Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Reti neutrali »

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the risk neutral and non-risk neutral pricing of Singapore Real Estate Investment Trusts (S-REITs) via comparing the average of the individual ratios (of deviation between expected and observed closing price/observed closing price) with the ratio (of standard deviation/mean) for closing prices via the binomial options pricing tree model. Design/methodology/approach – If the ratio (of standard deviation/mean) ratio > the ratio (of deviation between expected and observed closing price/observed closing price), then the deviation of closing prices from the expected risk neutral prices is not significant and that the S-REIT is consistent with risk neutral pricing. If the ratio (of deviation between expected and observed closing price/observed closing price) is greater, then the S-REIT is not consistent with risk neutral pricing. Findings – Capitacommercial Trust (CCT), Capitamall Trust (CMT) and Keppel Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) have large positive differences between the two ratios (39.86, 30.79 and 18.96 percent, respectively), implying that these S-REITs are not trading at risk neutral pricing. Suntec REIT has a small positive difference of 2.35 percent between both ratios, implying that it is trading at risk neutral pricing. Ascendas REIT has the largest negative difference between the two ratios at −4.24 percent, to be followed by Mapletree Logistics Trust at −0.44 percent. Both S-REITs are trading at risk neutral pricing. The analysis shows that CCT, CMT and Keppel REIT exhibit risk averse pricing. Research limitations/implications – Results are consistent with prudential asset allocation for viable S-REIT portfolio investing but that not all these S-REITs exhibit strong market efficiency in their pricing. Practical implications – Pricing may be risk neutral over a certain period but investor sentiments, fear of risks and speculative activities could affect an S-REIT’s risk neutrality. Social implications – With enhanced risk diversification activities, the S-REITs should attain risk neutral pricing. Originality/value – Virtually no research of this nature has been undertaken for S-REITS.

The present study was conducted on the mediastinum testis of 24 adult buffalo bulls collected from the abattoir, Dera Bassi (Chandigarh) immediately after sacrifice during summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons. The tissue samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed by acetone benzene technique and stained for histological and histochemical studies. For histoenzymic studies, fresh tissue samples were subjected to cryostat sectioning and incubated in different substrates to demonstrate the sudanophilic lipids and various enzymes. The results revealed that the medistinum testis comprised rete testis and large blood and lymph vessels. The rete tubules were lined by simple cuboidal to columnar type epithelium in all the seasons except in summer where it showed stratification. There was decrease in the tubular size of rete testis but the collagen, elastic and reticular fibres and neuronal elements were more during autumn and winter than summer and spring. The reaction of acid and neutral mucopolysachharides, Sudanophilic lipids and basic proteins were moderate to strong in the mediastinum testis during winter and autumn, moderate in spring and weak in summer seasons. The activity of phosphatases and dehydrogenases was weak to moderate during winter and weak in summer. The alterations of various histochemical and histoenzymic activites in the mediastinum testis may be correlated with the reproductive status of the animal with respect to the season.

REMI is a new financial instrument for Asia’s real estate market offering superior returns than those for the typical commercial bank loans. The resultant risk exposure is relatively high. With recent and robust growth of the Singapore real estate market, there is the fast-growing real estate investment trust market. This paper examines the REMI structure, the measurement and characteristics of its risks and returns via a forward-looking binomial asset tree (BAT) model. Risk neutral pricing probability is adopted to construct the BAT tree. TRs are measured by the probability weighted average returns and discussed under different scenarios. REMI bears more risk than typical commercial bank loans, resulting in higher interest rates than pure equity. Different risk issues focus on two major sources - the financial LTV ratio risk and the real estate and capital markets risk. Empirical analysis involves a rigorous discrete-time forecasting of the market rent and capital value expectations of Singapore’s prime office sector, given the conditions and assumptions unique to this market. This paper fulfils the need to close the gap concerning the REMI structure and performance in the steady state, utilizing reliable, authoritative information and data sources.

Abstract Phonaesthemes are a common phenomenon, but they are generally not in paradigmatic opposition like morphemes are (Svantesson 2017: 6). Reta, however, has a phonaesthemic contrast /l/~/r/, where /r/-colouring of neutral base words signifies an increase in vulgarity, intensity, size or severity (e.g. ɓela ‘bad’ vs. ɓera ‘terrible’, -ool ‘penis’ vs. -oor ‘cock’). This paper describes this phenomenon in detail, and provides a discussion as to whether it is best classified as morphological, phonaesthemic, or otherwise. We argue that, although some of the cross-linguistic criteria for phonaesthesia exclude phonaesthemic /r/ from being classified as such, it is not straightforwardly classified as either phonological or morphological. Using Kwon & Round’s (2015) criteria for phonaesthesia and derivational morphology, we compare Reta phonaesthemic alternations to similar phenomena in other languages. We argue that such alternations differ fundamentally from both non-alternating phonaesthemes and morphology, and are best construed as a distinct cross-linguistic category.

This article traces briefly the history of Lebanon «the natural refuge of the oppressed in the Middle East» where diverse reli gious communities have long lived with common traditions where political belonging took precedence over difference of religion. The rupture of Lebanese unity is analysed from a basis in political quarrels which, from the XIXth century onwards, took on pro gressively a confessional character by being exploited by foreign struggles for influence. For the Author, the drama now lived out by this country shows that all of the confessional crises of the past have found solutions of a confessional character. Today, it would be without a doubt vain to place one's hopes in solutions which are laical or confessional neutral.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Radiotherapy is an area of medicine that is little known by patients and that requires a long time for the doctor to be able to explain and resolve the doubts that arise in the first consultation, which may cause anxiety and low adherence to treatment recommendations. A mobile app called Canswer was developed to address this problem in a novel way to help patients learn about radiation oncology in their free time. OBJECTIVE Developed a mobile app that provides oncology radiotherapy information to patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The patients who attended the consultation for the first time were provided with information and obtained verbal consent, later they were provided with the Canswer application on their mobile device, and at the end, a Likert-type perception survey was applied and the Cancer Treatment Survey (CATS), which analyzed the information needs of patients. Anxiety and depression were analyzed through the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS Of the total number of patients recruited, 17 patients from northeast Mexico with breast cancer agreed that the use of the application would be useful to them and were interested in receiving additional information after their first-time radiotherapy consultation from March to June 2022. Average age of respondents was 45 years. A total of 7 patients (41%) had doubts about radiotherapy after consultation. When analyzing their knowledge, only 1 patient identified that radiotherapy works by DNA damage, the rest had wrong information, 14 patients thought that this treatment works by heating the cells; 2 thought that radiation therapy causes cells to burst. 8 patients (47%) understood how teletherapy works and 5 how brachytherapy works (19%). A question was included about the best skin care during breast radiotherapy in which 76% correctly answered that the skin should be washed daily with water and neutral soap, but 24% answered that hydrating creams should be applied just before stepping into the machine. Regarding the duration of the consultation, a total of 10 patients (60%) thought it was too short. 47% felt the limited time of the consultation did not allow an adequate evaluation. 100% of the respondents were satisfied with the information provided about the type of treatment, its benefits, and adverse effects, however, 47% persisted with doubts at the end of the consultation. 47% of patients (n=8) had some level of anxiety with 29% mild, 11% moderate and 6% severe. Incidence of depression was 24% with 18% having mild form and 6% severe. Regarding the information provided by the doctor during the consultation, 8 patients (47%) would like their doctor to have told them more about anxiety and depression, 7 about sexuality concerns (41%), and 6 (35%) about alternative medicine. 79% of patients wanted to know more about the side effects the treatment might cause after their visit, and 71% reported wanting to know more about how to prevent side effects. 66% also reported that they would like more information about how the treatment feels when it begins. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This analysis revealed that most patients have doubts about radiotherapy, even after the information provided in their first consultation. This may be multifactorial but a key factor may be work overload at radiotherapy centers and a consultation of short duration. This application seems to be an effective, easily accessible, free tool that provides the necessary information, even on topics that are difficult to explain in a standard consultation. Important aspects that the app needs to focus on in future updates include side effects and their management, sexuality, nutrition, depression, and alternative medicine. This application also revealed misconceptions that should be routinely addressed, such as skin care during treatment. Link to app: https://www.canswer.info/?page_id=393 Citation Format: Jose F. Muñoz Lozano, Diana Cristina Pérez Ibave, Estefania Abundis Marquez, Fernando Alcorta Nuñez, Celia B. Gonzalez Alcorta, Carlos Salazar Mejia, Maria Fernanda Noriega, Omar Zayas Villanueva, Victor Oyervides Juarez, Larisa M. Renteria Garcia, Adelina Alcorta Garza, Juan Francisco Gonzalez Guerrero, Valeria Luna, David Hernandez, Rafael Piñeiro Retif, Oscar Vidal Gutiérrez. EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF A MOBILE APP THAT ADDRESSES RADIOTHERAPY INFORMATIONAL NEEDS FOR BREAST CANCER PATIENTS [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-08-03.

ABSTRACT Introduction U.S. Army healthcare providers’ use of profiles to document and communicate behavioral health (BH) condition limitations to commanders is vital to understanding both the individual soldier’s BH readiness for missions and, as an aggregate, the unit’s overall BH readiness status. Quantitative work exploring the link between soldier attitudes toward BH profiles and treatment utilization found that profiles may actually promote increases in treatment-seeking behavior in those receiving conventional BH services. BH provider attitudes on the subject, however, have not been quantitatively explored. Using data from the recently described Behavioral Health Readiness and Decision-Making Instrument (B-REDI) study, the current inquiry addresses this by examining BH providers’ pre-/post-B-REDI attitudes toward BH profiles, including therapeutic alliance, to better understand how BH profiles may impact BH treatment. Methods This study was approved by the WRAIR Institutional Review Board and is part of the larger B-REDI study. BH providers (n = 307) across five installations supporting active duty U.S. Army Divisions completed surveys longitudinally across three time points from September 2018 to March 2019. The survey specific to this study included five items, developed by WRAIR, assessing BH provider attitudes toward BH profiles. Of the providers who completed the survey, 250 (81%) consented to participate in the study and 149 (60%) completed the 3-month follow-up survey. Results Over 80% of BH providers expressed agreement with each of three items assessing rationale for issuing BH profiles in both the pre- and post B-REDI period. Specifically, most providers agreed that profiles facilitate commander support to the soldier, afford soldiers resources for recovery, and give commanders increased understanding of soldier health for mission planning. Twenty-six percent of BH providers agreed, 46% were neutral, and 28% disagreed on whether profile impact on the soldier was positive or not in the pre-B-REDI period, but there was a significant positive trend relative to baseline in the post B-REDI period. The vast majority of providers (≥94%) did not endorse agreement that BH profiles negatively impact therapeutic alliance in either the pre- or post-B-REDI period. Conclusions Assuming that therapeutic alliance and perceptions of BH profile impact on soldiers are useful proxy measures of how treatment utilization may be affected by profiling, this inquiry fails to establish any meaningful negative association between them. This may provide some additional reassurance to BH providers and policymakers that efforts to improve readiness decision-making, such as B-REDI, and increased profiling in conventional military BH settings may not negatively impact treatment utilization rates.

Introduction: The African straw-coloured fruit bat plays important roles as pollinators, seed dispersers and important carrier of zoonotic diseases. It is a non-hibernating seasonal breeder whose reproductive biology had received little attention. The aim was to study the histomorphology of the efferent ductules of Eidolon helvum using 10 adult male bats. Methods: The efferent ductules were obtained from the adult bats, fixed by immersion in neutral-buffered formalin and prepared for histology and histochemistry. Results: The result showed that the entire epididymis was enclosed by the thick dense regular connective tissue, tunica albuginea. Within the connective tissue, tubules of efferent ductules occurred in lobules. These lobules were separated from each other by connective tissue trabeculae. The efferent ductules are tiny tubules that connect the rete testis to the initial segments of the epididymis. Each efferent ductule was lined by a simple columnar epithelium of two cell types, containing the ciliated and the non-ciliated cells. The non-ciliated cells were more numerous exhibiting oval shapes, basally located euchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The ciliated cells were fewer and appeared as dark cells with oval to elongated, centrally or apically located heterochromatic nuclei. Cilia projected from the apical surfaces of the ciliated cells into the lumen. PAS/Alcian blue staining showed presence of PAS positive secretions in the apical cytoplasm of the non-ciliated cells. Significance: These findings indicate that the morphology of efferent ductules of the African straw-coloured fruit bat have similar morphology with most mammals but differ from those of insectivorous bats.

Le fotocamere digitali acquisiscono, manipolano e salvano in memoria informazioni elettronicamente tramite un sensore e unitá di calcolo integrate, rendendo la fotografia accessibile agli utenti finali i quali non necessitano di basi di conoscenza di chimica o delle specifiche operazioni meccaniche che erano necessarie per lo sviluppo con la fotografia analogica. Diversi tipi di degradazioni e artefatti possono affliggere le immagini acquisite tramite camere digitali, riducendo la fedeltà percepita delle immagini e rendendo piú difficili operazioni di visione artificiale che possono essere operate sulle immagini acquisite. Tre elementi possono essere identificati come possibili sorgenti di artefatti in un'immagine: il contenuto della scena, le limitazioni hardware della camera e la pipeline di elaborazione dell’immagine, dall’acquisizione al salvataggio in memoria. Alcuni artefatti non sono direttamente trattati all’interno della tipica pipeline di camera, come ad esempio la presenza di nebbia o pioggia che possono ridurre la visibilitá della scena acquisita. Questi artefatti , per essere trattati, necessitano di metodologie ad hoc che sono generalmente applicate come operazioni post-processing. Altri tipi di artefatti sono legati ai processi di elaborazione dell’immagine e all'intera pipeline di camera integrata nelle camere. Questi artefatti includono il rumore proveniente dal sensore, dominanti cromatiche indesiderate, basso contrasto e artefatti di compressione. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è l'identificazione e la progettazione di nuovi e piú robusti moduli di elaborazione e restauro dell’immagine capaci di migliorare la qualitá delle immagini acquisite dalle camere digitali, in particolare in scenari critici quali condizioni climatiche avverse, condizione di bassa illuminazione etc… Gli artefatti identificati sono divisi in due macro gruppi: “artefatti in-camera” e “artefatti esterni” Nel primo gruppo sono stati identificati e trattati quattro argomenti: la rimozione del rumore proveniente dal sensore della camera, il processo di bilanciamento automatico del bianco, il miglioramento automatico del contrasto e la rimozione di artefatti di compressione JPEG. Il processo di progettazione di questi moduli ha tenuto conto di aspetti di efficienza, in termini di calcolo e memoria occupata, in relazione alla possibilità di integrare tali moduli in future configurazioni di pipeline di camera. Il secondo gruppo di artefatti è legato alla presenza di elementi nella scena che possono causare una degradazione in termini di fedeltà dell’immagine e/o usabilità. In particolare il lavoro presentato nella tesi è focalizzato su artefatti provenienti dalla presenza di pioggia nella scena scattata. La tesi, dopo una descrizione della tipica pipeline di elaborazione delle camere digitali, analizza i diversi tipi di artefatti che possono affliggere la qualità di una immagine, e descrive la progettazione delle soluzioni proposte. Tutti gli approcci proposti sono basati su tecniche di apprendimento automatico, come ad esempio Reti Neurali Convoluzionali o procedure di ottimizzazione Bayesiana, e sono stati validati sperimentalmente su dataset standard. I contributi principali di questa tesi possono essere riassunti in tre punti: integrazione di approcci classici di imaging con tecniche di ottimizzazione basate su machine learning, progettazione e sviluppo di nuovi approcci e architetture di deep learning per il restauro e l'elaborazione di immagini e analisi di metodi di image processing basati su deep learning in task di computer vision.
Digital cameras record, manipulate, and store information electronically through sensors and built-in computers, which makes photography more available to final users which do not anymore need to rely on the use of chemicals and knowledge of mechanical procedures to develop their pictures. Different types of degradation and artifacts can affect images acquired using digital cameras, decreasing the perceptual fidelity of images and making harder many image processing and analysis tasks that can be performed on the collected images. Three elements can be identified as possible sources of artifacts in an image: the scene content, the hardware limitations and flaws, and finally the operations performed by the digital camera processing pipeline itself, from acquisition to compression and storing. Some artifacts are not directly treated in the typical camera processing pipeline, such as the presence of haze or rain that can reduce visibility of the scene in the depicted images. These artifacts require the design of ad hoc methods that are usually applied as post-processing on the acquired images. Other types of artifacts are related to the imaging process and to the image processing pipeline implemented on board of digital cameras. These include sensor noise, undesirable color cast, poor contrast and compression artifacts. The objective of this thesis is the identification and design of new and more robust modules for image processing and restoration that can improve the quality of the acquired images, in particular in critical scenarios such as adverse weather conditions, poor light in the scene etc… . The artifacts identified are divided into two main groups: “in camera-generated artifacts" and “external artifacts and problems". In the first group it has been identified and addressed four main issues: sensor camera noise removal, automatic white balancing, automatic contrast enhancement and compression artifacts removal. The design process of the proposed solutions has considered efficiency aspects, due to the possibility of directly integrating them in future camera pipelines. The second group of artifacts are related to the presence of elements in the scene which may cause a degradation in terms of visual fidelity and/or usability of the images. In particular the focus is on artifacts induced by the presence of rain in the scene. The thesis, after a brief review of the digital camera processing pipeline, analyzes the different types of artifacts that can affect image quality, and describes the design of the proposed solutions. All the proposed approaches are based on machine learning techniques, such as Convolutional Neural Networks and Bayesian optimization procedure, and are experimentally validated on standard images datasets. The overall contributions of this thesis can be summarized in three points: integration of classical imaging approaches with machine learning optimization techniques, design of novel deep learning architectures and approaches and analysis and application of deep learning image processing algorithms in other computer vision tasks.

L'obiettivo di questa tesi è cercare di esaminare l'evoluzione della Neutralità della Rete passando attraverso l'aspetto informatico e giuridico. Per l'aspetto informatico viene preso in considerazione il Best Effort e il principio dell'End-To-End. Dall'altro lato per l'aspetto giuridico vi è una panoramica sulle normative regolate da autorità come l'AGCOM, il BEREC e la FCC. Inoltre vengono prese in considerazione vicende italiane, europee e statunitensi che mostrano violazioni contro i principi neutrali. La parte finale è incentrata sul fatto di capire se vi possa essere una soluzione al problema della Neutralità della Rete.

Il lavoro analizza alcune delle principali problematiche poste dalla applicazione della teoria del concorso di persone nel reato ai cd. "crimini dei colletti bianchi", con particolare riferimento alla criminalità che si sviluppa all'interno di strutture organizzative complesse, così come esse emergono dall'analisi della prassi, e ha l'obiettivo di identificare - attraverso un ragionamento di tipo induttivo - le questioni teoriche ad esse sottese, la cui soluzione possa condurre a una coerente visione d'insieme dell'istituto, conforme a esigenze di garanzia e di giustizia. La ricerca ha preso avvio dalla acquisita consapevolezza del fatto che nelle grandi organizzazioni i processi decisionali coinvolgono solitamente una pluralità di funzioni interne all'impresa, l'esercizio di poteri di supervisione e il ricorso allo strumento della decisione collegiale, dando luogo a un sistema estremamente frammentato e fondato su asimmetrie informative, allocazione di competenze e affidamento. A fronte di un simile quadro - che nel lavoro viene trattato a partire dall'approfondimento di alcuni fondamentali studi sociologici e sulle organizzazioni - l'analisi condotta è volta a identificare i criteri per per la selezione dei contributi concorsuali rilevanti, sostenendo la necessità di continuare a fare riferimento (sul piano oggettivo) a un paradigma causale forte. I temi della causalità psichica, della causalità omissiva e delle cd. condotte neutrali sono parimenti fatti oggetto di analisi alla luce delle specificità del contesto organizzativo. I risultati raggiunti sul piano teorico sono quindi applicati a una selezione di casi, al fine di verificare se e in che misura essi siano in grado di condurre a soluzioni maggiormente conformi ai principi costituzionali che informano la responsabilità penale rispetto a quanto attualmente avviene nella prassi.
The study aims at analysing the major issues concerning the application of the complicity doctrine to white collar crimes committed within complex business organizations as they emerge from the praxis and at conceptually framing them, with a view to identifying - through an inductive reasoning - the main theoretical questions to be addressed to develop a consistent approach to the topic. The research starts from the acknowledgement of the fact that within big corporations, decision making processes usually entail the involvement of different corporate functions, the exercise of supervisory duties and the resort to collective decisions, resulting in an extremely fragmented system based on information asymmetry, competence allocation and trust. Against this background – which is dealt with building on the legacy of some key sociological and organizational studies – a legal analysis is conducted to identify criteria for the selection of the conducts worth punishing based on the identification of a causal contribution to the commission of the crime. Psychological influence, causation by omission, and the relevance of so called "neutral behaviours" (Alltagshandlungen) are also explored. The theoretical results of the analysis are then applied to certain selected cases to show how the elaborated framework can lead to solutions more respectful of the constitutional principles governing criminal responsibility.

Il lavoro analizza alcune delle principali problematiche poste dalla applicazione della teoria del concorso di persone nel reato ai cd. "crimini dei colletti bianchi", con particolare riferimento alla criminalità che si sviluppa all'interno di strutture organizzative complesse, così come esse emergono dall'analisi della prassi, e ha l'obiettivo di identificare - attraverso un ragionamento di tipo induttivo - le questioni teoriche ad esse sottese, la cui soluzione possa condurre a una coerente visione d'insieme dell'istituto, conforme a esigenze di garanzia e di giustizia. La ricerca ha preso avvio dalla acquisita consapevolezza del fatto che nelle grandi organizzazioni i processi decisionali coinvolgono solitamente una pluralità di funzioni interne all'impresa, l'esercizio di poteri di supervisione e il ricorso allo strumento della decisione collegiale, dando luogo a un sistema estremamente frammentato e fondato su asimmetrie informative, allocazione di competenze e affidamento. A fronte di un simile quadro - che nel lavoro viene trattato a partire dall'approfondimento di alcuni fondamentali studi sociologici e sulle organizzazioni - l'analisi condotta è volta a identificare i criteri per per la selezione dei contributi concorsuali rilevanti, sostenendo la necessità di continuare a fare riferimento (sul piano oggettivo) a un paradigma causale forte. I temi della causalità psichica, della causalità omissiva e delle cd. condotte neutrali sono parimenti fatti oggetto di analisi alla luce delle specificità del contesto organizzativo. I risultati raggiunti sul piano teorico sono quindi applicati a una selezione di casi, al fine di verificare se e in che misura essi siano in grado di condurre a soluzioni maggiormente conformi ai principi costituzionali che informano la responsabilità penale rispetto a quanto attualmente avviene nella prassi.
The study aims at analysing the major issues concerning the application of the complicity doctrine to white collar crimes committed within complex business organizations as they emerge from the praxis and at conceptually framing them, with a view to identifying - through an inductive reasoning - the main theoretical questions to be addressed to develop a consistent approach to the topic. The research starts from the acknowledgement of the fact that within big corporations, decision making processes usually entail the involvement of different corporate functions, the exercise of supervisory duties and the resort to collective decisions, resulting in an extremely fragmented system based on information asymmetry, competence allocation and trust. Against this background – which is dealt with building on the legacy of some key sociological and organizational studies – a legal analysis is conducted to identify criteria for the selection of the conducts worth punishing based on the identification of a causal contribution to the commission of the crime. Psychological influence, causation by omission, and the relevance of so called "neutral behaviours" (Alltagshandlungen) are also explored. The theoretical results of the analysis are then applied to certain selected cases to show how the elaborated framework can lead to solutions more respectful of the constitutional principles governing criminal responsibility.

L oggetto della ricerca si incentra nella correlazione tra il fenomeno dello sviluppo locale e la problematica del digital divide. L intento che si intende perseguire consiste nella formulazione di ipotesi di risposta ad alcune domande poste in relazione alle due tematiche citate. In altri termini ci si chiede se gli strumenti tipici dello sviluppo locale possano o meno svolgere un ruolo nella riduzione, o quantomeno, nel contenimento del divario digitale inteso nella sua duplice versione ossia differenza nella dotazione all accesso alla rete internet e disparità nel grado di alfabetizzazione informatica. Inoltre si intende comprendere se, colmato il divario, possano derivare, o meno, effetti tali da contribuire allo sviluppo di un territorio. Per cercare di rispondere alle domande formulate, occorrerà pertanto capire cosa si intende per digital divide studiando, il fenomeno sin dalla sua nascita nonché analizzando le diverse ipotesi di evoluzione del divario nel tempo e, contestualmente, la differente morfologia che esso assume in base al contesto di riferimento. Occorre, infatti, notare che il divario digitale non è un fenomeno statico, legato esclusivamente all avvento della nuova tecnologia internet, ma un concetto in continua evoluzione, noto nell ambiente come moving target. Pertanto, si affronteranno le differenti accezioni del fenomeno concentrandosi in particolare su due fattispecie: il digital divide strutturale e quello reale. Sarà quindi trattata la tematica dell accesso alla rete internet, sia da un punto di vista giuridico che tecnico, al fine di acquisire gli strumenti necessari per comprendere le modalità di ridurre il divario digitale. Una volta quindi compreso il fenomeno e le relative ragioni di resistenza del mercato si passeranno in rassegna i recenti interventi governativi sia di stampo comunitario che nazionale volti alla riduzione del digital divide. Verranno presi, invece, in analisi i diversi interventi realizzati dalle regioni italiane ad eccezione della regione Sicilia. Attraverso l analisi rivolta alle diverse realtà locali italiane, si cercherà di valutare l eventuale efficienza dell intervento locale in merito alla riduzione del divario digitale con particolare riferimento ai Fondi rurali, sottolineando, se del caso, le best practices riscontrate. Alla luce dei risultati ottenuti verrà affrontata la questione della riduzione del divario digitale nella regione siciliana prendendo in considerazioni il ruolo delle istituzioni, le caratteristiche del territorio, la crescita della popolazione, l attuale divario digitale rilevato, l eventuale presenza di operatori locali virtuosi delle comunicazioni, nonché le potenzialità intrinseche legate all utilizzo di internet quale utile strumento di crescita economico-sociale. Si trarranno, infine, le conclusioni di quanto posto nel corso della trattazione per prospettare delle risposte ipotizzabili alle domande poste fornendo da un lato alcuni spunti di riflessione su possibili ipotesi di intervento e dall altro prendendo in considerazione i virtuosismi riscontrati in rete tali da creare un effetto positivo nello sviluppo locale del territorio.