Livres sur le sujet « Restrictions de domaine »

According to the proposal made in Chapter 4, we use ‘grey’ in ‘The patch looks grey to you’ to refer to a way of looking by quantifying over events. When we quantify it is very common for us to implicitly restrict the domain of things over which we do so. The author proposes that, as an instance of this general phenomenon, we employ implicit domain restriction when we use ‘grey’ to quantify over events in ‘The patch looks grey to you’. The author uses this to explain various phenomena to do with our use of ‘grey’ and other adjectives in ‘look’ sentences.

This volume brings together the latest diachronic research on syntactic features and their role in restricting syntactic change. The chapters address a central theoretical issue in diachronic syntax: whether syntactic variation can always be attributed to differences in the features of items in the lexicon, as the Borer-Chomsky conjecture proposes. In answering this question, all the chapters develop analyses of syntactic change couched within a formalist framework in which rich hierarchical structures and abstract features of various kinds play an important role. The first three parts of the volume explore the different domains of the clause, namely the C-domain, the T-domain and the ν‎P/VP-domain respectively, while chapters in the final part are concerned with establishing methodology in diachronic syntax and modelling linguistic correspondences. The contributors draw on extensive data from a large number of languages and dialects, including several that have received little attention in the literature on diachronic syntax, such as Romeyka, a Greek variety spoken in Turkey, and Middle Low German, previously spoken in northern Germany. Other languages are explored from a fresh theoretical perspective, including Hungarian, Icelandic, and Austronesian languages. The volume sheds light not only on specific syntactic changes from a cross-linguistic perspective but also on broader issues in language change and linguistic theory.

Any abstractionist approach to thin objects faces the threat of paradox, as illustrated by Frege’s inconsistent Basic Law V. The neo-Fregeans Hale and Wright respond by severely restricting the class of acceptable abstraction principles. Their approach is static in the sense that they hold the domain fixed. This approach to abstraction is criticized, and an alternative approach is developed which permits abstraction on a vast class of equivalence relations. This alternative approach is dynamic in the sense that abstraction on an extensionally specified domain (i.e. a domain specified by means of a plurality of objects) may result in a larger such domain. A form of absolute generality is nevertheless possible, provided that the associated domain is understood in an intensional sense (i.e. it cannot be specified by means of a plurality).

There are at least as many ways to recover from critical illness as there are to become critically ill. This chapter argues that, to understand recovery, we need to understand both its trajectory and the different domains in which recovery occurs. An adequate description of recovery should include pre-illness characteristics, depth of problems during the acute illness, the rate and duration of recovery, the extent of peak recovery, and long-term differences in post-illness trajectory. It should also take seriously the distinct domains mapped out in the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning (ICF): tissue impairment, activity limitations, participation restriction, and health-related quality of life. These domains each represent distinct and important facets, and separately assessing each leads to deeper understanding and opportunities for intervention.

This chapter is about domestic courts. Victims often have no other option than to seek a remedy against an international organization before domestic courts. This is so even though the domestic character of such courts does not lend well to them playing this particular adjudicative role with regard to disputes concerning international organizations and organizational immunities from the jurisdiction of domestic courts are near absolute. Unlike the progressive recognition of restrictions to the immunity of States and their agents, there have been only limited parallel developments in the domain of organizational immunity. The chapter considers the extent of immunities and other jurisdictional bars before domestic courts and considers the practice of international organizations to waive immunity.

Seven of the top 20 disorders affecting morbidity are mental illnesses: major depressive disorders, drug use disorders, anxiety disorders, alcohol use disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia. Behavioral health disorders are important determinants of work role disability and quality of life. Behavioral health disorders also have generally stronger “cross-domain” effects, exacerbating the diagnosis and treatment of many physical disorders and chronic medical conditions. In addition to the persistent stigma surrounding behavioral health disorders, there are issues of reimbursement, costs of care, availability of care based on provider and/or geographic availability, policy limitations, formulary restrictions, transportation, provider knowledge, patient knowledge, attitudinal/evaluative barriers, medication compliance, family support (or lack of it), inconvenience or inability to obtain an appointment, and refusal of treatment. This chapter provides an overview of the issues surrounding behavioral health care from a population health perspective, including pharmaceutical treatment and competencies for community-based pharmacists.

This chapter examines the nature of case licensing of the direct object in ergative constructions in Hindi, a split ergative language. Split ergativity in Hindi is conditioned by aspect – perfective transitive constructions display ergative case marking while non-perfective clauses do not. The chapter argues that in Hindi the morphologically bare direct object in an ergative construction is case licensed by T(ense) and not by little v as argued recently by Legate (2008) and others. The evidence for this proposal comes from examining the syntax of perfective and imperfective prenominal relative clauses, an empirical domain in Hindi that has not been previously examined from the perspective of case licensing. The restrictions found on what arguments can be relativized in prenominal relative clauses provide crucial evidence for the nature of case licensing in Hindi participial clauses and that evidence in turn bears upon the nature of object case licensing in ergative constructions.

Cognitive impairment can impair driving skills and safety, and given the fact that persons with MCI can develop cognitive deficits in several cognitive domains it is important to address driving safety. The goal of the clinician is to identify potentially unsafe drivers without unnecessarily restricting safe drivers, and this chapter focuses on evaluating patients in this gray area. The office exam can be be broadened to address cognitive and functional assessments that may reflect on driving safety, and the clinician may advise the patient and family to have a comprehensive driving assessment by a driving rehabilitation specialist. Clinicians need to be well informed about state law regarding the evaluation of driving safety in order to maintain privacy while adhering to highest standards of public safety.

In this chapter, the theoretical background for the theory of PDM is presented. PDM is based on the simple insight that if all possible Prosodically Defective Morpheme representations and their potential effects on the phonological structure are taken into account, instances of length-manipulating non-concatenative morphology and length-manipulating morpheme-specific phonology are predicted. The chapter presents the concrete theoretical background assumptions for the proposed theory of PDM: It is an optimality-theoretic system based on containment for phonological primitives and association lines. New theoretical assumptions are made about the linearization of morphemes that in particular implement a severe restriction on the ordering possibilities of morphemic prosodic nodes. This theory correctly predicts that MLM operations can only affect a restricted set of base positions. As an independent argument for containment theory, the issue of opacity problems in the domain of MLM and the solution containment offers are discussed.

Interactivity is not unique to computers or networks and cannot be reserved solely for the discussion of so-called ‘New Media’. Restricting analysis of interactivity to the domain of computerized and new technology alone problematizes comparisons with traditional media as well as with further developments of the new media. This article begins by reviewing some of the leading definitions and by highlighting the primary conceptual development of interactivity. It then discusses the correlates of interactivity and the different ways studies have measured it, and looks into some of the effects of interactivity by surveying empirical findings. The article also suggests treating interactivity as a unidimensional variable rather than a multidimensional construct. It is argued that expected, actual, and perceived interactivity are the relevant frameworks when examining the variable. Finally, the importance of information, meaning, and value, and their relation to interactivity, are highlighted.

Are there objects that are “thin” in the sense that their existence does not make a substantial demand on the world? Frege famously thought so. He claimed that the equinumerosity of the knives and the forks suffices for there to be objects such as the number of knives and the number of forks, and for these objects to be identical. The idea of thin objects holds great philosophical promise but has proved hard to explicate. This book attempts to develop the needed explanations by drawing on some Fregean ideas. First, to be an object is to be a possible referent of a singular term. Second, singular reference can be achieved by providing a criterion of identity for the would-be referent. The second idea enables a form of easy reference and thus, via the first idea, also a form of easy being. Paradox is avoided by imposing a predicativity restriction on the criteria of identity. But the abstraction based on a criterion of identity may result in an expanded domain. By iterating such expansions, a powerful account of dynamic abstraction is developed.

Linguistic pragmatism claims that what we literally say goes characteristically beyond what the linguistic properties themselves mandate. In this book, John Collins provides a novel defence of this doctrine, arguing that linguistic meaning alone fails to fix truth conditions. While this position is supported by a range of theorists, Collins shows that it naturally follows from a syntactic thesis concerning the relative sparseness of what language alone can provide to semantic interpretation. Language–and by extension meaning–provides constraints upon what a speaker can literally say, but does not characteristically encode any definite thing to say. Collins then defends this doctrine against a range of alternatives and objections, focusing in particular on an analysis of weather reports: ‘it is raining/snowing/sunny’. Such reporting is mostly location-sensitive in the sense that the utterance is true or not depending upon whether it is raining/snowing/sunny at the location of the utterance, rather than some other location. Collins offers a full analysis of the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of weather reports, including many novel data. He shows that the constructions lack the linguistic resources to support the common literal locative readings. Other related phenomena are discussed such as the Saxon genitive, colour predication, quantifier domain restriction, and object deletion.

This volume contains chapters that treat the question ‘What is a word?’ in various ways. The lens through which this question is asked and answered is coloured by a discussion of where in the grammar wordhood is determined. All of the authors in this work take it as given that structures at, above, and below the ‘word’ are built in the same derivational system; there is no lexicalist grammatical subsystem dedicated to word building. This type of framework foregrounds the difficulty in defining wordhood. Questions like whether there are restrictions on the size of structures that distinguish words from phrases, or whether there are combinatory operations that are specific to one or the other, are central to the debate. The chapters herein do not all agree. Some propose wordhood to be limited to entities defined by syntactic heads, others propose that phrasal structure can be found within words. Some propose that head movement and adjunction (and Morphological Merger, as its mirror image) are the manner in which words are built, while others propose that phrasal movements are crucial to determining the order of morphemes word-internally. All chapters point to the conclusion that the phonological domains that we call words are read off of the morphosyntactic structure in particular ways. It is the study of this interface, between the syntactic and phonological modules of Universal Grammar, that underpins the totality of the discussion in this volume.

The essays collected in this book take stock of the nonconsequentialist project over the past fifty years, in two key areas. The first part focuses on the moral “duty not to harm” others. Under a suitably broad definition of harm, that duty encompasses most of the restrictions imposed on individual conduct in the secular, liberal state. It examines how that duty has been cashed out in ostensibly nonaggregative terms in the principal strains of nonconsequentialist thought: tragic choices (trolleyology), libertarian property rights, corrective justice in tort law, and Scanlonian contractualism. Nonconsequentialists have not only failed to articulate a viable alternative to aggregation in this domain; they are doomed to fail, because in a world of scarcity (in the broadest sense) and epistemic uncertainty, everything we do poses some risk of harm to others’ fundamental interests, a conflict that can be resolved only through aggregation. The second part examines the treatment of distributive justice in nonconsequentialist political theory over the past fifty years, focusing on Nozickian libertarianism, Rawlsianism, left-libertarianism, and social contractarianism. It argues that whatever the moral attractiveness of the various distributive schemes proposed, none is logically entailed by the normative premises from which it is ostensibly derived. Unlike the argument in the first part, this is not an argument for consequentialism by logical elimination. Societal wealth need not be, and almost never is, distributed to optimize consequences. Rather, it underscores the relatively weak justifications that have been offered for some very strong conclusions.

This book explores the interface between European data protection and the freedom of expression activities of traditional journalism, professional artists, and both academic and non-academic writers from both an empirical and normative perspective. It draws on an exhaustive examination of both historical and contemporary public domain material and a comprehensive questionnaire of European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs). Empirically it is found that, notwithstanding an often confusing statutory landscape, DPAs have sought to develop an approach to regulating the journalistic media based on contextual rights balancing. However, they have struggled to secure a clear and specified criterion of strictness as regards standard-setting or a consistent and reliable approach to enforcement. DPAs have appeared even more confused as regards other traditional publishers, largely abstaining from regulating most professional artists and writers but attempting to subject all academic disciplines to onerous statutory restrictions established for medical, scientific, and related research. From these findings, it is argued that balancing contextual rights has value and should be both generalized across all traditional publishers and systematically and sensitively developed through structured and robust co-regulation. Such co-regulation should adopt the new code of conduct and monitoring provisions included in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as a broad guideline. DPAs should accord strong deference to any codes and monitoring bodies which verifiably meet the accredited criteria but must engage more proactively when these are absent. In any case, DPAs should also intervene directly as regards particularly serious or systematic issues and have an increasingly important role in ensuring a joined-up approach between traditional publishing and new media activity.

The climate system consists of interactions between physical, biological, chemical, and human processes across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Characterizing the behavior of components of this system is crucial for scientists and decision makers. There is substantial uncertainty associated with observations of this system as well as our understanding of various system components and their interaction. Thus, inference and prediction in climate science should accommodate uncertainty in order to facilitate the decision-making process. Statistical science is designed to provide the tools to perform inference and prediction in the presence of uncertainty. In particular, the field of spatial statistics considers inference and prediction for uncertain processes that exhibit dependence in space and/or time. Traditionally, this is done descriptively through the characterization of the first two moments of the process, one expressing the mean structure and one accounting for dependence through covariability.Historically, there are three primary areas of methodological development in spatial statistics: geostatistics, which considers processes that vary continuously over space; areal or lattice processes, which considers processes that are defined on a countable discrete domain (e.g., political units); and, spatial point patterns (or point processes), which consider the locations of events in space to be a random process. All of these methods have been used in the climate sciences, but the most prominent has been the geostatistical methodology. This methodology was simultaneously discovered in geology and in meteorology and provides a way to do optimal prediction (interpolation) in space and can facilitate parameter inference for spatial data. These methods rely strongly on Gaussian process theory, which is increasingly of interest in machine learning. These methods are common in the spatial statistics literature, but much development is still being done in the area to accommodate more complex processes and “big data” applications. Newer approaches are based on restricting models to neighbor-based representations or reformulating the random spatial process in terms of a basis expansion. There are many computational and flexibility advantages to these approaches, depending on the specific implementation. Complexity is also increasingly being accommodated through the use of the hierarchical modeling paradigm, which provides a probabilistically consistent way to decompose the data, process, and parameters corresponding to the spatial or spatio-temporal process.Perhaps the biggest challenge in modern applications of spatial and spatio-temporal statistics is to develop methods that are flexible yet can account for the complex dependencies between and across processes, account for uncertainty in all aspects of the problem, and still be computationally tractable. These are daunting challenges, yet it is a very active area of research, and new solutions are constantly being developed. New methods are also being rapidly developed in the machine learning community, and these methods are increasingly more applicable to dependent processes. The interaction and cross-fertilization between the machine learning and spatial statistics community is growing, which will likely lead to a new generation of spatial statistical methods that are applicable to climate science.