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1
Radebe, Sibusiso Blessing. « The protection of the right of access to adequate housing by the South African Constitutional Court ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80279.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African history of colonialism and apartheid created a massive housing crisis, and a basic service delivery deficit for the majority of people. Since the dawn of democracy, the current government has been trying to address this housing crisis and basic service delivery deficit. At the heart of the challenge created by this housing crisis, is the transformative vision of the Constitution and the proper role of courts, especially the Constitutional Court as the final arbiter of the rights protected and guaranteed in the Constitution. The central objective of this thesis is to investigate the extent to which the Constitutional Court has given substantive content to the right of access to adequate housing, particularly in the context of the positive duties arising out of this right as entrenched in section 26(1) and (2) of the Constitution. To this end, the history and present state of housing for residents of informal settlements, and those in inadequate housing, including the challenges presented by housing delivery, are explored. This thesis seeks to explore the concept of transformative constitutionalism, particularly its significance in relation to the right of access to adequate housing. The thesis goes on to trace the origins, strong and weak points of the reasonableness review model used by the Court to adjudicate the positive aspects of socio-economic rights, in the context of the right of access to adequate housing. This is followed by an examination of how housing as a human right has been interpreted and enforced in international, and comparative law. I then analyse the major housing jurisprudence of the Court, and suggest tentantive solutions towards redressing some of the impediments standing in the way of a substantive interpretation of the right of access to adequate housing. It is found that the Court has developed the substantive content of section 26(3) through the development of various procedural, and substantive protections of this right, including an expansive meaning of the requirement of justice and equity, requiring judicial oversight in all sales in execution against peoples’ homes, creative remedies such as mediation, joinder of a relevant municipality in eviction cases, meaningful engagement, and alternative accommodation as components of the requirement of justice and equity that would have to be met for an eviction to be lawful. In contrast, in the context of the positive duties imposed by section 26, the Court has adopted the reasonableness model of review without elaborating on the nature and scope of the right of access to adequate housing, and the values and purposes protected by this right in international law, and comparative law. Therefore, a relatively weak standard of judicial review is adopted by the Court when it adjudicates the negative duties of the right, as opposed to when it adjudicates the positive duties imposed by the right.This thesis proceeds to explore how the substantive interpretation of the right could be enhanced through following the methodology for interpretation of rights in the Bill of Rights prescribed in section 39(1) of the Constitution.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis van kolonialisme en apartheid het 'n massiewe behuisingskrisis, en 'n tekort aan basiese dienslewering vir die meerderheid van mense geskep. Sedert die aanvang van demokrasie, poog die huidige regering om die behuisingskrisis en tekort aan basiese dienslewering aan te spreek. Aan die hart van die uitdaging wat deur hierdie behuisingskrisis geskep is, is die transformerende visie van die Grondwet en die behoorlike rol van die howe, veral die Konstitusionele Hof as die finale arbiter van die regte wat in die Grondwet beskerm en gewaarborg word. Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis is om ondersoek in te stel na die mate waartoe die Konstitusionele Hof substantiewe inhoud gegee het aan die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising, veral in die konteks van die positiewe verpligtinge wat voortspruit uit hierdie reg soos verskans in artikels 26(1) en (2) van die Grondwet. Om dit te bereik, word die geskiedenis en huidige stand van behuising vir inwoners van informele nedersettings, asook dié in ontoereikende behuising, ondersoek met inbegrip van die uitdagings wat deur die lewering van behuising gestel word. Hierdie tesis poog om die begrip van transformerende konstitusionalisme te ondersoek, vernaam die belang daarvan met betrekking tot die reg van toegang tot geskikte behuising. Daarbenewens, ondersoek hierdie tesis die oorsprong, asook die sterk en swak punte van die Hof se model vir redelikheidshersiening om die positiewe aspekte van sosio-ekonomiese regte te beoordeel, in die konteks van die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising . Hierop volg 'n ondersoek na hoe behuising as 'n menslike reg in internasionale en vergelykende regskontekste geïnterpreteer en afgedwing kan word. Ek analiseer ook die hoof behuisingsregspraak van die Hof ten einde voorlopige oplossings voor te stel met betrekking tot die regstelling van sommige van die hindernisse tot 'n substantiewe interpretasie van die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising. Ten slotte, word daar gevind dat die Hof substantiewe inhoud aan artikel 26(3) gegee het deur die ontwikkeling van die prosedurele en substantiewe beskerming van hierdie reg, insluitend 'n uitgebreide begrip van die vereistes van geregtigheid en billikheid wat geregtelike oorsig in sekere omstandighede vereis: alle verkope in eksekusie teen mense se huise, kreatiewe remedies soos bemiddeling, die noodsaaklike voeging van munisipaliteite tot uitsettings , sinvolle betrokkenheid, en die voorsiening van alternatiewe akkommodasie as ‘n komponentvan die vereiste van geregtigheid en billikheid wat nagekom moet word vir 'n uitsettingsbevel om regmatig te wees. In teenstelling, met betrekking tot die positiewe verpligtinge wat deur artikel 26 opgelê word, het die Hof die model vir redelikheidshersiening aangeneem sonder om uit te brei op die aard en omvang van die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising, en die waardes en doelwitte wat deur hierdie reg beskerm word in internasionale en vergelykbare regskontekste. Gevolglik is 'n relatiewe swak standaard van geregtelike hersiening deur die Hof vasgestel wanneer dit die negatiewe verpligtinge van die reg beoordeel, in teenstelling met wanneer die positiewe verpligtinge van die reg beoordeel word. Hierdie tesis poog om vas te stel hoe die substantiewe interpretasie van die reg bevorder kan word ingevolge die metodologie vir die interpretasie van die regte in die Handves van Regte soos voorgeskryf in artikel 39(1) van die Grondwet.
2
Holgate, Mark. « "Is the international regime of the Arbitration Ordinance compatible with the right to court access under the Basic Law?" ». access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b21843247a.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2006."MA arbitration and dispute resolution, City University of Hong Kong, dissertation (LW 6409)" Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 22, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Assy, Rabeea. « The right to litigate in person ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:718698cd-9177-49fb-8fbb-336d809aa0ad.
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Litigation in person is a widespread phenomenon in common law jurisdictions. A right to litigate in person is treated as a fundamental right, regardless of whether the litigant has the financial means to hire a lawyer or the capacity to conduct litigation effectively. Due to the high numbers of litigants in person and the various burdens placed on judicial resources by their lack of legal knowledge, they pose a serious challenge to the effective and efficient administration of justice. This thesis assesses the theoretical value of a right to self-representation, and challenges the position that courts should not impose legal representation on a litigant nor require him to obtain such representation as a condition for litigation. It argues that a litigant who lacks the professional knowledge and skills to present his case effectively cannot legitimately insist upon representing himself if in doing so he is likely to inflict disproportionate costs on his opponent and on the administration of justice. This thesis advances the case for mandatory representation in civil proceedings on three main fronts: a comparison with the criminal context, an assessment of the value of self-representation in terms of outcome, and an examination of its possible intrinsic justifications.
4
Lange, Pia Annika. « The reasonableness approach of the South African Constitutional Court - making the constitutional right of access to housing "real" or effectively meaningless ? » Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29738.
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The South African Constitution explicitly guarantees the right of access to housing (section 26 of the Constitution). To consider whether the state has fulfilled its positive obligations to take appropriate steps to realise the right of access to housing within its available resources, the Constitutional Court – based on the text of the provision 26(2) of the Constitution – uses the test of reasonableness. Contrary to the minimum core concept, which was developed through the General Comments of the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and which is used to measure state actions in regard of the right to housing under Article 11 para 1 of the ICESCR, the reasonableness approach shifts the emphasis from the reasonableness of the solution to the reasonableness of the steps taken, moving away from a substantive right towards administrative oversight, which makes – so the assumption goes – the constitutional right of access to housing effectively meaningless. However, in this dissertation it is argued that it is not the reasonableness approach per se which hinders the implementation of the right of access to housing but rather the choice of remedy and the lack of (individual) access to the Court. In doing so, this study will show that the Court by using the reasonableness approach is acting in accordance with the wording and the transformative character of the South African Constitution and its own institutional role within the constitutional framework based on the separation of powers. Subsequently the study demonstrates that the effectiveness of the right of access to housing depends on the remedy granted by the Court and the possibility of access to the Court rather than the approach reverted to by the Court. Against this backdrop, the dissertation scrutinises what can be done to expand access to justice for claims flowing from the right of access to housing and thus to facilitate the right.
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Mavedzenge, Justice Alfred. « An analysis of how Zimbabwe’s international legal obligation to achieve the realisation of the right of access to adequate housing, can be enforced in domestic courts as a constitutional right, notwithstanding the absence of a specific constitutional right of every person to have access to adequate housing ». Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28353.
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The Constitution of Zimbabwe of 2013 does not expressly guarantee every person a right to have access to adequate housing. However, the Government of Zimbabwe has an international legal obligation to achieve the progressive realisation of the right to have access to adequate housing by everyone in the country. This obligation is derived from art 11 (1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Zimbabwe is a dualist state and therefore, this obligation is not directly or automatically enforceable as municipal law in Zimbabwe. It can be enforced in domestic courts only if it has been enacted into legislation or if it is entrenched as a constitutional obligation. The absence of a specific constitutional right, guaranteed for everyone to have access to adequate housing, thus raises the concern that the government may not be held accountable, in the domestic courts, to comply with its international legal obligation to ensure that everyone enjoys access to adequate housing. There is a national housing crisis in Zimbabwe that is characterised by an acute shortage of adequate housing, mass forced evictions and unfair discrimination in the allocation of housing facilities by government. There is therefore an existing need to compel government to comply with and fulfil its international legal obligations relating to the right of every person to have access to adequate housing. In the absence of an explicit constitutional guarantee of such a right, it is necessary to find alternative constitutional rights which citizens and individuals in Zimbabwe can rely on to compel Government to comply with and fulfil its international legal obligations that arise from art 11 (1) of the ICESCR. The Constitution of Zimbabwe expressly guarantees for everyone the following rights; the fundamental freedom from arbitrary evictions, the right to life, the right to equality and the children’s right to shelter. The scope of each of these rights can be interpreted broadly to include some of the duties that ordinarily arise from the right to have access to adequate housing. Therefore, these rights can be applied together to enforce the international legal duty of the state to ensure the progressive realisation of the right to have access to adequate housing by everyone in Zimbabwe.
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Stulpinienė, Aida. « Teisės kreiptis į teismą įgyvendinimo procesinė tvarka (lyginamoji Lietuvos ir Austrijos valstybių civilinio proceso įstatymų analizė) ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20080125_100909-76849.
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Šio darbo tikslas – kompleksiškai išanalizuoti ir palyginti teisės kreiptis į teismą įgyvendinimo procesinę tvarką pagal Lietuvos ir Austrijos civilinio proceso įstatymus. Abiejose šalyse konstituciniu lygmeniu įtvirtintą teisę kreiptis į teismą detalizuoja civilinio proceso įstatymuose nustatyta šios teisės įgyvendinimo tvarka. Darbe teorinių ir empirinių metodų pagalba yra analizuojama teisė kreiptis į teismą, jos turinys, teisės kreiptis į teismą prielaidos ir sąlygos, nustatytos atsisakymo priimti ieškinį pagrinduose, įtvirtintuose Lietuvos ir Austrijos civilinio proceso įstatymuose. Remiantis moksline literatūra, teisės aktais, Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo ir Austrijos Aukščiausiojo Teismo (Oberster Gerichtshof) praktika atskiruose baigiamojo darbo skyriuose analizuojami Lietuvos ir Austrijos civilinio proceso kodeksuose numatyti atsisakymo priimti ieškinį pagrindai.
Atlikus lyginamąją Lietuvos ir Austrijos civilinio proceso įstatymų analizę, prieinama išvados, kad abiejų valstybių civilinio proceso įstatymuose įtvirtinti atsisakymo priimti ieškinį pagrindai yra beveik identiški, teisė kreiptis į teismą yra tinkamai reglamentuota ir įgyvendinama nepažeidžiant įstatymuose numatytų reikalavimų. Tiek Lietuvoje, tiek Austrijoje įtvirtinti baigtiniai atsisakymo priimti ieškinį pagrindų sąrašai nesudaro kliūčių asmenims pasinaudoti teise kreiptis į teismą. Taip pat darbe pateikiami pasiūlymai Lietuvos įstatymų leidėjui dėl kai kurių civilinio proceso įstatymų nuostatų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]In dieser Magistrusarbeit analysiert man die Ordnung der Verwirklichung des Justizgewährungsanspruchs anhand der Gesetze des Zivilprozesses in Litauen und Österreich. Den Justizgewärungsanspruch, den die Verfassungen der beiden Ländern durchsetzen, detailisiert die Ordnung der Verwirklichung dieses Rechts in den Gesetzen des Zivilprozesses. In der Arbeit analysiert man den Justizgewärungsanspruch, Inhalt des Justizgewährungsanspruchs (die Prozessvoraussetzungen und die Rechtszugvoraussetzungen sind in den Gesetzen des Zivilprozesses verwirklicht, die in den Gründen der Zurückweisung der Klage festgesstelt sind). Hier werden auch die Werke der Rechtswissenshaftler in Litauen und Österreich besprochen. In einzelnen Teilen dieser Arbeit werden die Gründen der Zurückweisung der Klage besprochen. Diese Gründe analysiert man anhand der Gesetze, der Rechtsprechung, der Wissenschaft des Zivilprozessrechtes. Nach der vergleichenden Analyse der Gesetze des Zivilprozesses in Litauen und Österreich kann man die Schlussfolderung ziehen, das die Gründen der Zurückweisung der Klage fast identisch sind. Der Justizgewährungsanspruch ist ausführlich reglementiert und verwirklicht man ohne Verletzungen der Gesetze. Sowohl in Litauen als auch in Österreich ist die Endliste der Gründen der Zurückweisung der Klage verwirklicht, die keine Hindernisse der Personen, die den Justizgewährungsanspruch nutzen wollen, machen. In der Arbeit werden auch die Vorschläge für den Gesetzgeber Litauens wegen... [to full text]
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Sloan, Tyler E. « The Abortion Burden : Examining Abortion Access, Undue Burden and Supreme Court Rulings in the United States ». Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1494418153379172.
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Torres, Mary Ann. « Access to treatment as a human right, a discussion of the aspects of the right to health under national and international law in Venezuela ; Cruz Bermudez, et al v. Ministry of Health, Supreme Court of Venezuela, July 1999 ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ54070.pdf.
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Askew-Renaut, Estelle. « Access to justice for individuals before the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities : in line with international human rights law and practice ? » Thesis, University of Essex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437665.
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Mitrulevičiūtė, Vaida. « Teisės kreiptis į teismą įgyvendinimo procesinė tvarka : lyginamoji analizė Lietuvos ir Vokietijos civilinio proceso įstatymuose ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20080125_100241-82211.
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Teisės kreiptis į teismą teisminės gynybos užtikrinimas yra vienas iš pagrindinių teisinės valstybės statusą patvirtinančių siekiamų tikslų. Magistro darbe teisė kreiptis į teismą teisminės gynybos procesine teisine prasme, t. y. teisė pareikšti ieškinį (pareiškimą), analizuojama pasitelkiant lyginamąjį tyrimo metodą, įgalinantį palyginti atskirų valstybių - Lietuvos Respublikos (toliau – Lietuvos) ir Vokietijos Federacinės Respublikos (toliau –Vokietijos) - teisės kreiptis į teismą įgyvendinimo procesinės tvarkos teisinį reguliavimą.
Abejose šalyse teisė kreiptis į teismą teisminės gynybos reglamentuojama aukščiausią teisinę galią turinčio teisės akto, t. y. Konstitucijos, normomis. Teisės kreiptis į teismą teisinis reguliavimas, esant asmens teisių pažeidimui privatiniuose teisiniuose santykiuose, Lietuvoje ir Vokietijoje skiriasi: Vokietijos Pagrindinio įstatymo 19 str. 4 d. garantuoja teisę kreiptis į teism���� tik tuo atveju, kai teisių pažeidėjas yra viešoji valdžia. Tačiau Vokietijos Konstitucinis Teismas yra konstatavęs, jog teisiniams ginčams, nepatenkantiems į Pagrindinio įstatymo 19 str. 4 d. ribas, teisė kreiptis į teismą garantuojama įtvirtintu teisinės valstybės principu. Priešingai nei Vokietijoje, Lietuvos Konstitucijoje yra įtvirtinta bendroji teisės norma, taikoma kilusiems ginčams tiek civiliniuose, tiek kitokio pobūdžio teisiniuose santykiuose. Kiekvienas, norintis pasinaudoti teisės aktuose įtvirtinta teise kreiptis į teismą, privalo laikytis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Die Gewaehrleistung vom Justizgewaehrungsanspruch ist eines der Axiome, die den Status von dem Rechtsstaat betont. In dieser Magisterarbeit wird der Justizgewaehrungsanspruch im Sinne des prozessrechtlichen Aspektes, d. h. wie das Recht vor Gericht einzuklagen, analysiert. Die Eroerterung vom Justizgewaehrungsanspruch wird mit Anwendung eines Vergleichsmethodes erledigt. Das Ziel dieser Magisterarbeit ist die Prozessordnung der Verwirklichung vom Justizgewaehrungsanspruch in Litauen und in Deutschland zu vergleichen. In beiden Laendern wird der Justizgewaehrungsanspruch auf der obersten Regelungsebene verankert – im Grundgesetz (GG) der Bundesrepublik Deutschlands und in der Verfassung Litauens. Die Rechtsschutzgarantie in privatrechtlichen Verhaeltnissen ist in verfassungrechtlichen Normen unterschiedlich geregelt: Art. 19 Abs.4 GG schuetzt die Rechte des Menschens nur bei Velretzung durch oeffentliche Gewalt. Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat den aus dem Rechtsstaatsprinzip in Verbindung mit den Grundrechten folgenden allgemeinen Justizgewährungsanspruch zunächst als Grundlage des Rechtsschutzes in zivilrechtlichen Streitigkeiten anerkannt, für die Art.19 Abs.4 GG nicht anwendbar ist. Im Gegensatz dazu gibt es eine allgemeine verfassungsrechtliche Norm in Verfassung Litauens, die nicht nur fuer die oeffenltich-rechtlichen, sondern auch fuer die zivilrechtlichen Streitigkeiten gilt. Jeder, wer sein Recht vor Gericht einzuklagen realisieren moechte, muss es gemaess... [to full text]
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Cseke, Nóra. « Accès au juge et aux procédures d'asile à la lumière des droits européen, allemand et français ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA004.
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L’effectivité de l’accès aux instances de l’asile dépend de la réunion de plusieurs facteurs qui ne viennent pas uniquement du droit national. La condition sine qua non de l’effectivité d’un tel accès est une réception harmonieuse par les différents Etats, des garanties procédurales indispensables à celui-ci et définies au niveau européen, ce qui suppose toutefois une relation équilibrée entre le droit conventionnel et le droit de l’Union, construite dans un esprit de dialogue. Dans l’établissement de ce dialogue, le législateur de l’Union, tout comme la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme et la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne jouent un rôle primordial, et si ce dialogue s’avérait dissonant, le droit national pourrait encore corriger les insuffisances ainsi constatées. Certes, à cette fin, il est nécessaire d’établir un dialogue également au niveau national, et ce, non seulement avec les instances européennes mais aussi à l’intérieur de l’Etat entre les autorités administratives et juridictionnelles. In fine, l’effectivité de cet accès est tout autant indispensable dans une dimension transfrontalière afin de rapprocher davantage les législations nationales et de proposer une solution européenne aux problèmes structuraux et systémiques caractérisant cet accèsThe effectiveness of access to asylum bodies depends on a combination of several factors which are not derived solely from national law. The sine qua non of the effectiveness of such access is a harmonious reception by the various Member States of the procedural guarantees essential to it and defined at European level, which presupposes, however, a balanced relationship between ECHR law and Union law built in a spirit of dialogue. In establishing this dialogue, the EU legislator, like the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union, plays an essential role, and if this dialogue were to prove dissonant, national law could still correct any shortcomings thus noted. To this end, it is certainly necessary to establish a dialogue also at national level, not only with the EU legislator and the European courts but also between the administrative and judicial authorities at State level. Ultimately, the effectiveness of this access is also essential in a cross-border dimension in order to further approximate national legislation and to propose a European solution to the structural and systemic problems characterizing this access
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Elliott, Sarah. « The 'pay now argue later' principle in South African Tax Law : its development, operation, comparison to South African civil debt enforcement and consistency with the constitutional right of access to courts ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25267.
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Section 164 of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (the TAA), previously contained in section 88 of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (the Income Tax Act) and section 36 of the Value-Added Tax (VAT) Act 89 of 1991 (the VAT Act), provides that the payment of tax will not be automatically suspended until the resolution of a dispute regarding the liability for the said tax debt. This is known as the 'pay now argue later' principle. The objectives of this research were to analyse the development of the 'pay now argue later' principle in South African tax law, to provide an overview of the content and operation of section 164 of the TAA, to compare the principle and its purpose with civil debt enforcement procedures and, lastly, to test the principle against the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution), specifically the right of access to courts. The underlying theme of this research is the recognition of taxpayers' rights in South Africa, specifically the interplay between the powers of the fiscus and the rights of taxpayers. In order to achieve the abovementioned objectives, this research examined the development of the 'pay now argue later' principle from its first appearance in section 88 of the Income Tax Act and section 36 of the VAT Act to its subsequent incorporation into the Tax Administration Bill 11 of 2011 and, ultimately, into section 164 of the TAA. It was concluded that the development of the 'pay now argue later' principle, from its first appearance in the Income Tax Act in 1962 and the VAT Act in 1993 until their repeal in 2011, was relatively minor save for in 2009, during which year there was a marked change in the structure of this principle with the inclusion of the so-called 'suspension rule'. This research provided a practical overview and understanding of the operation of the 'pay now argue later' principle in terms of section 164 of the TAA, specifically focusing on the suspension rule. This research further compared the 'pay now argue later' principle with civil debt enforcement procedures, specifically provisional sentence and summary judgment. It was concluded that the 'pay now argue later' principle is an exception to the ordinary rules governing civil debt enforcement proceedings. Lastly, this research placed the 'pay now argue later' principle under constitutional scrutiny, specifically whether its application infringes on the right of access to courts of taxpayers. It was found that the 'pay now argue later' principle infringes a taxpayer's right of access to courts, but this limitation is justified in terms of section 36 of the Constitution.
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Соболєв, В. С. « Обмеження права на конфіденційність і доступ до інформації у правоохоронній діяльності ». Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/23131.
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Соболєв, В.С. Обмеження права на конфіденційність і доступ до інформації у правоохоронній діяльності : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 262 "Правоохоронна діяльність" / В. С. Слиш ; керівник роботи Н. В. Марущак ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра правоохоронної діяльності та загальноправових дисциплін. – Чернігів, 2021. – 90 с.Сучасні стандарти, вироблені міжнародними нормативними актами у сфері захисту прав людини, безпеки та інформаційної політики в умовах активного розвитку глобального інформаційного суспільства, ставлять за мету забезпечення принципу інформаційної відкритості та транспарентності діяльності органів влади та інших публічних суб'єктів. Разом з тим необхідність забезпечення безпеки, стратегічних інтересів держави, прав і законних інтересів громадян і організацій обумовлює функціонування і активний розвиток механізмів обмеження доступу до інформації. Метою дослідження є розробка та обґрунтування теоретичних положень про правовий режим конфіденційної інформації в правоохоронних органах, що мають значення для розвитку теорії інформаційного права, а також обґрунтування основних напрямів удосконалення правового регулювання конфіденційної інформації. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в тому, що автором запропоновано з метою правової ідентифікації відомостей, що охороняються в режимі конфіденційної таємниці, дані відомості повинні володіти такими ознаками: - відомості формуються в результаті здійснення управлінської діяльності або є інформацією обмеженого доступу про фізичних або юридичних осіб, що стала відомою органам влади в результаті здійснення покладених на них повноважень і обов'язків; - характеризуються закритим переліком суб'єктів, які можуть ними володіти: органи державної влади, органи місцевого самоврядування, підвідомчі їм організації і державні корпорації. У деяких випадках відомості можуть передаватися в ході виконання договорів цивільно-правового характеру; - доступ до даних відомостей обмежений вимогами законодавчих актів.
Relevance of research. Modern standards, developed by international regulations in the field of human rights, security and information policy in the context of active development of the global information society, aim to ensure the principle of information openness and transparency of government and other public entities. However, the need to ensure security, strategic interests of the state, the rights and legitimate interests of citizens and organizations determines the functioning and active development of mechanisms to restrict access to information. The purpose of the study is to develop and substantiate theoretical provisions on the legal regime of confidential information in law enforcement agencies, which are important for the development of information law theory, as well as to substantiate the main directions of improving the legal regulation of confidential information. The scientific novelty of the work is that the author proposed for the purpose of legal identification of information protected by confidentiality, this information should have the following features: - information is formed as a result of management activities or is information of limited access to individuals or legal entities became known to the authorities as a result of the exercise of their powers and responsibilities; - are characterized by a closed list of entities that may own them: public authorities, local governments, their subordinate organizations and state corporations. In some cases, information may be transmitted during the performance of contracts of a civil nature; - access to this information is limited by the requirements of legislative acts
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Barrionuevo-Ottka, Daniel. « De l'urgence en procédure civile ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTD006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L'homme cherche en vain à contrôler l'incontrôlable, à maîtriser le temps. Or, ce dernier s'écoule sans qu’il soit possible d’y remédier. Pire, il semble aujourd'hui prendre une place de plus en plus importante pour l'Homme qui souhaite accélérer tous les processus de la vie, afin d'accéder plus rapidement aux bénéfices de ses actions. L'urgence, notion directement rattachée à la temporalité, est impactée par cette accélération, qui viens aujourd’hui modifier nos modes de vie et de consommation. Le droit et la procédure civile ont par conséquent dû s’accommoder et s’adapter à cette nouvelle obsession. Le législateur est ainsi venu proposer plusieurs procédures permettant de traiter les litiges urgents. Parallèlement à cette généralisation de l’urgence au sein de nos juridictions, le comportement et les stratégies procédurales des justiciables ont évoluées. L’urgence est aujourd’hui, dans bien des cas, un prétexte, une excuse permettant d’emprunter une voie plus rapide. Cette dénaturation de l’urgence et des procédures d’urgence menace aujourd’hui notre système procédural, puisque les procédures d’urgence sont aujourd’hui obstruées par un grand nombre d’affaires non urgente. C’est dans ce contexte critique que plusieurs propositions ont été formulées dans cette thèse afin de rétablir l’ordre et l’équilibre entre l'ensemble des procédures existantesHumanity searches in vain to control the uncontrollable, to master time. It flies whithout any mean to stop it. Worst, it seems nowadays to increase its pace. Emergency is a concept directly linked to this flying time, which has consequences on the way we live and the way we consume. Law, and civil procedure, had to accommodate whith this new obsession. Lawmaker proposer several solutions to deal with the most urgent cases. Concomitantly to this generalization of the emergency among courts, behaviors and procedural strategies from the citizens evolved. Emergency became an excuse and a pretext to pick a quicker path. This distorsion of the emergency threats our entire legal procedure, since emergency procedures are now blocked by too many non-urgent cases. In this critical context, this thesis offers solutions to bring back order and balance on our legal system
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Rajska, Dagmara Marta. « Etude comparative des droits garantis aux justiciables en application de l'article 6 de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme et de leur traduction en droit interne en France et en Pologne ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1022.
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La Pologne est un ancien État communiste qui a signé la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme en 1991 et l'a ratifiée en 1993. Le droit de recours individuel a été reconnu en 1993. Le changement de régime a exigé de revoir le système juridique polonais, dont les principes du procès équitable, afin de pouvoir se conformer aux exigences de la Convention. La France a signé la Convention en 1950, l'a ratifiée en 1974. Le droit de recours individuel a été reconnu en 1981. C'est un des plus anciens signataires de la Convention et actuellement un acteur majeur de la société internationale dont l'attachement aux droits de l'homme constitue un élément caractéristique de sa politique extérieure. Cette étude comparative détermine si les exigences concernant les tribunaux et le procès, ainsi que les droits garantis en matière pénale, imposés par l'article 6 de la Convention, sont respectés dans les deux États. D'un côté, cela permet de voir les différences et les similitudes entre la France et la Pologne qui peuvent sembler différentes à cause de leur histoire et de leur tradition de respect des droits de l'homme, mais qui également se ressemblent dans les mécanismes de protection des droits de l'homme mis en place et rencontrent les problèmes similaires, comme par exemple la durée excessive de la procédure ou le non-Respect du principe de l'égalité des armes.D'un autre côté, cela permet de vérifier si les organes internes ont bien appliqué et, le cas échéant, réparé les violations de la Convention, notamment par les réformes de la loi internePoland is a post-Communist state which signed the Convention in 1991, and ratified it in 1993. The right to the individual application was established in 1993. The change of the regime required to reform the Polish legal system, including the principles of fair trial, to comply with the requirements of the Convention. France signed the Convention in 1950, and ratified it in 1974. The right to the individual application was established in 1981. It is one of the oldest members of the Convention and at the moment one of the major actors of the international society, whose attachment to human rights is one of the characteristics of its foreign policy. This comparative study sets out to determine whether the requirements concerning the courts and the trials, and the rights guaranteed in criminal matters imposed by the article 6 of the Convention are respected in both states. On the one hand, this enables us to see the differences and the similitudes between France and Poland. These two states can seem to be different because of their respective histories and traditions when it comes to the respect of human rights. However, in the final analysis, they deal with similar problems, as, for example, the excessive length of proceedings, or non-Respect of the principle of equity of arms. On the other hand, this enables us to verify if the judgements of the European Court of Human Rights have been entirely implemented by the two states, and, where necessary, if the infringements of the Convention were repaired, including the reforms of the internal law
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Woods, Francesca. « Children's access to their right to play ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/childrens-access-to-their-right-to-play(a795fdf6-3135-428e-b933-b13ab648a8e9).html.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The thesis focuses on play for early and middle childhood; children aged birth to twelve years. Children's access to their right to play has decreased internationally and teachers' beliefs about play are likely to impact upon their practice. Therefore, a systematic literature review of teachers' beliefs on play internationally was conducted. The second paper explores how play can be facilitated for children with SEND within a mainstream primary school. UNICEF UK Level 2 Rights Respecting schools embed the UNCRC rights within their policy and practice, at all levels of school life. This case study focuses specifically on how one Level 2 Rights Respecting school facilitates play for children with SEND. A third paper considers concepts of evidence-based practice, dissemination and implementation, and applies this to a dissemination strategy for the current research. The first paper explores elementary and early years teachers' beliefs on play internationally. Three data bases were systematically searched between October 2016 and January 2017 yielding 9792 hits for screening. 30 studies met eligibility criteria and were assessed for methodological quality and appropriateness of focus. Eleven remaining studies were included in the final review. The case study site was one mainstream primary school within the North of England. Data were collected via interviews with three children with SEND, their corresponding teachers, and their head teacher, and analysed using thematic analysis. Observations of the children, analysed using content analysis, further contributed to the data set. Findings from all data sources were triangulated to identify themes. The literature review reflects tensions within teachers' definitions of play, and highlight beliefs on topical sub-types of play. The case study highlights how themes of inclusion, child-centred practice and teacher knowledge contribute towards facilitating play for children with SEND. The third paper considers common and effective methods of dissemination and implementation, and the implications of this for the current research. A dissemination strategy is outlined at different geographic and professional levels.
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Barclay, Courtney Anne. « Balancing the right to privacy and the right of access access to child-abuse records in the 50 states / ». [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0002305.
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Govindjee, Avinash. « The constitutional right of access to social security ». Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/280.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The inclusion of the right of access to social security in the Constitution did not meet with wholehearted approval in South Africa. This right, however, is of vital importance for the future upliftment of the country. The present social security system is based upon a clear distinction between social assistance and social insurance. There is a gap in current social security provisions in that the unemployed middle aged individual is not covered. Unemployment itself is one of the greatest challenges obscuring the implementation of a comprehensive social security system. The Constitutional right is to have ‘access’ to social security and the amount of resources at the state’s disposal is directly related to increasing this right, although it is true that a number of available resources are misspent. The state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of the right of access to social security. The principles of solidarity and ubuntu must be cultivated so that national social development becomes a concern for all citizens. There are numerous problems facing South Africans in attaining the goal of access to social security – even if national social development does become a priority. Budgetary constraints, poverty, unemployment, HIV/Aids and foreigners are examples of these. By making social security a priority for everyone, existing ideas (almost all of which have merit) may be converted into long-term solutions for poverty and unemployment. Currently, numerous opportunities to salvage the situation are being overlooked as a result of the lack of a comprehensive and structured plan to better the access to social security. The constitutional right of access to social security is enforceable, although the jurisprudence in this field remains underdeveloped. Conditions are currently favourable, within the country and beyond its borders, for an imaginative and concerted attempt to be made to find potential solutions. It is possible for resources to be increased and for tax benefits to be incorporated for businesses which have the capacity to contribute. The issue of defence spending is controversial, but could hold the key to lowering unemployment. Should jobs be created, it is likely that they will initially be of a temporary nature. Consequently, provisions are needed to ensure some guarantee of income in the lacuna between when a job is lost and another found. Ultimately, one thing is certain: the constitutional right of access to social security will only be complete once the people who are recipients of this right make sacrifices and create corresponding duties for themselves to ensure that the next generation of inhabitants of this country are not facing similar problems. The state’s goal should be to ensure that the basic rights which all people enjoy in terms of the Constitution (in particular the other socio-economic rights) are guaranteed for the duration of their existence, even if the level of benefits received by such people is low.
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Миколаївна, Проскура Ганна, et K. I. Zhebrovska. « ACCESS TO ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION AS A HUMAN RIGHT ». Thesis, Сучасна університетська правова освіта і наука : Матер. VIIІ Міжн. наук.-практ. конф. (м. Київ, НАУ, 23 лютого 2018 р.). Том 1. Тернопіль : Вектор, 2018. C. 213-215, 2018. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/32720.
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Patterson, Lindsey Marie. « The Right to Access : Citizenship and Disability, 1950-1973 ». The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1342310475.
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Gorka, K. « Reflections about right of public access to the EU documents ». Thesis, Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61080.
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Prosper, Sophie. « Les réformes de l’organisation juridictionnelle à l’épreuve du droit d’accès au tribunal : contribution à une reconstruction en faveur du justiciable ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le droit d'accès au tribunal garantit au justiciable un accès concret et effectif à un juge afin d'obtenir une décision de justice. L'Etat doit offrir aux justiciables un accès aux juridictions qui répond aux attentes de ses usagers. Cependant, l'application d'une vision managériale en matière budgétaire pousse l'Etat depuis l'adoption de la LOLF à réformer le service public de la justice selon une logique de performance et de gestion des flux qui recherche à désengager l'Etat et à réduire les dépenses publiques. Cette vision risque alors de s'opposer à la promotion d'un accès au tribunal. Ainsi, la thèse s'attache à examiner les réformes de l'organisation juridictionnelle non pas au prisme d'une vision managériale mais au prisme des attentes du justiciable. Deux aspects du droit d'accès au tribunal doivent alors être analysés. D'une part, l'accès au tribunal nécessite de s'interroger sur les conditions permettant d'accéder réellement à la juridiction. La capabilité du justiciable permettra de dégager ces conditions. D'autre part, le droit d'accès au tribunal poursuit une finalité courte qu'est la décision de justice et une finalité longue qu'est la pacification sociale. Afin de tendre à ces finalités, le droit d'accès au tribunal doit rechercher l'acceptabilité de la décision de justice par le justiciableThe right of access to the Courts is to provide litigants a concrete and effective access to judges in order to obtain a Court's decision. The State has to ensure such an access to the Courts in a way to better adress litigants' needs. However, the State's managerial vision on the national budget since the LOLF Reform steers Justice reforms towards a performance logic and workflow management resulting in a State withdrawal. Such an approach is contravening the promotion of a right of access to the Courts. This research aims to tackle Justice reforms regarding litigants needs without regards to the management point of view. Two aspects of the right of access to the Courts shall be analysed in this respect. Firstly, one shall look at the concrete conditions to access Courts. Litigants' capabilities is a usefull concept in this respect. Secondly, the right of access to the Courts aims at providing a judicial decision (short purpose) and at providing peacekeeping (long purpose). To fulfill those two purposes the right of access to the Courts is to based on and has to ensure litigants' acceptance of judicial decisions
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Lardy, Heather. « The Supreme Court of the United States and the right to vote ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1994. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU067534.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis considers some conceptual problems in the constitutional voting rights doctrine of the U.S. Supreme Court. The court has expanded its theory of voting rights to cover matters other than the right of suitably qualified individuals to register and cast a ballot. The thesis considers the manner in which the Court has extended its theory. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss the Court's decision on votor registration and franchise laws. Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the application of voting rights doctrine to electoral districting disputes. Chapter 6 considers the problems raised by attempts to extend the reach of the doctrine to claims that certain forms of electoral structure dilute the voting power of racial (or other) minority groups. The subject of Chapter 7 is the right to be a candidate and the relationship between that right and the right to vote. Chapter 8 contains a short treatment of the Court's complex decisions on laws regulating election campaign spending, and considers the compatibility of the theory on which those decisions are based with the Court's broader constitutional voting rights doctrine. This broad survey of the Court's voting rights decisions is undertaken with the aim of highlighting inconsistencies in its characterisation of the constitutional right to vote. It is concluded (Chapter 9) that the Court has repeatedly retreated behind a limited conception of the right to vote as a right to register and cast a ballot, and to be protected against the various forms of voting-related discrimination which the Constitution explicitly prohibits. Possible explanations for the Court's preference for a narrow conception of the right to vote are considered in the text.
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Badwaza, Yoseph Mulugeta. « Public interest litigation as practised by South African human rights NGOs : any lessons for Ethiopia ? » Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1135.
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"It is against this backdrop of unsatisfacotry enforcement of fundamental human rights enshrined in the Constitution that the role of human rights NGOs in Ethiopia should come to the fore. Thus, apart from monitoring violations and conducting legal awareness programs, there is a need for human rights NGOs in Ethiopia to engage in public interest litigation with a view to facilitating the judical enforcement of fundamental rights representing those who, for various reasons, can not access courts. A number of reasons could be provided to justify why the South African system has been chosen for a lesson to Ethiopia. One reason could be the legal framework put in place to address issues of acces to justice in South Africa. Standing is a crucial question in any venture of public interest litigation. Section 38(d) of the South African Constitution entitles anyone acting in the public interest to approach a competent court and seek remedies when they feel that a fundamental right is infringed or threatened. This very liberal approach to standing is not common in many legal systems. For countries like Ethiopia where there is an extremely tight requirement of standing to institute civil proceedings in courts, such a liberal approach could be an inspiration. In addition to the guarantees given by the Constitution, in South Africa there exists a relatively advanced and dynamic system of subsidiary legislation that could facilitate the full utilisation of the constitutionally recognised rights of access to justice. More relevant to this dissertation are the human rights NGOs in South Africa that are engaged in human rights lawyering in general and public interest litigation in particular. Much could be learnt from the experiences of prominent human rights NGOs such as the Legal Resources Centre and Lawyers for Human Rights. In all, Ethiopia, where the activities of human rights NGOs have not yet gone further than the monitoring of violations and fragmented attempts of awareness raising campaigns, could indeed draw lessons from the South African experience in this regard. ... The study has five chapters. The first chapter deals with introductory matters such as objective, methodology and literature survey. In the second chapter, a working definition of the concept of public interest litigation, the rationale behind it, issues such as access to justice and locus standi will be discussed. The third chapter is devoted to the analysis of public interest litigation as employed in different legal systems. With a view to providing a broad perspective to the practice the cases of France, the United States and Canada are presented. However, the chapter will focus more on the Indian and South African systems, mainly because of the nature of the problems public interest litigation addresses in the two countries. There will be a fourth chapter dedicated to the examination of the existing legal and institutional framework in Ethiopia in light of the background presented in the previous chapters. The fifth chapter deals with the conclusion and recommendations aimed at pointing out the major lessons to be drawn to introduce public interest litigation in Ethiopia." -- Introduction.Prepared under the supervision of Professor JR de Ville at the Community Law Centre, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Moreton, Romaine. « The right to dream ». Click here for electronic access : http://arrow.uws.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/uws:2495, 2006. http://arrow.uws.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/uws:2495.
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Barrow, Sarah Carpenter. « The right of access, the right to hear, and the right to speak applying First Amendment theories to the network neutrality debate / ». [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Martin, Carmenito Marcelle. « Does a right to access to adequate housing include a right to the city in South Africa ? » University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5973.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Magister Legum - LLM (Public Law and Jurisprudence)The Constitution of South Africa is often commended for the protection that it affords to socio-economic rights - including the right to access to adequate housing, 'Adequate' housing is said to comprise of more than just a roof over one's head, and requirements have also been set regarding the overall location of the housing provided. Processes such as 'gentrification' have presented a threat to the fulfilment of the abovementioned right. Gentrification results in escalated property prices in the areas undergoing gentrification, with original residents of these areas consequently being unable to afford to stay in these areas and facing possible eviction as a result thereof. Although legislation is in place to prevent homelessness for those facing eviction, individuals who stand to be evicted often find themselves being relocated to state-provided Temporary Relocation Areas (TRAs). As particularly evident in Cape Town, these TRAs are commonly located on the outskirts of cities (arguably in defiance of the Constitution's requirement in terms of the location of adequate housing), and those who have been relocated to these TRAs commonly criticize the remote locations of these TRAs (due to it being far from employment opportunities and other amenities). This has led to a continued demand by individuals facing eviction to TRAs (and advocacy groups) for the state to provide them with alternative accommodation in the inner city and surrounding areas, resembling a 'Right to the City'.
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Van, Zyl Nicolas. « Outlining a right of access to sanitation in South African Law ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25535.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For many people their ease of access to a private home toilet means that when and where they go to relieve themselves is rarely a deliberation in their minds. In South Africa's rural and peri-urban spaces there are many poor people for whom this is not the case. For these people the inadequacy of their access to sanitation compromises their health, safety and ability to live a dignified life. Without an explicit right included in the Constitution, litigating on access to sanitation poses a formidable legal challenge. However, a critical analysis of South Africa's socio-economic and administrative law jurisprudence reveals that a fundamental right of access to sanitation is not exactly necessary. Outlining South Africa's vast network of service delivery legislation and policy, this thesis submits that there is a principled basis in our law to enforce a right of access to sanitation. It illustrates that this legal basis extends beyond merely protecting a person's existing access to sanitation, but includes positive duties imposed on the state to provide certain services as well.
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Sithole, Mabel D. « Child refugee rights in Cape Town : the right to access education ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11454.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Child refugee rights are a pertinent issue in the Republic of South Africa. South Africa's progressive Constitution (1996) stipulates the right of all children to access education without discrimination. This research project used a rights based approach to education research to identify some of the factors that promote or hinder child refugee access to education. I used qualitative case study methodology to collect data from Cape Town, South Africa.
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Hammer, Lynn E. « The controversy of access to adoption records ». Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1992. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
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Teweleit, Sarah. « Le droit d'agir devant la Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0552.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le droit d’agir devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme est assurément unique dansl’ordre juridique international. Erigé en « pierre angulaire » du système européen de sauvegarde,bénéficie-t-il pour autant d’une protection à la hauteur de cette qualification? L’engorgementmanifeste de la Cour de Strasbourg place cette interrogation dans une actualité perpétuelle.L’étude de ce droit processuel supranational illustre l’existence simultanée de deux courantsprétoriens aux effets diamétralement opposés sur l’exercice du droit d’agir : l’un souple, provictima, qui ouvre largement le prétoire de la Cour et l’autre restreignant a contrario son accès. Sil’approche souple satisfait naturellement l’intérêt individuel des requérants, elle permet égalementà la Cour de bâtir un ordre public européen de protection des droits de l’Homme. Parallèlement,l’interprétation stricte des conditions d’accès repose sur la responsabilisation des acteurs dumécanisme européen et sous-tend un filtrage rigoureux des affaires individuelles. Le droit d’agirreprésente, par conséquent, une composante d’un système de protection de nature« constitutionnelle » évoluant aux rythmes des liens tissés entre les deux courants prétoriensévoqués. C’est en effet par un mouvement pendulaire entre l’ouverture et la fermeture du prétoirede la Cour de Strasbourg que la garantie durable du droit d’agir peut être assuréeThe right of action in front of the European Court of Human Rights is certainly unparalleled in theinternational legal order. In the light of the constant congestion at the Strasbourg Court, one canonly ask if this right is genuinely guaranteed as the corner stone that is intended to be in theEuropean system of protection. The analysis of this supranational procedural right reflects theexistence of two distinct case law dynamics that influence the right of action: the pro victimaeffect, widening the access to the Court, and the opposite restraining effect. The first effect, moreflexible, not only favors the individual interest of the plaintiff, but also allows the Court todevelop the European public order of human rights protection. In parallel, the restraining effect onthe grounds of access to the Court entails a rigorous filtering of the individual cases, in order toachieve an increased accountability on human rights protection both of States and individuals.Therefore, the right of action represents the component of what can be nowadays qualified of a« constitutional » system of Human rights protection. Moreover, the alternate dynamics, closingand opening access to the Court, describe a pendula movement that is essential for a sustainableright of action
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Mwale, Brenda. « The balancing of competing rights : the right to disclosure at the International Criminal Court ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5189.
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Adjolohoun, Horace Segnonna A. T. « The right to reparation’ as applied under the African Charter by Benin’s Constitutional Court ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5340.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of the study is to determine the extent to which Benin’s Constitutional Court gives effect to the right to reparation under the African Charter and to examine relevant routes for
the Court to discharge its duty fully and accurately. Ultimately, the study envisions suggesting Benin’s Constitutional Court a more genuine approach to the right to reparation with an emphasis on the content and scope of the right to reparation, competent remedial institutions and
determination of the quantum in cases of monetary compensation.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2007.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
34
Leach, Noleen. « The Paralegal and the Right of Access to Justice in South Africa ». The University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5801.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Doctor Legum - LLDPolitical settlements in post-conflict democracies such as South Africa with its accompanying constitutional reforms have altered the relationship between citizens and the State, creating a new order of citizen entitlement and state responsibilities resulting in different expectations about the law, judicial systems and other dispute resolution mechanisms. The post-apartheid government in South Africa introduced various measures to enhance access to justice for the most vulnerable communities in the country. However, poverty, unemployment and inequality threaten South Africa’s constitutional democracy. Lack of access to justice and its related socio-economic and health problems create a fertile environment for disillusioned communities to take the law into their own hands with serious consequences for the rule of law, human security, peace and stability. Measures on the part of the State to remove the barriers to access to justice remain mainly top-down and are predominantly focused on ‘the rule of law orthodoxy’, a classical definition of access to justice and the private legal profession. The status quo remains in spite of the fact that the interaction of many citizens with the law occurs mostly outside of the formal justice system. The community-based paralegal has rendered a crucial socio-legal service without formal recognition in South Africa among these communities since before 1994. However, the continued existence and efficacy of this service is threatened by its exclusive reliance on donor funding and volunteerism, the lack of accredited education and training and lack of recognition and regulation. This thesis investigates whether the existing human rights framework creates scope for the communitybased paralegal to enhance access to justice in South Africa and, as a consequence, contribute to the transformation of the legal profession. The focus is on section 34 of the Constitution of South Africa, 1996 which guarantees the right of access to procedural justice in civil matters. This right is rendered meaningless without the right to legal assistance, which includes legal aid, where the interest of justice so requires, and legal representation by a legal or a paralegal practitioner. This thesis therefore first considers the legal empowerment paradigm as a philosophical and theoretical framework for access to justice in South Africa; secondly, examines the values that shape the new constitutional order in the country; thirdly, determines the nature, content, application and limitation of the right of access to courts and other dispute resolution fora and the derivative right of access to legal assistance. It further examines, in brief, the extent to which the courts and other dispute resolution fora create scope for paralegal assistance and tracks the legal reforms in the legal profession with a view to determining the scope that these reforms create for a paralegal ‘profession’. The study finally examines the communitybased paralegal landscape in South Africa and the paralegal landscape in a number of economically developed and developing countries to establish the features that would define a paralegal profession in the country.
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Roomaney, Ayesha. « Assessing the right to physical access to justice, for persons with disabilities ». University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5981.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Magister Legum - LLM (Public Law and Jurisprudence)Access to justice for persons with disabilities is specifically safeguarded in a number of international conventions, standards and recommendations. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities to access to justice is explicitly referenced in Article 13 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Access to justice was first formally referenced in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR), which is a formative human rights document, the term access to justice was not however specifically used to label the right therein. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) also sets forth this right in Article 14, which states that: "all persons should be equal before the courts and tribunals." However in reality persons with disabilities, often lack access to justice and equal protection of the law.
36
Larsen, Irene. « Public access to information : reaching the right balance between public and private ». Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78219.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines the change towards a property-based view of information in the fields of copyright, database protection and data privacy. Focus will be placed on the United States and the European Union, as those territories together are responsible for more than half of the world's Internet population. The thesis will attempt to show that a view of information as personal property is not actually benefiting society in general and is dangerous for future progress: economic, scientific and social. The thesis suggests balancing the restrictions on access to information as a whole, meaning viewing the restrictions in copyright, database protection and privacy laws to see how they together affect access to information. It argues that these fields of law should supplement each other in maximizing social welfare through a baseline of public access as opposed to a baseline of monopoly.
37
Shibahara, Naoki. « Access to the adjectival meanings in the left and right cerebral hemispheres ». Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313983.
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Lindén, Johan. « Immunity of International Organizationsand the Right of Access to Justice for Individuals ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-359979.
Texte intégralRésumé :
International Organizations are a growing force in the global arena. While themandate and influence of the UN has increased over the last decades, the existinglegal regime regarding privileges and immunities remain the same as they were atthe founding of the organization. This has led to mass tort claims towards the UN,stemming from damages caused by the organizations. These damages often consistof human rights violations, something the organization is generally regarded as aprotector of, rather than violator.As individuals seek to obtain reparations and remedies for the damages inflictedupon them, they are generally obstructed by the claim for immunity by theinternational organization. This constitutes a conflict of competing interests thatthe domestic courts must address and solve. This conflict is central to my thesis,as I will discover how this issue has been tackled by the national as well asinternational courts, and which consequences the current legal practice has for theindividuals. The thesis concludes with a discussion on what needs to be done inorder to bridge the current accountability gap created by the immunity ofinternational organizations.
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Tshuma, Gcwelethemba. « The right of access to health care for economic migrants in Tshwane ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65732.
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TRIPO, Francesco. « Pharmaceutical patents and the right to access to medicines in Central America ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/394893.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L’ attività di ricerca svolta durante i tre anni di dottorato si è concentrata sullo studio e auspicabile bilanciamento tra le norme che regolano la tutela del diritto alla salute a livello internazionale e i trattati internazionali e regionali che disciplinano la proprietà intellettuale. In particolare, la tesi intende dimostrare in primo luogo, come il diritto all'accesso alle medicine sia una parte integrante del diritto alla salute sia alla luce dei trattati internazionali aventi ad oggetto la tutela dei diritti umani, sia in base alle pronunce degli organismi giudiziali e quasi-giudiziali competenti in materia (Corte Inter-Americana dei diritti umani e Comitato dei Diritti umani dell'ONU). In secondo luogo, si vuole illustrare che le previsioni normative internazionali che riguardano la proprietà intellettuale, e nello specifico i brevetti farmaceutici, hanno un effetto negativo sulla adeguata disponibilità di farmaci essenziali, come è il caso dei medicinali antiretrovirali contro l'HIV-AIDS. A tal proposito, si evidenzia come i trattati commerciali regionali abbiamo aggravato l'effettiva disponibilità di tali medicine, prevedendo un inasprimento delle norme sui brevetti e la conseguente creazione di un monopolio de facto da parte dell'impresa farmaceutica titolare dello ius excludendi. Lo scenario appena menzionato viene illustrato attraverso lo studio di situazioni specifiche come ad esempio l'aumento del prezzo di farmaci antiretrovirali in Guatemala e Costa Rica a seguito dell'entrata in vigore dell'accordo commerciale regionale tra Stati Uniti e paesi dell'America Centrale (Accordo CAFTA). Per ultimo, si intende dimostrare come le attuali norme relative alla responsabilità internazionale degli organi non Statali (in particolare delle imprese farmaceutiche) siano poco efficaci nel tutelare violazioni dei diritti umani in generale, e del diritto alla salute in particolare, alla luce dell'analisi delle principali teorie sulla soggettività internazionale e sulla responsabilità sociale di impresa.The bond between intellectual property and the right to health has become an area under discussion of central concern since the debates at the 2001 World Trade Organization (WTO) ministerial conference. Indeed, despite the extensive acknowledgement of the right to health at the international stage, the issue of giving effective protection and implementation of the right at stake, is under a constant debate. The aim of pharmaceutical patents is to provide the inventor with a set of exclusive rights for a determined period of time in exchange for the public disclosure of the newly released drug. The monopoly regime established leads to a significant increase in drugs prices, hence turning medicines into luxury goods. Such a situation triggers a variety of questions on the relationship between the right to health and patents on medicines, inter alia, in the case of developing countries (Central America). From a legal point of view, three major spheres of international law are relevant to the current issue: first chapter concerns access to medicines, which constitutes an integral part of the right to health, in order to permit all human beings to receive medical care, regardless of their economic status. Accordingly, current debates argue whether drugs, as essential goods, can, and should, be patentable in order to secure access to drugs to the vast majority of people. This work starts by examining the legal framework related to the right to health in the light of the main international and regional treaties (ICESCR-American Convention on Human Rights). The second chapter mainly focuses on the international regulation of intellectual property protection of pharmaceutical products on the grounds of relevant treaties and practice. Thus, the chapter illustrates the main theories regarding normative antinomy between treaties and provides a comprehensive analysis of the TRIPS Agreement. The emphasis regards the so-called TRIPS’ flexibilities as well as an overview of the subsequent Doha Declaration, both frameworks being of central importance for pharmaceutical companies. The chapter concludes with the analysis of the Central American region, which aims at examining how the aforementioned CAFTA Agreement hindered the protection of the right to access to medicines for the parties concerned. Two case studies are, thus, provided in order to illustrate concrete instances in which the so-called TRIPS Plus provisions have delayed both Guatemala and Costa Rica in properly fulfilling their human rights undertakings under international law. Lastly, the third and final chapter, addresses an equally valuable aspect of the issue under examination, namely the human rights responsibilities of pharmaceutical corporations. Such economic actors play a crucial role in ensuring the protection of the right to access to medicines, since they are the holders, and principal defenders, of IP protection for drugs. This section illustrates the most acknowledged theories on the legal personality of such peculiar economic entities under a deductive approach. In fact, starting from a general analysis of multinational corporations, the chapter narrows it down in order to determine whether or not pharmaceutical corporations are burdened with human rights obligations.
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Dürr, Schnutz Rudolf. « Individual Access to Constitutional Courts as an Effective Remedy against Human Rights Violations in Europe : The Contribution of the Venice Commission ». 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20936.
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Lõhmus, Katri. « Caring autonomy : rethinking the right to autonomy under the European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7798.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis sets out an argument against the present interpretation of the concept of autonomy under the European Court of Human Rights (the ECtHR) Article 8 jurisprudence and proposes a new reading of the concept that is rooted in an acknowledgment and appreciation of human interdependence. Following the prevailing political, legal and socio-cultural ideas and ideals about autonomy, the ECtHR has chosen to furnish its recent Article 8 case law according to the values characteristic of the notion of individual autonomy – independence, selfsufficiency, and the ability to conduct one’s life in a manner of one’s own choosing. Adopting this individualistic view on autonomy, the ECtHR sets normative standards for behaviour that the thesis challenges as being detrimental for the quality of interpersonal relationships. The work draws on sociological theory to argue that in modern individualised societies people are increasingly tied to each other – one has to be socially sensitive and to be able to relate to others and to obligate oneself, in order to manage and organise the complexities of everyday life. This also means that there are attendant obligations between individuals to be sensitive towards, and care for, each other. It is argued that an effective exercise of one’s autonomy becomes necessarily dependent on the existence of caring and trusting relationships. This in turn requires the ECtHR to adopt an appropriate conceptualisation of autonomy that embraces this knowledge and gives full effect to it. The concept of caring autonomy is proposed as a replacement for an individualistic concept of autonomy. It will be argued that this concept captures better the essentiality of human interdependence and the morality it calls for. The implications of this for the future direction of the ECtHR jurisprudence are also considered.
43
McKay-Panos, Linda. « The public's right of effective access to information in the environmental assessment process ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ49709.pdf.
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Mosalagae, Refhilwe. « Resolving the tension between the section 25 Right to Property and section 26 Right to Housing The Constitutional Court of South Africa subsidiarity methodology ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53163.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this dissertation, I identify the tension between the s25 right to property and s26
right to access to adequate housing. This tension is a result of the historical narrative
of the Republic of South Africa where forced evictions were a weapon in the arsenal
of Apartheid and the common law right of property was practised in a discriminatory
manner.
With the advent of a constitutional dispensation four sources of law were created.
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 as the supreme law of the
nation, from which all other laws derive their legitimacy; legislation enacted by
parliament; common law and to a limited extent indigenous law. Further, how the
Constitutional Court deals with the different sources of law in eviction cases has an
impact on the outcome of the case.
The subsidiarity methodology entails that when deciding a given matter one first
looks to the legislation enacted to give effect to a right in the Bill of Rights; if the
matter is not adequately covered by legislation, the courts consider the common law
and only if the constitutional validity of the legislation is attacked does one make
direct resort to a right in the Bill of Rights.
I argue that the subsidiarity methodology is the most appropriate tool to assist the
courts in dealing with the various sources of law from analysing CC eviction cases
from 2007 to 2015. The implications of this dissertation are the that constitutional
adjudication needs to develop the subsidiarity methodology further and that
academic commentary should do same.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Sandin, Cimona. « The Protection of children : the right to family right and how they can conflict ». Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-27214.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This paper examines the right to family life and how it can conflict with the child’s right to protection against harm. The paper examines how the international community views the family and what rights the family has in international law. In addition to this, the paper also looks at the different family structure a family can have and it also examine whether there are a universal definition of family. Furthermore, the paper also talks about the children and the rights afforded to them and how the rights has developed through time. The concept of childhood is a much-debated issue. There have been debates on when the childhood begins but also on when it ends and the views of the States differs somewhat. Childhood is a concept that is heavy with different psychological, physical, religious and cultural believes and practices. When the States was working on the Convention on the Rights of the Child they had to try to consolidate the different views on both the beginning and the end of childhood but it proved to be problematic. To say that the childhood began at conception would have made the convention incompatible with the national law that allows abortion and it could therefore risk that some States did not sign the convention. They therefore made a compromise that meant that the States could keep their own definition on the beginning of childhood. The family as well as the well-being of the child is important and this is reflects in international law. This paper therefore also examines the articles in international and regional treaties concerning the family and the protection of the child. It also examines several cases from the European Court of Human Rights to illustrate how the Court has reasoned in cases where rights of the parents has been in conflict with the children’s rights and best interest. The conclusion drawn from this paper is that no set of rights weigh more than the other. They are both very important and if it is possible, the authorities shall try to balance them with each other. They have to have both what would be best for the child and the parents right to family life in mind. Even if the authorities have to remove a child from the parents care they need to have a reunification of the family as a ultimate goal to work towards.
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Postan, Emily Rose. « Defining ourselves : narrative identity and access to personal biological information ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25733.
Texte intégralRésumé :
When biological information about an individual is produced in healthcare or research settings, ethical questions may arise about whether the individual herself should be able to access it. This thesis argues that the individual’s identity-related interests warrant serious attention in framing and addressing these questions. Identity interests are largely neglected in bioethical, policy and legal debates about information access – except where information about genetic parentage is concerned. Even there, the relationship between information and identity, and the interests involved, remain unclear. This thesis seeks to fill this conceptual gap and challenge this exceptionalism. It does so by developing a normative account of the roles that a wide range of information about our health, bodies and biological relationships – ‘personal bioinformation’ – can play in the construction of our self-conceptions. This account is developed in two steps. First, building on existing philosophical theories of narrative self-constitution, this thesis proposes that personal bioinformation has a critical role to play in the construction of identity narratives that remain coherent and support us in navigating our embodied experiences. Secondly, drawing on empirical literature reporting individuals’ attitudes to receiving three categories of personal bioinformation (about donor conception, genetic disease susceptibility, and neuroimaging-based psychiatric diagnoses), the thesis seeks to illustrate, demonstrate the plausibility of, and to refine this theoretically-based proposition. From these foundations, it is argued that we can have strong identity-related interests in whether and how we are able to access bioinformation about ourselves. The practical implications of this conclusion are then explored. It is argued that identity interests are not reducible to other interests (for example, in health protection) commonly weighed in information disclosure decisions. They, therefore, warrant attention in their own right. An ethical framework is developed to guide delivery of this. This framework sets out the ethical responsibilities of those who hold bioinformation about us to respond to our identity interests in information disclosure practices and policies. The framework is informed by indications from the illustrative examples that our interests engaged as much by how bioinformation is communicated as whether it is disclosed. Moreover, these interests are not uniformly engaged by all bioinformation in all circumstances and there is potential for identity detriment as well as benefit. The ethical framework highlights the opportunities for and challenges of responding to identity interests and the scope and limits of potential disclosers’ responsibilities to do so. It also makes recommendations as to the principles and characteristics of identity-supporting disclosure practices.
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Nsengimana, Jovenal. « Uganda's state responsibility under international law to safeguard refugee children's right to access education ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28071.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Uganda is Africa's largest refugee hosting country and third in the world with more than 1.25 million refugees as of June 2017. The majority of refugees there are children. Uganda's refugee regime and hospitality date back to the days of World War II, prior to the country's independence, when it hosted refugees from European countries. Since then, the country has generously continued to open its borders to anyone seeking international protection and assistance mainly from the conflict affected countries in the East, Horn and Great Lakes Region of Africa. In compliance with the 1951 UN Convention and its 1976 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees and the OAU 1969 Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, Uganda enacted the Refugees Act No.21 of 2006 and the Regulations Act of 2010 to effectively manage refugee needs. The increase in the number of refugees in Uganda amidst the limited resources at its disposal poses serious challenges in meeting its international obligation to safeguard the rights of refugee children's access to education. This thesis examines the country's responsibility under international law to protect, promote and fulfil the right to access education for refugee children, particularly aimed at understanding the challenges of provision of education to strengthen multi-level response. Research finds international and regional instruments sufficient for the protection and guarantee of education for children. However, the main refugee treaties fail to adequately provide the right to education for refugee children. The UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees has provision for education rights but makes no reference to refugee children while the OAU 1969 Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa provides neither the right to education nor rights to children specifically. The analysis of Uganda's policy and laws on safeguarding refugee children's right to education revealed glaring shortfalls. The laws fail to provide adequate protection to refugee children's education rights. Notwithstanding the existence of an enabling legal and policy framework in Uganda that ensures access to education for nationals, refugee children continue to face legal and structural barriers in accessing post-primary education. The paper shows that both international and national laws guaranteeing the right to education for refugees limits the extent to which it is exercised. At national level, this is not only discriminatory but also inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution of Uganda relating to education and child rights.
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Bishop, Cheryl Ann Packer Cathy Lee. « Internationalizing the right to know conceptualizations of access to information in human rights law / ». Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2598.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 5, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication." Discipline: Journalism and Mass Communication; Department/School: Journalism and Mass Communication, School of.
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Rydberg, Agnes. « Immunity of the United Nations Versus Right to Access Justice : Addressing the Remedy Gap ». Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-61204.
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Neves, Mujica Javier. « The dismissal in the legislation and in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court Rulings on labor cases ». THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108603.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The treatment of labor dismissal has been evolving in the legislation and in the jurisprudence. Whatis the current regulation of this subject? What is the procedure to ask for reparation in the case ofnon justified dismissal? These and other subjects related to this matter have been treated by the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court inthe last binding precedents and in laboral courtrulings, respectively.Within this framework, the author illustrates us regarding the evolution of dismissal’s treatment in the legislation and recent jurisprudential pronouncements.El tratamiento del despido laboral ha evolucionadotanto en la legislación como en la jurisprudencia. ¿Cuál es la actual regulación de dicha materia?¿Cuáles son las vías procesales para solicitar lasreparaciones en caso de despidos no justificados?Estas y otras cuestiones relacionadas han sido tratadas por el Tribunal Constitucional y la Corte Supremaen sus últimos precedentes vinculantes y plenos jurisdiccionales en materia laboral, respectivamente.En este marco, el autor nos ilustra respecto de la evolución del tratamiento del despido en la legislación y en los pronunciamientos jurisprudenciales recientes.