Thèses sur le sujet « Right of property – Italy – History »

Abstract Many historians would like to discover a time of relative freedom, security and independence for women of the past. The Germanic era, from 400-1000 AD, was a time of stability, and security due to limitations the law placed upon the mundwald and the legal ability of women to possess property. The system of compensations that the Germans initiated in an effort to stop the blood feuds between Germanic families, served as a deterrent to men that might physically or sexually abuse women. The majority of the sources used in this work were the Germanic Codes generally dated from 498-1024 AD. Ancient Roman and Germanic sources provide background information about the individual tribes. Secondary sources provide a contrast to the ideas of this thesis, and information.

The justification of property ownership based on individual subjective rights is tightly bound to humanist moral perspectives. God is left out as irrelevant to the just grounds of ownership, which is established primarily on the basis of human self-referential, moral capacity. This thesis aims at developing an alternative justification, both for property as an institution and as a private holding, with a view to bringing God back into the centre stage and thereby placing property ownership on the objective concept of right. A tradition hitherto generally left unnoticed, yet uncovered here as the source of inspiration, vests the whole project with a moral-teleological tone. The tradition, enunciated by St. Augustine and developed by St. Bonaventure and John Wyclif, invites us to see property from the perspective of a moral end: it ought to be used for the love of God and neighbours, and as such it can be owned only by the just. In spite of important insights into the moral nature of property, the Augustinian thesis not only fails to spell out what ‘use for love’ means but also suffers from elitism. Nor does it offer an adequate justification of private property. Such weaknesses call for revision. When we reinterpret the Augustinian thesis through the concept of the divine imperative of service coupled with a proper understanding of human work, property acquires a distinctive justification. Property, as an institution, is justified as a requisite for carrying out God’s redemptive work towards the world. From this general justification ensues the particular justification. We hold property as specifically ‘mine,’ since each person’s ordained mission to participate in God’s work requires a uniquely personal material means, although the recognition and fulfilment of individual mission still demands communal efforts. The duty to carry out the God-commanded mission at first allows us to possess private property only in a non-proprietorial and non-exclusive manner. Yet in the prevailing condition of economic scarcity and human greed, civil jurisdiction must provide a structure of rights to enforce property institution. As God’s invitation for the transformation of the world is a universal command, everybody should have a minimum of property, and yet in differentiation of the scope and kinds commensurate with the particularities of individual mission.

This paper seeks to explain the existence of wealthy and socially influential slaves in the fourth century BCE at Athens, Greece. I describe what went on at Athens from the late seventh century until the early third century and show that transformation in the land to labor ratio combined with cultural, legal and political changes led to a period of time where slaves acquired wealth and power. First, changes in the land to labor ratio at a time when Athens was going through vast political change led to a culture where it was socially unacceptable for a free Athenian to work for another free Athenian. Slaves could then work in sectors unavailable to free Athenians, which led them to gain wealth and eventually societal power.

Florence Stephens became the owner of Huseby bruk, an industry located in Småland, 1934 while she was just over 50 years old, she inherited it from her late father. Huseby bruk, while under the ownership her father Huseby bruk had a thriving economy and expanded. When he died his daughter Florence Stephens took over. Missing formal education regarding how to manage an industry led to a declining economy and later one of the bigger economic scandals in the county. One of the outcomes of the scandal was that Florence Stephens was declared a legally incompetent person and she remained so in 19 years. This study aims to fill in the gaps of studies regarding her attempts to regain her legal competence and in the legal dispute about arranging an administrator for Florence Stephens that followed. Further this study analyzes her right of possession to Huseby bruk and if she had all the rights she was entitled. The source material chosen for this study is documents left over from her cases located at Linnéuniversitetet in the Huseby archives. The result reached by the study was that Florence Stephens regained her legally competence 1976 which led to a response from Alvesta chief guardian requesting that this only happens if an administrator is assigned. This lead to a long lawsuit ending in October 1978. Regarding her possession of Huseby have the study concluded that she still had the rights but they were not absolute.

This thesis deals with the conceptualization of access to land by the dispossessed as a human right and commences with an account of the struggle for land between the peoples of African and European extractions in South Africa. It is observed that the latter assumed sovereignty over the ancestral lands of the former. The thesis discusses the theoretical foundation of the study and situates the topic within its conceptual parameters. The writer examines the notions of justice and equity in the context of the post apartheid constitutional mandate to redress the skewed policy of the past. It is argued that the dispossession of Africans from lands that they had possessed for thousands of years on the assumption that the land was terra nullius was profoundly iniquitous and unjust. Although the study is technically limited to dispossessions occurring on or after the 13th June 1913, it covers a fairly extensive account of dispossession predating this date. This historical analysis is imperative for two reasons. Besides supporting the writer’s contention that the limitation of restitution to land dispossessed on or after 1913 was arbitrary, it also highlights both the material and non-material cost of the devastating wars of dispossessions. The candidate comments extensively on the post apartheid constitutional property structure which was conceived as a redress to the imbalance created by dispossession. This underlying objective explains why the state’s present land policy is geared towards facilitating access to land for the landless. The thesis investigates the extent to which the present property structure which defines access to land as a human right has succeeded in achieving the stated objective. It reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the land restitution process as well as the question of the payment of just and equitable compensation for land expropriated for restitution. The latter was carefully examined because it plays a crucial role in the success or otherwise of the restitution scheme. The writer argues that the courts have, on occasions, construed just and equitable compensation generously. This approach has failed to reflect the moral component inherent in the Aristotelian corrective justice. This, in the context of South Africa, requires compensation to reflect the fact that what is being paid for is land dispossessed from the forebears of indigenous inhabitants. It seems obvious that the scales of justice are tilted heavily in favour of the propertied class whose ancestors were responsible for this dispossession. This has a ripple effect on the pace of the restitution process. It also seems to have the effect of favouring the property class at the expense of the entire restitution process. The candidate also comments on the court’s differing approaches to the interpretation of the constitutional property clause. The candidate contends that the construction of the property clause and related pieces of legislation in a manner that stresses the maintenance of a balance between private property interest and land reform is flawed. This contention is supported by the fact that these values do not have proportional worth in the present property context of South Africa. The narrow definition of “past racially discriminatory law and practices” and labour tenant as used in the relevant post apartheid land reform laws is criticized for the same reason of its uncontextual approach. A comparative appraisal of similar developments relating to property law in other societies like India and Zimbabwe has been done. The writer has treated the post reform land evictions as a form of dispossession. The candidate notes that the country should guard against allowing the disastrous developments in Zimbabwe to influence events in the country and calls for an amendment of the property clause of the constitution in response to the practical difficulties which a decade of the operation of the current constitution has revealed.

Cette thèse, déposée en juin et défendue en octobre 2011, vise à redéfinir une branche de l’analyse juridique d’une actualité brûlante par les mouvements longs de son histoire. Le droit public économique est majoritairement défini comme étant celui qui résulte de l’"interventionnisme" économique public. Il convient plutôt de le considérer comme étant celui qui résulte de la politique économique et qui encadre celle-ci. Déjà le Gouvernement provisoire de 1830 ne partit pas de rien pour instaurer un droit assorti au marché d’alors, s’inscrivant pour partie dans la continuité des fondamentaux importés lors de l’annexion française et préservant ce qui l’arrangeait dans le droit économique hollandais. Bien vite, après avoir installé le droit requis et, notamment en donnant son ossature au marché belge par l’initiative publique ferroviaire, le législateur dut sauvegarder le système financier lors de la crise de 1838-1839. Le droit public économique proprement belge entamait ainsi une expansion qualitative et quantitative ininterrompue, pour connaître des mutations perpétuelles, au gré de crises économiques nombreuses, de guerres mondiales, de la colonisation du Congo, de l’entrée dans la régionalisation économique puis le fédéralisme, de l’approfondissement de la construction européenne… A y regarder de plus près, du marché communal médiéval au marché unique en voie d’intégration, les questions de la taille de l’espace géographique dans lequel s’inscrit le marché belge ont une influence déterminante sur le droit public économique applicable à une époque donnée.

Malgré ces mutations, le droit public économique n’en présente pas moins une structure permanente qui s’articule autour de cinq grandes relations existant entre les institutions juridiques de l’État et de la propriété :1/ l’État dessine les régimes de propriété ;2/ l’État est lui-même propriétaire ;3/ l’État police et régule les usages de le propriété ;4/ l’État soutient selon les circonstances certaines catégories de propriétaires ;5/ l’État redistribue certains fruits et influences tirés de la propriété.

Si la thèse porte essentiellement sur la période qui court de l’Indépendance à la veille de la sixième réforme de l’État, d’une part, et alors que la Belgique connaît une crise des finances privées et publiques enclenchée en 2008, d’autre part, elle offre à la fois une histoire inédite de la législation économique et un examen minutieux des grandes questions contemporaines qui agitent le droit public économique. Elle aborde ces mouvements longs en trois grandes parties (de 1830 à 1919 aux temps du suffrage restreint ;de 1919 à 1980 de l’avènement du suffrage universel à la crise de la fin des Trente Glorieuses ;de 1980 à nos jours, soit depuis l’installation concomitante du fédéralisme et du primat de la concurrence).

S’intéressant au mouvement communal comme au droit colonial, au sauvetage des secteurs jugés systémiques comme à la fondation de grands organismes d’intérêt public, à la régulation comme à la soi-disant subsidiarité fonctionnelle de l’État, la dissertation vérifie l’hypothèse selon laquelle un droit qui a pour objet la politique économique repose sur l’ensemble des cinq grands rapports identifiés que nouent l’État et la propriété. Elle permet ainsi de mieux appréhender ce qu’est la vraie "Constitution économique" de la Belgique, laquelle est loin d’être portée par sa seule Constitution écrite.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Defence date: 20 June 1995
Examining board: Prof. Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, E.H.E.S.S., Paris (Directrice de Thèse) ; Prof. Giorgio Chittolini, Università Statale, Milano ; Prof. Gérard Delille, I.U.E. ; Prof. Anthony Molho, Brown University, Providence, R.I. ; Prof. Giuliano Pinto, Università di Firenze
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Defence date: 23 November 2009
Examining Board: Prof. Jay Winter (Yale) [supervisor]; Prof. Rainer Bauböck (EUI); Prof. Gil Loescher (University of Oxford); Prof. Leo Lucassen (Leiden)
First made available online 20 March 2019
The primary purpose of this interdisciplinary study is to show the value of history in investigating asylum policymaking from 1989 to 2008. Chapter 1 provides a short summary of asylum before 1989. It focuses especially on the power, influence and composition of actors who advocated for generous asylum policies and actors who proposed restrictive asylum policies at crucial times throughout the twentieth century. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 analyse the case studies of Australia, Italy and Ireland. By setting traditional emigration countries against a traditional immigration country, EU countries against a non-EU country, Catholic countries against a multidenominational country, islands against a peninsula, common law states against a civil law state, as well as countries where boat people drove asylum debates against one that lacked boat people, many divergences and convergences emerged. Every country had, to a certain degree, a unique asylum system based on its own history, identity and geography. The comparative Chapter 5 reveals that despite inherent national differences, noticeable international asylum trends also appeared during this period. In contrast to people who applied for asylum during the Cold War, asylum applicants in the 1990s provided limited political and economic returns for receiver states. Accordingly, governing political parties inclined towards the formation of more restrictive asylum policies. But secular and religious NGOs, INGOs and certain opposition political parties loudly protested by referencing humanitarian ideals, national commitments to human rights and the rule of law. Acknowledging the challenges posed by actors sympathetic to asylum seekers, governments in the 2000s attempted to securitize and externalise asylum, reduce the influence of the courts, and expedite the deportation of rejected asylum seekers. The conclusion suggests that governments in Europe, North America and Australasia are likely to build on advances made through the 2000s to restrict asylum even further in the next decade, especially in the wake of the economic crisis of 2008- 09.

This essay examines the development of the major themes in the natural law account of property, and of the conceptions of social life and moral action on which they rely, from Hugo Grotius to David Hume. In the opening two chapters, the two main variants of modern n a tu ra l law theory, those of Grotius and Pufendorf, are explained in some detail. Their understanding of natural law, as a science of morals grounded in human nature, is spelled out, and it is shown how this results in an understanding of property relations as a natural response to the changes in human circumstances wrought by increasing sophistication in human social life. It is a natural response because it reflects the requirements of human nature, such reflection being shown by the fact th a t it arises necessarily, through peaceful processes, from the recognition of the elemental moral realm of what is “one’s own” . In this sense property has a natural history; but it is also shown th a t, for these theories, the division between natural history and actual history is not sufficiently clearly drawn, an inadequacy which is well illustrated by problems in the account of the place of slavery in the account of property. But Pufendorf, at least, recognizes th a t the problem of slavery can be reduced if the principal incentive to voluntary enslavement, material necessity, can itself be overcome. In this way the problem of slavery can have an economic solution. By carefully examining the implications of the basic notion of “one’s own” , which, following English practice, he calls property in one’s person, Locke concludes both that slavery is always unacceptable (is unnatural) and th a t the origin of property in no way depends on consent. Rather, property is shown to be the inevitable consequence of human self-preserving action in a world given to us by God. Neither does material necessity provide a reason for enslavement: on the one hand, the right of charity of the poor against the surplus of the wealthy makes enslavement an avoidable option for the individual; and on the other, the productive power of improving labour is so great th a t, where a system of private property is established which secures the fruits of their industry to the industrious, necessity itself (and thereby slavery also) becomes avoidable for a whole society, by making even the worst off wealthier than the richest in a primitive economy. Thus the question of property undergoes a significant shift. The concern of Locke’s successors with political economy, and the manner in which this concern modifies their interest in slavery and necessity as serious problems for society shows the extent to which Locke’s conclusions win the day. The question of what it is to have a social theory which is grounded in human nature becomes very pressing, however, because of difficulties perceived to be generated by Lockean (and, more generally, all “self-love” ) theories of human motivation. Such theories were perceived as compromising the natural law stress on the naturalness of human social life. The issue hinges on the nature of obligation. Hutcheson (and, following him, Hume) defends an account of human motivation which allocates a central role to impartial benevolence, and which thereby offers an understanding of moral obligation independent of theological commitments. Hutcheson’s programme runs into difficulties in its account of property, however, stressing the necessity of strict rule-following while at the same time providing general principles which threaten it. Hume’s account of the source of our obligation to respect the rules of property (the cornerstone of justice) is explained as an attempt to overcome this tension, by adapting some Pufendorfian distinctions to account for different types of moral obligation, grounded in different aspects of human sociability. So, despite some well established assumptions to the contrary, Hume can be recognized to be an important contributor to the natural law tradition. Together, he and Hutcheson pave the way for the more complete critical natural history of Adam Smith.

張曉宇.
"2006年8月"
論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2006.
參考文獻(leaves 139-161).
"2006 nian 8 yue"
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Zhang Xiaoyu.
Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006.
Can kao wen xian (leaves 139-161).
Chapter 第一章： --- 緒論 --- p.2-8
Chapter 第二章： --- 前人硏究槪述 --- p.9-22
Chapter 第三章： --- 宋代在室女的婚姻與嫁妝
Chapter 第一節： --- 婚姻論財 --- p.23-31
Chapter 第二節： --- 嫁妝與聘財之意義與分別 --- p.31-40
Chapter 第四章： --- 宋代「在室女」法律場域中的財產承分形態
Chapter 第一節： --- 反思法律場域中在室女財產承受的一些前提 --- p.41-51
Chapter 第二節： --- 在室女財產承分考之一：非戶絶情況下的遺囑分產 --- p.51-64
Chapter 第三節： --- 在室女財產承分考之二 ：戶絶情況下的分產 --- p.64-78
Chapter 第四節： --- 在室女財產承分考之三：在室女與命繼子 --- p.78-86
Chapter 第五節： --- 在室女財產承分考之四：試釋「女合得男之半」 --- p.86-93
Chapter 第六節： --- 法律場域中的兩點結論 --- p.93-94
Chapter 第五章： --- 宋代「在室女」其他社會領域中的財產形態
Chapter 第一節： --- 嫁妝財產的其他形態 --- p.95-110
Chapter 第二節： --- 工作與家庭中的在室女財產形態 --- p.110-128
Chapter 第三節： --- 關於在室女財產問題的兩點延伸思考 --- p.128-131
Chapter 第六章： --- 結語 --- p.132-135
附錄一：南宋文集所見婚啓定書 --- p.135-138
參考書目： --- p.139-161

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
This study examines the history of Indian-settler legal relations in Indiana, from the state’s pre-territorial period to the late-nineteenth century. Through a variety of interdisciplinary sources and methods, the author constructs a broad narrative on the evolution and co-existence of Native and non-Native customary legal systems in the region, focusing on matters related to marriage, property rights, and testimony. The primary thesis—which emphasizes reciprocally formative relations, rather than persistent conflict—suggests that Indiana’s pre-modern legal past involved an ad hoc yet highly effective process of cultural brokerage, reciprocity and inter-personal accommodation. That the American Indians lost much of their self-governing status following the period of contact is clear; however, a closer look at the ways in which nations historically defined, exercised, asserted, and shared jurisdiction, reveals a more intricate story of influence, authority, and concession. During the French and British colonial and American territorial periods, settler society adjusted to and often accommodated Native concepts of law and justice. Through a complex order of social obligations and community-based enforcement mechanisms, a shared set of rules and jurisdictional practices merged, forming a hybrid system of Indian-settler norms that bound these individuals across the cultural divide. When Indiana entered the Union in 1816, legal pluralism defined jurisdictional practice. However, with the nineteenth-century rise of legal positivism—the idea of law as the sole command of the nation-state, a sovereign entity vested with exclusive authority—territorial jurisdiction and legal uniformity became guiding principles. Many jurists viewed the informal, pre-existing custom-based regulatory structures with contempt. With the shift to a state-centered legal order, lawmakers established strict standards for recognizing the law of the “other,” ultimately rejecting the status of the tribes as equal sovereigns and forcing them to concede jurisdiction to the settler polity.

Jusqu’à une époque récente, un juriste étudiait un modèle juridique donné car il le considérait comme le meilleur. Telle est la constatation formulée par les comparatistes Antonio Gambaro, Rodolfo Sacco et Louis Vogel dans les premières lignes de leur Droit de l’Occident et d’ailleurs. Cette attitude cadre difficilement avec le contexte globalisant actuel. En revanche, un nombre croissant de juristes manifestent un intérêt renouvelé à l’égard du génie propre aux différentes traditions juridiques. À l’intérieur même d’une tradition juridique, un recul théorique est parfois nécessaire afin de mieux en apprécier la sagesse. Pour H. Patrick Glenn, la tradition juridique est vivante et évolutive. Le droit civil privé du Québec, branche de la tradition romaniste, constitue la résultante d’un processus de transmission de connaissances juridiques dont la pertinence est constamment mise à l’épreuve du temps et du contexte social. Très tôt, les dépositaires du savoir issu de la tradition romaniste ont cherché à définir la place de l’être humain dans la nature et cela, à toute époque confondue. La relation humaine avec la terre a fait l’objet de réflexions juridiques poussées dans le droit classique comme dans le droit moderne. Le droit des biens privé du Québec, branche fondamentale du droit civil, a intériorisé et adapté la somme de ce savoir à son propre contexte social et historique. La conception juridique de la terre a varié considérablement à l’intérieur même de la tradition romaniste. Ce mémoire propose une étude des représentations sociales et historiques de la terre dans la tradition romaniste. Cette étude a été menée en recourant à une approche interdisciplinaire du droit qui puise dans le savoir des disciplines philosophiques et historiques. Au terme de cette analyse, il sera établi que la structure de la propriété civiliste a conduit à une fragmentation juridique de la terre en autant d’utilités qu’il est techniquement possible pour l’être humain d’en tirer.
Until recently, legal scholars studied the specific legal model which was considered to be the best. This is the conclusion reached by comparative scholars Antonio Gambaro, Rodolfo Sacco and Louis Vogel in the first lines of Droit de l’Occident et d’ailleurs. This approach is difficult to reconcile within the context of our current globalized world. Therefore, a growing number of legal scholars have manifested a renewed interest in the strengths of different legal traditions. Within a legal tradition a theoretical examination is sometimes necessary in order to better appreciate its wisdom. For Patrick H. Glenn, legal tradition is living and evolving. Quebec Civil law, from the Roman tradition, is the result of a process of transmission of legal knowledge whose relevance is constantly put to the test of time and social context. Early on and during all ages, those responsible for transmitting the knowledge of the Roman tradition searched for ways to define the place of human beings within nature. The relationship between humans and the land has been the subject of numerous legal reflections both within classic and modern law. The law of private property in Quebec, a fundamental branch aspect of civil law, has internalized and adapted these reflections within its particular social and historical context. The legal concept of the land has varied considerably within the Roman tradition. This thesis proposes a study of social and historical representations of the land within the Roman tradition. It is rooted in an interdisciplinary legal approach, guided by philosophy and history. Through this analysis it will be established that the structure of property within the civil law tradition has created a legal fragmentation of the land, focused on its utilities, in order to enable human beings to derive as much as technically possible from it.

How the theme of this diploma project says, this work deals with present law regulation concerned to property rights, its content, its preservation and restriction, ways of its acquirement, co-ownership and expropriation, regulation of neighbourhood law, negotiation of realty ownerships and record of this ownerships to real estate register.