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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Rijeka (Croatia) – History – 20th century"
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Bolić, Marin. « Predlošci za slike 17. stoljeća u zbirci Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja Hrvatskog primorja Rijeka ». Ars Adriatica 9 (28 février 2020) : 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.2925.
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In 1987 the Old Masters Collection was founded at the Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral in Rijeka, comprising about one hundred and thirty paintings. It mainly consists of artworks once belonging to prominent Rijeka families that were acquired during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Only a smaller portion of the Collection came from the city’s religious institutions. These are all works of relatively modest artistic quality, thus the initial research revealed that quite a few were made after prints or more or less famous paintings. Since no systematic study of these models has hitherto been conducted, a number of questionable attributions and dates of execution concerning the paintings belonging to the Collection was proposed during the last decade of the 20th century. As far as the 17th-century paintings are concerned, the author has identified models for the paintings representing the Annunciation, Our Lady of the Rosary, the Marriage at Cana, the Adoration of the Shepherds and the Flagellation of Christ. The Annunciation was inspired by a print executed by Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio (Verona, ca. 1505 – Krakow, 1565) or its later derivation, while Our Lady of the Rosary was made after a print by Domenico Maria Canuti (Bologna, 1626-1684). The Marriage at Cana was painted after an engraving by Giovanni Battista Vanni (Florence/Pisa, 1599 – Florence, 1660) dating in 1637 or one of its later derivations. The engraving was, in its turn, made after the famous painting by Veronese (Verona, 1528 – Venice, 1588) exhibited today at the Louvre, while the Adoration of the Shepherds was made after an engraving by Jan (I) Sadeler (Brussels, 1550 – Venice, 1600). The Flagellation of Christ is a combination of a print of the same title and one depicting the Mocking of Christ. Both are work of Jan (I) Sadeler or by his copyist.
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Šapro-Ficović, Marica, et Željko Vegh. « The History of Jesuit Libraries in Croatia ». Journal of Jesuit Studies 2, no 2 (9 avril 2015) : 283–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00202008.
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The purpose of this study is to provide a historical overview of the Jesuit libraries in Croatia from their foundation to the present. The first known libraries were at Jesuit high schools, called “colleges,” established during the seventeenth century. This article deals with foundation of libraries at the Jesuit colleges in Zagreb, Varaždin, Požega, Rijeka, and Dubrovnik, emphasizing their role supporting education and the dissemination of knowledge. These libraries were witness to a strong influence of Jesuits colleges on the spiritual, educational, and intellectual life of many Croats. Highlighted in this respect is the famous library of the Jesuit school in Dubrovnik (Collegium Ragusinum). After the suppression of Jesuit order in 1773, the colleges were closed, and their libraries scattered and plundered. Nevertheless, many books survived. Portions of the collections of the former Jesuit colleges are today an invaluable part of the patrimony of the largest Croatian libraries.
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Gruber, F. « Skrljevo disease-two centuries of history ». International Journal of STD & ; AIDS 11, no 4 (1 avril 2000) : 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462001915651.
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Skrljevo disease, also called Rijeka (Fiume) or Grobnik disease, by some physicians was first identified in the village of Skrljevo in Croatia in 1790. From texts dating back to the beginning of the 19th century it is clear that it was a nonvenereal (endemic) form of syphilis and represented a great calamity for the local people and a problem for the physicians. The disease was considered by some to be lepra, scurvy, scabies or others. The occurrence of the disease in the region around Rijeka was closely associated with the poor socioeconomic conditions present at that time in the region. It is interesting to note that many of the greatest physicians of the time such as Alibert, Frank, Hebra, Sigmund were acquainted with the disease and dealt with it in their writings. This paper gives a brief chronology of the major political events in the region since that time, underlying the measures used in fighting the disease.
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Lozzi Barković, Julija, et Lidija Butković Mićin. « Uloga Alfreda Albinija u projektiranju i izgradnji Hrvatskog kulturnog doma u Sušaku te njegovo dovršenje i izmjene ». Ars Adriatica 9 (28 février 2020) : 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.2929.
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The Croatian Cultural Centre in Sušak is one of the most significant modernist buildings in the Rijeka region, which moreover enjoys a prominent status in the whole of 20th-century modern architecture in Croatia. In this paper, based on the systematic analysis of previously unconsidered archival material, the research focus is on Alfred Albini’s design variants in concept and performance, as well as on the qualitative analysis of the construction itself. Special emphasis has been placed on the hotel part of the complex, for which the course of Albini’s decisions about the ground-plan layout and articulation of the exterior has been reconstructed, and on the completion and alterations during the post-war and later years, which contributed to the overall definition of this complex architectural assembly.
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Rogić Musa, Tea. « Zaboravljena književnopovijesna zagonetka : hrvatska epizoda Irine Aleksander-Kunjine ». Kultura Słowian Rocznik Komisji Kultury Słowian PAU 18 (9 novembre 2022) : 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25439561ksr.22.023.16375.
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Članak se bavi zagonetnom zagrebačkom fazom iz biografije Irine Aleksander-Kunjine, njezinom ulogom u hrvatskoj književnosti razdoblja međuraća i odnosima s protagonistima tadašnjega hrvatskoga književnoga života. Donijet će se pregled njezinih književnih suradnji u hrvatskim književnim časopisima. Osim pokušaja određenja njezine uloge u međuratnom književnom životu, cilj je članka osvijetliti njezino pisanje na hrvatskome i donijeti osvrt na recepciju njezina položaja i djela u hrvatskoj književnoj sredini. Iako jest imala odjeka u književnoj javnosti, više je pozornosti dobivala njezina građanska osoba nego književni rad. Cilj je članka iznijeti stajalište o njezinu mjestu u hrvatskoj književnoj povijesti prve polovice XX. stoljeća i možebitnu važnost za povijest hrvatsko-slavenskih književnih veza. Ključne riječi: Irina Aleksander-Kunjina; hrvatska književnost; ruska književnost; međuratni modernizam; hrvatsko-slavenske književne veze; zaboravljena književnopovijesna baština. A Forgotten Literary History Riddle: the Croatian Literary Episode of Irina Aleksander-Kunjina This paper presents the most important information about the mysterious Zagreb phase of Irina Aleksander-Kunjina’s biography, her role in Croatian interwar literature, and her relations with vital figures of the Croatian literary scene of that time. An overview of her literary contributions in Croatian literary journals will also be presented. Apart from the evaluation of her role in the interwar literary scene, the aim of this paper is to shed light on her writing in Croatian and the reception of her activity and works in Croatian literary milieu. Although she did receive attention among the literary public, this was more due to her public persona than her literary work. Furthermore, this paper aims to offer an summary of her position in Croatian literary history in the first half of the 20th century and her importance in the history of Croatian-Slavic literary relations.
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Puhmajer, Petar, et Krasanka Majer Jurišić. « Palača Benzoni – primjer stambene arhitekture 18. stoljeća u riječkom Starom gradu ». Ars Adriatica, no 6 (1 janvier 2016) : 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.537.
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This paper focuses on the construction history and renovations of the Benzoni Palace located in Grivica Square in the Old Town of Rijeka. The three-storey building was designed by architect Antonio de Verneda and erected during the second quarter of the 18th century as a family palace of Giovanni Antonio Benzoni, bishop of Senj (1693-1745). The palace was renovated in the late 18th century, at the time when it was owned by the bishop’s nephew, Giulio Benzoni (1732-1798), who was a city councillor. He had the front façade redesigned in the late-baroque classicist style, by adding a monumental stone portal, two balconies, and rich window decoration made in wrought iron. The palace underwent further adaptations during the second half of the 19th century, when it was repurposed to serve as an orphanage, then as army barracks, and eventually as a rental apartment building. The 20th century saw several major interventions undertaken by its tenants, which to some extent degraded the palace’s architecture. Based on the archival documentation, the authors present a proposal for the reconstruction of its original façade and the context of its design in the late 18th-century Rijeka.
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Habek, Dubravko. « Ethnopharmacology in the History of Traditional Midwifery and Obstetrics in Inland Croatia ». Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie 225, no 04 (22 mars 2021) : 374–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1372-6638.
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AbstractOur review of the history of midwifery, obstetrics and gynecology in inland and coastal areas in northeast Croatia revealed a rich body of data on the use of ethnopharmacology in folklore traditional and approbated midwifery and obstetrics from the 18th to the 20th century. In this study, 42 plants, 4 animal preparations and 1 mineral preparation were presented in an approach to women's health during the history of obstetrics and midwifery.
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Mihelčić, Mirna, Valentina Marečić, Mateja Ožanič, Ina Kelava, Maša Knežević et Marina Šantić. « Epidemiologic and Epizootic Data of Tularemia in the Past and in the Recent History in Croatia ». Microorganisms 8, no 5 (12 mai 2020) : 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050721.
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Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis. A large number of recent studies have provided an update on the disease characteristics and the distribution across Europe. In Croatia, most of the clinical cases, as well as the reports of the disease in animals, date from the 20th century. In that period, epidemic and epizootic research had given detailed information about endemic regions and their characteristics, including suspected animal hosts and vectors. The region along the middle course of the Sava River, called Middle Posavina, is described as an endemic region, i.e., a “natural focus” of tularemia, in Croatia. In the 21st century, cases of human tularemia are being reported sporadically, with ulceloglandular, oropharyngeal and typhoid forms of disease. A majority of the described cases are linked with the consumption of contaminated food or water. The disease outbreaks still occur in areas along the course of the river Sava and in northwest Croatia. In this review article, we have summarized epidemiologic and epizootic data of tularemia in the past and in recent Croatian history.
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Marshall, Charla, Kimberly Sturk-Andreaggi, Erin M. Gorden, Jennifer Daniels-Higginbotham, Sidney Gaston Sanchez, Željana Bašić, Ivana Kružić et al. « A Forensic Genomics Approach for the Identification of Sister Marija Crucifiksa Kozulić ». Genes 11, no 8 (14 août 2020) : 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11080938.
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Sister Marija Krucifiksa Kozulić (1852–1922) was a Croatian nun who is in consideration for beatification by the Vatican, which is facilitated by the identification of her 20th-century remains. Sister Marija was buried in a tomb in Rijeka, Croatia, along with other nuns including her biological sister, Tereza Kozulić (1861–1933). When the remains were exhumed in 2011, they were found in a deteriorated state and commingled with several other sets of remains. Thus, mitochondrial genome sequencing of the long bones was performed to sort the remains by mitochondrial haplotype. Two similar but unique haplotypes belonging to haplogroup H1bu were identified, and samples from these bones were subjected to autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sequencing. Although only partial profiles were obtained, the data were sufficient for kinship analysis with the profile of a paternal niece of Sister Marija (Fides Kozulić). The data indicate that it is 574,195-fold more likely that the two sets of skeletal remains represent 2nd-degree relatives of Fides than sisters who are unrelated to Fides. Although it is impossible to discern which set of remains belongs to Marija and which belongs to Tereza, forensic genomics methods have enabled identification of the sisters.
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Kim, Sanghun. « Politics in Literature―Yugoslav Literature at the End of the 20th Century and Nationalism ». Society for International Cultural Institute 15, no 1 (30 juin 2022) : 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34223/jic.2022.15.1.1.
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The causes of the collapse of the Yugoslav Federation can be found in many ways, but ‘nationalism’ is the most decisive. However, the issue of “should only the Serbian people be held responsible for the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the civil war?” is a very sensitive issue, and looking at the history of nationalism that existed before the formation of Yugoslavia shows that Serbia and other republics cannot be completely free from that responsibility. In this paper, we examine the historical development and characteristics of ‘nationalism’ in Yugoslavia, particularly in Serbia and Croatia, and based on this, the relationship between ‘literature’ and ‘nationalism’ in Serbia and Croatia around the 1990s. The Serbian and Croatian literary circles have clearly differentiated their position over the dissolution of Yugoslavia since 1991, while the Croatian literary community, which sought to gain independence from Yugoslavia, sought to find its national identity in literature and to make it as distinct as possible. Based on the overall position of Serbian and Croatian literary circles, we examine representative Serbian and Croatian writers who worked on literature around the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Bosnian civil war at the end of the 20th century.
Thèses sur le sujet "Rijeka (Croatia) – History – 20th century"
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Bartulin, Nevenko School of History UNSW. « The ideology of nation and race : the Croatian Ustasha regime and its policies toward minorities in the independent state of Croatia, 1941-1945 ». Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of History, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/28336.
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This thesis examines the central place of racial theories in the nationalist ideology of the Croatian Ustasha movement and regime, and how these theories functioned as the chief motive in shaping Ustasha policies toward the minorities of the Nazi-backed Independent State of Croatia (known by its Croatian initials as the NDH), namely, Serbs, Jews, Roma and Bosnian Muslims, during the years 1941 to 1945. This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with historical background, concentrating on the history of Croatian national movements from the 1830s to the 1930s. The second part covers the period between the founding of the Ustasha movement in 1930 and the creation of the NDH in 1941. The third part examines the period of Ustasha power from 1941 to 1945. Through the above chronological division, this thesis traces the evolution of Ustasha ideas on nation and race, placing them within the historical context of processes of Croatian national integration. Although the Ustashe were brought to power by Nazi Germany, their ideology emerged less as an imitation of German National Socialism and more as an extremist reaction to the supranational and expansionist nationalist ideologies of Yugoslavism and Greater Serbianism. In contrast to the prevailing historiographical view that has either ignored or downplayed the significance of racial theori! es on Ustasha policies toward the minorities of the NDH, this thesis highlights the marked influence of the question of 'race' on Ustasha attitudes toward the 'problem' of minorities, and on the wider question of Croatian national identity. This thesis examines the Ustashe by focusing on the historical interplay between nationalism and racism, which dominated so much of the modern political life of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. The fusion of nationalism and racism was not unique to Ustasha ideology, but the evolution and nature of Ustasha racism was. Ustasha racial ideas were therefore the product of both specific Croatian and wider European historical trends. This examination of the historical intersection between nationalism and racism in the case of the Ustashe will, i hope, broaden our understanding of twentieth-century nation-state formation, and state treatment of minorities, in the Balkans and Eastern Europe.
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Palmer, Peter Joseph. « The Communists and the Roman Catholic Church in Yugoslavia, 1941-1946 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ea1c5fb1-ae10-47f5-9064-f2deb06d653f.
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This thesis examines the development of the Yugoslav Communists' approach towards the Catholic Church during the period of their takeover and consolidation of power from the outbreak of war in April 1941 until late 1946. In recent years, a comprehensive reappraisal of the Communist takeover has been going on in the countries of former Yugoslavia, and this work draws on this new scholarship, as well as on hitherto unused archival material. It examines the development of the Communists' popular front line during the war, according to which the Communist-dominated Partisan movement sought to appeal to non-communists, including Catholics, to join them in ousting the occupier. As such, this policy meant downplaying the Communists' revolutionary programme, which they never actually gave up. The thesis examines in detail the application of the popular front policy among the Catholic Croats of Croatia and Bosnia, and among the Slovenes. It describes how the Communists avoided actions or pronouncements that would have offended the Church, attempted to have cordial relations with the Church hierarchy and encouraged the active participation of Catholic clergy and prominent lay people in the movement. The prime purpose of this was to reassure the Catholic population that they had nothing to fear from a Communist takeover. However, the hostility between the two sides was not overcome, as revealed in the violence of the Communists towards many of the clergy during the period immediately before and after their takeover. Following this, the Communists' implementation of their revolutionary programme brought them into direct conflict with the interests of the Church, especially in their curtailing of the role of the Church in education and in their confiscation of Church property. Relations quickly degenerated into open confrontation, as the Church could not accept the limited role in society which the Communists were prepared to grant it.
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KLINGER, William. « Negotiating the nation : Fiume, from autonomism to state making (1848-1924) ». Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10434.
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Defence date: 23 November 2007Examining Board: Prof. Raffaele Romanelli, La Sapienza University, Rome ; Prof. Marina Cattaruzza, University of Bern ; Prof. Drago Roksandić, University of Zagred ; Prof. Heinz Gerhard Haupt, EUI-HEC
This thesis is made available in Open Access in October 2018 as requested and wanted by the family of the author who tragically was killed on 31 January 2015. It is his family’s desire that the author’s research is open and available to all.
no abstract available
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VELIZ, Fernando. « Nationalism and the International Order : re-interpreting the politics of banal Croatia, 1908-1918 ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14510.
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Defence date: 25 March 2010Examining Board: Hannes Grandits (University of Graz) (external Co-Supervisor); James Hughes (LSE); Michael Keating (Supervisor); Friedrich V. Kratochwil (EUI).
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The subject of this thesis is the fundamental alteration of state allegiance, political claims and their respective legitimating arguments by political elites in Banal Croatia during the last ten years of the Habsburg Monarchy. The thesis has sought to make a contribution to the study of nationalism by conceptualising nationalist claims as an event that occurs within a specific temporal and geographical framework rather than as essential propositions derived from a static nationalist ideology. The analytical approach suggested by the thesis attempts to move beyond the main paradigmatic debates of the literature of nationalism studies by conducting a theoretically informed historical analysis that seeks to contextualise local events within the wider framework of the international order. The argument has been developed by following a chronological narrative that incorporates a comparative analysis of the main political parties and actors in the Croatian parliament between 1908 and 1918. The gradual erosion of allegiance to the Monarchy was a long and protracted process that saw the gradual abandonment of the concept of Croatian state right for the principle of ethno-national self-determination. But the main objectives of all variants of Croatian nationalism remained the reform of the constitutional arrangements in Austria-Hungary until almost the very end of its existence. It was only with the realisation that the Monarchy would cease to exist that the decision to accept unification with Serbia became an acceptable option. By showing how contingency and external events shape the preferences, claims and arguments of local elites, the argument hopes to highlight the need to focus on case studies that include the international dimension as an integral component of the field of nationalism studies. From a historiographical point of view, the emphasis on the lack of inevitability of outcomes hopes that this analysis will sit uncomfortably with the grand narratives that have emerged about the creation of the first Yugoslavia, be it those who see as inevitable and those who see it as inherently bound to fail from the outset.
Livres sur le sujet "Rijeka (Croatia) – History – 20th century"
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Daina, Baumann-Glavočić, et Moderna Galerija (Rijeka Croatia), dir. Arhitektura secesije u Rijeci : Arhitektura i urbanizam početka 20. stoljeća 1900.-1925. : Moderna galerija Rijeka 11.12.1997-28.02.1998 = [Secessional architecture in Rijeka] : architecture and town planning at the beginning of the 20th century 1900-1925 : Museum of Modern Art 11.12.1997-28.02.1998. Rijeka : Museum of Modern Art, 1997.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Rijeka (Croatia) – History – 20th century"
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Miloradović, Goran. « USTASHA IDEOLOGY IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT IN THE 20TH CENTURY : AN ATTEMPT AT A TYPOLOGY OF MODERN DICTATORSHIPS AND EXTREME IDEOLOGIES ». Dans REPEATING HISTORY 1941-1991 ? TWO BREAK-UPS OF YUGOSLAVIA AS REPEATED HISTORY ? SERBIAN PERSPECTIVES, 193–212. Institut za savremenu istoriju, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362/2589.mil.193-212.
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The aim of this article is to classify modern European dictatorship and extreme ideologies according to their relations with the opposition: historicism – utopianism, which is equivalent to the political right-left wing axis. The Right encompasses ideologies and dictatorships based on historicism as a view of the world. Thеse are military-authoritarian and fascist regimes, commonly known as authoritarianism. The Left are ideologies and dictatorships based on utopianism as a view of the world. These are Stalinist and Nazi regimes commonly known as totalitarianism. Ustasha ideology is characterized as autochthonism and eclecticism. Numerous ideas, as those of racism and chauvinism, the Ustasha imported form Croatian political tradition, mainly from Antun Ante Starčević and his followers. During its existence between 1941 and 1945, Ustasha Croatia persecuted and exterminated Serbs, Jews, and Roma. The Yugoslav territories experienced all forms of modern dictatorship: military-authoritarian (1929-1935), National-socialist/Nazi (1941-1945), Ustasha or Clero-Nazi (1941-1945), Fascist (1941-1943), and Communist (1945-1990). This experience is unique in Europe.
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Vulelija, Ana. « Feministički i spisateljski angažman Adele Milčinović na početku 20. stoljeća ». Dans Periferno u hrvatskoj književnosti i kulturi / Peryferie w chorwackiej literaturze i kulturze, 408–31. University of Silesia Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pn.4028.25.
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Adela Milčinović, a Croatian writer with European and American address, a tireless worker in the struggle for women and children’s rights in Croatia in the first decades of the 20th century, is rarely mentioned in the history of Croatian literature as a self-employed writer, and more often just as the wife of the Croatian writer Andrew Milčinović and a coauthor of a collection of short stories entitled Pod branom (1903). In addition to her writing engagement, especially ignored and unexplored remains her feminist engagement in the time when Croatian female writers were not seriously understood in their intentions and contribution to the modern literature, being placed in its periphery, which can be perceived from the description of “Domaće ognjište,” a magazine in which women writers appeared with their first contributions, as the work of “mostly gentle hearts” (Matoš, 1976: 40). This paper presents Milčinović’s remarkable feminist engagement, reflected in the texts she wrote, which are mostly reviews of the negative critiques of the Croatian writers on “female” writing in Croatia at the turn of the century and in the first decades of the 20th century. Furthermore, we have raised the question whether the feminist engagement of the writer influenced her narrower writing interest, which will be researched by answering the question to what extent Milčinović’s female characters could be a reflection of the time the writer belonged to, which saw the major changes in Croatia both in literary and social terms.
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Prijatelj Pavičić, Ivana. « Utjecaj interpretacija pojma periferijske umjetnosti Ljube Karamana i Miroslava Krleže na dalmatinsku povijesti umjetnosti ». Dans Periferno u hrvatskom jeziku, kulturi i društvu / Peryferie w języku chorwackim, kulturze i społeczeństwie, 498–510. University of Silesia Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pn.4038.29.
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Although the so-called „Vienna school“ practised an universalist approach to history of arts, their prominent acters like Alois Riegel and Max Dvořák influenced the nationalist ideas among the Central European art historians in the interwar period. An evident example of such an influence is Croatian art historian Ljubo Karaman (1886‒1971) ‒ a Vienna student who studied the art relations between center and periphery from early 1930s on. His thoughts on this topic were collected in his 1963 book Problemi periferijske umjetnosti. O djelovanju domaće sredine u umjetnosti hrvatskih krajeva (Problems of Peripheral Art. On Influence of Local Surrounding on the Art of the Croatian Areas). Colonial character of the Karaman’s definition of the center/periphery relation is clear in his notion that the dissemination and assimilation of the artistic styles is always one-way: from developed center to the province. His definition of „peripheral art“ appeared as a reaction to the works of famous „Vienna school“ scholars from early 20th century (particularly Polish-Austrian art historian Strzygowski). It is based on the idea of external, political and artistic influences in Dalmatia as external forces of artistic exchange. A prominent writer and encyclopaedist Miroslav Krleža turned upside-down the idea of the artistic transfer from the advanced West toward underdeveloped East/Balkans as a periphery at the edge of civilisation. In his discussion on the Second Congress of writers in Zagreb he promoted the idea of the periphery as a true center. During 1950s, Krleža strongly influenced the formation of a new cultural paradigm, and forging of the new scientific paradigm within art history in Croatia. In her paper, the author explores how texts of the Croatian art-history scholars regarding ancient Dalmatian art were influenced by Karaman’s and Krleža’s ideas and concepts on peripheral, provincial, and border-line art.