Thèses sur le sujet « Restoration trials »

There is evidence that infaunal bivalves in New Zealand are not as abundant as they once were with overfishing and habitat modification contributing to the decline in density and health of cockles. The population biology and abundance of the bivalve Austrovenus stutchburyi (tuangi) in eight beds in four estuaries was assessed both seasonally (13 seasons) and annually (7 years) as little is known about the cockle beds in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. As with populations of similar species worldwide, there were site specific differences in population structure (density and size ranges) with the highest densities at Takamatua (>1500/m²), and the lowest at Port Levy (<350/m²). Gonad indices varied between male and female cockles. Male reproductive cycles were similar at all sites with male cockles being reproductively active year round, while females were more active in spring and summer. Temporal and spatial site specific differences occurred in cockle condition with high salinity sites having higher condition indices (CI) than low salinity sites. There were spatial and temporal variations in salinity (3-35ppt), sediment structure (fine sand through to predominantly silt), water temperature (6-20°C), nutrient supply (total volatile solids (TVS) 0.002- 0.15mg/L) and contaminant levels. Metal pollution indices (MPI) ranged between 3 and 11. Three cockle transplant trials were undertaken both within and between estuarine systems. Caged cockles survived well, and cage design needed to allow vertical movement of the bivalves within the substrate to reduce mortality. At the end of the 12 month trial, approximately 45% of the cockles remained in the plots. The condition of transplanted cockles was similar to naturally occurring cockles. Recommendations are made to optimise the success of cockle transplants. Large scale, un-caged placement of 25-30mm length cockles in the mid-low tide region of areas with stable, but not necessarily uncontaminated substrate, moderate salinity and temperature and with a reliable nutrient supply is recommended. The results from the thesis research can be applied to other infaunal bivalves in New Zealand allowing more successful restoration processes leading to increased species diversity and ecosystem functioning.

Background. All over the world, the naturalistic restoration of abandoned quarry areas represents a real challenge because of the very adverse initial site conditions for plant species colonization. In order to identify the best restoration practices, the present thesis considered, as a case study, the “Botticino extractive basin” (Lombardy, Italy), that is today the second greatest Italian extractive basin and it is famous worldwide for the limestone extraction. In particular, the thesis proposes a multidisciplinary approach based on the study of the local vegetation dynamics, laboratory tests, plant selection for restoration and field experiments to test different restoration techniques. Methods. Spontaneous vegetation dynamics over the whole extractive basin was studied by an ecological approach through 108 plots, that were carried out on surfaces whose “disused time” from quarry abandonment was known; data were analysed by cluster analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and compared to the available data on grassland and woodlands related to the study area. We identified successional phases according to the trend of the most common species whose cover significantly increases or decreases with time. To assess the influence of geomorphological heterogeneity on vegetation succession, we studied morphology and ecology of plant species growing on the following three main geomorphological quarry surfaces: artificial cliffs, dump deposits and quarry platforms; data were subjected to statistical analysis (contingency tables) and CCA. Since any restoration project should ensure the soil stabilisation of quarry dump deposits, the contribution of herbaceous root systems to limit superficial movements was studied by calculating the root cohesion of three herbaceous species with different types of root systems (Anthyllis vulneraria, Bromus erectus and Stachys recta). To this aim, we made 421 tensile strength tests by the Stable Micro System TA Hd Plus apparatus and we collected root traits by means of image analysis and the software Winrhizo. In the view of field experiments regarding quarry restoration projects, we carried out some preliminary tests and analysis, such as: a) germination tests on some common species characterizing the local vegetation succession; b) planning the structure and the species composition of the tree layer by using natural woodlands as reference model; c) collection and characterization of the hayseed coming from a “donor grassland” close to the Botticino extractive basin. We performed field experiments in an apposite site of about 600 m2 (consisting in three terraces almost horizontal) selected on a fully exploited quarry inside the Botticino extractive basin. Topsoil showed a clayey texture and some physical (e.g. limited soil depth, high stoniness) and chemical (very alkaline pH, low availability of nutrients) limitations. We tested three different restoration methods: 1) terrace A: hydroseeding of hayseed and plantation of shrub and trees; 2) terrace B: traditional hydroseeding of a commercial seeds mixture and plantation of shrub and trees; 3) terrace C: only plantation of shrub and trees without herb layer. In the tree layer of the three terraces, 98 individuals per terrace were planted (main species: Quercus pubescens, Fraxinus ornus, Cotinus coggygria, Ostrya carpinifolia). One year after the experiment, we collected vegetation data by means of 3 x 3 m plots in which we measured some species traits, e.g. species cover, mean plant height of the herbaceous layers, number of dead individuals; in addition we collected further species traits for each species in four subplot (20 x 20 cm): e.g. number of individuals, cover, maximum plant height. Data were subjected to CCA and compared to reference sites, i.e. the “donor grassland” and a quarry area spontaneously revegetated. Main results. Sinchronic analysis of vegetation allowed to identify 10 plant communities and to assigned them to 5 successional phases: a) pioneer phase (0-2 years from abandonment), b) early phase (3-10 years), c) intermediate phase (11-22 years), d) later phase (23-44 years) and e) advanced phase (>44 years). B. erectus showed the highest value of root cohesion thanks to the high volume of the root system and to the high root tensile strength. Moreover, the selection of herbaceous species should also take into account that root tensile strength strongly decreased with root diameter according to a potential curve and that, as for root volume, it is species-specific. As regards restoration trials, terrace C showed the lowest vegetation cover (15%), plant height and biomass production (16.33 g/m2). Terrace B showed the highest herbaceous plant height (100 cm) and biomass production (355.23 g/m2), although determined only by 6 species (with a clear dominance of Lolium perenne). On the other hand, terrace A showed similar plant height (93.3 cm), but lower biomass production (190.19 g/m2) and a much higher number of species (16), anyway lower than those on the donor grassland (28). As concerns the number of dead tree and shrub in the experimental site, for each single species we recorded the greatest number of dead plants on the terrace B (74.49%), while 18.37% of plants died on terrace A, and only 4.08% on terrace C. Discussion and Conclusion. The succession in the quarry area was partially similar to a primary one and was affected by environmental factors (e.g. stoniness, slope) immediately after the pioneer phase, so that different types of vegetation community grew on different morphological surfaces at the same time. In particular, dump deposits resulted similar to platforms for ecological features and dominant species traits, while artificial cliffs differed significantly, being mostly affected by rockiness and slope. Considering the time needed for the spontaneous vegetation succession and the cost of restoration interventions, human efforts are recommended on dump deposits and platforms. Results also highlighted that the use of species belonging to the Poaceae family (or/and with a fasciculated root system) are recommended for their attitude to stabilize superficial soil layers.The planting of shrub and tree followed by the sowing of hayseed could be a suitable method to ensure a successful restoration. In this way the death of shrub and trees due to the plant competition with the herb layer is avoided and suitable biodiversity levels are ensured. The present thesis provides a procedure for the restoration of calcareous quarries that can be applied on large scale, directing human efforts to reduce the economic costs for restoration.

Seed germination during unhospitable environmental conditions can be a major barrier to direct seeding efforts in dryland systems. In the sagebrush steppe, Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis and Artemisia arbuscula are important shrub species that are being used in restoration, but seeding success is highly sporadic due to inter-annual and intra-seasonal weather variability. Altering and expanding the period of germination, as a form of bet-hedging, may improve plant establishment. Our objective was to determine if we could expand the period of germination using plant growth regulators (PGRs) applied in a conglomerated seed coating treatment. In a laboratory study, the seed was either left untreated, conglomerated separately with two concentrations of a germination inhibitor, abscisic acid (ABA), or with two different germination promoters, gibberellic acid (GA3) and 1-Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC), a precursor to ethylene. Seeds were incubated in a loam soil at five constant temperatures (5-25 C) for approximately three months. Results indicate that seed treatments with PGRs can delay or speed germination. The greatest response to the seed treatments was observed at 5 C. For example, at this temperature PGRs delayed the time for 25% of the seeds to germinate by a maximum of 35 and 21 d and decreased this time by 5 and 25 d for A. t. ssp. Wyomingensis and A. arbuscula, respectively. Field studies are needed to determine if the bet-hedging strategy developed in this study will increase the likelihood that some seeds will germinate during periods that are more favorable for plant establishment.

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This double-blind randomized clinical trial evaluates the influence of increased application time in two adhesive system two-step etch-and-rinse (Peak® Universal Bond (P); Ultradent Products Ind and Single Link (SL); Angelus Dental Products Industry) applied in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs). Methods: A total of 219 restorations were randomly placed in 35 patients according to the following groups: P1 - applied according to the manufacturer’s; P2X – applied for the double time; SL1 and SL2X (the same application mode). The resin composite Amelogen (Ultradent) was placed incrementally. The restorations were evaluated immediately (baseline) and 6 months, using the FDI and USPHS criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using appropriate tests (=0.05). Results: Twenty-four restorations were lost at 6 months (4 for P1, 2 for P2X, 9 for SL1 and 9 for SL2X) (p < 0.05 between groups). Post-operative sensitivity wasn’t observed in any of the recall periods. Thrity-five restorations were considered to have minor discrepancies in marginal adaptation at the 6-month recall using the FDI criteria (8 for P1, 7 for P2X, 12 for SL1 and 8 for SL2X; p > 0.05 between groups). Ten restorations were considered to have minor discrepancies in marginal discoloration at the 6-month recall (2 for P1, 1 for P2X, 3 for SL1 and 2 for SL2X; p > 0.05 between groups). Conclusion: The increased application time of adhesive system two-step etch-and-rinse didn’t improve the clinical behavior of composite restorations placed in NCCLs. In the meantime, clinical behavior may be influenced by the composition of adhesive systems.
Este ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, duplo cego avaliou a influência do aumento do tempo de aplicação em dois sistemas adesivos convencionais de dois passos, Peak® Universal Bond (P) (Ultradent Products Ind) e Single Link (SL) (Angelus Dental Products Industry) aplicados para restaurar lesões cervicais não cariosas (LCNC). Material e Método: No desenho experimental um total de 219 restaurações foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em 35 pacientes de acordo com os seguintes grupos: P1 e SL1 - aplicados de acordo com o fabricante por 10s; P2X e SL2X - aplicados por 20 s. A resina composta Amelogen (Ultradent) foi colocada de forma incremental. As restaurações foram avaliadas imediatamente (baseline), e em 6 meses, utilizando os critérios FDI e USPHS. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando testes de Friedman e Mc Nemar (α = 0,05). Resultado: Vinte e quatro restaurações foram perdidas aos 6 meses (4 para P1, 2 para P2X, 9 para SL1 e 9 para SL2X) (p<0,05). A sensibilidade pós-operatória não foi relatada durante a avaliação. Trinta e cinco restaurações apresentaram pequenas discrepâncias na adaptação marginal usando os critérios FDI (8 para P1, 7 para P2X, 12 para SL1 e 8 para SL2X; p>0,05 entre os grupos). Oito restaurações apresentaram pequena discrepância no manchamento marginal na avaliação de 6 meses (2 para P1, 1 para P2X, 3 para SL1 e 2 para SL2X; p> 0,05 entre grupos). Conclusão: Aumentar o tempo de aplicação do sistema adesivo convencional de dois passos não melhora o desempenho clínico das restaurações em resina compostas realizadas em LCNCs. Entretanto, este desempenho/performance pode ser influenciado pela composição dos sistemas adesivos.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho clínico e laboratorial de uma resina composta, considerando diferentes fontes de luz e densidades de potência, mantendo-se padronizada a densidade total de energia. O grau de conversão da resina composta foi determinado através de espectroscopia por transformada de Fourier. O grau de amolecimento em etanol foi obtido pela determinação da dureza Wallace, antes e após o armazenamento da resina composta em etanol a 75%. O desgaste foi mensurado por dois métodos: o teste da ACTA e o teste de escovação simulada. Paralelamente, investigou-se o desempenho clínico de restaurações de resina composta em dentes posteriores, submetidas aos mesmos protocolos de fotoativação. Restaurações de classe I de resina composta foram confeccionadas e fotoativadas por lâmpada de quartzo-tungstênio ou diodo emissor de luz a 300 mW/cm2, durante 40 segundos, ou a 600 mW/cm2, durante 20 segundos. As restaurações foram avaliadas, imediatamente e após 6 e 12 meses, por dois examinadores calibrados, de acordo com os critérios modificados de Ryge. Os dados laboratoriais foram submetidos à análise de variância a dois critérios e teste de comparações múltiplas de Newman-Keuls, ou ao teste t-pareado. Os dados clínicos foram analisados pelos testes Kappa, Fisher e McNemar (\'alfa\' = 0,05). Não foram constatadas diferenças significantes quanto aos diferentes protocolos no grau de conversão, no grau de amolecimento em etanol e no desgaste produzido pelo método da ACTA (p > 0,05). Para o teste de desgaste por escovação simulada, a fotoativação com diodos emissores de luz a 300 mW/cm2, durante 40 segundos, resultou em maior desgaste que os demais protocolos testados (p < 0,05). Adicionalmente, não foram observadas diferenças significantes quanto aos diferentes protocolos de fotoativação no desempenho clínico das restaurações, ao final de um ano de avaliação (p > 0,05)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratorial performance of a resin composite light-cured with different light-curing units and power densities, at a standard energy density level. Degree of conversion of the resin composite was determined by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. The degree of softening of the resin composite in ethanol was obtained by Wallace hardness measurements before and after storage in a 75% ethanol solution. Wear of the resin composite was acquired by two methods: ACTA wear and toothbrush abrasion. Additionally, the clinical performance of resin composite restorations submitted to the same light-curing protocols was followed up. Class I resin composite restorations were light-cured using either halogen lamp or light emitting diode at 300 mW/cm2 during 40 seconds or 600 mW/cm2 during 20 seconds. Restorations were evaluated immediately and after 6 and 12 months by two calibrated dentists, according to the modified Ryge criteria. The laboratorial data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance and Newman- Keuls multiple comparison test, or t-test. Clinical data were analyzed by Kappa, Fisher and McNemar tests (\'alpha\' = 0.05). No significant differences were observed for the different light-curing protocols in the degree of conversion, degree of softening in ethanol, and wear produced by the ACTA method (p > 0.05). For the toothbrush abrasion test, irradiation with the light emitting diode unit for 40 seconds at 300 mW/cm2 resulted in higher wear than the other light-curing protocols (p < 0.05). No significant differences were detected at the one-year clinical follow-up of the resin composite restorations submitted to the various light-curing protocols investigated in this study (p > 0.05).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2010.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 56 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-35).

An Examination of Competency Restoration Training in a South Florida Community-based Setting by Josephine J. Tang, M.S. Doctor of Philosophy, Nova Southeastern University, 2010 Dr. David Shapiro, Chairperson The deficiency in competency restoration programs according to the literature (Grudzinskas & Clayfield, 2004) is that this intervention only provides a limited treatment to satisfy the legal requirements. There is also lack of research that examines the efficacy of treatment for incompetent defendants and the duration of competency restoration (Nicholson & McNulty, 1992). The present study examined a competency restoration program for pre-trial individuals. Those (BAP group) who received psychotherapy, competency restoration training, and medication were compared with those (BA group) who did not receive psychotherapy to determine which group will obtain competency faster and maintain it longer. The survival analyses did not find any significant difference between the groups in regard to duration of competency. Propensity scores were based on the logistic regression of psychotherapy on other covariates. Psychotherapy was not statistically significant in three way analyses. When all covariates were unadjusted, the hazard ratio was 2.09 (p = 0.13). When using the propensity score as a continuous variable, the hazard ratio was 1.75 (p = 0.70) and when using the propensity score in quintiles, the hazard ratio was 1.84 (p = 0.42). The probability is that participants in the BAP group are twice as likely to obtain competency as participants of the BA group. Although this result did not reach a significant level, the effect size is meaningful. The three analyses yielded similar results and identical direction. Logistic regression was used to examine the correlation between the treatment time and being judged incompetent among the individuals who were initially judged competent. Individuals of the BA group had slightly lower odds of being judged competent and later to relapse than those in the BAP group. Relapse of competency occurred more frequently in individuals diagnosed with psychotic symptoms, low intellectual functioning, and/or neurological deficit. The findings suggested that severe and persistent mental disorder is a chronic condition that requires long-term care and consideration for more comprehensive treatment.

Objetivos: O objetivo deste ensaio clínico randomizado foi avaliar o comportamento de restaurações de resina composta bulk-fill em dentes posteriores (classes I e II). Metodologia: Dezessete pacientes que necessitavam de restaurações em pelo menos dois dentes posteriores foram selecionados para participar do estudo. As causas para indicação das restaurações foram: substituição de restauração deficiente de amálgama ou resina composta e/ou lesão de cárie. Em cada paciente foram realizadas duas restaurações. Randomicamente, uma cavidade foi restaurada com a resina nanohíbrida Esthet-X HD (grupo controle) e a outra restaurada com a resina Esthet-X HD associada à resina de baixa contração Surefil SDR Flow (grupo teste). Em ambos os grupos, um sistema adesivo convencional de dois passos (XP Bond) foi utilizado. Todos os pacientes receberam tratamento global para a atividade cariosa. Após um período de quatro anos, a qualidade das restaurações foi avaliada por 1 examinador previamente calibrado, através de uma modificação do método USPHS e através do método FDI. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste não-paramétrico Mann-Whitney (p<0,05) e a concordância intra-observador avaliada através de teste Kappa. Resultados: No quarto ano de acompanhamento, 26 dentes (18 restaurações classe I e 8 classe II) foram avaliadas, e não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as restaurações dos grupos controle e teste para os métodos de avaliação utilizados. Não houve falhas em nenhuma das restaurações ao longo do tempo. Conclusão: A qualidade das restaurações classe I e II com resina bulk-fill foi semelhante à das restaurações com resina nanohíbrida convencional. A técnica com resina bulk-fill mostrou bom desempenho clínico tão bom quanto a convencional durante os 4 anos de acompanhamento.
Objectives: The objective of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the behavior of bulk-fill composite restorations in posterior teeth (classes I and II). Methodology: Seventeen patients who required restorations on at least two posterior teeth were selected to participate in the study. The causes for indication of restorations were: replacement of deficient amalgam or composite resin restoration and/or caries lesion. In each patient, two restorations were performed. Randomly, one cavity was restored with Esthet-X HD nanohybrid composite (control group) and the other was restored with Esthet-X HD resin associated with the bulk-fill composite Surefil SDR Flow (test group). In both groups, a two-step total-etch adhesive system (XP Bond) was used. All patients received global treatment for carious activity. After a period of four years, the quality of the restorations was evaluated by a previously calibrated examiner, through a modification of the USPHS method and through the FDI method. The data were submitted to statistical analysis by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test (p <0.05) and the intra-observer agreement was evaluated by Kappa test. Results: At the 4-year follow-up, 26 teeth (18 class I and 8 class II restorations) were evaluated, and no statistically significant differences between control and test groups were observed for both evaluation methods used. There were no failures in any of the restorations over time. Conclusion: The quality of class I and II restorations with bulk-fill resin was similar to that of conventional nanohybrid resin. The bulk-fill composite technique showed good clinical performance as well as the conventional one during the 4 years of follow-up.

A técnica da remoção seletiva de tecido cariado (RSTC) para lesões de cárie profundas em dentina de dentes decíduos e permanentes, já é consenso na literatura e é sustentada por pesquisas que demonstram excelentes resultados clínicos, radiográficos e microbiológicos. No entanto, a longevidade de restaurações adesivas realizadas após a RSTC, principalmente na dentição decídua, vem gerando algumas dúvidas e preocupações quanto ao seu desempenho, merecendo esclarecimentos. O objetivo deste estudo randomizado, controlado e multicêntrico foi comparar a taxa de sucesso de restaurações adesivas realizadas em dentes decíduos posteriores após a remoção total (RTTC) ou seletiva (RSTC) de tecido cariado ao longo de 30 meses. Métodos: Crianças de 4 a 8 anos de idade portadoras de pelo menos duas lesões cavitadas ativas em metade interna de dentina (metade interna da dentina na avaliação do RX interproximal e com pelo menos 1mm de dentina separando a lesão cariosa da polpa) e que se enquadrassem nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão participaram do estudo. Para cada criança os dentes (no mínimo dois, mas podendo ser mais) foram aleatoriamente divididos de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: RTTC (grupo controle) ou RSTC (grupo teste). Nos casos em que ocorreu exposição pulpar, o dente foi devidamente tratado e excluído da amostra, os dados em relação ao tipo de remoção de tecido cariado que levou à exposição foram coletados. Quatro instituições participaram do estudo (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Universidade de São Paulo; Universidade Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Universidade Internacional do Equador), resultando em quatro odontopediatras que realizaram os procedimentos de remoção de tecido cariado e posterior restauração em resina composta, avaliadas clinicamente no baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24 e 30 meses. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia local e isolamento absoluto. Características sociodemográficas foram coletadas no baseline e características clínicas como índice ceod/CPOD, índice de placa visível (IPV) e índice de sangramento gengival (ISG) foram coletados em todos os períodos de acompanhamento. Em todos os momentos experimentais foram avaliados os aspectos clínicos das restaurações por um examinador cego e calibrado através do índice FDI adaptado. Para determinar as taxas de sucesso das restaurações de resina composta foram geradas curvas de sobrevida com o estimador Kaplan-Meyer para cada grupo avaliado, assim como as taxas de falha anual das restaurações. O modelo de regressão de Cox com falhas compartilhadas foi realizado para avaliar diferenças nas taxas de sobrevida das restaurações de acordo com o tratamento, instituição e características clínicas e demográficas da amostra. Resultados: Cento e seis crianças (51 meninos e 55 meninas) colaboraram com 278 dentes submetidos a restaurações adesivas, 137 após RTTC e 141 após RSTC. Oito exposições pulpares ocorreram no grupo da RTTC e quatro no grupo da RSTC. A taxa global de sucesso das restaurações foi 87,1% (85,4% para RTTC e 88,7% para RSTC) e o tempo médio de sobrevida foi de 30 meses. A taxa anual de falha foi de 7% após 24 meses de acompanhamento. Não houve diferença no risco de falha (TR) de acordo com o grupo de tratamento (TR 0,75; IC 95%: 0,38-1,46) e instituição (USP TR 0,44; IC 95%: 0,94-2,09; PERU TR 0,92; IC 95%: 0,26-3,19 EQUADOR TR 1,39; IC 95%: 0,45-4,28). Foram encontradas observações análogas em relação a todas as variáveis clínicas e demográficas. Conclusões: As restaurações adesivas realizadas em dentes decíduos com lesões cavitadas profundas em dentina apresentam sobrevida satisfatória após 33 meses de acompanhamento, independentemente da técnica realizada para remoção de tecido cariado.
The selective caries removal technique (SCR) for active deep carious lesions in deciduous and permanent teeth is already a consensus in the literature and is supported by studies that demonstrate excellent clinical, radiographic and microbiological results. However, the longevity of restorations performed after the SCR, mainly in primary dentition, has generated some doubts and concerns about its performance, deserving clarification. This multicenter study aimed to compare the success rate of adhesive restorations performed on posterior deciduous teeth after total or selective caries removal over 30 months Methods: Children between 4 - 8 years old with at least two active cavitated lesions in deep dentin (inner half of the dentin in the evaluation of the interproximal RX and with at least 1mm of dentin separating the carious lesion of the pulp) and that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria participated in the study. For each child, teeth were randomized and submitted to one of the treatment groups: total caries removal (TCR - control group) or SCR (test group). Children could have more than 2 teeth included. In cases of pulp exposure, data were analyzed and the tooth was excluded from the sample. Four institutions participated in the study (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia and International Universidad of Ecuador), resulting in four pediatric dentists who performed the caries removal procedures and subsequent restorations in composite resin. Clinical evaluation was performed at baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months. All procedures were performed under local anesthesia and rubber dam use. Sociodemographic characteristics were collected at the baseline and clinical characteristics as dmft and visible plaque and gingival bleeding index were collected in all follow-up periods. Radiographs were taken only at baseline and restorations were clinically assessed at baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 33 months by a blinded, trained and calibrated operator in each institution. The characteristics of the restorations were recorded according to an adaptation of the FDI criteria. Survival estimates for restoration longevity were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. We also estimated the annual failure rate of the restorations. Cox regression model with shared frailty was performed to assess differences in survival rates of the restoration according to the intervention treatment, institution and clinical and demographic characteristics of the sample. Results: one hundred and six children (51 boys and 55 girls) collaborated with 278 teeth submitted to adhesive restorations (137 after TCR and 141 after SCR). Pulp exposure occurred in eight teeth (2.8%) allocated to TCR, and in four (1.4%) allocated to SCR group. The overall success rate of restorations was 87.1% (85.4% for TCR and 88.7% for SCR) and mean survival time was 30.3 months. The annual failure rate was 7% after 24 months of follow-up. There were no differences in the risk of failure according to the treatment group (HR 0.75;95%CI:0.38-1.46) and institution (USP HR 0.44;95%CI:0.94-2.09; PERU HR 0.92;95%CI:0.26-3.19; ECUADOR HR 1.39;95%CI:0.45-4.28). Analogous observations were found regarding all the clinical and demographic variables. Conclusions: Composite restorations of active deep carious lesions performed in posterior primary teeth show satisfactory survival of 87.1% after 33 months of follow-up, regardless of the technique performed for carious tissue removal.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
A split-mouth, double-blind trial evaluated the effects of a surface sealant on the clinical performance of Class I composite resin restorations. In 16 patients, 27 pairs of maxillary and mandibular molars or premolars with Class I carious lesions or unsatisfactory restorations were restored with composite resin. For each pair, 1 surface was sealed with surface sealant. Clinical evaluations of marginal integrity, marginal discoloration, anatomical form, and secondary caries were performed by 2 experienced operators using modified US Public Health Service criteria 1-2 weeks and 6 and 12 months after treatment. Data were analyzed with the McNemar test (P < 0.05). After 6 months, only 1 (4%) sealed restoration presented a Bravo rating for marginal integrity. After 12 months, the Bravo ratings for marginal integrity were 2 (7%) for sealed restorations and 1 (4%) for nonsealed restorations. Restorations received a score of Alfa for all other parameters at all time periods. There were no statistically significant differences within or between the sealed and nonsealed groups (P = 1.0). The use of a surface sealant did not improve the clinical performance of posterior composite resin Class I restorations.
Revisión por pares

Introduction: While the total knee arthroplasty procedure improves joint-specific outcomes, including pain and range of movement, functional deficits post-surgery has been noted. Movement abnormalities and quadriceps weakness of the operated limb, as well as a decrease in strength on the non-operated have been widely reported. Recovery of strength and function to normal levels is also rare, thereby predisposing patients to future disability with increasing age. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an eight-week eccentric cycling ergometry exercise intervention versus a concentric cycling ergometry exercise intervention in total knee arthroplasty recipients three to nine months post-surgery. This study aimed to a) investigate the change in joint kinetics, kinematics and muscle activity during the phases of gait, between the eccentric and concentric groups over time and b) To determine if an eccentric cycling exercise intervention produces greater improvements in knee function when compared to concentric cycling exercise. Methods: Eighteen participants, three to nine months post total knee arthroplasty were recruited and randomly assigned to either an eccentric or concentric cycling exercise intervention group. Participants performed three exercise sessions weekly over a progressive eight-week period on the Grucox Isokinetic Ergometer. Walking gait analyses and functional outcomes, as measured by the six-minute walk test and validated knee scores (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, SF-36 Health Survey and Tegner Activity Scale) were recorded pre- and post-intervention. Results: The concentric group knee flexion range of movement increased significantly during the swing phase of gait (p=0.021) post-intervention together with a significant increase in the peak knee flexion angle during swing (p=0.038). The concentric group showed significant differences between pre and post-rehabilitation in knee flexion range of movement during the swing phase of gait (p=0.030). Significant correlations between knee joint stiffness and the quadriceps:hamstring co-activation ratio were observed in the concentric intervention group pre-intervention: during the pre-activation phase of gait between knee joint stiffness and vastus medialis / biceps femoris (r=-0.68; p=0.042) and during load acceptance phase of gait between knee joint stiffness and vastus lateralis / biceps femoris (r=0.07; p=0.036). The eccentric group recorded neuromuscular changes post-intervention with a significant decrease in the muscle activity of the biceps femoris during load acceptance phase of gait (p=0.021). The eccentric group had significantly better functional outcomes in the overall score of Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome post-intervention (p=0.008) with a significant increase in function seen in the Sports and Recreation subgroup (p=0.008) and a significant increase in the level of activity as measure by the Tegner Activity Scale post-intervention (p=0.028), despite not showing any significant changes in the knee joint kinetics and kinematics. The concentric group only reported a significant increase in the overall score of the of the SF-36 Health Survey (p=0.011) with significant increases in three of the subgroups post-intervention: Bodily pains had improved (p=0.042), the role limitations due to physical heath had improved (p=0.028) and the role limitations due to emotional health had also improved (p=0.009). The concentric group also showed significant improvement in the emotional health over the intervention in comparison to the eccentric intervention group (p=0.020). Both intervention groups reported a similar significant increase in the distance covered during the six-minute walk test post-intervention (p=0.038). Conclusion: The results of this exploratory study did not find the eccentric cycling rehabilitation intervention exclusively more effective than the concentric cycling intervention in the restoration of functional ability in patients post-TKA. The eccentric intervention did however result in neuromuscular adaptations consistent with a move towards a more typical asymptomatic gait pattern and participants reported greater functional improvements on validated knee functional assessments and levels of activity scores. The concentric intervention yielded kinematic changes and participants reported improvements in their emotional and physical health post-intervention. Eccentric training and its role in early stage post-operative rehabilitation is limited. Based on the findings from this exploratory study, the benefit of eccentric training as an adjunct to rehabilitation and its role in contributing to greater improvements in the restoration of functional ability post-TKA needs to be further explored.

Includes bibliographical references
Purpose: The predominant impairment to function following a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a distinctive reduction in quadriceps muscle strength. It has been suggested that eccentric rehabilitation may be more beneficial than traditional concentric only rehabilitation at improving muscle strength, physical functioning and quality of life in this population. The aim of this study was therefore to determine if an eccentric cycling ergometry rehabilitation intervention (a) was feasible in participant's early after TKA surgery (Study 1), (b) resulted in greater improvements in muscle strength and endurance, as well as muscle activity and muscle volume (Study 2) and, (c)resulted in greater knee functional ability, health related quality of life and physical activity levels (Study 3), when compared to an concentric cycling ergometry rehabilitation intervention. Finally, knee and hip kinematics, ground reaction force and muscle activity was described during the sit-to-stand transfer within this population (Study 4). Methods: Eighteen age- and sex-matched participants', three to nine month's post-TKA were recruited and randomly divided into either an eccentric or concentric cycling rehabilitation intervention. The participants were required to perform three exercise sessions a week, over a period of eight weeks. Isokinetic strength and muscle activity of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, sit-to-stand motion capture analysis and knee functional ability and health related quality of life questionnaires (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, SF-36Health Survey and Tegner Activity Scale) were assessed pre and post- rehabilitation intervention. Data Analysis: Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance were used to analyse the effects of time and the ECC and CON intervention groups and the group/time interaction for each of the dependent variables. Results: The eccentric rehabilitation intervention was well tolerated with regards to pain levels in participants' as early as three months post-TKA, the peak level of pain perceived per session, never exceeding a "mild" classification. The eccentric intervention resulted in greater power (P= 0.029) and work output (P ≤ 0.001) with a reduced overall heart rate (P= 0.014) ; moderate decreases in biceps femoris (BF) muscle activity (-3.2%) and increases in the lean thigh volume (+807.32) of the uninvolved limb; as well as improvements in the physical fun ctioning (+12.2%) and physical role functioning SF-36 scores (+22.2%) and the level of physical activity (+0.9) (Tegner activity scale). The concentric intervention resulted in decreases in vastus lateralis (VL) muscle activity (-8.17%) and work fatigue (-7.34%) and increases in the lean thigh volume (+677.49) and the hip abduction angle (+ 2.67°) (sit-to-stand) of the involved limb. Conclusion: The eccentric rehabilitation intervention is well tolerated with regards to pain and is characterised by significantly greater power output produced and work performed at significantly lower heart rates. Eccentric cycling ergometry matched in perceived exertion and duration, is associated with greater improvements in physical functioning outcome scores, physical activity level and knee flexion muscle efficiency during concentric contractions, when compared with concentric cycling ergometry. However, knee extensor muscle endurance and efficiency during concentric contractions, as well as muscle volume of the involved limb increased more significantly after concentric training in comparison to eccentric training, Further research is required to establish which training modality is the most feasible and effective in restoring knee function in participant's three months post-TKA.

Background Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a serious disorder, with high costs due to hospitalisation and complications due to malnutrition. International treatments vary with prolonged hospitalisations in Europe and shorter hospitalisations in the USA. Uncontrolled studies suggest longer initial hospitalisations that normalise weight produce better outcomes than shorter hospitalisations with lower discharge weights. This study aimed to compare effectiveness of hospitalisation for weight restoration (WR) to medical stabilisation (MS) in adolescent AN. Secondary aims were to assess the safety of a rapid refeeding protocol and to identify early markers in Family Based Treatment (FBT) predicting remission. Methods A randomised controlled trial of 82 adolescents, 12-18 years, with DSM-IV AN and medical instability, admitted to two paediatric units. Participants were randomised to shorter hospitalisation for MS or longer hospitalisation for WR to 90% expected body weight (EBW) for gender, age, and height, both followed by 20 sessions of outpatient FBT. Results Primary outcome was hospital days, following initial admission, at 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were total hospital days used to 12-months, full remission (>95% EBW and global Eating Disorder Examination score within 1 SD of published means), weight gain and medical complications during initial refeeding and early markers of remission. There was no significant difference between groups in hospital days used following initial admission. There were significantly more total hospital days used and post-protocol FBT sessions in the WR group. There were no moderators of primary outcome. All patients gained weight from week one without medical complications. Weight gain of 1.8kg by week 4 of FBT predicted full remission. Conclusions Outcomes are similar with hospitalisations for MS or WR when combined with FBT. Cost savings would result from combining shorter hospitalisation with FBT.

xvii, 413 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
In 1954, one hundred years after the western Oregon Indians were removed to the Grand Ronde Reservation; the antecedent peoples were subjected to the final effort by the United States to colonize the remainder of their lands through Federal termination policy. The permanent Grand Ronde Reservation, settled in 1855 and established by presidential executive order in 1857, was terminated by Congress, and the tribal people lost their Federal recognition. The seven ratified treaties that ceded to the United States millions of acres of land, most of western Oregon, which was occupied by over 60 tribal nations, were nullified. These 60 tribes were declared by Congress to be assimilated, and termination was enacted to free them from continued government management and oppression. In western Oregon, native people appeared to cease to exist, and for 29 years the Grand Ronde descendants suffered disenfranchisement and a multitude of social problems. The reservation's tribal cultures, languages, and community were severely fractured and much was lost. Terminated tribal members were rejected by other tribes as having willingly sold out to the Federal government. During the post-termination era, despite all of the problems the tribal members faced, they found ways to survive and worked to restore the tribe. In 1983, the Grand Ronde Tribe was restored. This research gathers disparate information from political, anthropological, historical, and tribal sources to analyze and understand the termination of the Grand Ronde Reservation. Revealed are the many political issues of the 1940s and 1950s that contributed to termination. Oral histories and government correspondence and reports from the era are referenced to illuminate the reality of tribal life in the post-termination era. The research connects to historic strategies of the Federal government to colonize all aboriginal lands and to assimilate Indians. Finally, this study seeks to unveil the history of the Grand Ronde Reservation and its peoples so that the tribal people may understand and recover from the effects of the termination of the tribe. The continued effects of termination are explored, discussed, and connected to issues of tribal identity and indigenous decolonization.
Adviser: Lynn Stephen

This study measures the one and two-year survival rates of restorations used to restore occlusal and approximal cavities of primary teeth, and occlusal cavities in the first permanent molars and premolars of children. Restorations were carried with / or without the use of local anaesthesia. The materials used were 'Dispersalloy', 'Dyract AP', 'Fuji II LC and 'Vitremer'. The unit of study was the individual tooth. A total of 288 restorations were placed and the teeth were randomly allocated to one of the four restorative materials. Following a standardised inclusion criteria, two groups of children took part in the clinical trial. In the first group, children and adolescents were recruited from the Caries Clinic of the Department of Paediatric Dentistry of the Eastman Dental Hospital. The mean age was 7.8 years. A total of 157 restorations were placed in 60 children. In the second group, children and adolescents of the United Arab Emirates were recruited from their Primary School Dental Clinic. The mean age was 7.3 years and 131 restorations were placed in 92 children. Caries diagnosis was carried out by both direct and tactile examination. Teeth with gross multi-surface caries and/or developmental enamel defects were excluded from the trial. All operative work was performed in a standard dental clinic environment. Rubber dam isolation was used whenever possible. High volume suction and a saliva ejector were used as an alternative. Cavity designs for both amalgam and resin restorations were based on a minimal intervention technique. Conventional high-speed and low-speed handpieces were used. The manufacturers' instructions in the placement of resin restorations were followed. Direct (in vivo) clinical assessment of all restorations was carried out following the modified Ryge criteria at baseline and after 6, 12 and 24 months. Clinical Photographs were used whenever possible. Indirect (in vitro) assessment of all the restorations using stone cast replicas was carried out using a modification of the Leinfelder cast rank ordering method. Restoration assessments and review appointments were made at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months from baseline respectively. Results showed that there was no significant difference between the four restorative materials tested over the 24 months trial period. Restoration failure was recorded in 10% of the 288 originally placed restorations (10 Amalgam, 9 Dyract AP, 7 Fuji II LC, 4 Vitremer) and was primarily due to bulk fracture and recurrent caries during the 12-18 months' review period. Marginal discolouration was present in 52% of the restorations by the end of the 18-month review period. After 2 years, 89% of restorations appeared to be discoloured. There was a significant difference between the UK group and UAE group in restoration survival. More restorations at the UAE needed replacement (P < 0.001) compared with those in the UK. The in vitro assessments of cast replicas showed evidence of marginal wear of the restorative material over time. The median wear change was 75pm -125 pm during the 18 -24 months' review period. In an attempt to calculate the in vitro volumetric (bulk) material loss, a pilot study was carried out using a light-body impression material and polyvinyl stent copings. The thickness of the impression material corresponded to the quantitative measure of over all material wear. The results of the pilot study were unsatisfactory, as reproducible values were only achieved at levels where the restoration was deemed to have failed.

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Composite restorations are daily performed in dental offices; however, few studies have reported the longevity of these restorations for long periods of observation. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical performance of resin composite restorations placed in anterior and posterior teeth in the period between the years 1991 and 2001. From the files of a private dental clinic, 83 patients who received 375 restorations in posterior teeth and 61 patients with 237 restorations in anterior teeth with the composites Charisma (Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Germany), Herculite XR (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA) or Z100 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) participated in the study, being examined by two calibrated researchers. The restorations were evaluated according to the FDI criteria (World Dental Federation, HICKEL et al., 2007). After the fieldwork, data were double tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis using Stata version 11.0. Descriptive statistics were used to report the frequency of distribution of the restorations for the variables evaluated and for the causes of failures. The survival analyzes were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, to obtain the survival curves for the variables of interest, followed by the Log-Rank test for comparison between groups (α=0.05). The analysis of factors associated with failure over time was performed using a model of multivariate analysis by Cox regression with shared fragility. Of the total of 612 restorations, 69 were considered unsatisfactory. The annual failure rate observed at the final of the period was 0.76 to anterior teeth and 1.16 to posterior teeth. The aesthetic factor was the major cause in the anterior teeth, while in posterior were the fractures. Regarding the material, the composite Herculite was significantly better than Z100 and this better than Charisma. Restorations with the largest number of surfaces involved had the worst performance. The result of this study showed a satisfactory clinical performance. In relation of the material, the composite Herculite was significantly better than the Z100 and this better than Charisma. The restorations with the highest number of surfaces involved had the worst performance
Restaurações de resina composta são confeccionadas diariamente nos consultórios odontológicos, porém poucos estudos reportam a longevidade destas restaurações por longos períodos de observação. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho clínico de restaurações de resina composta inseridas em dentes anteriores e posteriores no período de 1991 a 2001. A partir da verificação de prontuários do arquivo de uma clínica odontológica privada, 83 pacientes que receberam 375 restaurações em dentes posteriores e 61 pacientes com 237 restaurações em dentes anteriores com os compósitos Charisma (Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Alemanha), Herculite XR (Kerr, Orange, CA, EUA) ou Z100 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, EUA) participaram do estudo e foram examinados por dois pesquisadores calibrados. As restaurações foram avaliadas de acordo com os critérios de avaliação clínica de restaurações propostos pela FDI (Federação Dentária Internacional) . Após o trabalho de campo, os dados foram tabulados por 2 digitalizadores e submetidos à análise estatística usando o Stata versão 11.0. Estatística descritiva foi usada para reportar a frequência de distribuição de restaurações para as variáveis avaliadas e para as causas de falhas. As análises de sobrevida foram realizadas pelo método de Kaplan Meier, para a obtenção das curvas de sobrevida para as variáveis de interesse, seguido do teste Log-Rank, para comparação entre grupos (α=0,05). A análise de fatores associados a falha ao longo do tempo foi realizada através de modelo de análise multivariável por regressão de Cox com fragilidade compartilhada. Do total das 612 restaurações, 69 foram consideradas insatisfatórias. A taxa de falha anual observada no final, foi de 0,76 para os dentes anteriores e de 1,16 para os posteriores. O fator estético foi a principal causa nos dentes anteriores enquanto que nos posteriores as fraturas., Em relação ao material a resina Herculite mostrou-se significantemente melhor que a Z100 e esta melhor que a Charisma. As restaurações com o maior número de faces envolvidas tiveram o pior desempenho. O resultado deste estudo mostrou que os compósitos apresentaram um bom desempenho clínico tanto em dentes posteriores quanto em anteriores, no acompanhamento a longo prazo

La place de la victime au sein du procès pénal est complexe et ambiguë. En droit positif, la victime bénéficie désormais de droits et de moyens d'action dans le procès pénal qui lui garantissent un véritable rôle. Par exemple, comme le ministère public, la victime peut déclencher l'action publique et demander la réparation du préjudice subi. La victime n'est plus la grande oubliée du procès pénal, elle est devenue une partie à part entière. Toutefois, en dépit d'un renforcement manifeste du rôle de la victime dans le procès pénal, un déséquilibre des droits et des moyens d'action persiste entre les parties dans chaque étape de la procédure pénale. Une amélioration de la procédure pénale est donc toujours nécessaire pour sauvegarder les droits de la victime et empêcher celle-ci d’être injustement mise à l’écart
The place of the victim in the criminal trial is complicated and ambiguous. In current law, the victim enjoys rights and means of action in the criminal trial which guarantee her a real part. For example, as the prosecution, the victim can activate the public action and she can ask for the repair of her damage. The victim is not any more the forgotten of the criminal trial, she became a full part. However, in spite of an obvious strengthening of the part of the victim in the criminal trial, an imbalance of the rights and the means of action persists between the parts in every stage of the criminal procedure. The improvement of the procedural balance between the parts in the criminal trial has to continue not to put aside the victim

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho clínico de restaurações bulk fill em indivíduos com molares decíduos submetidos à RSTC (remoção seletiva de tecido cariado) durante 12 meses de acompanhamento. 62 indivíduos (idade média de 5.9 anos ± 1.74) com no mínimo um molar com lesão cavitada ativa profunda em dentina foram incluídos na pesquisa. 144 molares decíduos foram randomicamente divididos em 2 grupos de material restaurador: Resina Filtek Bulk Fill (grupo teste=FBF) ou Vitremer (grupo controle= CIVMR). Os procedimentos restauradores foram realizados por 2 dentistas especialistas em odontopediatria treinados para realização da técnica e calibrados para avaliação do diagnóstico da atividade da lesão e do desempenho da restauração. Um terceiro examinador também treinado, calibrado e contemplando princípio de cegamento, avaliou as radiografias durante o período de acompanhamento. Os critérios avaliados para determinar o sucesso clínico e radiográfico do tratamento de RSTC foram: ausência de dor espontânea e/ ou sensibilidade à pressão, ausência de sinais de pulpite irreversível, mobilidade anormal incompatível com o período de reabsorção radicular. O desempenho da restauração foi categorizado em cada grupo seguindo o critério da FDI para descoloração marginal, forma anatômica, fratura de material e retenção, adaptação marginal e recorrência de cárie, sendo a falha registrada. Os dentes foram reavaliados clinicamente e radiograficamente quanto o tratamento e desempenho da restauração em 6 e 12 meses. Características sociodemográficas foram registradas no baseline e características clínicas como índice ceod/CPOD, índice de placa visível e índice de sangramento gengival foram registrados durante os períodos de acompanhamento. Os dados foram analisados considerando o tipo de restauração, sintomas, número de faces envolvidas, tipo dente, experiência do operador e padrão de sucesso das restaurações. Para determinar as taxas de sucesso das restaurações foram geradas curvas de sobrevida com o estimador Kaplan-Meyer para cada grupo avaliado. O modelo de regressão de Cox com falhas compartilhadas foi realizado para avaliar diferenças nas taxas de sobrevida das restaurações de acordo com o tratamento e características clínicas e demográficas da amostra. Resultados: A taxa de sucesso das restaurações foi de 83,9% (85,9% para FBF e 81,9% para CIVMR, p = 0,675). Não houve diferenças no risco de falha de acordo com material restaurador. Das 23 falhas, três foram exclusivamente pulpar e uma pulpar e restauradora, e 100% da falha foram causadas por fratura de material. As restaurações oclusoproximais demonstraram a menor taxa de sucesso, aumentando em 4,12 vezes a probabilidade de ter uma falha restauradora em comparação com a restauração oclusal. Os pacientes com perfil “cárie ativos” foram associados a mais falhas do que pacientes “cárie controlados”. O grau de experiência do operador mostrou diferença significativa, e o menos experiente teve mais probabilidade de falhas restauradoras. As restaurações de resina filtek bulk fill realizadas em molares decíduos após a remoção seletiva da cárie mostraram uma sobrevida satisfatória de 85.9% após 12 meses de acompanhamento.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of bulk-fill restorations in primary molars submitted to SCR (selective caries removal) at 12 months of follow-up. 62 (average age of 5.9 years ± 1.74) were included with at least one molar with active cavitated lesion in deep dentin.144 primary molars were randomly divided into 2 groups of restorative material: Filtek Bulk Fill Resin (test group = FBF) or Vitremer (control group = RMGIC). Restorative procedures were performed by 2 specialists in pediatric dentistry trained to perform the technique and calibrated to evaluate the diagnosis of lesion activity and restoration performance. A third examiner also trained, calibrated and contemplating the principle of blinding, evaluated the radiographs during the follow-up period. The criteria evaluated to determine the clinical and radiographic success of the SCR were: absence of spontaneous pain and / or sensitivity to pressure, absence of signs of irreversible pulpitis, abnormal mobility incompatible with the period of root resorption. Restoration performance was categorized in each group following the FDI criteria for marginal staining, anatomical form, fracture of material and retention, marginal adaptation and recurrence of caries, and the failure was recorded. The teeth were reassessed clinically and radiographically regarding the treatment and performance of the restoration at 6 and 12 months. Sociodemographic characteristics were recorded in the baseline and clinical characteristics such as DMFT index, visible plaque index and gingival bleeding index were recorded during the follow - up. The data were analyzed considering the type of restoration, symptoms, number of faces involved, tooth type, operator experience and success rate of the restorations. To determine the success rates of the restorations, survival curves were generated with the Kaplan-Meyer estimator for each group evaluated. The Cox regression model with shared failures was performed to assess differences in survival rates of restorations according to treatment and clinical and demographic characteristics of the sample. Results: Success rate of restorations was 83.9% (85.9% for FBF and 81.9% for RMGIC, p=0.675). There were no differences in the risk of failure according to the material restoration. Of the 23 failures, three failures were exclusive pulp and one pulp and restorative, and 100% of the failure were to due to fracture of material. Occlusoproximal restorations demonstrated the lowest success rate, increases 4.12 times the probability of having a restorative failure compared to occlusal restoration. Patients with "active caries" profile were associated with more failures than "controlled caries" patients. The degree of operator experience showed significant difference, and the less experienced operator had more restorative failures. Bulk Fill composite restorations performed in molar primary teeth after selective caries removal showed satisfactory survival of 85.9% after 12 months of follow-up.

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Objectives: In the experiment 1, an in vitro study, the aim was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS), nanoleakage (NL) and degree of conversion (DC) of different bulk-fill resin-based materials placed in bulk [BUL] or incrementally [INC] and in the experiment 2, a double blind randomized clinical trial, split mouth for each adhesive system, was conducted to compare the postoperative sensitivity of a bulk-fill resin-based material placed in BUL or INC in posterior composite resin restorations bonded with two different adhesive strategies (self-etch and etch-and-rinse). In the experiment 3, the objective was to describe the clinical steps involved in the placement of posterior composite resin restorations with bulk-fill resins. Materials and methods: In experiment 1, flat dentin surfaces of thirty extracted teeth were exposed and then were randomly assigned into 6 experimental conditions (n = 5). Composite buildups were constructed according to the combination of the main factors filling technique (BUL [single 4-mm thick layer] and INC [two 2-mm thick layers]) and composite resin (Filtek Bulk Fill Flow [FIL], 3M ESPE, Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill [TET], Ivoclar Vivadent and SureFil SDR Flow [SDR], Dentsply Caulk) with their respective conventional adhesive systems. Teeth were sectioned to obtain bonded sticks (0.8 mm2) to be tested in tension (0.5 mm/min) for μTBS. For NL, two bonded sticks from each tooth were placed in 50% silver nitrate and polished with SiC paper and then analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. For DC, three specimens per tooth were analyzed in micro-Raman spectroscopy. The mean μTBS (MPa) NL (%) and DC (%) data were submitted to a two-way ANOVA and Tukey´s test (α = 0.05). In experiment 2, a total of 236 posterior dental cavities with a cavity depth of at least 3 mm (72 participants) were randomly divided in four groups (n=59). Restorations were bonded either with the etch-and-rinse Tetric N-Bond (Ivoclar Vivadent) or with the self-etch Tetric N-Bond SE (Ivoclar Vivadent). The composite resin TET (Ivoclar-Vivadent) was placed either INC or in BUL techniques. Two experienced and calibrated examiners performed the evaluation of the restorations using the FDI criteria after one week of clinical service. Spontaneous postoperative sensitivity was assessed using a 0-4 and a 0-100 numerical rating scale (NRS), and a 0-10 visual analog scale (VAS) up to 48 h after the restorative procedure and one-week later. Results: In experiment 1, higher μTBS values (mean ± SD) were observed for FIL (57.5 ± 3.5) in the BUL technique when compared to other groups inserted in BUL (TET 52.6 ± 7.8; SDR 54.9 ± 4.3) or INC filling (FIL 51.8 ± 4.1; TET 47.9 ± 4.5; SDR 49.7 ± 3.8) - p > 0.05. No statistically significant difference was observed among the materials tested (p > 0.05). No significant difference was 9 detected in NL (FIL [7.6 ± 1.9 INC and 10.3 ± 2.3 BUL]; TET [10.9 ± 3.3 INC and 12.8 ± 4.0 BUL]) and DC (FIL [87.9 ± 7.0 INC and 85.6 ± 8.4 BUL]; TET [92.2 ± 3.4 INC and 83.3 ± 5.4 BUL]) between filling technique (p > 0.05). Higher NL values (13.0 ± 3.6 INC and 14.8 ± 2.5 BUL [p = 0.001]) and lower DC (49.7 ± 8.3 INC and 48.6 ± 4.0 BUL [p = 0.003]) were found when SDR was used. In experiment 2, neither the restorative technique nor the adhesive strategy affected the risk (p > 0.49) and intensity of spontaneous postoperative sensitivity (p > 0.38). The overall risk of postoperative sensitivity observed was 20.3% (95% CI 15.7 to 25.9) and occurred practically within the 48 h after the restorative procedure. Conclusions: The filling technique did not affect the μTBS, NL and DC of the bulk fill materials tested in this study. Clinically, the use of single increment of this new bulk-fill material, even in deep restorations, did not generate more postoperative sensitivity when compared to the incremental filling technique.
Objetivos: No experimento 1, um estudo in vitro, o objetivo foi avaliar a resistência de união (RU), nanoinfiltração (NI) e grau de conversão (GC) de diferentes resinas compostas bulk fill inseridas de forma incremental (INC) ou em incremento único (UNI) e no experimento 2, um ensaio clínico randomizado duplo-cego de boca dividida para cada sistema adesivo, foi comparar a sensibilidade pós-operatória em restaurações realizadas com resina bulk fill em dentes posteriores variando a técnica de inserção (UNI e INC) e a estratégia adesiva (convencional e autocondicionante). No experimento 3, o objetivo foi realizar um relato de caso clínico demonstrando os passos clínicos envolvidos na execução de restaurações posteriores com uma resina bulk fill. Material e métodos: No experimento 1, trinta terceiros molares tiveram sua dentina planificada e exposta, foram divididos aleatoriamente em seis condições experimentais (n=5) e restaurados de acordo com a combinação dos fatores: técnica de inserção (UNI [uma camada de 4 mm] ou INC [2 camadas de 2 mm cada]) e resina composta (Filtek Bulk Fill Flow [FIL], 3M ESPE, Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill [TET], Ivoclar Vivadent e SureFil SDR [SDR], Dentsply Caulk) com seus respectivos sistemas adesivos convencionais. Os dentes foram seccionados para obtenção de palitos (0,8 mm2) para serem testados em microtração (0,5 mm/min) para RU. Para NI, dois palitos de cada dente foram infiltrados com nitrato de prata amoniacal 50%, revelados, polidos com lixas de carbeto de silício com granulação crescente e avaliados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Para GC, três palitos por dente foram levados ao micro-Raman para análise do grau de conversão. As médias de RU (MPa), NI (%) e GC (%) foram submetidos a uma análise de variância de dois fatores e Teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). No experimento 2, setenta e dois participantes tiveram 236 cavidades com profundidade mínima de 3 mm randomicamente divididas em 4 grupos experimentais (n=59). Os sistemas adesivos utilizados foram o convencional Tetric N-Bond (Ivoclar Vivadent) ou o autocondicionante Tetric N-Bond SE (Ivoclar Vivavent). A resina composta utilizada foi TET (Ivoclar Vivadent), que foi inserida de forma INC ou UNI. Dois avaliadores experientes e calibrados avaliaram as restaurações utilizando os critérios da FDI uma semana após a inserção das restaurações. A sensibilidade pós-operatória imediata foi mensurada utilizando duas escalas numéricas, de 0-4 e de 0-100 e uma escala VAS de 0-10 até 48 horas após o procedimento restaurador e uma semana após. Resultados: No experimento 1, maiores valores de RU (média ± DP) foram observados para a FIL inserida na técnica UNI (57,5 ± 3,5) em comparação com os outros grupos: UNI (TET 52,6 ± 7,8; SDR 54,9 ± 4,3) ou INC (FIL 51,8 ± 4,1; TET 47,9 ± 4,5; SDR 49,7 ± 3,8) - p > 0,05. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente 7 significante entre os materiais (p > 0,05). Para NI (%) (FIL [7,6 ± 1,9 INC e 10,3 ± 2,3 UNI]; TET [10,9 ± 3,3 INC e 12,8 ± 4,0 UNI]) e GC (%) (FIL [87,9 ± 7,0 INC e 85,6 ± 8,4 UNI]; TET [92,2 ± 3,4 INC e 83,3 ± 5,4 UNI]), não foram observadas diferenças entre as técnicas de inserção do material (p > 0,05). Maiores valores de NI (13,0 ± 3,6 INC e 14,8 ± 2,5 UNI [p = 0,001]) e menores valores de GC (49,7 ± 8,3 INC e 48,6 ± 4,0 UNI [p = 0,003]) foram encontrados para resina SDR. No experimento 2, nem a técnica de inserção e nem a estratégia adesiva alterou o risco de sensibilidade pós-operatória (p > 0,49) e a intensidade da sensibilidade (p > 0,38). O risco geral de sensibilidade pós-operatória observado foi de 20,3% (IC 95% 15,7 - 25,9) e ocorreu praticamente dentro das 48 horas após o procedimento restaurador. A técnica operatória mostrou-se simples e mais rápida de execução que a realizada de acordo com o protocolo de inserção incremental. Conclusões: A técnica de inserção não afeta a RU, NI e GC dos materiais utilizados no presente estudo. Clinicamente, o uso de resinas bulk fill inseridas em incremento único, mesmo em cavidades profundas, não aumenta a sensibilidade pós-operatória quando comparado com a inserção incremental, independentemente da estratégia adesiva utilizada.

Este estudo avaliou a efetividade de restaurações de classe II por meio da técnica do Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático (ART), com retenções adicionais nas caixas proximais, em dentes permanentes, usando cimento de ionômero de vidro (CIV) de alta viscosidade, em comparação com restaurações convencionais de resina composta. Um exame epidemiológico foi realizado em uma população maior e representativa dos participantes da pesquisa. Cento e trinta e três participantes, de 8 a 28 anos, com boa saúde geral com uma a duas cavidades de classe II em dentes permanentes sem comprometimento pulpar e dor de dente foram incluídos neste estudo, com aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética sob o número: CAAE: 24012913.0.1001.5417. Foram feitas setenta e sete restaurações com cada material restaurador (Equia Fil-GC Corporation e Z350-3M). As restaurações foram avaliadas aos 6, 12 e 24 meses pelos critérios do ART e do Serviço de Saúde Pública dos Estados Unidos (USPHS) modificado. Correlação de Spearman e Regressão Linear Múltipla foram realizados entre as variáveis dor de dente, índice de placa visível (IPV), índice de sangramento gengival (ISG) e os índices CAST (The Caries Assessment Sprectrum and Treatment) e CPOD (contagem de dentes cariados, perdidos e restaurados) dos participantes do levantamento epidemiológico por meio do programa Statistica 7.1. Quanto à efetividade restauradora, os dados foram analisados, utilizando o programa SPSS 23.0, por meio dos testes de Mann-Whitnney, Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher, Qui-quadrado com tendência linear e Regressão logística pelo método Enter, quando pertinentes (p<0,050). O Teste de Kaplan-Meier avaliou as taxas de sobrevida das restaurações em relação ao critério do ART e USPHS modificado. O teste de Log-Rank comparou as curvas de sobrevida. Do índice CAST (1,53; 2,17) foi possível extrair o CPOD (0,58; 1,32) o qual apresentou menor especificidade e sensibilidade no registro da cárie. As taxas de sucesso para as restaurações de resina composta foram de 100% (6 meses), 98,7% (12 meses) e 91,5% (24 meses) para ambos os critérios de avaliação e para as restaurações de ART foram as mesmas para 6 meses (98,7%) e 12 meses (95,8%) e para 24 meses foram de 92% quando utilizado o critério do USPHS modificado e 90,3% quando utilizado o critério do ART, não sendo observada diferença estatística (p=0,466). As variáveis sexo, localidade, idade, CPOD, IPV, ISG, dor de dente, oclusão, contato proximal, tamanho da cavidade, anestesia e cooperação do paciente não apresentaram associação estatística com as taxas de sucesso das restaurações (p>0,050). Após 24 meses, as variáveis IPV e ISG não apresentaram odds ratio (OR) estatisticamente significante para as restaurações de ART (p>0,050). As restaurações de ART apresentaram uma sobrevida inferior pelo critério do ART (83,7%) quando comparado à sobrevida pelo critério do USPHS modificado (87,8%), após 24 meses (p=0,051). A sobrevida das restaurações de resina composta foi de 90,7% para ambos os critérios de avaliação. Conclui-se que não há diferença na taxa de sucesso de restaurações de classe II de ART com CIV de alta viscosidade, em dentes permanentes, com sulcos de retenção proximais, em comparação com restaurações de classe II de resina composta, após 24 meses.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of Class II restorations through the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) technique, with additional retentions in the proximal boxes, in permanent teeth, using high viscosity glass ionomer cement (HVGIC), as compared to restorations of composite resin. An epidemiological examination was conducted in a larger and representative population of the participants of study. One hundred and thirty three participants, aged 8 to 28 years, with good general health with 1 to 2 class II cavities in permanent teeth without pulp involvement and tooth pain were included in this study, with was approved by the Ethics Committee under the number: CAAE: 24012913.0.1001.5417. Seventy-seven restorations were made with each restorative material (Equia Fil-GC Corporation and Z350-3M). Restorations were evaluated at 6, 12, and 24 months by the criteria of ART and the modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS). Spearman Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression were performed between the variables tooth pain, visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI) and the CAST (The Caries Assessment Sprectrum and Treatment) and DMFT (Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth) obtained at the epidemiological survey using the Statistica program 7.1. As for restorative effectiveness, data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitnney, Chi-square, Fisher\'s Exact, Chi-square tests with linear trend and Logistic Regression by Enter method, where relevant (p<0.050). The Kaplan-Meier test evaluated the survival rates of the restorations in relation to the ART and modified USPHS criteria. The Log-Rank test compared the survival curves. From the CAST index (1.53; 2.17) it was possible to extract the DMFT (0.58; 1.32) which presented lower specificity and sensitivity in caries detection. The success rates for composite resin restorations were 100% (6 months), 98.7% (12 months) and 91.5% (24 months) for both assessment criteria and for ART restorations were the same for 6 months (98.7%) and 12 months (95.8%) and for 24 months were 92% when using the criteria of modified USPHS and 90.3% when using the criteria of ART, and no statistical difference was observed (p=0.466). The variables gender, locality, age, DMFT, VPI, GBI, toothache, occlusion, proximal contact, cavity size, anesthesia and cooperation of the participant did not present a statistical association with the success rates of the restorations (p>0.050). After 24 months, the VPI and GBI variables did not present a statistically significant odds ratio (OR) for ART restorations (p>0.050). ART restorations presented a lower survival rate by the criteria of ART (83.7%) when compared to the criteria of USPHS modified (87.8%), after 24 months (p=0.051). The survival of composite resin restorations was 90.7% for both evaluation criteria. It was concluded that there is no difference in the success rate of class II restorations of ART with HVGIC, in permanent teeth, with proximal retention grooves, compared to class II resin composite restorations, after 24 months.

This dissertation is a participant observer’s account of implementing a multisite, randomised controlled trial within Her Majesty’s Prison Service. It adds to a scarce literature detailing the steps involved in implementing experiments in custodial settings by providing a candid account of the route from planning to successful implementation. The randomised controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Sycamore Tree Programme. This programme’s goal is to teach prisoners the wider harm of crime and includes a face-to-face meeting between a victim of crime and the participating offenders. It derives its rehabilitative potential from restorative justice and seeks to foster hope that change is possible for offenders, thus aiding them to desist from crime. Its development and theoretical basis are described for the first time. In an in-depth narrative the dissertation details how at every stage strategies were developed to manage participant procurement, random assignment, maintaining treatment integrity, and preparing for final outcome measurements. The randomised controlled trial was designed to produce an individual experiment in eight prisons. These will be combined in a meta-analysis as well as analysed as a pooled sample. Overall the implementation process took close to two years and involved a charitable body, Her Majesty’s Prison Service, the National Offender Management Service, and two police forces. This work has demonstrated how the unstable nature of English prison populations and the risk-averse climate must be addressed when conducting experiments in that environment. It has also illustrated the gap between the rhetoric of evidence-based policy and the facilitation of research designed to seek that evidence. Nevertheless, developing trusting relationships and combining rapidly learnt skills with inherent abilities ensured that the evaluation methodology was supported and protected through the various challenges it met. Finally, the dissertation suggests conditions for closer collaboration between government executive bodies and researchers that might increase the number of experiments undertaken in prisons. It also aims to encourage researchers that prison experiments, although not easy, are feasible, defendable, and, above all, worthwhile.

Le 21 mars 2001, la loi relative aux droits des victimes d'infraction pénale 2001-5751 est adoptée. Fruit des mouvements féministes et des associations d'aide aux victimes, cette loi marque la reconnaissance par les institutions judiciaires et législatives de la nécessité d'adopter des droits en faveur des victimes d'infraction pénale en général et d'agression sexuelle en particulier. Elle institue, entre autres, le droit au respect, l'accès à l'information durant la procédure, la défense de la vie privée et le droit à la sécurité (face aux accusés ou à leur famille) des victimes d'infraction. Par ailleurs, cette loi énonce que les victimes d'agression sexuelle bénéficient de droits qui leurs sont propres, notamment celui de présenter leur avis à certains stades de la procédure pénale. Pourtant, cette loi ne possède pas de portée juridique obligatoire. La victime d'infraction pénale reste à l'écart de la justice pénale israélienne, sans véritable rôle autre que celui de témoin. Ce faible rôle de la victime semble reposer sur la particularité du système pénal israélien, qui respecte la tradition accusatoire. Selon ce modèle, le procès pénal oppose deux parties, l'accusation et la défense, qui doivent répondre d'un conflit devant une institution judiciaire impartiale, appelée à trouver la vérité à partir de la présentation de leurs arguments et de leurs preuves. Dans ce contexte, la victime n'est pas partie. Ce modèle s'oppose à la tradition inquisitoire, dans laquelle, la présence d'un juge actif participant à l'instruction et d'un juge de l'audience impartial et indépendant semble plus favorable à la participation de la victime. Pourtant, l'influence de ces modèles est moindre que par le passé, tout d'abord parce qu'il n'existe plus de système purement accusatoire ou inquisitoire, ensuite parce que les systèmes judiciaires respectant la tradition accusatoire dans leur pays ont adapté leur structure aux intérêts de la justice, mais aussi aux droits des victimes, notamment grâce à l'intégration des notions de procès équitable et de Due Process of Law. En Israël, cette évolution est plus mitigée. Ainsi, si le système judiciaire israélien reconnaît la victime comme sujet de la procédure, dans la pratique la rencontre avec les acteurs judiciaires est loin d'être facile, tout particulièrement lorsqu'il s'agit d'une victime d'agression sexuelle. En effet, ce type d'infraction repose souvent sur des préjugés et des stéréotypes contre les femmes. Le parcours de la victime d'agression sexuelle commence par le dépôt de plainte et la rencontre avec la police. Il se poursuit par la rencontre avec le procureur durant la phase d'enquête. N'étant pas représentée, c'est souvent seule ou assistée de simples bénévoles qu'elle se présente devant les acteurs de la justice. Lorsque la plainte n'est pas classée sans suite, le parcours de la victime continue par la rencontre avec le(s) juge(s) au cours du procès, durant lequel elle est interrogée par le procureur et contre-interrogée par l'avocat de l'accusé. Cette étape représente une nouvelle épreuve, et peut provoquer une victimisation secondaire, notamment lorsque l'avocat de l'accusé tente de la déstabiliser par ses questions. Ce parcours se termine par la sentence et par l'obtention, si la cour compétente le décide, d'une indemnisation au profit de la victime. L'enfant-victime bénéficie d'une procédure spécifique adaptée à ses besoins. Pourtant, qu'elle soit adulte ou enfant, la victime reste passive et subordonnée aux autres acteurs judiciaires pratiquement à toutes les étapes de la procédure. La victime d'agression sexuelle pourra-t-elle trouver une place active dans le cadre de la procédure pénale traditionnelle ? L'influence des autres systèmes juridiques qui ont su s'adapter pour intégrer le droit des victimes, et l'émergence de nouvelles pratiques telles que la justice restaurative pourraient permettre une évolution concernant le traitement de la victime d'agression sexuelle
On the 21st of March 2001, the "Rights of Victims of Crime Law", which acknowledges the existence of victims in the criminal procedure, was passed. This law, which is the fruit of the intervention of the feminist and the human rights movement, finally recognizes the necessity of granting rights to victim of crime in general, and the victim of sexual offences in particular. The "Rights of Victims of Crime Law" included a series of rights for victims during the different stages of the criminal proceedings such as free access to information, the protection of their privacy and the right to be protected inside and outside of the court from intimidation by offenders and their families. Likewise, victims of sexual offences may receive information, and express their opinions, under specific conditions at different stages during the trial and in cases where a plea bargain is struck between the offender and the prosecutor. Despite this new law, the victim's participation in the process remains symbolic. The victim remains on the sidelines of the Israeli criminal justice system, with no active role at any stage of the criminal process. The only real players are the public prosecutor, the accused and his or her lawyers. It seems at first glance that the fact that the victim does not participate in the criminal process is based on the characteristics of the Israeli criminal system as an adversarial system. As an adversarial system of law, the Israeli criminal system consists of two parties only, which are equal: the prosecution and the accused seeking to resolve a dispute before a passive judge, interested in discovering the procedural truth. In this system, there are two parties, the defense and the prosecution, the victims only representation being as a witness. However, we have seen that during the last thirty years, in countries utilizing a similar legal system, a clear evolution in victims' rights based on the Due Process of Law and a fair trial for the accused and for the victims of sexual abuse. In some of these countries, victims have profited from an effective role during the proceedings. The journey of the victims of sexual offences in the criminal court, from the filling of a complaint with the police, to the meeting with the prosecutor and judges, until the sentence, is not easy, considering that he or she is not represented by a lawyer. Moreover, the domain of sexual offences is laden with stereotypes that the victims have to deal with. If "The Rights of Victims of Crime Law", try to ease the process for victims, the victims' participation is weak and depends on the will of the prosecutor. Moreover, the opinion of the victim does not have any bounding value. In fact, this law does not provide standing or remedies for victims rights violation. The traditional Israeli criminal system does not satisfy the need for victims of sexual assault to express human feelings during the stages of the criminal process, and may lead in certain case to secondary victimisation. Therefore, it is interesting to consider if the Israeli criminal prooceedings could be influenced by other systems of law which have succeeded in granting effective rights to victims, and whether the social and juridical evolution of Israeli society might offer progressively a forum to victims, notably with the utilization of restorative justice

Restoration of degraded land to combat habitat degradation and deforestation requires understanding on adaptive potential of the species. Local adaptation and the geographic scale over which the local adaptation occurs raise issue on how well the existing genotypes will succeed in the face of increasing pressures from climate change and anthropogenic disturbances leading to new environment. This thesis examines genetic factors affecting the success of restoration plantings of the Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp. pauciflora on the island of Tasmania. Open-pollinated seed and DNA samples were collected from 281 trees from 37 native Tasmanian populations across the distribution and environmental range of the species and used to provide a quantitative and molecular genetics framework to understand local adaptation and guide future environmental planting decisions. It specifically aims to: i) determine the mating system parameters of E. pauciflora, and to explore whether population variation is related to the degree of forest fragmentation or altitude; ii) assess the spatial pattern of genetic diversity in chloroplast and nuclear molecular markers, to understand historical and contemporary barriers to gene flow; iii) explore climate adaptation of the species, through assessing quantitative genetic variation in seedling morphology and growth in a glasshouse trial; iv) determine the effects of inbreeding, local climate and translocation from mainland Australia on genetic variation in performance in Tasmanian field trials up to age 3 years; and vi) provide the seed collection guideline based on the above observations. Molecular research showed that Tasmanian E. pauciflora has a high outcrossing rate (tm = 0.90). Outcrossing rates differed among populations, but this variation was not correlated with the degree of forest fragmentation nor with altitude. Nevertheless, fragmentation did affect early reproductive output by reducing the number of germinants per gram of capsule content. Chloroplast haplotypes showed clear geographic structure suggesting three low-altitude glacial refugia and recent colonization of high altitude areas. There was little population differentiation in neutral nuclear markers, but populations within 27 km were more similar than average. Similar significant quantitative genetic structure was also detected in the glasshouse trial, suggesting an operational limit for the definition of a ‘local’ population. Population genetic variation was found for 24 of the 25 seedling traits studied. In several cases this population differentiation exceeded neutral expectations arguing for the action of disruptive selection and that local adaptation has over-ridden historical and contemporary gene flow. This is supported by significant correlations with population altitude and climate variables, with many seedling traits best related to the maximum temperature of the warmest month at the site of origin. Integrating mating system parameters into the analysis of the two field trials revealed inbreeding depression for growth at the family level, but at the population level outcrossing rate did not affect performance. However, population differentiation was evident for early-age growth, survival, and susceptibility to drought and herbivory. Population differences in early performance appeared to reflect a trade-off between fast growth and herbivore susceptibility, with low altitude populations initially growing faster but rapidly losing their advantage through increased herbivory. Drought and high temperatures at one trial reshaped the fitness profile of the planting, selecting against populations from more moist areas. At both trials the Tasmanian populations outperformed those from the mainland, arguing against the need for seed translocations from mainland Australia.

This thesis addresses the role of victims in our criminal justice system and the shortcomings they perceive in the way they are treated. It examines whether restorative justice can offer then more justice that they receive from the formal court-based system. Before the rise of the modern state, restorative justice was the dominant model of resolution for disputes and criminal actions. However, the victim’s role in Western criminal justice declined over time, until only a vestigial and debased part as a witness for the prosecution remained. Research into the shortcomings of the court-based system has identified a number of issues that victims want to address. In brief, they are found to want a less formal process where their views count, more information about both the processing and the outcome of their case is dealt with, fairer and more respectful treatment, and emotional as well as material restoration as an outcome. Over the three decades, the victim movement worldwide has agitated for an enhanced role of victims in criminal justice. Despite some successes, it appears that structural as well as political factors may mean that victims have won as much as they are likely to gain form formal justice. The Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE) in Canberra provide an opportunity to compare the impact on victims of court-based justice with a restorative justice program known as conferencing. This randomised controlled trial assigned middle-range property and violent offences committed by young offenders either to court (as they would normally have been treated) or to a conference. The study achieved a love level of treatment crossover (three percent) and a high victim interview response (85 percent). With material restoration, while few in either treatment group received money, conference victims were more often offered non-financial restitution. With emotional restoration, conference victims tended to express higher levels of satisfaction than court victims. Their feelings of anger fear and anxiety towards their offender fell markedly after their conference while feelings of security for themselves and sympathy for their offender increased. The conference usually had a beneficial effect on victims’ feelings of dignity, self respect and self-confidence and led to reduced levels of embarrassment and shame about the offence. Overall, victims most often said their conference had been a helpful experience in allowing them to feel more settled about the offence, to feel forgiving towards their offender and to experience a sense of closure. Court victims, especially those who had experienced violent crimes, felt much more afraid of revictimisation than their conference counterparts, and also more vengeful towards their offenders. Almost all victims in both treatment groups said that they wanted an apology from their offenders, but an apology was six times more likely to be offered to conference victims than court victims. Conference victims also expressed high levels of satisfaction about the way they were kept informed about their case, the extent of their participation and the fair and respectful way in which they were treated. No gender bias was evident in how victims felt about the way their conference was conducted and males and females indicated equally strong perceptions of procedural justice. A significant minority of victims were dissatisfied with their conference experience, though this was expresses most often in terms of process failures rather than principled objections to restorative justice. These failures included inadequate police investigations of the offence, inadequate facilitator training, inadequate prior explanation to victims of their role in the conference and what they may legitimately expect from the process, and poor conference organisation. The restorative alternative appears to present an opportunity for victims to gain much more than they can from the court, but there is sometimes greater risk of secondary victimisation through their exposure in conferences. Finally the thesis tests the assertions made by both victim advocates and offender advocates that in criminal justice gains for one party can only be made at the expense of the other party, that is, the process is a zero-sum (win/lose) game. The analysis shows that the victim and offender pairs both tended to see conferences as superior to court on measures of emotional restoration, participation in the process, perceptions of procedural justice and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. In sum, win/win outcome was much more common in conferences than in court across the concerns the research showed to be central to victims. Lose/lose outcomes were more common in court than in conferences. In the area of emotional restoration, conference-assigned victims and offenders appeared to influence each other so that both parties were more likely to ‘win’. In the area of emotional harm, court assigned participants appeared to influence each other so that both parties more often tended to ‘lose’. The analysis showed no support for the zero-sum hypothesis – ‘win’ for the victim did not increase the chances of a ‘loss’ for the offender, nor vice versa. The empirical evidence of RISE suggests that the restorative justice alternative of conferencing more often than court gives victims what they say they want. The court system continues to fail victims in terms of providing adequate information about the processing and outcome of their case, while the formality of traditional practice renders unachievable meaningful victim participation and restoration, especially emotional restoration. More rigorous research is required to discover whether victims of other crimes in other locations also can look to restorative justice to give them the justice they seek and deserve. Research is also needed to reform restorative practices to better serve those victims who were found to be worse of in the restorative process than in court.

Alternatives to unconditional imprisonment Petr Horák The following thesis is concerned with alternatives to unconditional imprisonment. I have chosen this theme because I think it is very topical and frequently discussed issue not only among experts bud within the general public, too. These specific institutes of the criminal law enable quick, economical and effective solution of particular criminal cases with no need of using unconditional imprisonment. The main goal of this paper is to provide its reader with a summarizing overview about the existing alternatives in the present Czech criminal law , about their advantages and disadvantages, about the reasons which led to their implementation to our legal system and about another important related aspects. The introductory chapter of this text deals with the general issues of the purpose of sentencing and sanctions. It provides the basic information about the main principles of sentencing and the theories of sentencing which laid the foundation of contemporary system of criminal justice. The following chapter describes the beginnings of the development of alternative sentencing in Bohemia region. The restorative justice and its principals brought new ideas to criminal law during the second half of the 20th century. According to this original doctrine the...

The purpose of this study was to contextually describe and explore the experiences and challenges of the juvenile offenders and pre-trial diversion officers (PTD) involved in the pre-trial diversion programme (PTD) in the Chitungwiza community. In this study, the qualitative research methodology was applied. Research designs used were explorative, descriptive and contextual of nature. Furthermore, the multi-case studies design within the qualitative approach applied. The non-probability purposive and snow-balling sampling methods were used to select the sample from juvenile offenders and PTD officers who have been involved in the PTD programme. Qualitative data was collected using semi-structured interviews with an open-ended interview guide. The eight steps of Tesch (Creswell, 2009:186) were employed to analyse the data. To demostrate the trustworthiness of the research findings, the researcher used Guba`s model (Krefting, 1991:214-222). The findings of the study established that most children commit criminal offences due to socio-economic reasons and that the pre-trial diversion programme is largely effective in the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders. Recommendations were made for the PTD programme to activate socio-economic interventions and improve resources allocation in order to enhance service delivery.
Social Work
M.A. (Social Work)

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Saúde, ramo de Medicina Dentária, apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra.
Introdução A execução de restaurações adesivas diretas com resinas compostas assume-se como o procedimento de eleição no tratamento de dentes posteriores. Contudo, a limitada durabilidade clínica destas restaurações deve-se, essencialmente, à perda progressiva da integridade das respetivas interfaces adesivas. De facto, nenhuma estratégia adesiva é isenta de sensibilidade técnica e a especificidade das diferentes moléculas, a sua proporção relativa e o modo como interagem entre si e com os substratos diferem grandemente entre as diferentes classes de sistemas adesivos, com repercussões sobre a qualidade da adesão proporcionada por cada uma. A simplificação dos procedimentos adesivos parece ser uma realidade incontornável, tendo catapultado os sistemas autocondicionantes para um patamar de relevo na área da dentistaria adesiva. Contudo a carência de estudos clínicos randomizados que comprovem a sua eficácia é notória, particularmente na avaliação do seu desempenho na restauração de dentes posteriores. Este trabalho teve duas vertentes de investigação: a primeira com base na execução de um estudo clínico randomizado cujo objetivo foi avaliar a eficácia a um ano de cinco sistemas adesivos em restaurações de cavidades oclusais realizadas com uma resina composta e a segunda com base num ensaio laboratorial que visou comparar as forças de adesão ao esmalte humano preparado com broca de dois sistemas adesivos do tipo condicionar e lavar e de três sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes aplicados de forma ativa ou passiva, bem como avaliar a micromorfologia superficial e a ultramorfologia das interfaces adesivas por eles produzidas. Materiais e métodos Foi efetuado um estudo clínico randomizado após aprovação da comissão de ética do CHUC e da FMUC, seguindo os parâmetros definidos pelo CONSORT. Foram efetuadas 159 restaurações em cavidades oclusais de dentes posteriores em 54 pacientes utilizando cinco sistemas adesivos diferentes em função do grupo (OptiBondTM FL (G1-OBFL) , Kerr; Prime & Bond® NTTM (G2- PBNT), Dentsply DeTrey; ClearfilTM SE Bond (G3-CSEB), Kuraray; Xeno® III (G4-XIII), Dentsply DeTrey e Xeno® V+ (G5-XV+), Dentsply DeTrey) e uma resina composta (Esthet•X® HD A2; Dentsply DeTrey) seguindo um técnica de estratificação anatómica por incrementos. As restaurações foram avaliadas segundo os critérios de avaliação internacionais aprovados pela FDI num período inicial entre 3 e 7 dias após a execução do tratamento restaurador (0M); após 6 (6M) e 12 meses (12M) de acordo com diversos parâmetros enquadrados nas propriedades estéticas, funcionais e biológicas. Posteriormente foi ainda efetuada uma avaliação das restaurações com base em macrofotografias digitais. Para a análise estatística executou-se o teste de Friedman para amostras emparelhadas, seguido de comparação par-a-par com o teste de Wilcoxon. Comparações inter-grupos foram efetuadas com recurso ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney para a avaliação post hoc. Os índices de concordância entre os métodos de avaliação clínica direta e registo macrofotográfico, foram determinados pela análise do Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse. O parâmetro adaptação marginal foi selecionado como o desfecho primário deste estudo e foi considerado na análise da potência e na determinação do risco relativo entre os grupos. O nível de significância estatística estabeleceu-se em α=0.05 para todas as análises. Para o estudo laboratorial foram preparadas 96 faces vestibulares e linguais/palatinas de terceiros molares humanos com uma broca diamantada de grão médio de modo a expor uma superfície de esmalte. Estas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em oito grupos englobando os mesmos sistemas adesivos utilizados no estudo clinico, dos quais os sistemas autocondicionantes foram aplicados segundo dois modos: ativo (AT) ou passivo (PS) (G1: OptiBondTM FL; G2: Prime & Bond® NTTM, G3: ClearfilTM SE Bond/PS; G4: ClearfilTM SE Bond/AT; G5: Xeno® III/PS; G6: Xeno® III/AT; G7: Xeno® V+/PS; G8: Xeno® V+/AT). Após a sua polimerização foram construídos blocos de resina composta de uma forma incremental que, após armazenamento em água destilada durante 24h a 37ºC foram seccionados com uma serra de precisão diamantada e refrigerada por forma a obter bastonetes (1mm2), posteriormente submetidos ao ensaio de microtração (μTBS) a uma velocidade de 0.5 mm/min. As superfícies foram examinadas sob microscopia óptica por forma a determinar os padrões de fratura. A micromorfologia superficial produzida pela ação acídica e as interfaces adesivas correspondentes de cada grupo foram observadas em microscopia confocal e microscopia eletrónica de varrimento. Para os dados coletados dos ensaios de microtração foi realizada a comparação entre grupos através de One-Way ANOVA, considerando a correção de Games-Howel para as análises post-hoc (α=0.05). A distribuição probabilística de Weibull foi considerada para a avaliação do risco de fratura. Resultados No estudo clínico foram avaliadas ao final de um ano 153 restaurações em 51 pacientes. De entre as propriedades estéticas apenas o parâmetro pigmentação marginal e superficial registou alterações significativas dos 0M aos 12M para todos os grupos exceto para o PBNT. A mesma avaliação nas propriedades biológicas não registou alterações significativas em qualquer dos grupos. Relativamente às propriedades funcionais verificou-se dos 0M aos 12M uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa do número de restaurações classificadas com grau de adaptação marginal excelente (score 1) apenas para os sistemas autocondicionantes (p<0.01). Aos 12M registaram-se níveis de score 1 na avaliação parâmetro adaptação marginal em 96.7%, 90.3%, 45.2%, 50% e 16.7% dos casos para os G1, G2, G3, G4 e G5, respetivamente, ficando as restantes restaurações classificadas entre os scores 2 e 3, com maior prevalência para o primeiro. Aos 12M verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas na adaptação marginal dos grupos. Ambos os G1 e G2 apresentaram resultados estatisticamente superiores a qualquer um dos outros grupos enquadrados nos sistemas autocondicionantes (p<0.01). Destes últimos, os G3 e G4 revelaram um comportamento muito semelhante e superior ao G5. O XV+ foi o sistema adesivo que registou scores mais elevados ao nível da adaptação marginal, o que condicionou as diferenças estatisticamente significativas com todos os grupos no final do primeiro ano de avaliação clínica. A comparação dos resultados do método de avaliação fotográfico com a avaliação clínica direta determinou concordância máxima aos 0M. Contudo, aos 6M e 12M houve um decréscimo natural dos índices de concordância associado à fratura da restauração e adaptação marginal. Apesar de não terem sido considerados quaisquer insucessos clínicos globais pelo facto de a frequência de scores 4 e 5 ter sido nula, o risco relativo de ocorrência de desadaptação marginal em restaurações efetuadas com os sistemas autocondicionantes estudados demonstrou ser 2.5 vezes superior em relação aos sistemas do tipo condicionar e lavar. No estudo laboratorial, a análise dos resultados decorrentes dos ensaios de microtração demonstraram não existir diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas forças de adesão entre os G1 (26.86 ± 7.71 MPa), G2 (27.10 ± 7.17 MPa), G4 (25.14 ± 7.11 MPa) e G5 (22.65 ± 8.58 MPa). Para a avaliação dos sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes em função do modo de aplicação verificou-se que, apenas para o sistema adesivo CSEB, a aplicação ativa produziu valores significativamente superiores (G4: 25.14 ± 7.11 MPa) comparativamente ao modo de aplicação passivo (G3: 15.63±6.51)(p<0.01). Para os G5 e G6 não foram detetadas diferenças nos valores de adesão obtidos. O XV+ originou valores de adesão próximos de 0 MPa, independentemente do seu modo de utilização e revelou um comportamento negativo muito significativo quando comparado com qualquer outro grupo no que concerne à resistência adesiva (p<0.01). No que concerne à distribuição dos padrões de fratura, para os sistemas adesivos do tipo condicionar e lavar (G1 e G2) foi encontrado um comportamento similar detetando-se uma distribuição dispersa entre falhas mistas, adesivas, coesivas no esmalte. Para o XIII e CSEB foram maioritariamente detetadas falhas adesivas ou mistas, independentemente do modo de aplicação empregue. O XV+ foi o único a condicionar falhas pré-teste (FPT; 14/G7 e 22/G8) e padrões de fratura exclusivamente adesivos. A avaliação qualitativa da micromorfologia superficial e das interfaces adesivas por MEV e MC demonstrou existir um diferencial importante no padrão de interação com o esmalte produzido pelos diferentes grupos. Conclusões Independentemente dos sistemas adesivos estudados, não se registaram insucessos ao final de um ano avaliação clínica das restaurações efetuadas. Todas as restaurações foram consideradas no mínimo satisfatórias sendo que o parâmetro adaptação marginal demonstrou ser o mais relevante na diferenciação do comportamento dos diferentes sistemas adesivos estudados. Ao final de um ano de avaliação clínica, o OBFL e o PBNT não apresentaram diferenças entre si, mas demonstraram um desempenho superior em relação a todos os sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes (CSEB, XIII e XV+). De entre estes últimos, o CSEB e o XIII demonstraram um comportamento similar mas superior ao XV+ que apresentou o pior comportamento de entre todos os grupos acompanhado por um maior índice de desadaptação marginal. O registo documental e a avaliação das restaurações através de macrofotografias digitais uniformizadas revelou ser um método válido e útil na avaliação das restaurações. O sistema adesivo e/ou o respetivo modo de aplicação exerceram um efeito significativo nas forças de adesão ao esmalte preparado com broca. Os sistemas adesivos do tipo condicionar e lavar OBFL e PBNT conjuntamente com os sistemas autocondicionantes CSEB aplicado de forma ativa e o XIII aplicado de forma passiva registaram os valores de adesão mais elevados e estatisticamente semelhantes entre si. O sistema adesivo XV+ demonstrou forças de adesão significativamente inferiores a todos os outros materiais, independentemente do modo de aplicação. Relativamente ao modo de aplicação, apenas o CSEB demonstrou uma influência significativa e positiva nos resultados das forças de adesão quando foi aplicado de forma ativa.
Introduction The implementation of direct adhesive restorations with composite resins has become the procedure of choice for the treatment of posterior teeth. Nevertheless, the long-term durability of direct adhesive restorations is hampered mainly due to progressive loss of the integrity of the adhesive interfaces. In fact, no adhesive strategy is free from technique sensitivity. The specificities and proportions of the different constitutive molecules and the possibilities of interaction between them and with substrates can differ greatly from one class of adhesive systems to another, affecting the bond quality provided. Protocol simplification has been an inevitable trend that catapulted the self-etching systems to an important position in the field of adhesive dentistry. However, it is most evident the lack of randomized clinical trials proving the effectiveness of self-etching systems, particularly in the restoration of posterior teeth. This work embraces two lines of research: the first research line aims at the determination of the efficiency after one year of function of five adhesive systems used in the restoration of occlusal cavities and is based on a randomized clinical trial; the second research line focuses on the laboratorial comparison of bond strengths of the same adhesive systems to bur prepared human enamel. In both cases, the five adhesive systems comprise two etch and rinse systems and three self-etching systems. The laboratorial research considered the active and passive application of the self-etching systems. Superficial micromorphology and adhesive interfacial ultramorphology were also evaluated in this study. Materials and Methods After the aproval by the CHUC and FMUC ethical commitees, a randomized clinical trial on the performance of self-etching and etch-and-rinse adhesive systems on occlusal posterior cavities was carried out according to the CONSORT statement. The bonding protocol considered one of 5 different adhesive systems (OptiBondTM FL (G1-OBFL) , Kerr; Prime & Bond® NTTM (G2- PBNT), Dentsply DeTrey; ClearfilTM SE Bond (G3-CSEB), Kuraray; Xeno® III (G4-XIII), Dentsply DeTrey e Xeno® V+ (G5-XV+), Dentsply DeTrey) and was randomly allocated. All cavities were incrementally filled with composite resin (Esthet•X® HD A2; Dentsply DeTrey). The restorations were scored based on the esthetic, functional and biological properties using the FDI approved evaluation scores in chronological periods after the restorative treatment of 3 to 7 days (0M); 6 months (6M) and 12 months (12M). Later, a new evaluation of the restorations was conducted based on digital macrophotographs. Statistical analysis was performed with Friedman-test for paired samples followed by pairwise comparison with the Wilcoxon-test. Inter-group analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis test followed by pairwise comparison with Mann-Whitney test. Intraclass correlation coeficient determined the level of agreement between direct clinical evaluation and photographic registration methods. Marginal adaptation was chosen as the primary outcome in this study thus considered the selected criteria for the clinical performance analysis and for the determination of the relative risk. Significance level was set to α=0.05 for all analyses. For the in vitro study, 96 buccal and lingual/palatal surfaces of third human molars were prepared with a diamond bur of medium grit in order to expose enamel surfaces. The surfaces were randomly allocated to an adhesive system and application method, with self-etching adhesives either applied actively (AT) or passively (PS), making a total of 8 groups (G1: OptiBondTM FL; G2: Prime & Bond® NTTM, G3: ClearfilTM SE Bond/PS; G4: ClearfilTM SE Bond/AT; G5: Xeno® III/PS; G6: Xeno® III/AT; G7: Xeno® V+/PS; G8: Xeno® V+/AT). After polymerization, blocks of composite resin were build up using an incremental stratification technique. The blocks were then stored in distilled water for 24h at 37ºC. Afterwards the blocks were sectioned using an automatic precision water-cooled diamond saw to obtain uniform sticks (1mm2) that were then submitted to microtensile test (μTBS) at 0.5 mm/min speed. The surfaces were examined with optical microscopy to determine the fracture patterns. Both the superficial micromorphology induced by the acid conditioning and the corresponding adhesive interfaces of each group were observed with confocal and scanning electron microscopy. One-Way ANOVA was used to compare the colected data of the microtensile tests, considering Games-Howel correction for post hoc tests (α=0.05). Weibull probabilistic distribution was considered for the determination of the fracture risk. Results For the clinical trial, 51 patients met the inclusion criteria, received a total of 153 restorations and were examined throughout a one-year period. Among the esthetic properties, only the marginal and superficial pigmentation showed statistical significant alterations from 0M to 12M in all groups, except for PBNT. Regarding the biological evaluation, no significant alterations could be found for any group. However, for the functional properties between the periods of 0M and 12M, a statistically significant decrease in the number of restorations with marginal adaptation classified as excellent (score 1) occurred for the self-etch adhesives (p<0.01). After one year of function, G1, G2, G3, G4 e G5 presented 96.7%, 90.3%, 45.2%, 50% and 16.7% cases with score 1 in the evaluation of the marginal adaptation, respectively. The remaining restorations were classified with scores 2 and 3, being score 2 the most common. At 12M, statistically significant differences were detected among groups. Both, G1 and G2 presented statistically better results than any other of the self-etch systems (p<0.01). G3 and G4 had similar performance and were superior to G5. XV+ obtained the highest scores in marginal adaptation, which led to statistical significant differences between this group and all the other groups after one year of function. Comparing the results of the photographic and the direct clinical evaluation methods, maximum agreement was determined for 0M. However, at 6M and 12M, restoration fracture and marginal adaptation presented a natural decrease in the levels of agreement. Despite the fact that no global clinical failure were registered due to the absence of scores 4 or 5, the relative risk of marginal desadaptation in restorations performed with self-etching adhesive systems proved to be 2.5 times higher when compared to the etch-and-rinse systems. In the in vitro study, the microtensile results showed no statistically significant differences in bond strengths of the groups G1 (26.86 ± 7.71 MPa), G2 (27.10 ± 7.17 MPa), G4 (25.14 ± 7.11 MPa) and G5 (22.65 ± 8.58 MPa). Comparing the active and passive applications of the self-etching adhesive systems, only CSEB produced significantly higher values when applied actively (G4: 25.14 ± 7.11 MPa) versus the passive application (G3:15.63±6.51) (p<0.01). No significant differences could be found between G5 e G6. XV+ obtained bond strength values close to 0 MPa, regardless of the application mode and revealed a significantly inferior bonding resistance when compared to any other group (p<0.01). Concerning the fracture patterns, the etch-and-rinse adhesive systems (G1 and G2) presented a similar distribution, including adhesive, cohesive or mixed failures in enamel. Irrespective of the application mode, XIII and CSEB presented mainly adhesive or mixed failures. XV+ was the only system to show pre-test failures (FPT; 14/G7 and 22/G8) and exclusively adhesive fracture patterns. Qualitative evaluation of the micromorphology of representative specimens by SEM and CM revealed substantial differences between the groups in the adhesive interfaces and enamel conditioning patterns. Conclusions Clinically, regardless of the adhesive system used, no global clinical failures were registered at the one-year evaluation of the restorations. All cases were considered no less than satisfactory. Marginal adaptation was the most influent parameter on the distinctive performance of the different adhesive systems. After one year of clinical evaluation, OBFL and PBNT revealed no significant differences and had superior performance compared to any of the self-etch adhesive systems (CSEB, XIII e XV+). Within the last, CSEB and XIII showed similar behaviours, higher than XV+, which exhibited the worst performance among all groups, accompanied by higher degrees of marginal deterioration. Standardized digital microphotography revealed to be a valid and useful evaluation method. In vitro, both the adhesive system and the application method triggered a significant effect on the bond strengths to bur-prepared enamel. Etch-and-rinse adhesive systems OBFL and PBNT together with CSEB used actively and XIII used passively recorded the highest bond strength results, statistically similar. XV+ showed significantly lower bond strengths compared to all other materials, regardless of the application mode. In respect to application mode, active application demonstrated a significant and positive influence on CSEB bond strength results.