacts of the changing LULC. Further research is needed to explore the effects of the different image processing steps, and to discover possible links between indirect impacts of LULC changes and changes in the coral reef composition [2]. Knowledge and detecting impacts of human activities on the coastal ecosystem is an essential management requirement and also very important for future and proper planning of coastal areas. Moreover, documentation of these impacts can help in increasing public awareness about side effects of unsustainable practices. Analysis of multidate remote sensing data can be used as an effective tool in environmental impact assessment (EIA). Being synoptic and frequent in coverage, multidate data from Landsat and other satellites provide a reference record and bird’s eye viewing to the environmental situation of the coastal ecosystem and the associated habitats. Furthermore, integration of satellite data with field observations and background information can help in decision if a certain activity has caused deterioration to a specific habitat or not. The present paper is an attempt to utilize remote sensing data for assessment impacts of some human activities on the major sensitive habitats of the north western Egyptian Red Sea coastal zone, definitely between Ras Gemsha and Safaga. Through multidate change analysis of Landsat data (TM & ETM+ sensors), it was possible to depict some of the human infringements in the area and to provide, in some cases, exclusive evidences for the damaging effect of some developmental activities [3]. The coastline of Hurghada has experienced considerable environmental stress from tourist and residential recreational activities. Uncontrolled tourist development has already caused substantial damage to inshore reefs and imbalance in the hydrodynamic pattern of the coastal sediments. The objective of this paper is to investigate environmental changes using multitemporal, multispectral satellite data to identify changes at Hurghada caused by anthropogenic influences. Major detected changes include resort beaches, protection structures and landfill areas; these changes are mainly due to human intervention. Two Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in 1984 and 1997 are used for this analysis. The landfill areas formed during this period are calculated at about 2.15 Km2 . Whilst landfill creates new inexpensive land and improves access to the sea for tourists, it is the cause of environmental problems. In addition, land-use/land-cover and beach changes are determined over the 13-year period [4]. The Red Sea coastal zone is characterized by its sensitive, fragile, unique natural resources and habitats. In the Hurghada coastal region, major changes in the tourism industry have taken place in the last few decades. The detection of environmental changes, in a selected site of the Red Sea coastal zone, will be helpful to protect and develop this coastal environment. A methodology for separating natural and man-made changes in satellite images was developed. It was based on the following assumptions: (1) slow changes, which occur within the range of the class reflectance, represent a natural change rather than an anthropogenic one; (2) natural changes tend to be in the same land-use/land-cover class in each date, i.e. slow changes in the reflectance, not leading to changes in the type of land-use/land-cover class from the master image to the destination one; and (3) rapid changes in the reflectance of the Earth's objects are usually related to anthropogenic activities. This technique is used to identify and assess changes along the coast of Hurghada and Ras Abu Soma, the Red Sea. Results indicate serious human impacts and the necessity for control measures and monitoring. Recommendations are presented [5]. The rapid urban development of the Hurghada area began in early 1980 to build villages and huge tourist resorts and this has continued urban development and subsequent land filling and dredging of the shoreline and the destruction of coral so far. These coastal developments have led to an increase in shoreline land filling and dredging. Despite all the environmental laws of the organization to reduce infringement on the shoreline, the abuses are still ongoing. Change detection analysis using remote sensing is a very good tool to monitor the changes condition in urban development and shoreline. Four sensors was used in this study, three of them are, Landsat Multispectral Scanner (Landsat 1 MSS), Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat 5 TM), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat 7 ETM+) and the another one is SPOT XS 4 (Originally Système Probatoire de l’Observation de la Terre), acquired during 1972, 1984, 1992, 2004 and 2011, respectively, were used to detect and evaluate Hurghada’s urban expansion and shoreline changes. After the images have been geometrically, radio-metrically and atmospherically corrected using ENVI 5.0 software, the digital number was transformed to the reflectance values and the images were ready to change detection process with the integration of geographic information system using Arc GIS 10 software. The results show that changes during the 39 years of the shoreline is 6.29 km2, (5.65 km2 accretion and 0.64 km2 erosion) and urban development is 16.47 km2 the road network is the 8.738 km2.
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Tarsitano, Davide, Laura Mazzola, Federico Cheli et Ferdinando Mapelli. « Modeling of the Internal Combustion Engine by Means of Willans Line Approach for the Study of Hybrid Electric Powertrain ». Dans ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36867.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The use of road vehicles has always represented a major contribution to the growth of modern society: it facilitates goods and people mobility, meeting most of the daily needs and it represents a backbone for the development of world economy, (i.e. the industrial field). Nowadays, this mean of transportation, however, given the high number of vehicles on the roads, has a negative impact both on the environment and on the quality of human life. Moreover it leads to an increase in additional costs (i.e. the costs related to environment pollution, global warming and depletion of resources). Such a negative aspect is due to the fact that the drive systems are often characterized by high variability of the load, hence the propulsion system works in areas with low efficiencies and high pollutant emissions. In order to overcome these problems, and to allow the compliance of the road transport system with new European guidelines (i.e White paper, and Horizon 2020), it is necessary to develop innovative technologies able to: - increase the overall powertrain efficiency; - introduce a sustainable alternative fuels strategy including also the appropriate infrastructure; - reduce carbon emission through a decarbonisation approach; In this perspective, in recent years, the technology of electric and hybrid vehicles has been developed, and nowadays it has become a feasible solution in the context of means of transportation. Car/truck-makers and operators look at further developments and innovation in this field in order to optimise the existing solutions and reduce the production costs. The current solution for hybrid vehicles aims to couple a conventional engine with an electrical motor; these two propulsion system are coordinated by an opportune algorithm in order to let the conventional engine operate in its higher efficiency range. Hence the technology foresees the action of endothermic and electrical motors. It is then pivotal for the success of this transport the optimisation of the whole system (electrical and endothermic) in terms of efficiency, sizing and of the control algorithm that coordinate the two propulsion systems. For the modeling of the internal combustion engine conventional approaches, based on the numerical simulation of the combustion process, cannot be used because of their complexity in term of time needed for computing activity. For hybrid power train the general approach to simulated a drive cycle, that usually last at least a few minutes, is based on engine map approach [1–2]. The main burden to the described process is the identifications of maps of torque and consumption for the internal combustion engine, which are normally not predictable in detail, nor are provided by the manufacturers, but they can only be determined by means of experimental tests. Such a process can become extremely expensive and time consuming. Hence in this work the concept of virtual optimisation is introduced basing on the identification of torque and fuel consumption maps for internal combustion engines on analytical methods considering the similarities with engine of the same class. In this regard, a model of the system is developed based on the “Willans Line Method” approach, subsequently to a theoretical definition of the model, the identification of maps is carried out for two different engines (one diesel heavy-duty engine and one spark ignition engine) in order to consider the existing configurations of hybrid vehicles. Eventually the calculated maps are validated considering experimental data from existing experimental campaign. Providing the validity of the method and its usefulness in the hybrid vehicle design.
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Loeb, Helen S., Jaime Hernandez, Chase Leibowitz, Benjamin Loeb, Erick Guerra et Rahul Mangharam. « Leveraging the Internet to Drive a Real Car in the Virtual Earth 3D Model ». Dans WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2878.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Digital mapping tools have become indispensable for road navigation. Applications like Waze and Google Maps harness the power of satellite imagery to provide precise visualization of GPS coordinates. The field advanced significantly in May 2023 with the introduction of dynamic 3D representations of the Earth. Companies such as Cesium now offer Unity3D and Unreal Engine Application Programming Interface that can be applied to geospatial applications. These images are no longer static and offer the opportunity to provide seamless continuous navigation.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Driving simulation has been widely used for training and research. We investigate with this project the potential of this new geospatial database as a tool for scenario development to study manual and autonomous driving. We present an in-vehicle driving simulation integration that employs a real steering wheel and pedals from a stationary vehicle as controls. The visual experience is delivered through the Meta Quest Headset through an overlay in a Mixed Reality environment.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Two case scenarios are examined. The first case involves navigating downtown Denver. The use of photorealistic representations of Denver's buildings offers an immersive experience, although the 3D topology presents some irregularities. These irregularities result from the limited number of polygons used for the digital modeling, especially on flat surfaces like roads and pavements.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The second scenario leverages the hilly landscapes outside Denver. These areas, characterized by arid, treeless terrain typical of Colorado, offer a smooth driving experience. Still, the technology incorporates projection such as phantom cars, flat images of vehicles on the roadway that were captured during satellite data acquisition. We explore opportunities to address these inaccuracies and enhance the environment for a more realistic and immersive driving experience.</div></div>
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Roads – New England – Maps"
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Ginis, Isaac, Deborah Crowley, Peter Stempel et Amanda Babson. The impact of sea level rise during nor?easters in New England : Acadia National Park, Boston Harbor Islands, Boston National Historical Park, and Cape Cod National Seashore. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2304306.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study examines the potential impact of sea level rise (SLR) caused by climate change on the effects of extratropical cyclones, also known as nor?easters, in four New England coastal parks: Acadia National Park (ACAD), Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (BOHA), Boston National Historical Park (BOST) and Cape Cod National Seashore (CACO). A multi-method approach is employed, including a literature review, observational data analysis, coupled hydrodynamic-wave numerical modeling, 3D visualizations, and communication of findings. The literature review examines previous studies of nor?easters and associated storm surges in New England and SLR projections across the study domain due to climate change. The observational data analysis evaluates the characteristics of nor?easters and their effects, providing a basis for validating the model. Numerical modeling is performed using the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) model, coupled with the Simulating Waves in the Nearshore (SWAN) model to simulate storm surges and waves. The model was validated against available observations and demonstrated its ability to simulate water levels, inland inundation, and wave heights in the study area with high accuracy. The validated model was used to simulate three powerful nor?easters (April 2007, January 2018, and March 2018) and each storm was simulated for three sea levels, (1) a baseline mean sea level representative of the year 2020, as well as with a (2) 1 ft of SLR and (3) 1 m of SLR. Analysis of the model output was used to assess the vulnerability of the parks to nor?easters by examining peak impacts in the park areas. Additional simulations were conducted to evaluate the role of waves in predicting peak water levels and the impact of inlet configurations on storm surges within coastal embayments behind the barrier beach systems in the southern Cape Cod region. The project developed maps, three-dimensional visualizations, and an interpretive film to assist the parks in planning for resource management, maintenance, emergency management, visitor access, safety, education, and outreach. These tools provide a better understanding of the potential impacts of nor?easters and SLR and enable the parks to better prepare for future storms.
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Ley, Matt, Tom Baldvins, Hannah Pilkington, David Jones et Kelly Anderson. Vegetation classification and mapping project : Big Thicket National Preserve. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299254.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Big Thicket National Preserve (BITH) vegetation inventory project classified and mapped vegetation within the administrative boundary and estimated thematic map accuracy quantitatively. National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program provided technical guidance. The overall process included initial planning and scoping, imagery procurement, vegetation classification field data collection, data analysis, imagery interpretation/classification, accuracy assessment (AA), and report writing and database development. Initial planning and scoping meetings took place during May, 2016 in Kountze, Texas where representatives gathered from BITH, the NPS Gulf Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network, and Colorado State University. The project acquired new 2014 orthoimagery (30-cm, 4-band (RGB and CIR)) from the Hexagon Imagery Program. Supplemental imagery for the interpretation phase included Texas Natural Resources Information System (TNRIS) 2015 50 cm leaf-off 4-band imagery from the Texas Orthoimagery Program (TOP), Farm Service Agency (FSA) 100-cm (2016) and 60 cm (2018) National Aerial Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery, and current and historical true-color Google Earth and Bing Maps imagery. In addition to aerial and satellite imagery, 2017 Neches River Basin Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data was obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and TNRIS to analyze vegetation structure at BITH. The preliminary vegetation classification included 110 United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) associations. Existing vegetation and mapping data combined with vegetation plot data contributed to the final vegetation classification. Quantitative classification using hierarchical clustering and professional expertise was supported by vegetation data collected from 304 plots surveyed between 2016 and 2019 and 110 additional observation plots. The final vegetation classification includes 75 USNVC associations and 27 park special types including 80 forest and woodland, 7 shrubland, 12 herbaceous, and 3 sparse vegetation types. The final BITH map consists of 51 map classes. Land cover classes include five types: pasture / hay ground agricultural vegetation; non ? vegetated / barren land, borrow pit, cut bank; developed, open space; developed, low ? high intensity; and water. The 46 vegetation classes represent 102 associations or park specials. Of these, 75 represent natural vegetation associations within the USNVC, and 27 types represent unpublished park specials. Of the 46 vegetation map classes, 26 represent a single USNVC association/park special, 7 map classes contain two USNVC associations/park specials, 4 map classes contain three USNVC associations/park specials, and 9 map classes contain four or more USNVC associations/park specials. Forest and woodland types had an abundance of Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ilex opaca, Ilex vomitoria, Quercus nigra, and Vitis rotundifolia. Shrubland types were dominated by Pinus taeda, Ilex vomitoria, Triadica sebifera, Liquidambar styraciflua, and/or Callicarpa americana. Herbaceous types had an abundance of Zizaniopsis miliacea, Juncus effusus, Panicum virgatum, and/or Saccharum giganteum. The final BITH vegetation map consists of 7,271 polygons totaling 45,771.8 ha (113,104.6 ac). Mean polygon size is 6.3 ha (15.6 ac). Of the total area, 43,314.4 ha (107,032.2 ac) or 94.6% represent natural or ruderal vegetation. Developed areas such as roads, parking lots, and campgrounds comprise 421.9 ha (1,042.5 ac) or 0.9% of the total. Open water accounts for approximately 2,034.9 ha (5,028.3 ac) or 4.4% of the total mapped area. Within the natural or ruderal vegetation types, forest and woodland types were the most extensive at 43,022.19 ha (106,310.1 ac) or 94.0%, followed by herbaceous vegetation types at 129.7 ha (320.5 ac) or 0.3%, sparse vegetation types at 119.2 ha (294.5 ac) or 0.3%, and shrubland types at 43.4 ha (107.2 ac) or 0.1%. A total of 784 AA samples were collected to evaluate the map?s thematic accuracy. When each AA sample was evaluated for a variety of potential errors, a number of the disagreements were overturned. It was determined that 182 plot records disagreed due to either an erroneous field call or a change in the vegetation since the imagery date, and 79 disagreed due to a true map classification error. Those records identified as incorrect due to an erroneous field call or changes in vegetation were considered correct for the purpose of the AA. As a simple plot count proportion, the reconciled overall accuracy was 89.9% (705/784). The spatially-weighted overall accuracy was 92.1% with a Kappa statistic of 89.6%. This method provides more weight to larger map classes in the park. Five map classes had accuracies below 80%. After discussing preliminary results with the parl, we retained those map classes because the community was rare, the map classes provided desired detail for management or the accuracy was reasonably close to the 80% target. When the 90% AA confidence intervals were included, an additional eight classes had thematic accruacies that extend below 80%. In addition to the vegetation polygon database and map, several products to support park resource management include the vegetation classification, field key to the associations, local association descriptions, photographic database, project geodatabase, ArcGIS .mxd files for map posters, and aerial imagery acquired for the project. The project geodatabase links the spatial vegetation data layer to vegetation classification, plot photos, project boundary extent, AA points, and PLOTS database sampling data. The geodatabase includes USNVC hierarchy tables allowing for spatial queries of data associated with a vegetation polygon or sample point. All geospatial products are projected using North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 15 N. The final report includes methods and results, contingency tables showing AA results, field forms, species list, and a guide to imagery interpretation. These products provide useful information to assist with management of park resources and inform future management decisions. Use of standard national vegetation classification and mapping protocols facilitates effective resource stewardship by ensuring the compatibility and widespread use throughout NPS as well as other federal and state agencies. Products support a wide variety of resource assessments, park management and planning needs. Associated information provides a structure for framing and answering critical scientific questions about vegetation communities and their relationship to environmental processes across the landscape.