Articles de revues sur le sujet « Restrictions de domaine »
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1
Gélinas, René. « Évolution des dépenses pour l’achat de livres de bibliothèque dans les écoles et collèges du Québec de 1978 à 1982 ». Documentation et bibliothèques 28, no 4 (9 novembre 2018) : 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1053652ar.
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L’auteur étudie l’évolution des dépenses pour l’achat de volumes par les bibliothèques des secteurs primaire, secondaire et collégial à la lumière des programmes pédagogiques, et les conséquences des restrictions budgétaires et de la Loi 51 (Développement des entreprises québécoises dans le domaine du livre) sur le développement des collections dans ces bibliothèques.
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Chayma, Zouaghi. « Les restrictions au domaine de l’arbitrage relatives au contrôle de l’Etat : question de souveraineté ou d’abus ? » Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Iurisprudentia 62, no 4 (22 décembre 2017) : 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbiur.62(2017).4.8.
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Hulk, Aafke, et Els Verheugd. « Accord et opérateurs nuls dans les projections adjectivales ». Revue québécoise de linguistique 23, no 2 (29 avril 2009) : 17–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/603091ar.
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RÉSUMÉ Dans cet article, nous admettons que de dans la configuration de AP est la tête d’une projection fonctionnelle dont le spécifieur vide lie une variable dans une position argumentale auprès de l’adjectif. Pour être légitime, ce spécifieur vide doit trouver un antécédent quantificationnel, ce qui peut se faire par prédication ou par composition d’une chaîne. Ainsi s’expliquent les restrictions sur la distribution de de AP. Nous montrons que le système de formes logiques proposé par Dobrovie-Sorin (1993) permet de rendre compte des différentes interprétations des NPs quantifiés auxquels de AP ajoute un domaine de référence.
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Zanon, Damien, et Karine Merceron. « Le fonctionnement cognitif et le travail chez les personnes souffrant de troubles du spectre schizophrénique : l’apport de la Classification internationale du fonctionnement ». Santé mentale au Québec 42, no 2 (16 novembre 2017) : 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1041915ar.
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Cet article dresse un état des lieux de l’implication du fonctionnement cognitif dans le champ de l’insertion professionnelle et du maintien en emploi des personnes qui souffrent de troubles du spectre schizophrénique (TSS). L’objectif est de visualiser comment les déficits cognitifs s’articulent avec les autres dimensions du handicap rapportées dans la Classification internationale du fonctionnement, du handicap et de la santé (CIF), dans le domaine du travail. Les données de la littérature vont dans le sens du modèle de la CIF, à savoir un plus fort impact du fonctionnement cognitif sur les limitations d’activités (LA) plutôt que sur les restrictions de participation (RP). Ce sont en effet davantage les facteurs environnementaux et personnels qui prédisent la participation au travail. En conclusion, ce cadre théorique offre de nouvelles perspectives, notamment que la prise en compte de l’interaction entre les déficits cognitifs et les limitations d’activités peut venir étayer l’accompagnement vers et dans l’emploi des personnes souffrant de TSS.
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Rosenthal, Carolyn J. « Joseph W. Lella, with J.Z. Czank, J. McKay, and J.R. Bayne, The Perils of Patient Government : Professionals and Patients in a Chronic Care Hospital, Waterloo, Ontario : Wilfrid Laurier University press, 1986, 232 pp., $CDN 11.95 ». Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 8, no 4 (1989) : 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800008643.
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RÉSUMÉCe livre décrit et éxamine une étude qui avait pour but de promouvoir l'autonomie des patients en instaurant un “gouvernement de patients” dans un hôpital d'anciens combattants. À un niveau plus abstrait, l'ouvrage représente l'étude sociologique de démarches prises dans le but d'introduire des changements au sein d'un centre de soins à long terme. En première partie les auteurs font la chronique de la vie quotidienne telle qu'elle se déroule dans les pavilions, avant l'étude. La deuxième partie rend compte du mûrissement du projet et des changements nécéssaires pour procéder à la phase de réalisation. En troisième partie, les auteurs réfléchissent au sort de l'étude. En dépit des multiples problèmes qui ont gêné la réussite de l'étude, la majorité des patients en out tiré profit.Cependant elle n'a pas réussi à changer “la texture de quotidien des patients” (p. 85).Le dernier chapitre soulève des questions qui continuent de causer des problèmes en soins chroniques, notamment comment réussir à offrir un traitement personnel tout en pratiquant à l'intérieur d'un modèle médical chargé de restrictions organisationnelles propres à la plupart des hôpitaux. Le livre est une étude qualitative facile à lire qui dépeint le monde hospitalier dans toute sa complexité son personnel et ses patients. Le lecteur comprendra plus profondément la nécéssité d'introduire des changements et les obstacles qui les bloquent. Ce livre s'adresse aux professionnels dans le domaine de la santé, particulièrement aux infirmières, aux sociologues oeuvrant dans le domaine de la santé et aux étudiants qui s'intéressent à ce sujet.
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Desjardins, Marie-Claude, et Finn Makela. « La computation des délais prévus par le Code du travail ». Les Cahiers de droit 58, no 3 (12 septembre 2017) : 457–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1041009ar.
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L’objectivation du temps est importante pour plusieurs domaines de droit, et cela est particulièrement vrai pour le droit du travail. Dans le domaine du droit des rapports collectifs du travail notamment, la question précise des délais et de leur computation joue un rôle crucial, à tout le moins en Amérique du Nord, où la législation, inspirée de la Wagner Act, impose des limites importantes, du point de vue du temps, à l’exercice des droits qu’elle confère. Ces restrictions temporelles ne sont pas que de mécanismes procéduraux nécessaires à la mise en oeuvre du système : elles en sont plutôt des éléments substantiels. Les acteurs du monde du travail sont aux prises quotidiennement avec les délais prévus dans le Code du travail du Québec. En effet, ce dernier prévoit des moments précis pour l’acquisition, l’exercice et l’extinction des droits des employeurs, des syndicats et des salariés. Les règles relatives à la computation des délais sont complexes et font fréquemment l’objet de controverses jurisprudentielles. Or, jusqu’à présent, la doctrine s’est peu intéressée à la computation des délais en droit du travail québécois, malgré son importance. L’article qui suit constitue une étude exhaustive des fondements des règles de computation des délais et de leur mise en oeuvre dans le contexte du Code du travail. La première partie permet d’exposer les sources des règles applicables à la computation des délais et les concepts clés qui facilitent leur mise en oeuvre. La seconde partie s’intéresse à l’application de ces règles à des situations concrètes, en particulier dans le contexte de l’accréditation, de l’acquisition du droit de grève ou de lock-out et de recours fondés sur le Code du travail ou sur une convention collective.
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Finn, Suki. « The Role of Existential Quantification in Scientific Realism ». Philosophy 92, no 3 (17 avril 2017) : 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819117000031.
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AbstractScientific realism holds that the terms in our scientific theories refer and that we should believe in their existence. This presupposes a certain understanding of quantification, namely that it is ontologically committing, which I challenge in this paper. I argue that the ontological loading of the quantifiers is smuggled in through restricting the domains of quantification, without which it is clear to see that quantifiers are ontologically neutral. Once we remove domain restrictions, domains of quantification can include non-existent things, as they do in scientific theorizing. Scientific realism would therefore require redefining without presupposing a view of ontologically committing quantification.
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Savage, Larry, et Chantal Mancini. « Strategic Electoral Dilemmas and the Politics of Teachers’ Unions in Ontario ». Canadian Political Science Review 16, no 1 (6 avril 2022) : 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24124/c677/20221832.
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AbstractThis article seeks to explain both convergence and divergence in Ontario teacher union electoral strategy. After coalescing around a strategy of anti-Progressive Conservative (PC) strategic voting beginning with the 1999 provincial election, Ontario’s major teachers’ unions developed an electoral alliance with the McGuinty Liberals designed to advance teacher union priorities and mitigate the possibility of a return to power for the PCs. The authors use campaign finance and interview data to demonstrate that this ad hoc partnership was strengthened over the course of several election campaigns before the Liberal government’s decision to legislate restrictions on teacher union collective bargaining rights in 2012 led to unprecedented tension in the union-party partnership. The authors adapt the concept of union-party loyalty dilemmas to explain why individual teachers’ unions responded differently to the Liberal government’s efforts to impose austerity measures in the education sector.RésuméCet article vise à expliquer les convergences et divergences au sein des stratégies électorales des syndicats enseignants en Ontario. Après s’être ralliés à une approche de vote stratégique contre le Parti progressiste-conservateur (PPC) à partir des élections provinciales de 1999, les principaux syndicats enseignants de l’Ontario ont par la suite développé une alliance électorale avec les Libéraux de McGuinty afin de faire avancer leurs revendications et éviter un retour au pouvoir du PPC. Les auteurs s’appuient sur des données de financement des campagnes électorales ainsi que des entrevues afin de démontrer que ce partenariat ponctuel a été renforcé au cours de plusieurs campagnes électorales jusqu’à la décision du gouvernement libéral de faire adopter, en 2012, des restrictions aux droits de négociation collective des syndicats enseignants, conduisant ainsi à des tensions inédites au sein de cette alliance syndicats-parti. Les auteurs adaptent le concept de dilemmes de loyauté syndicat-parti afin d’expliquer pourquoi des syndicats enseignants ont répondu différemment aux efforts du gouvernement libéral d’imposer des mesures d’austérité dans le domaine de l’éducation.Keywords: unions; education; elections; Ontario; strategic votingMot-clés : syndicats; éducation; élections; Ontario; vote stratégique
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Owens, Christopher M., Byeongwoon Song, Michel J. Perron, Peter C. Yang, Matthew Stremlau et Joseph Sodroski. « Binding and Susceptibility to Postentry Restriction Factors in Monkey Cells Are Specified by Distinct Regions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Capsid ». Journal of Virology 78, no 10 (15 mai 2004) : 5423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.10.5423-5437.2004.
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ABSTRACT In cells of Old World and some New World monkeys, dominant factors restrict human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections after virus entry. The simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac is less susceptible to these restrictions, a property that is determined largely by the viral capsid protein. For this study, we altered exposed amino acid residues on the surface of the HIV-1 capsid, changing them to the corresponding residues found on the SIVmac capsid. We identified two distinct pathways of escape from early, postentry restriction in monkey cells. One set of mutants that were altered near the base of the cyclophilin A-binding loop of the N-terminal capsid domain or in the interdomain linker exhibited a decreased ability to bind the restricting factor(s). Consistent with the location of this putative factor-binding site, cyclophilin A and the restricting factor(s) cooperated to achieve the postentry block. A second set of mutants that were altered in the ridge formed by helices 3 and 6 of the N-terminal capsid domain efficiently bound the restricting factor(s) but were resistant to the consequences of factor binding. These results imply that binding of the simian restricting factor(s) is not sufficient to mediate the postentry block to HIV-1 and that SIVmac capsids escape the block by decreases in both factor binding and susceptibility to the effects of the factor(s).
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Myers, Scott, et Jaye Padgett. « Domain generalisation in artificial language learning ». Phonology 31, no 3 (décembre 2014) : 399–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675714000207.
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Many languages have restrictions on word-final segments, such as a requirement that any word-final obstruent be voiceless. There is a phonetic basis for such restrictions at the ends of utterances, but not the ends of words. Historical linguists have long noted this mismatch, and have attributed it to an analogical generalisation of such restrictions from utterance-final to word-final position. To test whether language learners actually generalise in this way, two artificial language learning experiments were conducted. Participants heard nonsense utterances in which there was a restriction on utterance-final obstruents, but in which no information was available about word-final utterance-medial obstruents. They were then tested on utterances that included obstruents in both positions. They learned the pattern and generalised it to word-final utterance-medial position, confirming that learners are biased toward word-based distributional patterns.
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Flack, Kathryn. « Constraints on onsets and codas of words and phrases ». Phonology 26, no 2 (août 2009) : 269–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675709990133.
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AbstractFor any phonotactic restriction on syllable onsets and codas, it can be shown that parallel restrictions are attested at edges of each higher prosodic domain. Onsets can be required at the beginnings of syllables, words or utterances, codas can be banned at the ends of any of these constituents and so on. This paper argues that these restrictions follow from constraint schemata: any markedness constraint on syllable onsets or codas (MOns or MCoda) is part of a family of constraints (MOns(Ons/PCat) or MCoda(Coda/PCat)) which imposes parallel restrictions on initial onsets or final codas of each prosodic domain. These prosodic domain-edge markedness constraints can induce epenthesis, deletion or other segmental changes at domain edges; they can also shape the prosodic structure of words.
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Diaz-Griffero, Felipe, Xu-rong Qin, Fumiaki Hayashi, Takanori Kigawa, Andres Finzi, Zoe Sarnak, Maritza Lienlaf, Shigeyuki Yokoyama et Joseph Sodroski. « A B-Box 2 Surface Patch Important for TRIM5α Self-Association, Capsid Binding Avidity, and Retrovirus Restriction ». Journal of Virology 83, no 20 (5 août 2009) : 10737–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01307-09.
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ABSTRACT TRIM5α is a tripartite motif (TRIM) protein that consists of RING, B-box 2, coiled-coil, and B30.2(SPRY) domains. The TRIM5αrh protein from rhesus monkeys recognizes the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid as it enters the host cell and blocks virus infection prior to reverse transcription. HIV-1-restricting ability can be eliminated by disruption of the B-box 2 domain. Changes in the TRIM5αrh B-box 2 domain have been associated with alterations in TRIM5αrh turnover, the formation of cytoplasmic bodies and higher-order oligomerization. We present here the nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the TRIM5 B-box 2 domain and identify an unusual hydrophobic patch (cluster 1) on the domain surface. Alteration of cluster 1 or the flanking arginine 121 resulted in various degrees of inactivation of HIV-1 restriction, in some cases depending on compensatory changes in other nearby charged residues. For this panel of TRIM5αrh B-box 2 mutants, inhibition of HIV-1 infection was strongly correlated with higher-order self-association and binding affinity for capsid complexes but not with TRIM5αrh half-life or the formation of cytoplasmic bodies. Thus, promoting cooperative TRIM5αrh interactions with the HIV-1 capsid represents a major mechanism whereby the B-box 2 domain potentiates HIV-1 restriction.
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Ohkura, Sadayuki, Melvyn W. Yap, Tom Sheldon et Jonathan P. Stoye. « All Three Variable Regions of the TRIM5α B30.2 Domain Can Contribute to the Specificity of Retrovirus Restriction ». Journal of Virology 80, no 17 (1 septembre 2006) : 8554–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00688-06.
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ABSTRACT Recent studies have revealed the contribution of TRIM5α to retrovirus restriction in cells from a variety of primate species. TRIM5α consists of a tripartite motif (the RBCC domain) followed by a B30.2 domain. The B30.2 domain is thought to be involved in determination of restriction specificity and contains three variable regions. To investigate the relationship between the phylogeny of primate TRIM5α and retrovirus restriction specificity, a series of chimeric TRIM5α consisting of the human RBCC domain followed by the B30.2 domain from various primates was constructed. These constructs showed restriction profiles largely consistent with the origin of the B30.2 domain. Restriction specificity was further investigated with a variety of TRIM5αs containing mixed or mutated B30.2 domains. This study revealed the importance of all three variable regions for determining restriction specificity. Based on the molecular structures of other PRYSPRY domains solved recently, a model for the molecular structure of the B30.2 domain of TRIM5α was developed. The model revealed that the variable regions of the B30.2 domain are present as loops located on one side of the B30.2 core structure. It is hypothesized that these three loops form a binding surface for virus and that evolutionary changes in any one of the loops can alter restriction specificity.
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Gunasekara, Asanka N., Melissa A. Wheeler et Anne Bardoel. « The Impact of Working from Home during COVID-19 on Time Allocation across Competing Demands ». Sustainability 14, no 15 (25 juillet 2022) : 9126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159126.
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(1) Background: We apply the Total Leadership approach to better understand how employees allocate their time across the domains of work, family, community, and self at three points: pre-, during, and post-COVID-19 restrictions. (2) Methods: The study employed a mixed methods design with qualitative and quantitative survey data from 106 Australian employees who worked from home during the pandemic. (3) Findings: Three categories of participants emerged: work-centric, family-centric, and self-centric. The results showed a reduction in time allocated to work during restrictions, an anticipated further reduction post-restriction, and significant increases in the family and self domains. Qualitative analyses confirmed the shift away from work and a divergence between those who preferred the integration of domains verses those who preferred a segmentation approach. (4) Implications: The Total Leadership approach is relevant to this shift in values and priorities away from the work domain, since it encourages employees and employers to take a holistic perspective on their lives. This rethinking could help to reduce burnout and employee turnover—which are particularly salient due to the ‘great resignation’—and could contribute to the sustainability of workforces, as organisations strive to retain and recruit employees who increasingly value work–life balance and wellbeing. (5) Originality: The application of the Total Leadership approach provides a novel theoretical foundation to investigate how employees allocate time across different domains of their post-COVID-19 lives.
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Stremlau, Matthew, Michel Perron, Sohanya Welikala et Joseph Sodroski. « Species-Specific Variation in the B30.2(SPRY) Domain of TRIM5α Determines the Potency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Restriction ». Journal of Virology 79, no 5 (1 mars 2005) : 3139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.5.3139-3145.2005.
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ABSTRACT Retroviruses encounter dominant postentry restrictions in cells of particular species. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is blocked in the cells of Old World monkeys by TRIM5α, a tripartite motif (TRIM) protein composed of RING, B-box 2, coiled-coil, and B30.2(SPRY) domains. Rhesus monkey TRIM5α (TRIM5αrh) more potently blocks HIV-1 infection than human TRIM5α (TRIM5αhu). Here, by studying chimeric TRIM5α proteins, we demonstrate that the major determinant of anti-HIV-1 potency is the B30.2(SPRY) domain. Analysis of species-specific variation in TRIM5α has identified three variable regions (v1, v2, and v3) within the B30.2 domain. The TRIM5α proteins of Old World primates exhibit expansion, duplication, and residue variation specifically in the v1 region. Replacement of three amino acids in the N terminus of the TRIM5αhu B30.2 v1 region with the corresponding TRIM5αrh residues resulted in a TRIM5α molecule that restricted HIV-1 nearly as efficiently as wild-type TRIM5αrh. Surprisingly, a single-amino-acid change in this region of TRIM5αhu allowed potent restriction of simian immunodeficiency virus, a phenotype not observed for either wild-type TRIM5αhu or TRIM5αrh. Some of the chimeric TRIM5α proteins that are >98% identical to the human protein yet mediate a strong restriction of HIV-1 infection may have therapeutic utility. These observations implicate the v1 variable region of the B30.2(SPRY) domain in TRIM5αrh antiviral potency.
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Eckert, Nicolas, Mohamed Naaim, Florie Giacona, Philomène Favier, Aurore Lavigne, Didier Richard, Franck Bourrier et Eric Parent. « Repenser les fondements du zonage règlementaire des risques en montagne « récurrents » ». La Houille Blanche, no 2 (avril 2018) : 38–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2018019.
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Le zonage des risques en montagne reste pensé comme une procédure normative issue de la transposition du « modèle inondation ». Au cœur de ce schéma figure le phénomène centennal, référence probabiliste d'une définition problématique, inadaptée à des phénomènes destructeurs, et peu interprétable en termes d'exposition. Ces insuffisances sont sources d'incompréhensions, et elle rend nécessaire des raccourcis et des pratiques de terrain sécuritaires. Cet article propose un changement de paradigme. Le zonage y est envisagé comme la un compromis entre les pertes dues au phénomène dommageable et les restrictions que la société s'impose. L'état des connaissances scientifiques ne permet pour l'instant pas de définir une procédure directive complète qu'il ne revient de toute façon pas à la sphère technique d'énoncer. En revanche, cartographier le risque individuel en combinant modèle d'aléa et susceptibilité au dommages pour différents types d'enjeux puis définir le zonage sur la base de seuils d'acceptabilité permet d'ores et déjà d'intégrer le caractère multivarié de l'aléa, de prendre en compte les incertitudes et de tracer l'ensemble de la procédure de décision. Le choix des seuils de risque individuel constituant les limites de zones et l'affichage du risque résiduel après zonage matérialisent le compromis choisi, permettant une réappropriation de la question par la société. Le cadre générique proposé est compatible avec une large gamme de solutions techniques comme d'orientations institutionnelles. In fine des recommandations concrètes pour la pratique de même que des pistes de recherche futures sont formulées. L'ensemble est illustré par un cas d'étude détaillé issu du domaine des avalanches, mais la réflexion est transférable à l'ensemble des aléas gravitaires rapides récurrents.
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Lee, Junhee, Flavius Frasincar et Maria Mihaela Truşcă. « DIWS-LCR-Rot-hop++ : A Domain-Independent Word Selector for Cross-Domain Aspect-Based Sentiment Classification ». ACM SIGAPP Applied Computing Review 23, no 3 (septembre 2023) : 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3626307.3626309.
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The Aspect-Based Sentiment Classification (ABSC) models often suffer from a lack of training data in some domains. To exploit the abundant data from another domain, this work extends the original state-of-the-art LCR-Rot-hop++ model that uses a neural network with a rotatory attention mechanism for a cross-domain setting. More specifically, we propose a Domain-Independent Word Selector (DIWS) model that is used in combination with the LCR-Rot-hop++ model (DIWS-LCR-Rot-hop++). DIWS-LCR-Rot-hop++ uses attention weights from the domain classification task to determine whether a word is domain-specific or domain-independent, and discards domain-specific words when training and testing the LCR-Rot-hop++ model for cross-domain ABSC. Overall, our results confirm that DIWS-LCR-Rot-hop++ outperforms the original LCR-Rot-hop++ model under a cross-domain setting in case we impose an optimal domain-dependent attention threshold value for deciding whether a word is domain-specific or domain-independent. For a target domain that is highly similar to the source domain, we find that imposing moderate restrictions on classifying domain-independent words yields the best performance. Differently, a dissimilar target domain requires a strict restriction that classifies a small proportion of words as domain-independent. Also, we observe information loss which deteriorates the performance of DIWS-LCR-Rot-hop++ when we categorize an excessive amount of words as domain-specific and discard them.
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Shleyfman, Alexander, Daniel Gnad et Peter Jonsson. « Structurally Restricted Fragments of Numeric Planning – a Complexity Analysis ». Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no 10 (26 juin 2023) : 12112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i10.26428.
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Numeric planning is known to be undecidable even under severe restrictions. Prior work has investigated the decidability boundaries by restricting the expressiveness of the planning formalism in terms of the numeric functions allowed in conditions and effects. We study a well-known restricted form of Hoffmann's simple numeric planning, which is undecidable. We analyze the complexity by imposing restrictions on the causal structure, exploiting a novel method for bounding variable domain sizes. First, we show that plan existence for tasks where all numeric variables are root nodes in the causal graph is in PSPACE. Second, we show that for tasks with only numeric leaf variables the problem is decidable, and that it is in PSPACE if the propositional state space has a fixed size. Our work lays a strong foundation for future investigations of structurally more complex tasks. From a practical perspective, our method allows to employ heuristics and methods that are geared towards finite variable domains (such as pattern database heuristics or decoupled search) to solve non-trivial families of numeric planning problems.
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Vandal-Sirois, Hugo. « Le traducteur en coulisse : traduction de scénarios et productions audiovisuelles multilingues ». TTR 27, no 2 (21 octobre 2016) : 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037745ar.
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Les défis et enjeux de la traduction audiovisuelle, particulièrement ceux du doublage et du sous-titrage, ont été largement explorés en traductologie. L’analyse des contraintes liées à cette forme de traduction (l’interdépendance du visuel et du verbal, la synchronisation labiale et les restrictions temporelles ou spatiales, entre autres) a permis de cerner les mécanismes et les stratégies de la communication audiovisuelle multilingue. Toutefois, un volet de cette forme de traduction spécialisée demeure généralement méconnu, et ce, bien qu’il soit en plein essor et qu’il entraîne des difficultés traductionnelles uniques : la traduction de scénarios, dont les enjeux sont de taille. Plutôt que de fournir un document final (comme un film doublé ou sous-titré), le traducteur de scénarios doit, en plus de maîtriser le langage technique, l’élaboration de structures narratives et la rédaction de dialogues fluides et crédibles, produire un outil de travail sur lequel reposeront les activités des acteurs, du réalisateur et des techniciens. En cette époque marquée par la mondialisation et la multiplication des technologies de communication, et où les échanges culturels se déroulent sur la multitude d’écrans qui nous entourent, la traduction scénaristique représente un secteur d’activités aussi important que dynamique. Elle soulève des questions particulièrement intéressantes en traductologie, puisqu’elle place le traducteur au coeur du processus créatif, notamment dans le contexte de doubles tournages, au cours desquels le traducteur est parfois appelé à participer aux différentes étapes de production. Cet article propose de situer la traduction de scénarios dans le spectre plus large de la traduction audiovisuelle, d’en examiner les caractéristiques et défis, et, finalement, d’aborder le phénomène des doubles tournages, particulièrement dans le domaine de la publicité.
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Lutz, Thomas, Kiersten Flodman, Alyssa Copelas, Honorata Czapinska, Megumu Mabuchi, Alexey Fomenkov, Xinyi He, Matthias Bochtler et Shuang-yong Xu. « A protein architecture guided screen for modification dependent restriction endonucleases ». Nucleic Acids Research 47, no 18 (3 septembre 2019) : 9761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz755.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Modification dependent restriction endonucleases (MDREs) often have separate catalytic and modification dependent domains. We systematically looked for previously uncharacterized fusion proteins featuring a PUA or DUF3427 domain and HNH or PD-(D/E)XK catalytic domain. The enzymes were clustered by similarity of their putative modification sensing domains into several groups. The TspA15I (VcaM4I, CmeDI), ScoA3IV (MsiJI, VcaCI) and YenY4I groups, all featuring a PUA superfamily domain, preferentially cleaved DNA containing 5-methylcytosine or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. ScoA3V, also featuring a PUA superfamily domain, but of a different clade, exhibited 6-methyladenine stimulated nicking activity. With few exceptions, ORFs for PUA-superfamily domain containing endonucleases were not close to DNA methyltransferase ORFs, strongly supporting modification dependent activity of the endonucleases. DUF3427 domain containing fusion proteins had very little or no endonuclease activity, despite the presence of a putative PD-(D/E)XK catalytic domain. However, their expression potently restricted phage T4gt in Escherichia coli cells. In contrast to the ORFs for PUA domain containing endonucleases, the ORFs for DUF3427 fusion proteins were frequently found in defense islands, often also featuring DNA methyltransferases.
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Graf, Thomas. « The power of locality domains in phonology ». Phonology 34, no 2 (août 2017) : 385–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675717000197.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Domains play an integral role in linguistic theories. This paper combines locality domains with current models of the computational complexity of phonology. The first result is that if a specific formalism – strictly piecewise grammars – is supplemented with a mechanism to enforce first-order definable domain restrictions, its power increases so much that it subsumes almost the full hierarchy of subregular languages. However, if domain restrictions are based on linguistically natural intervals, we instead obtain an empirically more adequate model. On the one hand, this model subsumes only those subregular classes that have been argued to be relevant for phonotactic generalisations. On the other hand, it excludes unnatural generalisations that involve counting or elaborate conditionals. It is also shown that strictly piecewise grammars with interval-based domains are theoretically learnable, unlike those with arbitrary, first-order domains.
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Fokina, A. S., A. S. Karyagina, I. S. Rusinov, D. M. Moshensky, S. A. Spirin et A. V. Alexeevski. « Evolution of restriction-modification systems with one restriction endonuclease and two DNA methyltransferases ». Биохимия 88, no 2 (15 février 2023) : 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0320972523020082.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Some restriction-modification systems contain two DNA methyltransferases. In the present work, we have classified such systems according to the families of catalytic domains present in restriction endonucleases and both DNA methyltransferases. The evolution of restriction-modification systems of one class was studied in detail. Systems in this class include an endonuclease with a NOV_C family domain and two DNA methyltransferases, both with DNA_methylase family domains. The phylogenetic tree of DNA methyltransferases from systems of this class consists of two clades of the same size. Two DNA methyltransferases of each restriction-modification system of the class belong to different clades. This indicates independent evolution of the two methyltransferases. We detected multiple cross-species horizontal transfers of systems as a whole, as well as cases of gene transfer between systems.
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Martin, Joshua Robert. « Wh-the-hell as a polarity-insensitive, speaker-oriented domain restrictor ». Semantics and Linguistic Theory 30 (2 mars 2021) : 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v30i0.4824.
Texte intégralRésumé :
I argue for a reanalysis of "wh-the-hell" questions as restrictions on the domain of alternatives, rather than polarity items or domain extensions. This analysis returns to their original characterization as "aggressively non-D-linked" by specifying what it means to be D-linked, and in doing so captures a number of otherwise unconnected properties of such questions without positing extraneous features. Consequences of the proposal include a new notion of question-specific contextuality, evidence for an inquisitive semantic condition on sluicing, and a potential general discourse restriction on wh-movement.
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Gregory, Peter, et Stephen Cresswell. « Domain Model Acquisition in the Presence of Static Relations in the LOP System ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 25 (8 avril 2015) : 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v25i1.13729.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper addresses the problem of domain model acquisition from only action traces when the underlying domain model contains static relations. Domain model acquisition is the problem of synthesising a planning domain model from example plan traces and potentially other information, such as intermediate states. The LOCM and LOCMII domain model acquisition systems are highly effective at determining the dynamics of domain models with only plan traces as input (i.e. they do not rely on extra inputs such as predicate definitions, initial, final and intermediate states or invariants). Much of the power of the LOCM family of algorithms comes from the assumption that each action parameter goes through a transition. One place that this assumption is too strong is in the case of static predicates. We present a new domain model acquisition algorithm, LOP, that induces static predicates by using a combination of the generalised output from LOCM2 and a set of optimal plans as input to the learning system. We observe that static predicates can be seen as restrictions on the valid groundings of actions. Without the static predicates restricting possible groundings, the domains induced by LOCMII produce plans that are typically shorter than the true optimal solutions. LOP works by finding a minimal static predicate for each operator that preserves the length of the optimal plan.
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Mankowitz, Poppy. « Triggering domain restriction ». Mind & ; Language 34, no 5 (22 novembre 2018) : 563–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mila.12222.
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Li, Xing, et Joseph Sodroski. « The TRIM5α B-Box 2 Domain Promotes Cooperative Binding to the Retroviral Capsid by Mediating Higher-Order Self-Association ». Journal of Virology 82, no 23 (17 septembre 2008) : 11495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01548-08.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT The retroviral restriction factor, TRIM5α, blocks infection of a spectrum of retroviruses soon after virus entry into the cell. TRIM5α consists of RING, B-box 2, coiled-coil, and B30.2(SPRY) domains. The B-box 2 domain is essential for retrovirus restriction by TRIM5α, but its specific function is unknown. We show here that the B-box 2 domain mediates higher-order self-association of TRIM5αrh oligomers. This self-association increases the efficiency of TRIM5α binding to the retroviral capsid, thus potentiating restriction of retroviral infection. The contribution of the B-box 2 domain to cooperative TRIM5α association with the retroviral capsid explains the conditional nature of the restriction phenotype exhibited by some B-box 2 TRIM5α mutants; the potentiation of capsid binding that results from B-box 2-mediated self-association is essential for restriction when B30.2(SPRY) domain-mediated interactions with the retroviral capsid are weak. Thus, B-box 2-dependent higher-order self-association and B30.2(SPRY)-dependent capsid binding represent complementary mechanisms whereby sufficiently dense arrays of capsid-bound TRIM5α proteins can be achieved.
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Yap, Melvyn W., Mark P. Dodding et Jonathan P. Stoye. « Trim-Cyclophilin A Fusion Proteins Can Restrict Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection at Two Distinct Phases in the Viral Life Cycle ». Journal of Virology 80, no 8 (15 avril 2006) : 4061–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.80.8.4061-4067.2006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT The Trim5α protein from several primates restricts retroviruses in a capsid (CA)-dependent manner. In owl monkeys, the B30.2 domain of Trim5 has been replaced by cyclophilin A (CypA) following a retrotransposition. Restriction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by the resulting Trim5-CypA fusion protein depends on CA binding to CypA, suggesting both that the B30.2 domain might be involved in CA binding and that the tripartite RING motif, B-BOX, and coiled coil (RBCC) motif domain can function independently of the B30.2 domain in restriction. To investigate the potential of RBCCs from other Trims to participate in restricting HIV-1, CypA was fused to the RBCC of Trim1, Trim18, and Trim19 and tested for restriction. Despite low identity within the RBCC domain, all fusion proteins were found to restrict HIV-1 but not the nonbinding G89V mutant, indicating that the overall structure of RBCC and not its primary sequence was important for the restriction function. The critical interaction between CA and Trim-CypA appears to take place soon after viral entry. Quantitative PCR analysis of viral reverse transcriptase products revealed that the different fusion proteins block HIV-1 at two distinct stages of its life cycle, either prior to reverse transcription or just before integration. With Trim1 and Trim18, this timing is dependent on the length of the Trim component of the fusion protein. These observations suggest that restriction factor binding can have different mechanistic consequences.
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Marques, Sandra M. P., Jean-Luc Veyrune, Ram R. Shukla et Ajit Kumar. « Restriction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Rev Function in Murine A9 Cells Involves the Rev C-Terminal Domain ». Journal of Virology 77, no 5 (1 mars 2003) : 3084–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.5.3084-3090.2003.
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ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Rex proteins are essential for the expression of viral structural proteins and productive infection. Both contain a nuclear export signal (NES) in their C-terminal domain and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in their N-terminal domain. The NES and NLS are necessary for shuttling between nucleus and cytoplasm and are therefore indispensable for the transport of unspliced and singly spliced viral transcripts. HIV-1 Rev function is restricted in A9 cells, a murine fibroblast cell line, whereas HTLV-1 Rex is functional in these cells. Immunofluorescence studies with RevGFP fusion protein demonstrate normal import and export of Rev in A9 cells. To ascertain which domains of Rev are necessary for the restriction of Rev function in A9 cells, we studied a chimeric construct in which the NES domain of Rev was exchanged with Rex C-terminal amino acids 79 to 95, the Rev1-79/Rex79-95 chimera, which restored Rev function in A9 cells. In addition, overexpression of a truncated Rev containing the Rev C-terminal domain in the presence of wild-type Rev, led to restoration of Rev function in A9 cells. These results suggest that the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 Rev plays an important role in restricting Rev function in murine cells.
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Sebastian, Sarah, Christian Grütter, Caterina Strambio de Castillia, Thomas Pertel, Silvia Olivari, Markus G. Grütter et Jeremy Luban. « An Invariant Surface Patch on the TRIM5α PRYSPRY Domain Is Required for Retroviral Restriction but Dispensable for Capsid Binding ». Journal of Virology 83, no 7 (19 janvier 2009) : 3365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00432-08.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT TRIM5α is a retrovirus restriction factor in the host cell cytoplasm that blocks infection before provirus establishment. Restriction activity requires capsid (CA)-specific recognition by the PRYSPRY domain of TRIM5α. To better understand the restriction mechanism, nine charge-cluster-to-triple-alanine mutants in the TRIM5α PRYSPRY domain were assessed for CA-specific restriction activity. Five mutants distributed along the TRIM5α PRYSPRY primary sequence disrupted restriction activity against N-tropic murine leukemia virus and equine infectious anemia virus. Modeling of the TRIM5α PRYSPRY domain based on the crystal structures of PRYSPRY-19q13.4.1, GUSTAVUS, and TRIM21 identified a surface patch where disruptive mutants clustered. All mutants in this patch retained CA-binding activity, a reticular distribution in the cytoplasm, and steady-state protein levels comparable to those of the wild type. Residues in the essential patch are conserved in TRIM5α orthologues and in closely related paralogues. The same surface patch in the TRIM18 and TRIM20 PRYSPRY domains is the site of mutants causing Opitz syndrome and familial Mediterranean fever. These results indicate that, in addition to CA-specific binding, the PRYSPRY domain possesses a second function, possibly binding of a cofactor, that is essential for retroviral restriction activity by TRIM5α.
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Dlala, Mohsen, et Abdallah Benabdallah. « Global Stabilization of Nonlinear Finite Dimensional System with Dynamic Controller Governed by 1 − d Heat Equation with Neumann Interconnection ». Mathematics 10, no 2 (12 janvier 2022) : 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10020227.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper deals with the stabilization of a class of uncertain nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a dynamic controller governed by a linear 1−d heat partial differential equation (PDE). The control operates at one boundary of the domain of the heat controller, while at the other end of the boundary, a Neumann term is injected into the ODE plant. We achieve the desired global exponential stabilization goal by using a recent infinite-dimensional backstepping design for coupled PDE-ODE systems combined with a high-gain state feedback and domination approach. The stabilization result of the coupled system is established under two main restrictions: the first restriction concerns the particular classical form of our ODE, which contains, in addition to a controllable linear part, a second uncertain nonlinear part verifying a lower triangular linear growth condition. The second restriction concerns the length of the domain of the PDE which is restricted.
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McDonnell, Mollie M., Suzanne C. Karvonen, Amit Gaba, Ben Flath, Linda Chelico et Michael Emerman. « Highly-potent, synthetic APOBEC3s restrict HIV-1 through deamination-independent mechanisms ». PLOS Pathogens 17, no 6 (25 juin 2021) : e1009523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009523.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The APOBEC3 (A3) genes encode cytidine deaminase proteins with potent antiviral and anti-retroelement activity. This locus is characterized by duplication, recombination, and deletion events that gave rise to the seven A3s found in primates. These include three single deaminase domain A3s (A3A, A3C, and A3H) and four double deaminase domain A3s (A3B, A3D, A3F, and A3G). The most potent of the A3 proteins against HIV-1 is A3G. However, it is not clear if double deaminase domain A3s have a generalized functional advantage to restrict HIV-1. In order to test whether superior restriction factors could be created by genetically linking single A3 domains into synthetic double domains, we linked A3C and A3H single domains in novel combinations. We found that A3C/A3H double domains acquired enhanced antiviral activity that is at least as potent, if not better than, A3G. Although these synthetic double domain A3s package into budding virions more efficiently than their respective single domains, this does not fully explain their gain of antiviral potency. The antiviral activity is conferred both by cytidine-deaminase dependent and independent mechanisms, with the latter correlating to an increase in RNA binding affinity. T cell lines expressing this A3C-A3H super restriction factor are able to control replicating HIV-1ΔVif infection to similar levels as A3G. Together, these data show that novel combinations of A3 domains are capable of gaining potent antiviral activity to levels similar to the most potent genome-encoded A3s, via a primarily non-catalytic mechanism.
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Mocanu, Marcelina. « Functional Inequalities for Metric-Preserving Functions with Respect to Intrinsic Metrics of Hyperbolic Type ». Symmetry 13, no 11 (2 novembre 2021) : 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13112072.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We obtain functional inequalities for functions which are metric-preserving with respect to one of the following intrinsic metrics in a canonical plane domain: hyperbolic metric or some restrictions of the triangular ratio metric, respectively, of a Barrlund metric. The subadditivity turns out to be an essential property, being possessed by every function that is metric-preserving with respect to the hyperbolic metric and also by the composition with some specific function of every function that is metric-preserving with respect to some restriction of the triangular ratio metric or of a Barrlund metric. We partially answer an open question, proving that the hyperbolic arctangent is metric-preserving with respect to the restrictions of the triangular ratio metric on the unit disk to radial segments and to circles centered at origin.
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Banu, Roxana. « ASSUMING REGULATORY AUTHORITY FOR TRANSNATIONAL TORTS : AN INTERSTATE AFFAIR ? A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE CANADIAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW TORT RULES ». Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 31, no 1 (1 février 2013) : 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v31i1.4321.
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In Tolofson v. Jensen, the Supreme Court of Canada determined that in most cases the law of the place where the tort occurred has exclusive authority to regulate all legal aspects related to it. In developing this choice of law rule, the Supreme Court relied on an analogy between Private International Law and Public International law. This allows Private International Law to claim a structural, neutral function in the distribution of legislative authority in the international realm and to ignore both private law and public law considerations. To best reveal the way in which the Supreme Court injected these limitations into Private International Law by reference to Public International Law, I show the striking similarity between the Supreme Court’s reasoning and several Private International Law writings at the end of the 19th century in Continental Europe. In the context of the extraterritorial tortious activity of multinational corporations, these limitations make Private International Law oblivious to arguments of Corporate Social Responsibility scholars showing that a multinational corporation may legitimately be regulated by the state of its headquarters, even for extraterritorial conduct. Overall, I argue that an overemphasis on legislative authority as a symbol of state sovereignty transforms Private International Law matters generally, and transnational torts in particular, in inter-state affairs, removed from the interests and pleas of the individuals and communities affected by them. Dans l’arrêt Tolofson c. Jensen, la Cour suprême du Canada a décidé que, dans la plupart des cas, la loi du lieu où le délit a été commis régit exclusivement tous les aspects juridiques qui s’y rapportent. Pour établir cette règle du choix de la loi applicable, la Cour suprême s’est fondée sur une analogie entre le droit international privé et le droit international public. Cela permet au droit international privé de réclamer une fonction structurelle et neutre au niveau de la distribution du pouvoir législatif dans le domaine international et d’ignorer tant les considérations de droit privé que les considérations de droit public. Pour mieux illustrer la façon dont la Cour suprême a inséré de telles restrictions dans le droit international privé par renvoi au droit international public, je démontre la similitude frappante entre le raisonnement de la Cour suprême et de nombreux écrits en droit international privé à la fin du 19e siècle en Europe continentale. Dans le contexte des activités délictueuses extraterritoriales des sociétés multinationales, de telles restrictions rendent le droit international privé insensible aux arguments des universitaires prônant la responsabilité sociale des entreprises selon lesquels une société multinationale peut légitimement être régie par l’État où est situé son siège social, même pour sa conduite extraterritoriale. Dans l’ensemble, je fais valoir qu’une trop grande importance accordée au pouvoir législatif comme symbole de la souveraineté étatique transforme les affaires relevant du droit international privé en général et les délits transnationaux en particulier en affaires interétatiques qui ne tiennent pas compte des intérêts et demandes des particuliers et collectivités qu’elles touchent.
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Purba, Fredrick Dermawan, Asteria Devy Kumalasari, Langgersari Elsari Novianti, Lenny Kendhawati, Afra Hafny Noer et Retno Hanggarani Ninin. « Marriage and quality of life during COVID-19 pandemic ». PLOS ONE 16, no 9 (8 septembre 2021) : e0256643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256643.
Texte intégralRésumé :
COVID-19 pandemic has impacted people around the globe. Countries, including Indonesia, implemented large-scale social restrictions. Since marriage is found to be beneficial to people’s quality of life (QoL), the study aimed to examine the QoL of married people in Indonesia during a large-scale social restriction of the COVID-19 pandemic. An online cross-sectional survey using Qualtrics was conducted in June 2020. Respondents’ sociodemographic data, spouse data (as reported by the respondents), and pandemic-related data were collected, followed by QoL data, measured by WHQOOL-BREF. WHOQL-BREF consists of 26 questions grouped into four domains: physical, psychological, social relationships, and environmental. Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H and Spearman correlation analyses were employed to compare QoL between groups of sociodemographic characteristics. In total, 603 respondents were recruited. The respondents’ mean age is 35.3 years (SD = 7.61), most are females (82%), bachelor degree graduate (95%), Islam (78%), employed (69%), and assigned to work from home during the pandemic (76%). Married men reported better QoL in almost all domains than women; employed respondents reported higher QoL scores than unemployed; higher educated respondents reported higher QoL than those with lower education; respondents with higher income reported higher QoL than those with lower income. We found significant positive correlations between the QoL scores and age, spouse’s age, and marriage length, although they were considered small. Compared to Indonesian population normative scores pre-pandemic, our sample reported no difference in physical and social domains, lower in the psychological domain, but higher in the environmental domain. Indonesian married people, especially women, those with low level of education, currently out of work, and below-average financial condition are the ones who reported worse quality of life during the lockdown. These results can help direct the Indonesian government efforts in dealing with psychosocial problems during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for married couples.
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Stanley, Jason, et Zoltan Gendler Szabo. « On Quantifier Domain Restriction ». Mind and Language 15, no 2&3 (avril 2000) : 219–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00130.
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Byrne, Paul F. « Have Post-Kelo Restrictions on Eminent Domain Influenced State Economic Development ? » Economic Development Quarterly 31, no 1 (22 octobre 2016) : 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242416671805.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In 2005, the Supreme Court’s Kelo v. New London ruling reaffirmed governments’ right to use eminent domain for economic development purposes. Widespread public backlash over the ruling resulted in numerous states quickly passing laws restricting the use of eminent domain for such purposes. This study uses the swift and uneven response of state legislatures to the public outcry that followed Kelo to test the empirical question of whether restrictions on eminent domain affect states’ ability to fulfill their economic development goals. Results indicate that states that restricted the use of eminent domain following the Kelo ruling experienced no adverse effects in terms of state employment and gross state product or county employment and county income in the states’ most dense counties.
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Li, Yuan, Xing Li, Matthew Stremlau, Mark Lee et Joseph Sodroski. « Removal of Arginine 332 Allows Human TRIM5α To Bind Human Immunodeficiency Virus Capsids and To Restrict Infection ». Journal of Virology 80, no 14 (15 juillet 2006) : 6738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00270-06.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT Human TRIM5α (TRIM5αhu) only modestly inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and does not inhibit simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac). Alteration of arginine 332 in the TRIM5αhu B30.2 domain to proline, the residue found in rhesus monkey TRIM5α, has been shown to create a potent restricting factor for both HIV-1 and SIVmac. Here we demonstrate that the potentiation of HIV-1 inhibition results from the removal of a positively charged residue at position 332 of TRIM5αhu. The increase in restricting activity correlated with an increase in the ability of TRIM5αhu mutants lacking arginine 332 to bind HIV-1 capsid complexes. A change in the cyclophilin A-binding loop of the HIV-1 capsid decreased TRIM5αhu R332P binding and allowed escape from restriction. The ability of TRIM5αhu to restrict SIVmac could be disrupted by the presence of any charged residue at position 332. Thus, charged residues in the v1 region of the TRIM5αhu B30.2 domain can modulate capsid binding and restriction potency. Therapeutic strategies designed to neutralize arginine 332 of TRIM5αhu might potentiate the innate resistance of human cells to HIV-1 infection.
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POLTEROVICH, LEONID, et MIKHAIL SODIN. « Nodal inequalities on surfaces ». Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 143, no 2 (septembre 2007) : 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004107000175.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractGiven a Laplace eigenfunction on a surface, we study the distribution of its extrema on the nodal domains. It is classically known that the absolute value of the eigenfunction is asymptotically bounded by the 4th root of the eigenvalue. It turns out that the number of nodal domains where the eigenfunction has an extremum of such order, remains bounded as the eigenvalue tends to infinity. We also observe that certain restrictions on the distribution of nodal extrema and a version of the Courant nodal domain theorem are valid for a rather wide class of functions on surfaces. These restrictions follow from a bound in the spirit of Kronrod and Yomdin on the average number of connected components of level sets.
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PEREL'MAN, M. E., et R. ENGLMAN. « SOME EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF DISPERSION RELATIONS ». Modern Physics Letters B 14, no 25n26 (10 novembre 2000) : 907–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984900001142.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The rationale of dispersion relations (DR) is traced to von Neumann's "state properties" and is given a unifying formulation by the introduction of "equations of restriction". Some questions surrounding reciprocal relations in the time domain are discussed. Then, extensions of DR to multi-variable cases are formulated through extended "equations of restrictions", which may be exact or approximate. These equations are applied to nonlocal dielectrics (admitting of polariton modes), which are shown to obey (in general) light-cone causality, though cases might occur in which a modification of the postulated dielectric functions is needed.
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Kuang Hock, Lim, Lim Hui Li, Teh Chien Huey, Veloo Yuvaneswary, Pan Sayan, Muhammad Fadhli Muhd Yusoff, Lim Kuang Kuay, Ling Miaw Yn, Cheong Kee Chee et Ghazali Sumarni Mohd. « Support for smoke-free policy among Malaysian adults : findings from a population-based study ». BMJ Open 9, no 2 (février 2019) : e020304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020304.
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ObjectivePublic opinion and support can be powerful mandates for smoke-free policy. However, the scarcity of evidence on public opinion among Malaysians necessitates further investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of support for smoke-free policy at various public domains and its associated factors among Malaysian adults.DesignData were derived from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, Malaysia (GATS-M). GATS-M is a nationwide study that employed a multistage, proportionate-to-size sampling strategy to select a representative sample of 5112 Malaysian adults aged 15 years and above. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with support for smoke-free policy in selected public domains that is, workplaces, restaurants, bars, hotels, casinos, karaoke centres, public transport terminals and shopping centres.ResultsThe level of support for enactment of a smoke-free policy at selected public domains varied from 37.8% to 94.4%, with the highest support was for gazetted smoke-free domains, namely, shopping centres (94.4%, 95% CI: 93.2% to 95.3%) and public transport terminals (85.2%, 95% CI: 83.3% to 86.9%). Multiple logistic regression revealed that non-smokers were more likely to support smoke-free policy at all domains. In addition, respondents who worked in workplaces with total or partial smoking restrictions were more likely to support a smoke-free policy ((total restriction adjusted OR (AOR): 14.94 (6.44 to 34.64); partial restriction AOR: 2.96 (1.138 to 6.35); non-restriction was applied as a reference).ConclusionA majority of the Malaysian adult population supported the smoke-free policy, especially at gazetted smoke-free domains. Therefore, expansion of a total smoking ban to workplaces, restaurants, bars, hotels, casinos and karaoke centres is strongly recommended to reduce exposure to secondhand smoke and to denormalise smoking behaviour.
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Bokalo, M. M., et O. V. Domanska. « Initial-boundary value problem for higher-orders nonlinear elliptic-parabolic equations with variable exponents of the nonlinearity in unbounded domains without conditions at infinity ». Matematychni Studii 59, no 1 (28 mars 2023) : 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/ms.59.1.86-105.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Initial-boundary value problems for parabolic and elliptic-parabolic (that is degenerated parabolic) equations in unbounded domains with respect to the spatial variables were studied by many authors. It is well known that in order to guarantee the uniqueness of the solution of the initial-boundary value problems for linear and some nonlinear parabolic and elliptic-parabolic equations in unbounded domains we need some restrictions on behavior of solution as $|x|\to +\infty$ (for example, growth restriction of solution as $|x|\to +\infty$, or the solution to belong to some functional spaces).Note, that we need some restrictions on the data-in behavior as$|x|\to +\infty$ for the initial-boundary value problemsfor equations considered above to be solvable.
However, there are nonlinear parabolic equations for whichthe corresponding initial-boundary value problems are uniquely solvable withoutany conditions at infinity.
We prove the unique solvability of the initial-boundary value problemwithout conditions at infinity for some of the higher-orders anisotropic parabolic equationswith variable exponents of the nonlinearity. A priori estimate of the weak solutionsof this problem was also obtained. As far as we know, the initial-boundary value problem for the higher-orders anisotropic elliptic-parabolic equations with variable exponents of nonlinearity in unbounded domains were not considered before.
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JACKSON, MARCEL, et TIM STOKES. « MODAL RESTRICTION SEMIGROUPS : TOWARDS AN ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS ». International Journal of Algebra and Computation 21, no 07 (novembre 2011) : 1053–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196711006844.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Restriction semigroups model algebras of partial maps under composition and domain. Here we consider restriction semigroups for which the usual Boolean operations on domains are modeled. Such algebras are capable of modeling the usual modal operators considered in dynamic logic. Indeed adding a natural functional variant of union to the signature gives a deterministic version of the modal semirings of Möller and Struth, but also a monoidal version of the classical restriction categories of Cockett and Manes. Other operations modeled are intersection and (in the finite case) functional iteration. In each case, axiomatizations of the concrete functional examples are given, leading to algebraic models of partial maps incorporating all the domain-related and set-theoretic operations previously considered. Our algebras furnish natural algebraic semantics for the logics of deterministic computer programs, leading to new results for some variants of propositional dynamic logic.
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Race, D. « On the domains of minimal and maximal operators for regularisable singular differential expressions ». Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh : Section A Mathematics 121, no 3-4 (1992) : 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210500027852.
Texte intégralRésumé :
SynopsisCertain classical differential expressions which are singular at a finite end-point (or at an interior point) can be represented as regular, scalar quasi-differential expressions, the best-known examples being the Boyd Equation and Laplace Tidal Wave Equation. We show here that in all such cases the domains of the minimal and maximal operators in the appropriate weighted Hilbert space , for the regularised expression, coincide with the corresponding domains for the expression in its original, singular form.This is contrasted with a known property of the corresponding expression domains. Whereas for an expression M, the operator domains contain only functions y for which both y and My lie in the appropriate Hilbert space, the expression domain comprises a much larger set of functions with no such restrictions beyond those necessary for My to exist as a function. In the second-order case, the expression domain of the regularisation of a singular expression is known to be a strict subset of the original expression domain, contrasting with the results proved here for the operator domains.
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Perez-Caballero, David, Theodora Hatziioannou, Annie Yang, Simone Cowan et Paul D. Bieniasz. « Human Tripartite Motif 5α Domains Responsible for Retrovirus Restriction Activity and Specificity ». Journal of Virology 79, no 14 (juillet 2005) : 8969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.14.8969-8978.2005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT The tripartite motif 5α protein (TRIM5α) is one of several factors expressed by mammalian cells that inhibit retrovirus replication. Human TRIM5α (huTRIM5α) inhibits infection by N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) but is inactive against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, we show that replacement of a small segment in the carboxy-terminal B30.2/SPRY domain of huTRIM5α with its rhesus macaque counterpart (rhTRIM5α) endows it with the ability to potently inhibit HIV-1 infection. The B30.2/SPRY domain and an additional domain in huTRIM5α, comprising the amino-terminal RING and B-box components of the TRIM motif, are required for N-MLV restriction activity, while the intervening coiled-coil domain is necessary and sufficient for huTRIM5α multimerization. Truncated huTRIM5α proteins that lack either or both the N-terminal RING/B-Box or the C-terminal B30.2/SPRY domain form heteromultimers with full-length huTRIM5α and are dominant inhibitors of its N-MLV restricting activity, suggesting that homomultimerization of intact huTRIM5α monomers is necessary for N-MLV restriction. However, localization in large cytoplasmic bodies is not required for inhibition of N-MLV by huTRIM5α or for inhibition of HIV-1 by chimeric or rhTRIM5α.
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Bishop, Kate N., Gulnahar B. Mortuza, Steven Howell, Melvyn W. Yap, Jonathan P. Stoye et Ian A. Taylor. « Characterization of an Amino-Terminal Dimerization Domain from Retroviral Restriction Factor Fv1 ». Journal of Virology 80, no 16 (15 août 2006) : 8225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00395-06.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT The Fv1 protein is an endogenous factor in mice that confers resistance to infection by certain classes of murine leukemia virus, a phenomenon referred to as restriction. The mechanism of restriction is not understood, and the low endogenous level of Fv1 in cells has prevented any biochemical or biophysical analysis of the protein. We have now purified recombinant Fv1n protein from a baculovirus system and demonstrate that Fv1 exists in a multimeric form. Furthermore, we have mapped the position of two domains within the protein using limited proteolysis. Biophysical characterization of the N-terminal domain reveals that it comprises a highly helical and extended dimeric structure. Based on these biochemical and biophysical data, we propose a model for the arrangement of domains in Fv1 and suggest that dimerization of the N-terminal domain is necessary for Fv1 function to allow the protein to interact with multiple capsid protomers in retroviral cores.
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Archangeli, Diana, et Douglas Pulleyblank. « Kinande vowel harmony : domains, grounded conditions and one-sided alignment ». Phonology 19, no 2 (août 2002) : 139–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267570200430x.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The canonical image of vowel harmony is of a particular feature distributed throughout a word, leading to symmetric constraints like AGREE or SPREAD. Examination of the distribution of tongue-root advancement in Kinande demonstrates that harmonic feature distribution is asymmetric. The data argue that a formal (yet asymmetric) constraint (like ALIGN) is exactly half right: such a constraint correctly characterises the left edge of the harmonic domain. By contrast, the right edge is necessarily characterised by phonetically grounded restrictions on feature co-occurrence. Of further interest is the role of morphological domains: the interaction between domain restrictions on specific constraints and unrestricted constraints suggests a formal means of characterising the overwhelming similarity between constraint hierarchies at different morphological levels while at the same time characterising the distinctions between levels.
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Panda, Santosh C. « Some impossibility results with domain restrictions ». Journal of Economic Theory 38, no 1 (février 1986) : 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(86)90086-4.
Texte intégral
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Pérez Lorido, Rodrigo. « On the Grammatical Domain of Gapping in Old English ». Diachronica 13, no 2 (1 janvier 1996) : 319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.13.2.06per.
Texte intégralRésumé :
SUMMARY This paper is a study of verbal ellipsis in coordinated constructions in Old English, carried out within the theoretical framework of Transformational Grammar and assuming a deletion-based approach. The rule analysed here is the one known as Gapping, and the study focuses primarily on the discussion of its grammatical domain, trying to determine if the rule is a syntactic one or if it falls outside the domain of pure syntax. In order to achieve this, two basic aspects are dealt with which have traditionally constituted good tests of the grammatical nature of Gapping in different languages within the deletion-based approach: the extent to which the application of the rule depends on structural parallelism, and the possibility that Gapping may apply to non-adjacent sentences. The method I have pursued consists of analysing the Gapping patterns found in a corpus of seven Old English texts and comparing them with the well-known facts for Modern English under different perspectives. The conclusions I have come to seem to suggest that Gapping in Old English cannot be accounted for from a purely syntactic point of view and that stipulations of a pragmatic nature must also be included in its formulation. This has obvious consequences for a theory of ellipsis in Old English in particular, and for a theory of Old English grammar in general, for it might suggest that word order in Old English would nut rely only on principles of a syntactic nature, but also on others of a pragmatic, discourse-based one. RÉSUMÉ II s'agit, dans cet article, d'une etude de l'ellipse verbale dans les structures coordonnees en vieil-anglais, etude entreprise dans le cadre theorique de la grammaire generative transformationnelle et dans la perspective d'effacement par identite. La reglejque nous analysons ici est connue sous le nom de 'gapping' et le but fondamental de notre etude est de delimiter le domaine-gramma-tical ou cette regie opere, tout en essayant de demontrer s'il s'agit d'une regie strictement syntaxique ou si — au contraire — il s'agit d'une regie qui deborde le champ de la syntaxe. Pour atteindre ce but on a analyse surtout deux aspects qui constituent, traditionnellement, des preuves fiables lors de la determination du domaine grammatical du 'gapping', a savoir, le degre de parallelisme structural necessaire pour que la regie y opere et la possibilité d'application de celle-ci dans des phrases non adjacentes. La demarche suivie dans cette etude con-siste a analyser les differents exemples de 'gapping' depouilles dans un corpus constitue par sept textes d'ancien anglais, et a les comparer avec des faits pertinents en anglais moderne sous d'autres perspectives. Les conclusions aux-quelles l'auteur a abouti semblent indiquer que le 'gapping' en ancien anglais repond moins a des restrictions syntaxiques qu'en anglais moderne, et que dans sa formulation des stipulations syntaxiques aussi bien que pragmatico-discursives doivent y intervenir. Ce fait aura d'evidentes repercussions pour une theorie de l'ellipse en ancien anglais et, par la, meme pour une theorie de la grammaire de 1'ancien anglais en general, puisqu'il suggere que l'ordre des mots dans cette langue n'est pas uniquement le reflet de principes de type syn-taxique, mais egalement de type communicatif et discursif. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die verbale Auslassung in koordinierten Kon-struktionen des Altenglischen; dabei diente sowohl die generative Transforma-tionsgrammatik als auch die Gleichheitsauslassung als theoretische Grundlage. Die hier analysierte Regel ist allgemeinhin als 'Gapping' bekannt. Die Studie befaßt sich hauptsachlich mit der Untersuchung der grammatischen Reichweite dieser Regel; dabei wird versucht zu ermitteln, ob sie nur auf den syntak-tischen Bereich angewandt werden kann oder ob sie liber die reine Syntax hinausreicht. Um dies zu erreichen, werden zwei grundlegende grammatische Aspekte genauer untersucht, die erfahrungsgemaB zu guten Ergebnissen bei der grammatischen Analyse von Gapping in anderen Sprachen beigetragen ha-ben: das AusmaB, von dem die Anwendung der Regel von struktureller Paral-lelitat abhangt, und die Moglichkeit, daB Gapping auch bei nicht aufeinander folgenden Satzen angetroffen werden kann. Die hier angewandte Methode besteht aus einer Analyse der vorhandenen Muster von Gapping in einem Korpus von sieben altenglischen Texten und einem anschließenden Vergleich mit den weitlaufig bekannten Fakten des modernen Englisch. Die Ergebnisse, zu denen der Autor gekommen ist, machen deutlich, daB im Altenglischen Gapping nicht so sehr den syntaktischen Restriktionen entspricht wie im modernen Englisch, und daB man in seine Formulierung auch grammatisch-diskursive Festlegungen einschließen soil. Das hat deutlich Folgen für eine Theorie der Auslassung im Altenglischen und auch fiir eine Grammatiktheorie des Altenglischen im Allgemeinen, denn das würde heiBen, daB die Wort-stellung in dieser Sprache nicht nur von Prinzipien syntaktischer Art abhangig ist, sondern auch von solchen kommunikativer und diskursiver Natur.
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Nakonieczna, Joanna, Tadeusz Kaczorowski, Agnieszka Obarska-Kosinska et Janusz M. Bujnicki. « Functional Analysis of MmeI from Methanol Utilizer Methylophilus methylotrophus, a Subtype IIC Restriction-Modification Enzyme Related to Type I Enzymes ». Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no 1 (7 novembre 2008) : 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01322-08.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT MmeI from Methylophilus methylotrophus belongs to the type II restriction-modification enzymes. It recognizes an asymmetric DNA sequence, 5′-TCCRAC-3′ (R indicates G or A), and cuts both strands at fixed positions downstream of the specific site. This particular feature has been exploited in transcript profiling of complex genomes (using serial analysis of gene expression technology). We have shown previously that the endonucleolytic activity of MmeI is strongly dependent on the presence of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (J. Nakonieczna, J. W. Zmijewski, B. Banecki, and A. J. Podhajska, Mol. Biotechnol. 37:127-135, 2007), which puts MmeI in subtype IIG. The same cofactor is used by MmeI as a methyl group donor for modification of an adenine in the upper strand of the recognition site to N 6-methyladenine. Both enzymatic activities reside in a single polypeptide (919 amino acids [aa]), which puts MmeI also in subtype IIC of the restriction-modification systems. Based on a molecular model, generated with the use of bioinformatic tools and validated by site-directed mutagenesis, we were able to localize three functional domains in the structure of the MmeI enzyme: (i) the N-terminal portion containing the endonucleolytic domain with the catalytic Mg2+-binding motif D70-X9-EXK82, characteristic for the PD-(D/E)XK superfamily of nucleases; (ii) a central portion (aa 310 to 610) containing nine sequence motifs conserved among N 6-adenine γ-class DNA methyltransferases; (iii) the C-terminal portion (aa 610 to 919) containing a putative target recognition domain. Interestingly, all three domains showed highest similarity to the corresponding elements of type I enzymes rather than to classical type II enzymes. We have found that MmeI variants deficient in restriction activity (D70A, E80A, and K82A) can bind and methylate specific nucleotide sequence. This suggests that domains of MmeI responsible for DNA restriction and modification can act independently. Moreover, we have shown that a single amino acid residue substitution within the putative target recognition domain (S807A) resulted in a MmeI variant with a higher endonucleolytic activity than the wild-type enzyme.
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Brennan, Greg, Yury Kozyrev, Toshiaki Kodama et Shiu-Lok Hu. « Novel TRIM5 Isoforms Expressed by Macaca nemestrina ». Journal of Virology 81, no 22 (5 septembre 2007) : 12210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02499-06.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT The TRIM5 family of proteins contains a RING domain, one or two B boxes, and a coiled-coil domain. The TRIM5α isoform also encodes a C-terminal B30.2(SPRY) domain, differences within which define the breadth and potency of TRIM5α-mediated retroviral restriction. Because Macaca nemestrina animals are susceptible to some human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolates, we sought to determine if differences exist in the TRIM5 gene and transcripts of these animals. We identified a two-nucleotide deletion (Δ2) in the transcript at the 5′ terminus of exon 7 in all M. nemestrina TRIM5 cDNA clones examined. This frameshift results in a truncated protein of 300 amino acids lacking the B30.2(SPRY) domain, which we have named TRIM5θ. This deletion is likely due to a single nucleotide polymorphism that alters the 3′ splice site between intron 6 and exon 7. In some clones, a deletion of the entire 27-nucleotide exon 7 (Δexon7) resulted in the restoration of the TRIM5 open reading frame and the generation of another novel isoform, TRIM5η. There are 18 amino acid differences between M. nemestrina TRIM5η and Macaca mulatta TRIM5α, some of which are at or near locations previously shown to affect the breadth and potency of TRIM5α-mediated restriction. Infectivity assays performed on permissive CrFK cells stably transduced with TRIM5η or TRIM5θ show that these isoforms are incapable of restricting either HIV type 1 (HIV-1) or simian immunodeficiency virus infection. The expression of TRIM5 alleles incapable of restricting HIV-1 infection may contribute to the previously reported increased susceptibility of M. nemestrina to HIV-1 infection in vivo.