Thèses : « Right to conscientious objection »

1

Caltekin, Demet Asli. « A socio-legal analysis of the right to conscientious objection in Turkey ». Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12471/.

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Arguably, existing literature has hitherto offered no socio-legal analysis of conscientious objection in the context of Turkey. Most studies have focused either on the legal or on the sociological aspects of conscientious objection. As such, the impacts of social norms on the legal process remain largely neglected. This research, therefore, offers a socio-legal analysis of conscientious objection, with a particular focus on the domestic law’s compatibility with international standards and the impacts of militarism on society. It takes interviews as a method to explore the cultural tools maintaining the compulsory military service. The findings of the research illustrate that the military’s influence is the product of Turkey’s specific cultural, social, and political structures.

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2

Hammer, Leonard Michael. « The international human right to freedom of conscience : an approach to its application and development ». Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265053.

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3

Karaman, Haydar. « The right to conscientious objection to military service in Turkey : challenging state hegemony ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/73203/.

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4

Yiannaros, Andreas C. « Conscientious objection to military service : legal standards and practice within the Council of Europe ». Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/326037.

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The protection of the emerging right of conscientious objection to military service is one of the most challenging questions in international human rights law. The primary objective of this doctoral thesis is to clearly identify the minimum international legal standards on the phenomenon of conscientious objection to military service as emerging from the jurisprudence of international human rights bodies. Furthermore, this study aims to explore and assess how the Member States of the Council of Europe are effectively implementing these standards within their domestic laws and practice. The implementation of legal standards on conscientious objection in the Council of Europe varies considerably between the 47 Member States of the organisation due to a rapidly transforming sociopolitical landscape that affects the speed in which legislative and procedural amendments take place. Some of the themes explored throughout this thesis include: the legal contours of the right to conscientious objection to military service, including the grounds legally accepted to justify a conscientious objection; procedural guarantees with regard to the application process to be granted conscientious objectors status; the provision of accurate information to members of the public affected by mandatory military service and the extension of these principles to professional members of the armed forces. The thesis is structured as a thematic presentation of applicable international human rights standards and State practice and explores common issues, best practices and future challenges between the Member States of the organisation. The study does not merely aspire to describe the present situation in the Council of Europe, but rather aims to contribute to academic know ledge by proposing the development of a more coherent framework of legal and procedural obligations, based on the need to review and adapt national legislation in accordance to indicators and benchmarks derived from the Council's standard-setting policies.

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5

Chiwandire, Desire. « Conscientious objection and South African medical practitioners' constructions of termination of pregnancy and emergency contraception ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017863.

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Aim: The 1996 Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act decriminalized abortion in South Africa and the South African Medicines Control Council in 2000 approved the dispensing of emergency contraceptive methods by pharmacists to women without a doctor's prescription. This legislation has been hailed as among the most progressive in the world with respect to women's reproductive justice. However the realisation of these rights in practice has not always met expectations in part due to medical practitioners' ethical objections to termination of pregnancy and the provision of related services. The aim of this study was to interpret the varying ways in which medical practitioners frame termination of pregnancy and emergency contraceptive services, their own professional identities and that of their patients/clients. Methods: Sample of 58 doctors and 59 pharmacists drawn from all nine provinces of South Africa. Data collected using an anonymous confidential internet-based self-administered questionnaire. Participants were randomly recruited from online listings of South African doctors and pharmacists practicing in both private and public sectors. Data were analysed using theoretically derived qualitative content analysis. Results: Participants drew on eight frames to justify their willingness or unwillingness to provide termination-of-pregnancy related services: the foetal life frame, the women's rights frame, the balancing frame, the social justice frame, the do no harm frame, the legal and professional obligation frame, the consequences frame and the moral absolutist frame. Conclusion: Health professionals' willingness or unwillingness to provide termination of pregnancy related services is highly dependent on how they frame or understand termination of pregnancy, and how they understand their own professional identities and those of their patients/clients.

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6

SAPORITI, MICHELE. « La coscienza disubbidiente : ragioni, tutele e limiti ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/42834.

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This study follows four main guide lines: a reconstruction of the moral idea of conscience and its juridical protection, through the liberty of conscience and the conscientious objection as legal rights; an overview on the relations between conscientious objection, civil disobedience and right of resistance,focusing on the political interpretations of conscientious objection given by Anna Harendt, John Rawls and Joseph Raz; a general theory of the right of conscientious objection, meant to give its structure, logic and limits of application; a detailed analysis of conscientious objection in the Italian juridical context (voluntary interruption of pregnancy, medically assisted procreation and animal experimentation) and a dialectic approach to the new possible requests of objection.

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7

Medina, Castellano Carmen Delia. « Objeción de conciencia sanitaria en España : naturaleza y ejercicio ». Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116657.

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Health conscientious objection in Spain: nature and exerciseConscientious objection is conceived as the infringement of a legal duty, peacefully and morally motivated, which aims to safeguard the own moral integrity against a heteronomous imperative judged as unfair. Generally, there is social agreement concerning some justice principles that generate group-shared laws. However, there can be disagreement among some of the members of the group, which can lead them to decide to break the law. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the social and juridical legitimacy of an individual’s moral obligation to disobey a rule that is incompatible with his or her personal options, in order to assert that faculty and base it on the existence of a conscientious objection right. Also, it seeks to point out the existing difficulties in Spain to exercise the conscientious objection within the healthcare sector.
La objeción de conciencia se concibe como el incumplimiento de un deber jurídico, pacífica y moralmente motivado, que procura salvaguardar la propia integridad moral frente a un imperativo heterónomo que se juzga injusto. En general, existe acuerdo social en torno a unos principios de justicia que generan normas compartidas por el grupo. Sin embargo, pueden existir discrepancias entre algunos de los miembros del mismo, que los lleven a optar por la desobediencia a la norma. En este trabajo se pretende reflexionar acerca de la legitimidad social y jurídica de la obligación moral de un individuo de desobedecer o incumplir una norma jurídica incompatible con sus opciones personales, con el objetivo de afirmar dicha facultad y fundamentarla en la existencia de un derecho a la objeción de conciencia. También se quiere poner de manifiesto las dificultades que encuentra en España el ejercicio de la objeción de conciencia en el contexto sanitario.

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8

Nabaneh, Satang. « Power dynamics in the provision of legal abortion : a feminist perspective on nurses and conscientious objection in South Africa ». Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75043.

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Though hailed as one of the most exemplary laws on abortion, the 1996 Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act of South Africa does not directly address conscientious objection. The consequences of such a gap serve as an obstacle to the efficacy of a liberal abortion law in practice. Where there are no clear laws or guidelines, the environment is conducive for healthcare providers acting within their ‘own’ interpretation of the law. This thesis centres around nurses as the largest single group of health care providers in South Africa. Within this context, it explores the factors that shape how and why nurses exercise conscientious objection to the provision of abortion services. Understanding providers’ practices of power in the exercise of conscientious objection requires attention at the intersection between gender hierarchies and power arrangements. The thesis further examines the conditions and challenges of nurses’ contemporary role in abortion service provision. It focuses on the structural conditions in which abortion - providing nurses perform their abortion services. The research conducted in this thesis provides an original contribution by employing feminist socio-legal methodologies to identify the complex and interwoven legal, political, and socio-cultural contexts. I utilised doctrinal and empirical research methods to draw conclusions of how we think about conscientious objection. Through in-depth interviews with nurses and information gathered from government officials, academics and members of civil society such as women’s rights organizations and litigators, this thesis determines a number on strategies to improve the transformative potential of sexual and reproductive health and rights of women and girls. Keywords: abortion, conscientious objection, South Africa, nurses, African feminism
Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Centre for Human Rights
LLD
Unrestricted

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9

Sapmaz, Semih. « Conscientious Objection : A Contestation Of Citizenship In Turkey ». Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615145/index.pdf.

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This thesis discusses the politics of conscientious objection in Turkey within a framework of citizenship. In this study citizenship is identified with being political and conceived as a process comprised of acts and practices. According to this conception, while practices reproduce the discourse of citizenship in a given context, acts are the deeds that challenge this discourse. Conscription, within this framework, is defined as a citizenship practice which re/produces the militaristic, nationalistic and gendered content of the Turkish citizenship. Conscientious objection is approached as an act of citizenship that contests and challenges the established citizenship regime in the country. This challenge and contestation is presented through the interviews with the conscientious objectors and activists as well as a review of the already published material by and on them. Conscientious objection challenges the citizenship regime in Turkey on three inter-related grounds: 1. It challenges and exposes the militaristic content of the discourse of citizenship in Turkey. 2. It challenges the political content of &lsquo
Turkishness&rsquo
&ndash
that is the nationalistic content of Turkish citizenship- with particular reference to Kurdish issue
and 3. It challenges the prevailing gender roles and the values of hegemonic masculinity in Turkey.

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10

Lunt, Dennis. « The Strains of Conscience : Justifying Civil Disobedience and Conscientious Objection ». OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1131.

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Despite its ubiquity in debate over the justifiability of civil disobedience and conscientious objection, “conscience” remains an opaque concept. The attempt to define and employ it properly is not a purely academic exercise. The political language and behavior we associate with conscientiousness are empty to the point of being vulnerable to co-option by manifestly non-conscientious, violent, and reactionary movements. My argument is that the ease with which political actors adopt the language of conscience is due, not poor public understanding of the concept of “conscience,” but to the concept itself. In modern philosophical interpretations of conscience, such as that of Martin Luther and John Locke, the conscience is reified as a moral faculty or interior conversation of the individual. This is a departure from classical views of conscientiousness (for instance, Augustine’s), which emphasize the shared, fragile and habitual nature of conscience. Once “conscientiousness” is reified as “conscience,” it becomes difficult to characterize, except in negative terms, as an inner space free from tradition and force. My thesis is that the co-option of the language of conscience stems, in part, from the empty and conflicted characterization of philosophy in modern contract theory. One example of this conflicted characterization of conscience is the abortive project of distinguishing civil disobedience and conscientious objection. In law, politics, and philosophy, it is difficult to offer sound reasons for distinguishing these latter categories, despite frequent attempts to do so. The attempt fails on conceptual as well as practical grounds. I criticize two prominent treatments of civil disobedience and conscientious objection in evidence of this claim (John Rawls and Michael Walzer). When it comes to the language of conscience, modern American culture has committed the philosophic fallacy (John Dewey). We have substituted the clear divisions and images created by conscientious movements for the process that created them. I argue that “conscience” is best seen as a quality of healthy debate between adversaries—debates over problems so fundamental that they will be carried on in extra-legal and even illegal spheres. Conscience is a not a language that just any political actor can speak at will. It is a series of decisions that indicate to a public that we are not political enemies but political adversaries, seeking a political future together (Chantal Mouffe).

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11

Walsh, Anna. « The Legal Status of Prenatal Life in Australia ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14310.

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This thesis is a doctrinal analysis of the legislation and case law in Australia regulating destruction of the fetus in the contexts of third party crimes against the pregnant woman, abortion, and conscientious objection by doctors to participating in abortion. Its aim is to consider whether there is a consistent position in Australian law regarding the legal status of the fetus and when its destruction is lawful. This thesis examines the dichotomy present in the criminal law's characterisation of the pregnant woman and the fetus as one entity when the fetus is destroyed through an assault on the pregnant woman, and separate entities where the child is destroyed when it is capable of being born alive. It also considers the dichotomy present in negligence laws that have developed a maternal duty of care to the unborn, yet respects the competent pregnant woman's refusal of medical treatment where such refusal may cause indirect harm to the fetus. Finally, this thesis examines and critiques the regulation of abortion in Australia. In analysing abortion laws, this thesis highlights the disparate approach taken by each jurisdiction as to what factors are relevant to justifying abortion. It also examines when a doctor is obliged to participate in abortion, notwithstanding any conscientious objection, and considers what this says about the values embedded in these laws. Ethical relativism in the law is fundamental in a society where social practices require destruction of the fetus. This thesis concludes that in Australian law, the legal status of the fetus is relative and subject to change depending on the context of its destruction, as well as factors intrinsic to it. Despite the apparent confusion in our laws regarding what the fetus is and when it is lawful to destroy it, all jurisdictions share a commitment to deny the fetus legal personhood and maintain its relative status so that laws can permit its destruction where the lawmaker sees fit.

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Col, Berna. « Understanding Conscientious Objection As Resistance : Theories Of Self In Stirner And Foucault ». Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613837/index.pdf.

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The main objective of this thesis is to examine conscientious objection to military service as a case of resistance to modern power in relation with the possibilities of &ldquo
self&rdquo
. In this context, Max Stirner&rsquo
s theory of &ldquo
ego&rdquo
and Michel Foucault&rsquo
s conceptualisations of modern power and modern subject are critically analyzed. In accordance with the relation between conscientious objection and the possibilities of self, Foucault&rsquo
s theories of &ldquo
power over life&rdquo
and &ldquo
ethics of care of self&rdquo
are discussed by examining disciplinary power and bio-power in relation with militarized society characterized by universal male conscription. On the other hand, Stirner&rsquo
s theory of &ldquo
the union of egoists&rdquo
and his conceptualization of &ldquo
Ownness&rdquo
is employed in order to investigate the possibilities of constituting an autonomous self. This study reveals that the act of conscientious objection overlaps objector&rsquo
s endeavour of creating an autonomous self. It is argued that following Stirnerian and Foucauldian conceptualisations of &ldquo
self&rdquo
, the objector, by refusing external power over his/her will in militarized society, indeed, engages in a struggle to constitute his/her own definition of self and his/her way of life.

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Cinar, Ozgur Heval. « International standards on conscientious objection to military service and Turkey's resulting obligations ». Thesis, University of Essex, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573066.

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Armies require obedient soldiers. However, throughout history there have been those who, for a variety of reasons, have refused to take part in war or to perform military service. The most direct way of objecting to serving a military function is through conscientious objection to the performance of military service. This objection is usually based on principles or reasons of conscience, including profound convictions arising from religious, ethical, moral, philosophical, humanitarian or similar motives. The right to conscientious objection to military service is nowadays recognised by most international mechanisms as the legitimate expression of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. At the European level, there is equally now a consensus on the right to conscientious objection as exemplified in the case of Bayatyan v. Armenia. In the Republic of Turkey conscientious objection to military service is nevertheless still a highly controversial issue. Turkey does not recognise the right to conscientious objection to military service, and it does not provide alternative civilian service. Based on a thorough analysis of international and regional human rights law, this thesis will demonstrate that Turkey is in violation of its international obligations on the issue of conscientious objection to military service, in particular following the Bayatyan, Ercep and Fethi Demirtas judgments from the European Court of Human Rights - the last two judgements directly addressing Turkey. Indeed, as a European x Union accession candidate, the Republic of Turkey must make some expeditious changes in its legal system in order to recognise such a right. This thesis aims to identify where Turkey falls short of its obligations under international human rights law and to show what changes in Turkish law should be made for Turkey to be in compliance with these obligations.

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14

Bornschein, Peter. « Right-Libertarianism and the Destitution Objection ». Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1462900713.

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15

Walsh, Aileen. « 'Futile' orders and morally distressed nurses : professionally sanctioned conscientious objection is not the solution ». Thesis, Keele University, 2012. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/3848/.

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There are differing views on the exact nature of moral distress in nursing, but essentially, most empirical work indicates that it is the nurse’s inability to do the right thing because she feels impeded from doing so, due to constraints such as organisational structures or lack of authority in medical decision making. This thesis will begin with a philosophical analysis of the meaning of moral distress. It will be argued that it is a poorly defined concept but that even so, the emotional and rational challenges that it brings to the nurse, are valid and worthy of more exploration. It will be argued that moral distress is more or less synonymous with ‘troubled conscience’. Thereafter Catlin et al’s (2008) claim that the nursing profession ought to sanction conscientious objection to doctors’ orders when nurses are morally distressed by perceived futile care will be examined. I will oppose this position, and argue that instead, nurses can limit their sense of responsibility for actions performed on the behalf of doctors. To defend my position will require the construction of arguments based on current legal and professional practice and philosophical concepts such as erroneous conscience, moral luck and the ethics of care. In seeking to defend my alternate view of how the nursing profession ought to behave under such circumstances, I will propose a new resolution to moral distress. This will involve ethical reasoning that includes consequetialist justifications within the paradigm of the ethics of care. It will also involve addressing the emotional and spiritual challenges of nursing care, which I will argue have so far not been recognised as significant components of moral distress. Catlin A, Volat D, Hadley M., Bassir R., Armigo C., Valle E., Gong W. and Anderson K. (2008) Conscientious Objection: A Potential Neonatal Nursing Response to Care Orders That Cause Suffering at the End of Life? Study of a Concept. Research in Nursing 27 (2) p. 101 – 108.

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16

Jones-Nosacek, Cynthia. « The Harms of the Cleansing of Conscience Objection on the Practice of Medicine ». The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu160674338681952.

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17

Robertson, Caitlin, et Caitlin Robertson. « Freedom of Conscience v. Required Taxation : Exploring the Conflict Transformation Agency of the Religious Freedom Peace Tax Fund Act ». Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12558.

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Refusing to participate in war does not only mean refusing to serve in the military. For many conscientious objectors, it means refusing to pay taxes that directly support the military industrial complex. Conscientious tax objectors risk many punishments by withholding tax money that supports war. Politico-social conflicts exist between a citizen's legal obligation to pay taxes and the personal obligation to her/his moral beliefs. My research suggests that the Religious Freedom Peace Tax Fund Act (RFPTFA) may be one transformative agent for this conflict. Through examination of relevant case law, statutes, conflict transformation literature, and interviews with conscientious tax objectors, my investigation concludes that members of the conscientious tax objector movement disagree on the merits of RFPTFA. My research suggests that until these various intermovement factions enter into consensus-building dialogue, conscientious tax objection will remain a mere symbolic method of pacifism rather than a powerful tool in the art of peacebuilding.

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18

Preston, Jenna. « Religiously discordant, legally consistent, and ethically ambiguous : The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario's approach to conscientious objection ». Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95003.

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The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO) recently published its revised policy, Physicians and the Ontario Human Rights Code, which establishes professional guidelines pertaining to conscientious objection. Insofar as it compels complicit action on the part of objecting physicians, the policy has engendered controversy within religious, legal and bioethical communities in Canada. To provide insight into this debate, my dissertation examines the CPSO's guidelines through the lenses of Roman Catholicism, Canadian law and the ethical framework of principlism. Whereas analysis reveals tension between the CPSO's position and the Roman Catholic doctrines on conscience and cooperation in evil, general consistency exists between the policy statement and the treatment of conscience and religion within Canadian jurisprudence. Through the lens of principlism, consistency between the policy statement and the principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence and justice is punctured by ambiguity between the CPSO's position and the principle of nonmaleficence, as well as conflict between the guidelines and respect for physician autonomy.
Le «College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario» (CPSO) a récemment publié une version révisée de la politique Physicians and the Ontario Human Rights Code, qui établit les lignes directrices professionnelles portant sur l'objection de conscience. Dans la mesure où elle exige une action de la part des médecins, la politique a engendré une controverse à travers les communautés religieuses, légales et bioéthiques canadiennes. Afin de donner un aperçu de ce débat, ma dissertation examine les lignes directrices du CPSO selon les perspectives du Catholicisme Romain, de la loi Canadienne et du cadre éthique principisme. Bien que certaines analyses révèlent des tensions entre la position du CPSO et la doctrine Catholique Romaine sur la conscience et la coopération en mal, il existe une cohérence générale entre la politique et le traitement de la conscience ainsi que de la religion dans la jurisprudence canadienne. Dans l'optique du principisme, la constance entre l'affirmation de la politique et les principes du respect de l'autonomie, de la bienfaisance et de la justice est ponctuée par une ambiguïté entre la position du CPSO et le principe de la non malfaisance, de même qu'un conflit entre les lignes directrices et le respect de l'autonomie des médecins.

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Ellefors, Sara. « Samvetsfrihet - en rätt till samvetsvägran ? En analyserande uppsats om samvetsfrihet, rätten att utöva den och möjligheten att begränsa den med hänvisning till aborträtten ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-158265.

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20

PAGOTTO, TANIA. « Un accomodamento sostenibile : l'interruzione di gravidanza in Italia, Spagna e Messico ». Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari, Venezia, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10281/397182.

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The doctoral thesis deepens, through comparative law, the topic of conscientious objection to interruption of pregnancy in Italy, Spain and Mexico (Mexico City). The legal theoretical framework lies at the crossroad between the need to maintain pluralism and conscientious objection and the need to guarantee access to a public service. The dissertation is divided into three main sections. The first section provides definitions and contextualizes freedom of conscience and conscientious objection within the constitutional traditions and the regional systems of protection of human rights (the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights). The second section faces conscientious objections in the field of interruption of pregnancy, describing the evolution of national laws, the jurisprudence and the most recent reforms. Therefore, it identifies the main problems related to the application of these laws, trying to explain the reasons of the social resistance and the still controversial nature. The third and last part describes the fragilities of the current accommodation system and proposes some corrections, in order to build a sustainable model of conscientious objection.

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21

Loveridge, Steven. « 'Soldiers and Shirkers' : An Analysis of the Dominant Ideas of Service and Conscientious Objection in New Zealand During the Great War ». The University of Waikato, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2762.

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During the First World War, ideas of duty and sacrifice were a dominant characteristic of public discourse in New Zealand. Specifically, concern centred on a perceived inequality of sacrifice, which saw brave soldiers die on the front lines, whilst other men remained on the home front, apparently avoiding duty. This thesis charts the prevailing and powerful ideas that circulated during wartime New Zealand around these two stereotypes; on the one hand there was the soldier, the ideal of service and duty; on the other, the conscientious objector, a target for the derogatory label of 'shirker'. While there are a few select critical works which examine the experiences of New Zealand World War One conscientious objectors, such We Will Not Cease (1939) and Armageddon or Calvary (1919), there is a near complete absence of studies which examine the home front and ask how conscientious objectors were perceived and consequently judged as they were. It is the contention of this thesis that ideas around the soldier and the 'shirker' were interrelated stereotypes and that both images emerged from the process of mass mobilisation; a highly organised war effort which was largely dependent for its success upon the cooperation of wider civilian society. In sum, the thesis examines and analyses the ideas within mainstream New Zealand society as they appeared in public sources (notably newspapers, cartoons and government publications), and in doing so, tracks how social mores and views towards duty, sacrifice and service were played out at a time of national and international crisis.

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22

Rouméas, Élise. « Une défense du compromis : pluralité religieuse et conflit politique ». Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0019.

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Cette thèse porte sur le rôle du compromis politique dans des conflits liés à la pluralité religieuse. Comment prendre une décision collective lorsque le désaccord touche aux convictions religieuses de certains groupes ? Le compromis est défini comme une procédure de prise de décision collective reposant sur des concessions réciproques. Nous en proposons une analyse conceptuelle ainsi qu’une défense de type procédural que nous illustrons par des cas précis de disputes mobilisant des acteurs religieux, en particulier les controverses françaises sur l’objection de conscience au service militaire et sur l’avortement. L’intérêt de réfléchir au compromis en relation avec la pluralité religieuse est l’antithèse supposée entre religion et compromis. Tandis que la politique est souvent décrite comme « l’art du compromis », le religieux est perçu comme le domaine de l’absolu et de l’intransigeance. Notre argument n’a pas pour objectif de confirmer cette assertion ou de l’infirmer : il ne s’agit pas de démontrer que les personnes religieuses sont plus ou moins conciliantes que leurs homologues séculiers. Nous soulignons, en revanche, la valeur procédurale du compromis notamment lors de disputes opposant des acteurs à religieux à une loi de l’État libéral et séculier. Si la politique est bien « l’art du compromis », elle ne se réduit pas au seul marchandage des intérêts. De même, si la religion touche au sacré et au non-négociable, la coexistence et la coopération dans une société plurielle ne se font pas sans concessions
This dissertation deals with the role of political compromise in conflicts stemming from religious diversity. How can a collective decision be made when disagreement affects the religious convictions of some groups? Compromise is defined as a decision-making procedure based on reciprocal concessions. I propose a conceptual analysis and a procedural defense of compromise which I illustrate with cases of disputes that have mobilized religious actors, especially the French controversies on conscientious objection to military service and on abortion. Reflecting on compromise in relation to religious diversity is interesting because of the putative antithesis between religion and compromise. While politics is often described as the “art of compromise,” religion is perceived as the realm of the absolute and the intransigent. My argument is not intended to confirm or to invalidate this assertion. I do not demonstrate that religious people are more or less conciliatory than their secular counterparts. I emphasize, however, the procedural value of compromise particularly in disputes opposing religious actors and the law of the liberal and secular state. If politics is “the art of compromise,” it can not be reduced to a mere bargaining of interests. Similarly, if religion touches the sacred and the non-negotiable, coexistence and cooperation in a plural society are not achieved without concessions

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23

Chauvin-Hameau, Paul. « L'obligation militaire sous l'Ancien Régime ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS364.

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Sous l’Ancien Régime, l’armée française était, en principe, composée de troupes professionnelles recrutées sur le mode du volontariat. Son recrutement était par ailleurs complété par différentes formes d’obligations militaires comme le ban, le guet et garde ou encore la milice provinciale. Les aspects techniques de ces institutions, leurs origines, leur évolution ou encore leur ampleur, sont connues. Il n’en va pas de même des fondements et des limites de l’exercice du pouvoir de contrainte qu’elles supposent. Il existe certes des études classiques sur l’histoire de la conscription, du pro patria mori ou de l’obligation to die for the state. Mais leurs conclusions sont contradictoires, elles négligent la doctrine et la législation d’Ancien Régime, et leur perspective n’embrasse qu’une partie des conditions de légitimité d’une obligation qui impose aux sujets de risquer leur vie et de tuer. L’objet du présent travail est donc d’offrir un exposé des justifications avancées en faveur ou contre l’obligation militaire, et d’identifier les débats auxquels celle-ci a donné lieu entre le XVIe et le XVIIIe siècle. Pour éclairer et ordonner le syncrétisme des préambules de la législation royale et déceler les obstacles que permettent de surmonter les arguments, il a paru nécessaire de calquer le plan de la thèse sur l’ordre du traitement de l’obligation militaire dans les ouvrages doctrinaux. Or, ceux-ci abordent l’obligation militaire sous trois angles complémentaires, trois séries de conditions cumulatives correspondant aux trois appartenances qui définissent l’état des personnes : citoyens membres du corps politique ; chrétiens membres du corps mystique de l’Église ; hommes intégrés dans un ordre et considérés dans leur individualité. À ces trois séries de personnes correspondent alors trois séries de biens : le bien commun de l’État, le bien divin, commun lui aussi, et le bien propre des individus. Ces trois biens correspondent aux conditions classiques de la légitimité des lois qui, dans la doctrine thomiste, sont orientées vers le bien commun, doivent respecter la loi divine et être justement réparties. Ces séries de considérations permettent de structurer la thèse en trois parties. Deux enseignements peuvent être tirés du tableau des conditions de légitimité de l’obligation militaire sous l’Ancien Régime. En premier lieu, il révèle un besoin constant de légitimation d’un devoir mortel. Tout absolu qu’il était, le roi de France ne pouvait exiger ad nutum l’obligation militaire. Il lui fallait, au moins, avancer une argumentation et, au mieux, respecter certaines conditions. En second lieu, l’histoire des justifications de l’obligation militaire sous l’Ancien Régime est celle de la progression du bien commun qui permet de repousser les limites traditionnelles qui encadrent le pouvoir royal. Cette évolution n’est pas sans susciter des critiques de la doctrine qui, d’une certaine façon, cherche à protéger l’individu
Under the Ancien Régime, the French army was, in principle, composed of professional troops recruited on a voluntary basis. In addition, recruitment included various forms of military obligation, such as the arrière-ban, the watch and guard or the territorial militia. The technical aspects of those institutions are well known, as are their origins, their evolutions, and their scope. But the underlying foundations and limitations of the enforcement powers implied by them are not. There have been classic accounts of the history of conscription, pro patria mori, or the obligation to die for the state. But their conclusions are contradictory; they overlook the doctrine and legislation of the Ancien Régime, and they embrace but a fraction of the conditions governing the legitimacy of the obligation for subjects to risk their lives and kill. The subject of this present work is to offer an account of the justifications put forward in favor or against military obligation, and to identify the debates it has generated between the 16th and the 18th century. In order to clarify and organise the syncretism of the preambles of the royal legislation and detect the challenges that allows to overcome the arguments, it was deemed necessary to model the thesis plan on the treatment order of the military obligation in doctrinal publications. They address that topic from three complementary perspectives, with three sets of cumulative conditions corresponding to three affiliations that define a person’s status: citizen, who are members of the body politic; Christians, who are members of the mystical body of the Church; men members of an order or considered in their individuality. Three series of goods correspond to those three types: the common good of the State, the divine good, common as well, and the individual good. Those three goods correspond to the classical conditions of the law’s legitimacy that, in Thomistic doctrine, are aimed at the common good, must abide by the divine law and be justly distributed. These sets of considerations help to structure the thesis in three parts. Two conclusions can be drawn from the overview of the conditions for the legitimacy of military obligation under the Ancien Régime. Firstly, it shows a constant need of legitimation of a deadly duty. As absolute as he was, the King of France could not demand ad nutum military obligation. He needed to, at least, put forward an argument and, at best, respect certain conditions. Secondly, the history of the justifications for military obligation under the Ancien Régime is that of a progress of the common good, which led to push back the traditional limitations to the royal power. This evolution is not without instigating criticism of the doctrine that, in a certain way, seeks to protect the individual

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Elmdahl, Johanna. « Samvetsfrihet : En studie om vårdpersonals rättigheter till och upplevelser av samvetsfrihet vid abortverksamhet i Sverige och Norge ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-42697.

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The right to freedom of conscience is protected by international conventions and declarations of human rights that have been ratified by Sweden. Nationally, the issue of health professionals’ right to freedom of conscience in the abortion care is not resolved by public inquiry. This has led to that Sweden has been notified to the European Committee of Social Rights on the grounds that the country is considered to be violating the Council of Europe Resolution 1763 and that the proper question to be determined by regulations of the interests that are balanced, based on their legal value in relation to each other. Freedoms, rights and obligations conflict with each other. In Norway the health professionals are legally entitled to abstain from performing and assisting abortion, which the employer is obliged to consider in organizing its activities. In light of the countries different regulations but similar legal traditions, the study includes an empirical comparison of health care employees experiences of conscience in the context of the abortion care. How the Swedish law relates to the legal ruling and normative rules of conscience and whether a right to conscientious objection can be derived from case law, is examined in the study. The legal investigation shows that Sweden does not recognize and guarantee freedom of conscience in the abortion care. The fact that career choices are based on voluntariness speaks in the essay against a right to conscientious objection. This is proved by the ECHR and the European Commission's general view that the manifestations attributable to belief or religion can not be considered a subject to discrimination, if the situation includes possible obstacles to religious practice can be traced to volunteerism. The essays empirical comparison is displaying what the complexity of freedom of conscience means in abortion activities organized by different legal systems. The informantsworking inSwedenfear thataconscience clauseshalllimit women’s rightto abortionandthat health professionalsshould not havean equivalentapproach tothe patients.Furthermore they fearedproblemsrelated toorganization andwork environment.The informantsworking in Norwayhave experiencedproblemsthrough conflictsbetween health professionalsrelated toreservationright.
Rätten till samvetsfrihet skyddas av internationella konventioner och deklarationer om mänskliga rättigheter som Sverige har ratificerat. Nationellt har frågan om vårdpersonals rätt till samvetsfrihet inom abortvård dock inte bemötts genom offentlig utredning. Detta har föranlett att Sverige anmälts till Europeiska kommittén för sociala rättigheter på grund av att landet betraktas bryta mot Europarådets resolution 1763 samt att rättsfrågan får bedömas utifrån reglering av de intressen som avvägs, utifrån bestämmelsernas rättsliga värde i förhållande till varandra. Friheter, rättigheter och skyldigheter står emot varandra. I Norge ges vårdpersonal lagenlig rätt att reservera sig från att utföra och assistera abortingrepp, vilket arbetsgivaren är skyldig att beakta vid organisering av verksamheten. Mot bakgrund av ländernas skilda reglering men liknande rättstraditioner görs en empirisk komparation av arbetstagares upplevelser av samvetsfrihet inom ramen för abortvård. Vidare bemöts hur svensk rätt förhåller sig till rättsligt styrande och normerande bestämmelser av samvetsfrihet och huruvida en rätt till samvetsvägran kan härledas ur rättspraxis. Av rättsutredningen framgår att Sverige inte erkänner och garanterar samvetsfrihet inom abortvård. Att yrkesval bygger på frivillighet bemöts i uppsatsen emotsäga en rätt till samvetsvägran. Detta styrkes av Europadomstolens och Europeiska kommissionens generella åsikt om att manifestation hänförlig till övertygelse eller religion inte kan anses vara föremål för diskriminering om situationen som inkluderar möjliga hinder för religionsutövning kan härledas till frivillighet. Uppsatsens empiriska komparation visar på den komplexitet som samvetsfrihet innebär inom abortverksamheter styrda av skilda rättsordningar. Informanterna som arbetar i Sverige befarar att en samvetsklausul ska inskränka kvinnors rätt till abort och att vårdpersonalen inte ska ha ett likvärdigt förhållningssätt till patienterna. Vidare befaras problematik hänförlig till organisering och arbetsmiljö. Informanterna som arbetar i Norge har upplevt problematik genom konflikter mellan vårdpersonal hänförlig till reservationsrätten.

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Conway, Daniel John. « Masculinity, citizenship and political objection to compulsory military service in the South African Defence Force, 1978-1990 ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008383.

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This thesis conceptualises compulsory military service and objection to it as public performative acts that generate gendered and political identity. Conscription was the primary performance of citizenship and masculinity for white men in apartheid South Africa. Conscription was also a key governance strategy both in terms of upholding the authority of the state and in engendering discipline in the white population. Objection to military service was therefore a destabilising and transgressive public act. Competing conceptualisations of masculinity and citizenship are inherent in pro and anti-conscription discourses. The refusal to undertake military service places men outside the accepted means of graduating to ' real' manhood and patriotic citizenship. Although objection can be an iconic and transgressive act, objectors have an essentially ambivalent subjectivity in the public realm. Objectors are 'strangers' in a socially constructed and gendered binary of 'insiders' and 'outsiders' . This ambivalent status creates opportunities but also constraints for the performance of objection. The thesis analyses the effectiveness of objectors' performances and argues that there is a distinction between a radical challenge to hegemonic conceptions of militarised masculinity and citizenship and assimilatory challenges. The tension between radicalism and assimilation comes to the fore in response to the state's attacks on objectors. The militarised apartheid state is defined as not only masculine but heteronormative terms and it is the deployment of sexuality that is its most effective means of stigmatising and restricting the performance of objection. The thesis uses interview material, archival data and case studies and concludes that objectors (and their supporters) weaved multiple narratives into their performances but that as the 1980s progressed, the performance of objection to conscription became assimilatory and this demonstrates the heteronormativity of the state, military service and the public realm.
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Flessati, Valerie. « PAX : the history of a Catholic peace society in Britain 1936-1971 ». Thesis, University of Bradford, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3801.

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In 1936 the founders of PAX aimed at 'resistance to modern warfare on grounds of traditional morality'. Believing that 'just war' criteria could no longer be met, they called themselves pacifists. Although most members were Roman Catholic Pax did not claim to be a 'Catholic society' because the RC Church at that time took an opposing view, particularly of conscientious objection. Church authorities attempted to censor Pax literature and instructed clergy to resign from the society. Pax supported conscientious objectors during the Second World War. When membership declined afterwards it continued to publish the Pax Bulletin and to provide a forum where Catholics could debate theological and practical questions of war and peace. By the 1960s Pax had gained some distinguished sponsors and a branch in the United States - support which enabled it to influence debate at the Second Vatican Council in 1965. The Council endorsed the right to conscientious objection. In 1971 Pax merged with Pax Christi, the international Catholic peace organisation which began in France in 1944/45. This is the first detailed historical study of the Roman Catholic element in the British peace movement. The story of Pax demonstrates the part that even a small pressure group can play in changing public opinion through patient work. Eventually, despite apathy and opposition, Pax helped bring the RC Church to a recognition of the right to conscientious objection and played a crucial role in the development of a more widespread peace movement within the Church

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Wells, Mark J. « Proselytizing a Disenchanted Religion to Medical Students : On why secularized yoga and mindfulness should not be required in medical education ». The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1494237188580218.

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Navarro, Casado Sílvia. « La objeción de conciencia en sanidad : contraprestación y registro de objetores ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672651.

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Este es un estudio sobre la objeción de conciencia sanitaria dividido en tres partes. La primera trata la situación actual de la regulación, de la cuestión, a nivel internacional, regional y estatal con especial mención al ámbito sanitario. Los países incluidos en el presente trabajo doctoral, comparten el inicio de la regulación de la objeción de conciencia, a nivel sanitario, por su ejercicio ante el aborto. Resulta interesante observar como España, Colombia, Uruguay y Argentina, resuelven de distinta manera la misma problemática y se encuentran en puntos diferentes, en el camino, hacia la legislación. El análisis español de la cuestión, destaca, gracias al Proyecto de Ley orgánica de Eutanasia y los protocolos de actuación a causa de la COVID19, muestra real de la constante evolución de la objeción de conciencia sanitaria. Pues sigue siendo ejercida por los profesionales y, presenta nuevos retos a medida que evoluciona la atención para con los pacientes. La segunda parte, expone las posturas deontológicas frente a la objeción de conciencia, nuevamente en el ámbito de la salud. Se analizan en este momento, recomendaciones de las Organizaciones Internacionales, Informes de los Comités de Bioética de Francia, España, Italia, Bélgica y Polonia a pronunciamientos específicos de los Colegios profesionales e información expresa por parte de asociaciones bioéticas, centros de investigación y sociedades científicas. Con ello, a causa de la poca regulación legal, se consigue un perfil normativo deontológico de la figura del objetor útil y necesario, para poder abordar el ejercicio de la cuestión desde su vertiente práctica. Por último, en la tercera parte presento un modelo propuesta, consistente en un plan de actuación para intentar resolver cuestiones conflictivas que suscita el ejercicio de la objeción de conciencia profesional en el ámbito de salud. En primer lugar, defiendo que la objeción de conciencia, supone una contraprestación. Entendida como la cesión del dato íntimo, tal como su condición de objetor, mediante una declaración escrita, voluntaria y entregada o bien a su superior jerárquico, o bien a su Colegio Profesional. Esta contraprestación, conecta inevitablemente con la creación de un Registro de objetores, que no tendrán como única función la captación del dato. Los Registros, tendrán como objetivo conseguir no sólo una gestión eficiente, eficaz y ágil de los recursos sanitarios, sino también la realización de informes estadísticos que permitan mantener informada a la población. Los Comités de Ética Asistencial tendrán un papel destacado en este modelo, en tónica con su función consultiva actual, actuando como mediadores eficaces y garantistas, capaces de comprender la postura de todas las partes implicadas, ante el ejercicio de la objeción de conciencia. Y, los Comités de Bioética, deberán realizar las mismas tareas, así como mantener la emisión de recomendaciones al respecto. Valorando, estudiando e informando de los resultados obtenidos en los informes sobre el ejercicio profesional de la objeción de conciencia en el nivel que corresponda.
Aquest és un estudi sobre l'objecció de consciència sanitària dividit en tres parts. La primera tracta la situació actual de la regulació, de la qüestió, a nivell internacional, regional i estatal amb especial esment a l'àmbit sanitari. Els països inclosos en el present treball doctoral, comparteixen l'inici de la regulació de l'objecció de consciència, a nivell sanitari, pel seu exercici davant l'avortament. Resulta interessant observar com Espanya, Colòmbia, l'Uruguai i l'Argentina, resolen de diferent manera la mateixa problemàtica i es troben en punts diferents, en el camí, cap a la legislació. L'anàlisi espanyola de la qüestió, destaca, gràcies al Projecte de Llei orgànica d'Eutanàsia i els protocols d'actuació a causa de la COVID19, mostra real de la constant evolució de l'objecció de consciència sanitària. Perquè continua sent exercida pels professionals i, presenta nous reptes a mesura que evoluciona l'atenció envers els pacients. La segona part, exposa les postures deontològiques enfront de l'objecció de consciència, novament en l'àmbit de la salut. S'analitzen en aquest moment, recomanacions de les Organitzacions Internacionals, Informes dels Comitès de Bioètica de França, Espanya, Itàlia Bèlgica i Polònia a pronunciaments específics dels Col·legis professionals i informació expressa per part d'associacions bioètiques, centres de recerca i societats científiques. Amb això, a causa de la poca regulació legal, s'aconsegueix un perfil normatiu deontològic de la figura de l'objector útil i necessari, per a poder abordar l'exercici de la qüestió des del seu vessant pràctic. Finalment, en la tercera part presento un model proposada consistent en un pla d'actuació per a intentar resoldre qüestions conflictives que suscita l'exercici de l'objecció de consciència professional en l'àmbit de salut. En primer lloc defenso que l'objecció de consciència, suposa una contraprestació. Entesa com la cessió de la dada íntima, tal com la seva condició d'objector, mitjançant una declaració escrita, voluntària i lliurada o bé al seu superior jeràrquic, o bé al seu Col·legi Professional. Aquesta contraprestació, connecta inevitablement amb la creació d'un Registre d'objectors, que no tindran com a única funció la captació de la dada. Els Registres, tindran com a objectiu aconseguir no sols una gestió eficient, eficaç i àgil dels recursos sanitaris, sinó també la realització d'informes estadístics que permetin mantenir informada a la població. Els Comitès d'Ètica Assistencial tindran un paper destacat en aquest model, en tònica amb la seva funció consultiva actual, actuant com a mediadors eficaços i garantistes, capaços de comprendre la postura de totes les parts implicades, davant l'exercici de l'objecció de consciència. I, els Comitès de Bioètica, hauran de fer les mateixes tasques, així com mantenir l'emissió de recomanacions sobre aquest tema. Valorant, estudiant i informant dels resultats obtinguts en els informes sobre l'exercici professional de l'objecció de consciència en el nivell que correspongui.
This thesis on conscientious objection in healthcare is divided into three parts. Part one analyses the current regulation of conscientious objection in healthcare in Spain, Colombia, Uruguay and Argentina. While the rules and regulations in all four countries adhere to the same principle and grant legal protection for conscientious objection to abortion, their implementation varies. Furthermore, the paper argues that since Spanish lawmakers passed the bill to allow Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide and the protocols for reverse triage in response to the Covid-19 pandemic new provisions should be made for healthcare professionals to conscientiously object. Part two of this paper discusses the ethical arguments for and against conscientious objection in healthcare. The expert reports on rights and medical ethics by the Bioethical Committees on conscientious objection in France, Spain, Italy, Belgium and Poland together with specific statements by colleges of physicians inform the discussion. With all this in mind, the aim is to provide a legal framework for the healthcare professional in the context of conscientious objection. Part three puts forward a proposal for an action plan to help solve potential conflictive situations when healthcare professionals opt out of certain procedures. First and foremost, the conscientious objection must be a consideration by which the medical practitioners should advertise in writing their conscientious objections, ahead of time, to their boss, college of physicians or a Conscientious Objection in Medicine Committee. This consideration should be registered in an online database of conscientious objectors that would be easily accessible to the public. This online database should ensure an effective and transparent human resources management of health care workers. In particular, I will argue that a Conscientious Objection in Medicine Committee —which includes representatives from the medical community and from other professions, as well as from the patient population— should assess conscientious objections in medicine in terms of public reason and decide which conscientious objections should be permitted. Furthermore, the Bioethical Committees on conscientious objection should do the same tasks and offer a number of suggestions and guidance after having reviewed the outcomes of the reports drawn up at the national, regional, or local levels.

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Krehbiel, Nicholas A. « Protector of conscience, proponent of service : General Lewis B. Hershey and alternative service during World War II ». Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1634.

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Gimenes, Nilson Roberto da Silva. « O direito de objeção de consciência às transfusões de sangue ». Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da UFBA, 2005. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10704.

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Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:21:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gimenes.pdf: 603287 bytes, checksum: a26239aabd1b1af3acf6fcc11d6305a6 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:21:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gimenes.pdf: 603287 bytes, checksum: a26239aabd1b1af3acf6fcc11d6305a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Este trabalho trata do direito de objeção de consciência às transfusões de sangue que é em geral manifestado pelas pessoas que são membros da religião das Testemunhas de Jeová e do desenvolvimento da liberdade religiosa. Explica as bases dessa doutrina religiosa e a sua historicidade também explana a história do direito à recusa de transfusões seus aspectos negativos e tratamentos alternativos disponíveis descreve os Serviços de Informação sobre Hospitais das Testemunhas de Jeová defende o direito fundamental de acesso a esses tratamentos e também a necessidade de mudanças no ensino da medicina. Sustenta a superioridade dos princípios constitucionais sobre quaisquer regras que venham a incidir sobre o tema especialmente o princípio da autonomia analisa os direitos do paciente adulto como o princípio do consentimento informado mesmo nos casos em que esse esteja em estado de inconsciência vez que o consentimento pode ser dado na forma escrita o direito de resistência do artigo quinze do Código Civil é objeto de discussão tendo em vista que recusar a transfusão de sangue não é suicídio por fim a situação do adolescente e da criança é analisada especialmente com respeito à teoria do menor amadurecido bem como a autonomia parental. O impacto emocional das transfusões de sangue que são impostas é um assunto sério e também é considerado. Foram consultadas fontes do direito nacional internacional e comparado, na Constituição no Direito Civil no Direito da Criança e do Adolescente no Direito Penal no Direito Processual e na jurisprudência brasileira e estrangeira.
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Jones, David. « Objecting to apartheid : the history of the end conscription campaign ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005998.

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It is important that the story of organisations like the End Conscription Campaign be recorded. The narrative of the struggle against apartheid has become a site of contestation. As the downfall of apartheid is still a relatively recent event, the history is still in the process of formation. There is much contestation over the relative contributions of different groups within the struggle. This is an important debate as it informs and shapes the politics of the present. A new official narrative is emerging which accentuates the role of particular groupings, portraying them as the heroes and the leaders of the struggle. A new elite have laid exclusive claim to the heritage of the struggle and are using this narrative to justify their hold on power through the creation of highly centralised political structures in which positions of power are reserved for loyal cadres and independent thinking and questioning are seen as a threat. A complementary tradition of grassroots democracy, of open debate and transparency, of “people’s power”, of accountability of leadership to the people fostered in the struggle is being lost. It is important to contest this narrative. We need to remember that the downfall of apartheid was brought about by a myriad combination of factors and forces. Current academic interpretations emphasize that no one group or organisation, no matter how significant its contribution, was solely responsible. There was no military victory or other decisive event which brought the collapse of the system, rather a sapping of will to pay the ever increasing cost to maintain it. The struggle against apartheid involved a groundswell, popular uprising in which the initiative came not from centralised political structures, orchestrating a grand revolt, but from ordinary South Africans who were reacting to the oppressive nature of a brutally discriminatory system which sought to control every aspect of their lives.4 Leaders and structures emerged organically as communities organised themselves around issues that affected them. Organisations that emerged were highly democratic and accountable to their members. There was no grand plan or centralised control of the process. As Walter Benjamin warned in a different context, but applicable here: “All rulers are the heirs of those who have conquered before them.” He feared that what he referred to as a historicist view constructed a version of history as a triumphal parade of progress. “Whoever has emerged victorious” he reminds us “participates to this day in the triumphal procession in which the present rulers step over those who are lying prostrate. According to traditional practice the spoils are carried along in the procession.” 5 He was warning of just such a tendency, which has been repeated so often in the past, for the victors to construct a version of history which ends up justifying a new tyranny. To counter this tendency it is important that other histories of the struggle are told – that the stories of other groups, which are marginalised by the new hegemonic discourse, are recorded.This aim of this dissertation is thus two-fold. Firstly it aims to investigate “the story” of the End Conscription Campaign, which has largely been seen as a white anti-apartheid liberal organisation. The objective is to provide a detailed historical account and periodisation of the organisation to fill in the gaps and challenge the distortions of a new emerging “official” discourse.Secondly within this framework, and by using the activities and strategies of the organisation as evidence for its suppositions, the question of the role played by the ECC in the struggle.

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Taguercifi, Slimane. « Le droit à l'objection de conscience de l'avocat ». Thesis, Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIMD004.

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L’avocat est obligé de défendre des personnes qu’il n’a pas choisies lorsqu’il est nommé auprès de celles-ci. Il jouit d’un droit à l’objection de conscience, droit méconnu ou partiellement traité par la doctrine juridique. La présente étude montre que l’avocat peut objecter pour n’importe quel motif de conscience et que cette tolérance se mue en droit si l’objection est nécessaire à l’exercice de sa liberté de conscience.Le droit à l’objection de conscience de l’avocat est apprécié a priori par des autorités. Celles-ci veillent à ce que l’objection de conscience de l’avocat ne portent pas atteinte à la sécurité juridique, principalement au droit des justiciables à un procès équitable. Or, chaque objection a des conséquences sur le droit des justiciables. Seul un haut degré d’atteinte à la sécurité juridique prive l’avocat de l’usage du droit à l’objection de conscience. Ce haut degré est mesuré selon certains critères juridique. Les autorités chargées d’approuver l’objection de l’avocat examinent la compatibilité entre le droit à l’objection de conscience et le droit des parties au procès équitable. Cet examen aux conséquences potentielles sur les droits de l’avocat et sur le droit de son client révèle que le rôle de l’avocat comme auxiliaire de justice est premier
The lawyer has to defend people he has not chosen when he is appointed to them. However, he has the right to conscientious objection, a right unrecognized or partially addressed by legal doctrine. This study shows that a lawyer can object to defending someone on any reasons of conscience and that this tolerance may be transformed into a right if the objection is necessary for the exercise of his freedom of conscience.The lawyer's right to conscientious objection is assessed by authorities. These ensure that the lawyer 's conscientious objection does not infringe legal security, mainly the right of litigants to a fair equitable lawsuit. However, each objection has consequences for the rights of litigants. Only a high degree of infringement of legal security disposses the lawyer of the use of the right to conscientious objection. This high degree of infringement is evaluated according to legal standards. The authorities responsible for approving the lawyer’s objection must consider the compatibility between the right to conscientious objection and the parties' right to a fair lawsuit. This review by these authorities has potential consequences for the rights of the lawyer and the rights of his client. This highlights the role of the lawyer as an officer of the court

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Ameil, Christophe. « La protection des intérêts liés au capital social lors de sa modification (dans les sociétés anonymes) ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010321.

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Le capital social, de par la pluralité de ses fonctions, est le théâtre de la rencontre de l'intérêt des créanciers, des actionnaires et de la société. Sa modification, réalisée à la hausse ou à la baisse, impacte corrélativement l'étendue des prérogatives dont bénéficient ces protagonistes. Si ces derniers peuvent être animés d'objectifs divergents -et doivent, en conséquence, être protégés séparément -ils s'accordent néanmoins sur la nécessité de certaines caractéristiques intrinsèques du capital social. Aussi, il n'est pas surprenant que le législateur se soit attaché à assurer la sauvegarde de leurs droits, soit chacun particulièrement, soit de manière collective. L'étude des différentes mesures de protections prévues par le droit positif révélera tantôt ses imperfections, tantôt ses lacunes et ses incohérences. Sera également mis en exergue le caractère modulable de certains dispositifs, offrant ainsi aux organes sociaux la faculté de les supprimer ou de les façonner en fonction de la vision « distributive» ou« financière» du capital social qu'ils auront arrêtée. Enfin, cette étude mettra en relief l'opportunité d'autoriser sa variabilité sans contrainte si celle-ci est limitée par deux bornes, lesquelles dessineraient le capital« autorisé »
Due to the multiplicity of its functions, the share capital is the scene where the interests of creditors, shareholders and the company meet. Its modification, whether it be for amplification or reduction, has an impact which corresponds to the extent of the prerogatives which the protagonists enjoy. If the latter may have conflicting objectives -and must therefore be protected separately -they nevertheless agree on the necessity of some intrinsic features of the share capital. This is why it is not surprising that the legislator has made a point of safeguarding their rights, either on an individual basis or collectively. The study of the different protection measures provided for by the positive law sometimes reveals its imperfections, sometimes its shortcomings and its inconsistencies. The adjustable nature of some specific devices will also be highlighted, thereby providing the social organs with the right to remove or shape them according to the "distributive" or "financial" vision of the social capital they will have determined. Finally, this study will highlight whether or not to allow its variability without constraint if it is set within two bounds, which would represent the "authorized" capital

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Meira, Rita João Portela. « Objecção de consciência e contrato de trabalho ». Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/18290.

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This paper has the main goal of establishing the criteria to the admission of exercising the right to conscientious objection in the context of labour contract as motive to refuse the actual labour activity. We depart from the historic framing of the right to conscientious objection in the Portuguese Law and in other legal jurisdictions, followed by the analysis of this right and the one that it comes from – the freedom of conscience – in the Portuguese Constitution. Only then we are able to comprehend how present is this subject and the essentiality the conscientious objection might represent, as a manifestation of man in its’ own singularity, to the development of the individual’s personality. To find the solution we propose to give, we start by studying the question of the horizontal effect of fundamental rights in private relations and, from there, we analyze that effect on the labour contract. The conclusion is that the fundamental rights cannot, as a result of their own evolution and framework in the Modern and Democratic State (as corollaries of the human dignity), have their horizontal effect denied. We acknowledge the specifics of the private relations where one party exercises a factual power over the other, in which the horizontal effect would always apply as a result of the analogy with the State-citizen relations, and we recognize the labour contract as one of those types of private relations, once it is distinguishable from the subordination of the employee. From this point on, we can detect the danger of fundamental rights violations that the labour contract represents and the special need of protection that from there arises. We have made the path to the problem of conflicts of fundamental rights and to the moment when we approach the issue as, essential and mainly, a problem of conflict between the private autonomy and the fundamental rights of one and the other party. As a solution, we propose that the conscientious objection can only be exercised exceptionally by the employee, as the labour contract is still a product of private autonomy and will always have to respect the fundamental principles that rule the contract law. Therefore, the principle of good faith has high importance as criteria to evaluate if the conscientious objection can be admitted as motive to refuse the labour activity, to which we add, as the core stone, the essentiality of the objection for the moral integrity of the employee.
Este trabalho tem como principal objectivo estabelecer os critérios de admissibilidade do exercício do direito à objecção de consciência no âmbito do contrato de trabalho como motivo para a recusa de prestação efectiva de trabalho. Partimos do enquadramento histórico do direito à objecção de consciência no Direito Português e noutros ordenamentos jurídicos para, de seguida, analisar este direito e aquele de que deriva – a liberdade de consciência – na Constituição da República Portuguesa. Só assim compreendemos a actualidade do tema e a essencialidade que pode ter a objecção de consciência, enquanto manifestação da irrepitibilidade do homem, para o desenvolvimento da personalidade individual. Para chegar à solução que nos propomos dar, começamos pela análise da questão da eficácia dos direitos fundamentais nas relações entre particulares, e, daí, para a análise dessa eficácia no contrato de trabalho. Concluímos que os direitos fundamentais, fruto da sua evolução histórica e da sua configuração no Estado de Direito Democrático como corolários do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, não podem deixar de ter uma aplicação directa e imediata nas relações entre particulares. Reconhecemos a especificidade das relações privadas de poder-sujeição, em que a admissibilidade daquela eficácia sempre resultaria de uma analogia com as relações Estado-cidadão, e enquadramos o contrato de trabalho neste tipo de relações, em virtude de se caracterizar pela subordinação jurídica do trabalhador. Desta subordinação retiramos o perigo de violação de direitos fundamentais pessoais que representa o contrato de trabalho e a especial necessidade de tutela que daí resulta. Chegamos ao problema de colisão e ao momento em que abordamos a questão como, essencial e principalmente, um problema de conflito de direitos, entre a autonomia privada e os direitos fundamentais de uma e outra parte. Enquanto proposta de solução, defendemos a excepcionalidade da objecção no âmbito do contrato de trabalho, porquanto este é um produto da autonomia privada e terá sempre que respeitar os princípios gerais que regram os contratos. Daí a importância do princípio da boa fé como vector de aferição da admissibilidade do exercício daquele direito como fundamento para a recusa de prestação de trabalho, ao qual acresce, como pedra de toque, a essencialidade da objecção para a manutenção da integridade moral do trabalhador.

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Černíková, Nikola. « Právo lékaře neposkytnout zdravotní péči ». Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-404410.

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Doctors' Right to Withhold Medical Care Abstract Very little attention is being paid to the rights doctors have to refuse to provide medical care, notwithstanding how important this area of interest is. It is not the aim of this thesis to provide a superficial description of fundamental grounds for withholding treatment. Its primary purpose is to present an analysis of the issues that are of most concern. To this end, the key concepts closely examined are conscientious objection and religious beliefs, as these constitute the subject of frequent interpretative, judicial and ethical disputes. A chapter in this thesis is also dedicated to refusal to provide healthcare based on a risk to the life or body of the health professional. All of the other reasons for not providing medical care or for ending it are briefly discussed within the context of the so-called contractual obligation of healthcare providers. Conscientious objection and religious beliefs are most often viewed from the perspective of public law. Nevertheless, in this thesis the two concepts are presented mainly in the light of private and civil law. A short philosophical and ethical analysis of the two concepts is followed by an extensive legal analysis. The theoretical part of the thesis concentrates on related statutory regulation and the...

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Solas, John. « Conscientious Objections to Corporate Wrongdoing ». 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16383.

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yes
In recent years, there has been increasing concern about unethical conduct within corporate business, not least because of the scandalous behaviour of former chief executives at top blue chip companies such as Enron, Worldcom, Parmalat and Volkswagen. These scandals have not only threatened the privileged position of senior corporate employees but also the solvency of the companies they manage and lead. The high profile cases of corporate crime and corruption that occurred in the early 2000s together with the 2008 Wall Street bailouts (Sorokin 2010) and the growth in criminal prosecutions since (Garrett 2014) have raised the profile of business ethics to an unprecedented level. Greater public sensitivity towards and awareness about the unlawful and immoral conduct of firms in the United States and elsewhere, has created demand for organizations to become more accountable and socially responsible and prompted greater regulatory scrutiny. It has also served to highlight the embryonic (Ciulla 2005) and delimited (Freidland 2012) state of research and scholarship on business ethics, where the focus has tended to remain on leadership (Kellerman 2012). A neglected, though important, line of ethical enquiry concerns followership (Kellerman, 2008). Corporate wrongdoing would be less formidable and extensive if it was not aided and abetted. Two key questions arise. First, what prompts followers to support rather than oppose bad leaders? Second, what can be done to stem or at least curtail their allegiance to bad leaders?

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Zeijlstra, Irene Elisabeth. « CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION BY SOUTH AFRICAN HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS TO INVOLVEMENT IN THE PROCESS OF ABORTION ». Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/1746.

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Student Number : 0353470 - MA research report - School of Philosophy - Faculty of Humanities
The South African Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996 is regarded as one of the most liberal abortion laws in the world. It aims to uphold the rights of women as equal citizens, give effect to their rights to reproductive healthcare and redress past discriminatory legislation. Conscientious objection by healthcare providers to terminating pregnancies is also allowed in terms of the act. This research report considers the justification for the right of conscientious objection by the healthcare provider in the face of the conflicting claims of a pregnant woman seeking abortion. There are good reasons for a pregnant woman’s right to terminate pregnancy, just as they exist for the healthcare provider who objects, on grounds of conscience, to involvement in the process. I will attempt to balance these sets of rights, weigh priorities, and offer possible solutions. A focus on the unique value of each individual demands that each one be accorded dignity and respect. Thus ways of minimizing conflict are explored. Though compromise may be required, it is important that healthcare workers have the freedom to live their lives with integrity.

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Jung, Youngoh. « The History of Conscientious Objection and the Normalization of Universal Male Conscription in South Korean Society ». Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/44029.

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This thesis traces the history of Conscientious Objection and draft evasion from the introduction of the Universal Male Conscription system in 1949 to the end of the authoritarian dictatorship period in 1993. I especially focus on the persecution and stigmatization of religious Conscientious Objector groups such as the South Korean Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Seventh-day Adventists. The negative labeling of these Conscientious Objectors as social deviants is part of an initiative led by the South Korean state to solidify Universal Male Conscription as a social norm. This process was supported by the implementation of a national surveillance system as well as the intensification of a nation-wide crackdown on draft evasion, which was viewed indifferently from Conscientious Objection. Thus, this project reveals the ostracization of Conscientious Objection as well as the normalization of Universal Male Conscription as an interconnected issue that came to be perpetuated throughout South Korean History.

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Toews, Andrea R. « Freedom of Religion and Reproductive Rights : A Study of Conscientious Objections to Emergency Contraception by Physicians and Pharmacists ». Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/25824.

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This thesis argues that physicians and pharmacists have the right to refuse to prescribe and dispense emergency contraception, such as Plan B and abortifacient drugs, because of the right to freedom of religion. However, in order to properly protect women’s access emergency contraception as part of their right to reproductive health care, physicians and pharmacists who choose to object to emergency contraception on grounds of conscience must disclose this information to their patients, and refer their patients to a non-objecting practitioner. This thesis applies to the situation in Canada, and Ontario where the laws between provinces differ, but uses experiences and legislation from the United States of America as a comparator. Finally, this thesis concludes by proposing various methods to ensure delivery and access to emergency contraception, while protecting physicians’ and pharmacists’ right of refusal.

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Connors, Judith Patricia. « Empowering alternatives : a history of the conscientious objector support group's challenge to military service in South Africa ». Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8318.

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Conscription of white males to the South African Defence Force between 1969 and 1994 was one of the measures used by the South African government to uphold apartheid and white supremacy. While it appeared that the majority of white males and their families supported the National Party propagated ideologies of the country at the time and felt it was their duty to render military service, there were some for whom this duty provided a conflict of conscience. Giving expression to this conflict and finding constructive ways of dealing with it was almost impossible within the highly restrictive, repressive political, legal and social climate of that time. Limited options seemed available to the young men who had objections to serving in the military, namely exile, evasion or deferment: personal choices that drove people into physical and emotional isolation, and which did not engage the state in the resolution of this conflict. Some young men, however, chose to confront the state and object openly. This began a protracted series of negotiations with ruling authorities, debates within state structures, legislative changes and prosecutions that attempted to prevent and quash the presence of objectors. In the face of this oppression, family and friends formed themselves into solidarity groups around individual objectors to support them in handling the consequences of their objection and in making their stance known and heeded by the government. And so began a movement for change, which over the years learned the skills of nonviolent direct action and constructively challenged the state on issues of conscription and the militarisation of society. This initiative, known as the Conscientious Objector Support Group, although small in scale, ranks as one of the anti-apartheid movements that contributed to South Africa’s peaceful transition to democracy. As such it has invaluable lessons to share with movements for change throughout the world that are presently grappling with situations of human rights’ violations.
Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

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Carvalho, Felipe Augusto Lopes. « Objeção de consciência e novas formas de casamento ». Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/85948.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
Several states, currently, have discussed and recognized new forms of marriage, accompanied by laws prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation. However, many consider marriage as the union between one man and one woman, conception justified on several grounds, philosophical, moral, biological, religious, etc. Thus, there is a collision between principles, freedom of conscience on the one hand, and the right not to be discriminated against, on the other, which is revealed when an individual is required to facilitate a form of marriage contrary to his/her conscience, by the registration of the marriage, which involves public officials, or by the supply of goods and services, involving businessmen and merchants. The issue is whether refusal to provide the service constitutes discrimination, deserving to be punished, or should be accommodated by law as a form of conscientious objection. This work seeks, by a weighing approach, to confront the positions favorable and contrary to accommodation, in order to contribute to the resolution of the conflicts. It is concluded that accommodation should be applied a priori unless the refusal of the objector causes an undue hardship in the individuals' ability to register the marriage or imposes substantial obstacles to obtaining the services sought.
Diversos Estados, na atualidade, têm discutido e reconhecido novas modalidades de casamento, acompanhadas de leis que proíbem discriminação por motivos de orientação sexual. Porém, muitos consideram o casamento como a união entre um homem e uma mulher, concepção justificada em diversos planos, filosófico, moral, biológico, religioso, etc. Temos, assim, uma colisão entre princípios, a liberdade de consciência, de um lado, e o direito de não ser discriminado, do outro, que se revela quando um indivíduo é solicitado a facilitar uma forma de casamento contrária à sua consciência, pelo registro do casamento, que envolve funcionários públicos, ou pelo fornecimento de bens e serviços, envolvendo empresários e comerciantes. Trata-se de saber se a recusa em prestar o serviço constitui uma discriminação, devendo ser punida, ou se deve ser acomodada pelo direito como uma modalidade de objeção de consciência. O presente trabalho busca, num juízo de ponderação, confrontar as posições favoráveis e contrárias à acomodação, no intuito de contribuir à resolução dos conflitos. Conclui-se que a acomodação deve ser aplicada a priori, a menos que a recusa do objetor cause uma dificuldade concreta na capacidade de os indivíduos contraírem o casamento , ou imponha obstáculos substanciais à obtenção dos serviços procurados.

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Feio, Miguel Areosa. « O silêncio das inocentes : objeção de consciência e outras barreiras na implementação da interrupção voluntária de gravidez ». Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19075.

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O processo que conduziu à despenalização da interrupção voluntária de gravidez por opção da mulher culminou com o agendamento de um referendo à população em 2007. Para tal contribuíram vários fatores políticos e sociais analisados à luz da Teoria dos Fluxos Múltiplos de Kingdom. Destaca-se o fluxo do problema social e de saúde pública associado à ocorrência de abortos clandestinos na sociedade portuguesa até então. A Lei 16/2007 visou eliminar tal situação da nossa sociedade, mas existe evidência robusta de que barreiras como a objeção de consciência de profissionais de saúde contribuem para a ausência de resposta de alguns serviços públicos para o procedimento, causando constrangimentos que afetam, especialmente, mulheres em situação de desfavorecimento. Concorrem para essas barreiras outros fatores como prazos curtos para o procedimento, períodos de reflexão obrigatórios ou a estigmatização face às mulheres e profissionais disponíveis para a realização do procedimento, aspetos que podem levar à perpetuação da opção por aborto clandestino. Para investigar essas evidências, analisaram-se dados disponíveis nos relatórios anuais da Direção Geral da Saúde, dados provenientes da plataforma de registo de Interrupções da referida DG e estatísticas respeitantes às complicações pós-aborto. Simultaneamente foram realizadas entrevistas e focus group com profissionais de ONG especialistas que intervém com a comunidade e a profissionais de saúde da área da ginecologia, obstetrícia e planeamento familiar. Foi recolhida uma história de vida acerca do aborto clandestino. As evidências permitem refletir acerca da implementação da lei e dão pistas para o seu futuro debate.
The process that led to the decriminalization of abortion on request ended in the scheduling of a referendum in 2007. Several political and social factors analysed by the spectrum of the Kingdom's Multiple Stream Framework contributed to it. Especially the problem stream linked to the social and public health consequences of clandestine abortions in Portuguese society until then. The Law 16/2007 aimed to eliminate this situation from our society, but there is evidence that barriers such as conscientious objection of health professionals contribute to the lack of response of some public services to the procedure, causing embarrassments that affect especially women in a disadvantaged situation. Other barriers include short deadlines for the procedure, mandatory reflection periods or stigmatization regarding women and professionals available to perform the procedure, aspects that may lead to the perpetuation of the option for clandestine abortion. To investigate this evidence, data available in the annual reports of the Direção Geral de Saúde, data from its abortion registration platform and statistics on post abortion complications were analysed. Simultaneously, interviews and focus groups were conducted with NGO’s specialist professionals and health professionals in the area of gynaecology, obstetrics and family planning. A life story on clandestine abortion was collected. Such data allow reflections about the law implementation and give clues for its future debate.

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Gibson, Robin Margaret. « Bridging the gap between rhetoric and reality : can the law enforce quality patient-centred care in Australia ? » Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/131461.

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This thesis investigates a perceived gap between the medical profession’s rhetoric that the welfare of the patient is the medical practitioner’s first priority, and the reality of patient experience. The Medical Board of Australia’s Good Medical Practice: A Code of Conduct for Doctors in Australia mandates the duty of medical practitioners to make the care of their patients their first priority. This code also confirms that good medical practice is patient-centred. Patient-centred care should therefore be central to patient experience. However, despite promotion of this goal by medical professional authorities, patient-centred care is not always being achieved as well as it might in practice. This thesis is an attempt to understand the reasons why this divergence between rhetoric and practice is occurring, paying particular attention to the role of the law as a potential and actual promoter of, and barrier to, practices which are recognised components of patient-centred care, and consequently of good medical practice. This aim is developed through two case studies, the way valid advance directives are observed or not, and the responses of medical practitioners to injuries to patients sustained during medical treatment. The methodology used includes analysis of hard law regulatory processes together with the development of and increasing reliance on the soft law documented in codes, guidelines and other regulatory standards which reflect the evolving ideals of medical professionalism. In turn, an examination of disciplinary cases of tribunals and courts shows how conduct is interpreted in accordance with what is or is not professional behaviour. There is evidence that observance by medical practitioners of patient-centred care is often being overwhelmed by the scientific and technical aspects of medical practice and other pressures on medical practitioners, such as concerns about legal liability. The necessity for the observance of respect for the human being who is the patient is discounted to these priorities despite extensive evidence of improved outcomes for patients when patient-centred principles are implemented. The reasons for this discount are complex but a major contributor to the less than optimum observance of patient-centred principles is medical professionalism as fostered by the current methods of socialisation and training of medical practitioners. Bullying and humiliation of medical students in their training leads to desensitisation and a consequent lack of attention by medical practitioners to the necessity for patient-centred approaches to practice. An exploration of the direct and indirect impacts of the law upon the medical profession shows the domination of medical practitioner interests over the interests of their patients. Therefore, this thesis considers whether the existing Australian legislative regime can be applied to achieving the promotion of the observance of quality, patient-centred practices by medical practitioners to the mutual benefit of doctor and patient. It argues that medical disciplinary authorities can use the provisions of the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law together with soft law regulation to more completely embed a patient-centred culture in medical practitioner behaviour.

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Šolc, Martin. « Význam a ochrana svědomí lékaře ve vztahu mezi lékařem a pacientem ». Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390323.

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The Importance and Protection of the Conscience of Physician in the Physician-Patient Relationship In democratic countries all over the world, the protection of the conscience of health workers represents a very relevant problem. Especially the controversial but legal procedures, such as abortion or, in some countries, euthanasia, are often refused by health workers on the basis of their conscience. The society faces a difficult dilemma of balancing the interests of physicians, patients, and health care systems. The thesis approaches the problem primarily from the perspective of Catholic moral theology in the frame of a predominantly secular environment of the contemporary Euro-American civilisation. There are analysed the concept of conscience, the basic principles of moral reasoning, virtue ethics and its importance for modern medicine and, finally, the concept of conscientious objection as a model example of the protection of health worker's conscience. The above mentioned particular topics serve as a basis for the evaluation of the importance of the conscience of health worker and the proposal of possible solutions to the related dilemmas.

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Phillips, Merran Willis. « The End Conscription Campaign, 1983-1988 : a study of white extra-parliamentary opposition to apartheid ». Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/590.

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Falusová, Tereza. « Povinné očkování ». Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-272270.

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- Compulsory vaccination This diploma thesis deals with the legal regulation of compulsory vaccination in the Czech Republic. The subject of the thesis is a conflict between compulsory vaccination and fundamental rights and freedoms as a result of the protection of public health. An option to refuse the compulsory vaccination, regulation of following sanctions and the absence of compensatory scheme for vaccine injury issue are also analysed. The first chapter introduces the compulsory vaccination issue. It presents terms related to the compulsory vaccination and current vaccination categories. The second chapter describes the legal regulation of compulsory vaccination with its legal basis in international law. It is concerned with the function of international treaties in the Czech legal system. Moreover, it presents a criticism of compulsory vaccination with respect to its claimed unconstitutionality. This chapter also introduces a public debate concerning compulsory vaccination along with pro and con arguments. The third chapter is, on the one hand concerned with the rejection of compulsory vaccination, and its following sanctions on the other hand. The case law of the Constitutional Court has been analysed with respect to both secular and religious conscientious objections. Moreover, the chapter...

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Thèses sur le sujet « Right to conscientious objection »

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