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FEDERICI, FRANCESCA MARIA. « L'Organismo di Vigilanza ai sensi del d.lgs. 231/2001 : compiti e responsabilità ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/262962.
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Oggigiorno, a quasi vent’anni di vigenza del Decreto, nella prassi l’adozione del Modello organizzativo (“MOG” o “Modello”) si è assai diffusa tra le aziende, soprattutto medio-grandi e, specularmente, si è assistito a un florilegio di contestazioni e di condanne, ai sensi del d.lgs. 231/2001.
In tale contesto, l’Organismo di Vigilanza (di seguito anche “OdV”) ha da sempre rivestito, secondo l’impianto stesso della normativa, un’imprescindibile funzione. E’ quindi diventato sempre più frequente che professionisti di varia estrazione (per lo più avvocati e commercialisti, ma non solo) affianchino alla propria attività ‘tradizionale’ quella connessa all’incarico quale membro di uno (o più) Organismi di Vigilanza.
Secondo l’opinione di chi scrive, a tale ramificazione della pratica professionale, non sempre si accompagna una piena consapevolezza dei compiti connaturati al ruolo di componente di OdV e delle conseguenze derivanti dallo svolgimento di un’attività non sempre approfondita; ciò sarebbe invece auspicabile, non solo nell’interesse dell’ente che abbia scelto di dotarsi di un Modello – e che pertanto nutre una legittima aspettativa circa l’adempimento di tali compiti secondo le best practices –, ma anche nell’interesse della stessa persona fisica che, rivestendo un ruolo tanto delicato quale quello di componente dell’Organismo di Vigilanza, potrebbe trovarsi indagata e/o imputata in un procedimento penale, oltre che citata in giudizio innanzi al tribunale civile per una richiesta di risarcimento danni avanzata dall’ente.
La presente Tesi, dunque, ha avuto l’obbiettivo di percorrere gli aspetti più rilevanti legati all’operatività dell’Organismo di Vigilanza.
Si è partiti dall’analisi della sua natura e della sua composizione, per poi passare al nucleo inaggirabile dei compiti da assolvere in tutte le fasi dell’incarico – insediamento, pianificazione delle attività, svolgimento in concreto della vigilanza, cessazione – fino ad arrivare all’esame dell’influenza che il corretto o scorretto svolgimento di tali compiti può riverberare sulla prova giudiziale circa l’efficace attuazione di un Modello idoneo a prevenire reati, così come richiesto ai fini del riconoscimento della scriminante di cui all’art. 6 del d.lgs. 231/2001.
La trattazione di tali temi rappresenta il substrato fondamentale sulla base del quale si è sviluppato l’argomento centrale – e più problematico – relativo alla possibilità di imputare una qualche forma di responsabilità (penale e/o civile) ai componenti dell’Organismo di Vigilanza, valutando anche il generale trend in materia, espresso oltre che dalla dottrina anche dalle scarsissime pronunce giurisprudenziali in materiaNowadays, the adoption of the organizational model ("MOG") is very widespread among companies, especially medium-large ones and, in particular, there has been several convictions, pursuant to the Legislative Decree 231/2001. In this context, the Supervisory Body (hereinafter also the "SB") has always played an essential role. It has therefore become increasingly common for professionals from various backgrounds (mostly lawyers and accountants, but not only) to combine their traditional activity with the one connected to the position as a member of one (or more) Supervisory Bodies. According to our opinion, the ramifications of professional practice is not always accompanied by a full observation of the tasks connected to the role of component of the SB and of the consequences deriving from carrying out a not always correct activity; this would instead be desirable, not only in the interest of the company that he had chosen to adopt a Model, but also in the interest of the same individual who, playing a role as delicate as that of member of a Supervisory Body, could be investigated and/or accused in a criminal proceeding, as well as sued before the civil court for a request for compensation for damages. Therefore, this Thesis has had the objective of covering the most relevant aspects related to the Supervisory Body. We started from the analysis of its nature and its composition, to then move on to the core of the tasks to be carried out in all the phases of the assignment - settlement, planning of activities, performance of supervision in practice, termination - up to the exam of the influence that a correct or incorrect performance of these tasks can reflect on the judicial proof of the suitability of the Model in order to prevent crimes, as required for the application of the exoneration clause provide by Rule 6 of Legislative Decree 231/2001. The discussion of these issues concern the fundamental substratum on the basis of which the central - and most problematic - argument related to the possibility of attributing a form of responsibility (criminal and / or civil) to the members of the Supervisory Body, was developed, also evaluating the general trend in the matter, expressed not only by doctrine but also by very few judicial decisions on this subject.
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Lawrence, Rebecca. « Shifting Responsibilities and Shifting Terrains : State Responsibility, Corporate Social Responsibility and Indigenous Claims ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-28512.
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Using case studies from Australia, Sweden and Finland, and also drawing on examples from parts of Asia, including Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Thailand, the thesis explores how state and market actors respond to Indigenous claims and how Indigenous claims are themselves reconstituted through those particular responses. While the duty of protecting Indigenous rights might nominally fall upon the state, we are increasingly witness to the enfolding of market actors and market rationalities in debates concerning Indigenous claims. The research contained in the thesis highlights how a practice of 'passing the buck', or passing of responsibility onto others, is constituted through both market and government relations whereby responsibility for addressing Indigenous claims is shifted from states to corporations, from corporations to states, and from states back to Indigenous peoples themselves. The thesis consists of four articles. Article 1, titled 'Obliging Indigenous Citizens: Shared Responsibility Agreements in Australian Aboriginal Communities' provides a critique of the governmental provision of services to remote Australian Aboriginal communities through quasi-market arrangements. Article 2, titled 'Corporate Social Responsibility, Supply-chains and Saami Claims: Tracing the Political in the Finnish Forestry Industry' explores conflicts over state logging in Saami territories and the construction of the state/market divide in CSR debates over the rights of Indigenous peoples. Article 3, titled 'NGO Campaigns and Banks: Constituting Risk and Uncertainty' studies the negotiated and contested boundaries of markets through debates over the governance of social and environmental risks in the investment banking sector. Article 4, titled 'The Last Frontier? Windpower developments on traditional Saami lands' considers how colonial rationalities constituting the state-Saami relationship are reproduced in new debates over windpower developments in Saami mountain areas.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: In progress.
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Wills, SiobhaÌn. « The legal responsibilities of multi-national forces in peace support and other operations : the responsibility to protect ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439689.
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Enuoh, Rebecca O. « Corporate Social Responsibility, Multinational Oil Companies and Local Communities in the Niger Delta ; Exploring Relations, Contracts and Responsibilities ». Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15741.
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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been a subject of increasing interest among academics and business practitioners globally. This thesis contributes to the discourse on CSR in the context of the Nigerian oil industry with regard to corporate-community relations. Specifically, the thesis constitutes a critique of CSR initiatives by multinational oil companies (MOC) operating in the Niger Delta region and their impact on the traditional livelihoods of local communities. The research attempts to understand the link between CSR and Psychological contract from the perspective of both the host communities and the MOCs. This thesis examines community perceptions, expectations and seeks to interpret the relationship between the host communities and the MOCs. The study provides empirical data through the use of twenty-eight semi-structured interviews and three focus groups. This is significant given that most of the research conducted into CSR in this region has been limited to descriptive and extensive theoretical explanations. Findings from the research suggest that the relationship between the host communities and the MOC is a very complex one and that the impact of the MOCs activities can be interpreted from the host communities’ negative actions. The thesis makes an important contribution to the emerging literature on social license to operate (SLO) and in what manner the local communities seek to enforce it. It also offers an alternative approach to CSR based on need assessment and stakeholder involvement rather than corporate obligations and expectations from society in general.
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Sprik, Lenneke H. M. « A failure to protect in peacekeeping operations : a commander's responsibility ? : obligations and responsibilities of military commanders in UN peacekeeping operations ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8613/.
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Inaction by UN peacekeeping troops in the face of the commission of genocide in Srebrenica and Kigali raised significant questions regarding the duty owed by UN peacekeeping forces to those under their protection. Recent court judgments have recognised that the Netherlands and Belgium were to a certain extent legally responsible to protect those under the care of each state’s peacekeeping troops, and that also the role of individual peacekeeping commanders may be questioned. While peacekeeping commanders may have a moral responsibility to act, it is not realistic to argue that peacekeeping commanders have a legal duty to do so. As a result, the use of the existing options to establish criminal liability for a failure to act under domestic and international law would not be justified in relation to the conduct committed. This thesis argues that alternative options to the existing forms of criminal responsibility for military commanders should be considered, possibly focusing more clearly on failing to fulfil a norm of protection that is specific to peacekeeping and distinct from protective obligations under international human rights law and international humanitarian law. Establishing law tailored to the context of peacekeeping would be an important step towards clarification of the obligations and responsibilities held by military commanders in UN peacekeeping missions.
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Atry, Ashkan. « Transforming the Doping Culture : Whose responsibility, what responsibility ? » Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Centrum för forsknings- och bioetik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-206607.
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The doping culture represents an issue for sport and for society. Normative debates on doping have been mainly concerned with questions of the justifiability of doping. The practice of assigning responsibility for doping behaviour has chiefly been individual-based, focusing mainly on the individual athlete’s doping behaviour. The overarching aim of this thesis is to investigate the relevance and the importance of the ideas of responsibility in relation to ethical debates on doping. The more specific aim is to examine the possibility of broadening the scope of responsibility beyond the individual athlete, and to sketch a theoretical framework within which this expansion could be accommodated. In the first study, it is argued that bioethicists have a moral/professional responsibility to start out from a realistic and up-to-date view of genetics in ethical debates on gene doping, and that good bioethics requires good empirics. In study 2, the role played by affective processes in influencing athletes’ attitudes towards doping behaviour is investigated, both on an individual and on a collective level. It is concluded that an exclusive focus on individual-level rule violation and sanctions may entail overlooking the greater social picture and would prove to be ineffective in the long term. In study 3, the common doping-is-cheating arguments are examined and it is argued that they fail to capture vital features of people’s moral responses to doping behaviour. An alternative account of cheating in sport is presented in terms of failure to manifest good will and respect. It is concluded that putting cheating in the broader context of human interpersonal relationships makes evident the need to broaden the scope of moral responsibility and agency beyond the individual athlete. In study 4, the particular case of assigning responsibility for doping to sports physicians is used to examine the current individual-based approach to responsibility. This approach underestimates the scope of the responsibility by leaving out a range of other actors from the discourse of responsibility. The central conclusion of the thesis is that transforming the current doping culture requires broadening the scope of responsibility to include individuals and groups of individuals other than the athletes themselves.
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Mossmann, Jannis. « Corporate social responsibility in the modern world-system - a case study of German Automobile Corporations’ social and environmental responsibilities in South Africa ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4231.
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Venemyr, Henrik, et Per Johan Ericson. « Corporate Social Responsibility : whose responsibility is it ? » Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-475.
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Introduction: The society is becoming more aware of the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) work. CSR has also be-come a competitive tool in order to reach out to potential cus-tomers. There are also many definitions of what CSR actually means. These are things that makes it interesting to find out how multinational corporations, who has a lot of power, per-ceive and work with CSR, as well as what can be done to make corporations work more with CSR.
Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe what CSR as a con-cept means, whose responsibility it is, as well as why corpora-tions work with it. We also intend to find out what it takes to make CSR a more prevailing and decisive instrument for cor-porations?
Method: We conducted six unstructed interviews with multinational corporations in Sweden.
Conclusion: Today the phenomena of CSR has no unified definition, this is why we believe that a definition that is precise in describing what CSR is can be useful. We think that transparency is something important since information provided to the pub-lic, provides consumers and stakeholders with power to make information based investment, and purchase decisions. We have also concluded that we think that the most important factor in driving the CSR work forward and making it grow in size, is to make consumers reward the corporations that per-form well in their CSR activities.
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Child, Russell. « Is all moral responsibility ultimately individual responsibility ? » Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2018. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/300/.
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The way people naturally talk about groups suggests they can be held morally responsible in their own right. People speak of blaming the banks for the global financial crisis while praising Oxfam for its charitable endeavours. In spite of this there is a clear tendency in contemporary philosophy to limit moral responsibility to individuals, thereby denying the existence and relevance of collective moral responsibility in general and the moral responsibility of groups like corporations, states and international institutions in particular. In this thesis I develop an account of responsibility that applies to both collectives and individuals. In particular I focus on developing an account of collective responsibility that is non-distributive. My account does not deny individual responsibility. Nor does it seek to replace individualistic accounts. It is intended to provide and additional layer of moral responsibility. I am particularly interested in scenarios where the harms are mediated by social and institutional structures leading to structural injustice occurring when organisations, institutions or governments discriminate directly or implicitly against certain groups of people to limit their rights. This is important because some of the most serious contemporary harms result from structural injustice, which is a form of injustice where the harms are not traceable to individual wrongdoers. Hence the need for a collectivist account of moral responsibility. Exclusively individualistic accounts of structural injustice do not fully incorporate the many other responsible collectives like states, international institutions and transnational corporations. I also consider the distinction between guilt and responsibility. Some theorists have a favourable view of guilt as it applies to collectives and/or individuals arguing that it has an instrumental value. My account of collective responsibility is sympathetic to this view of guilt but only as it applies to individuals. In which case the issue of distribution does not arise for guilt.
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Hooper, R. S. « The responsibility to implement 'The Responsibility to Protect' ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604216.
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The Responsibility to Protect offers a morally based policy that places a new responsibility on the international community to protect populations from extremes of harm caused by governments. From the policy’s text, the reason for action seems to lie, most fundamentally, in an expression of ‘our common humanity’. However, The Responsibility to Protect does not offer any justification for its proposals. It responds to the question ‘what ought to be done?’ but answers the question ‘what can be done?’ leaving in between a gap in the moral credibility of action. The thesis explores what this lack of philosophical underpinning means to the persuasive power of the policy. The thesis then examines the claim of sovereignty as responsibility and finds it confused and incomplete and lacking the detail necessary for coherent implementation. It uses the Aristotelian square of opposition to investigate the tripartite nature of the new responsibilities to prevent and rebuild. Finally, the thesis investigates the policy’s apparent assumption that an ethically based policy of humanitarian intervention can be appropriately guided by the ethical rules of war. It asks if war and humanitarian intervention are the same thing and finds that they are not. It then explores the incoherence created by using the Just War Tradition for guide R2P. If The Responsibility to Protect offers no greater generation of will and effective action to humanitarian intervention than the current ad hoc process does, its establishment as UN policy becomes a pyrrhic victory. It will result in further anomalies in response by the UN, and consequent damage to the reputation and credibility of the UN as the guardian of international peace and security.
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FERNANDES, RITA DE CASSIA CALDEIRAS VILAS. « MORAL RESPONSIBILITY AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY : CHOICE OR LEVY ? » PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=28306@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
O presente estudo visa oferecer uma reflexão originária sobre responsabilidade moral e responsabilidade legal. A responsabilidade moral será baseada no tomismo, especificamente na Doutrina do Duplo Efeito. Quanto à responsabilidade legal, abordaremos a moralidade do direito em Lon Fuller. No capítulo primeiro estudaremos a Doutrina do Duplo Efeito, também chamada de Teoria do Duplo Efeito, que tem as suas raízes na filosofia moral tomista, estudando as condições em que uma ação com bons e maus resultados é moralmente permissível. No segundo capítulo, estudaremos sobre o direito e sua moralidade, onde iremos tomar como base o conceito de direito natural segundo Lon Fuller. Verificaremos que Fuller considera que a qualidade do direito dependerá de sua moralidade interna. Por fim, no terceiro capítulo, baseada na obra de Lon Fuller: O caso dos exploradores de cavernas, traremos a resenha da obra e, traremos uma análise do livro sob o ponto de vista da DDE e sob o ponto de vista do Direito Penal brasileiro. Concluiremos este estudo falando sobre a escolha e sua responsabilidade moral e a responsabilidade legal e a imposição da lei.
The present study aims to offer a reflection on moral responsibility and legal responsibility. Moral responsibility will be based on thomism, specifically in Doctrine of double effect. With regard to legal responsibility, we will discuss the morality of law in Lon Fuller. In the first chapter we will study the Doctrine of double effect, also known as Theory of double effect, which has its roots in thomistic moral philosophy, by studying the conditions under which an action with good and bad results is morally permissible. In the second chapter, we will study about law and its morality, where we will take as basis for the concept of natural law according to Lon Fuller. We will notice that Fuller considers that the quality of law will depend on its internal morality. Finally, in the third chapter, based on the work of Lon Fuller: The case of the exploiters of cave, we will introduce a summary of the work and an analysis of the book under the Doctrine of double effect s point of view and criminal law Brazilian s either. We will complete this study speaking of the choice and its moral responsibility and the legal responsibility and the levy of law.
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Nilsson, Klara. « Corporate Social Responsibility : How Corporate is the Responsibility ? » Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75124.
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Bakgrund: Allt fler företag har idag erkänt betydelsen av att ta ett ökat samhällsansvar, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), samt att regelbundet kommunicera arbetet med deras intressenter. Då CSR saknar en enhetlig definition och därmed också en enhetlig modell att arbeta efter, skapar det emellertid oklarheter vad arbetet ska leda till. CSR kan då omfamnas av företag som enbart ser arbetet som ett PR-trick och gör symboliska handlingar för att utåt sett uppfattas som goda samhällsmedborgare. Det kan därför ifrågasättas hur väl CSR-arbetet integreras i kärnverksamheten. Det har dock kommit allt fler lagkrav och standarder inom området, vilket potentiellt kan skapa en tydligare ram men även ett annat synsätt. Syfte: Denna studie har som syfte att få en ökad förståelse över CSR som begrepp för att sedan se hur företagen arbetar för att integrera CSR i kärnverksamheten och varför. Studien ser även till påverkan av ökad reglering, för att se om företags syn på CSR har förändrats. Metod: Studien har huvudsakligen en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med en deduktiv ansats då studien tar avstamp i tidigare studier. De företag som studerats är Lammhult Design Group AB och Electra AB. Som datainsamlingsmetod har det genomförts semistrukturerade intervjuer med ansvariga personer, men det har även skickats ut en medarbetarundersökning i form av en enkät. I studien har jag dessutom inhämtat information från fallföretagens hemsidor samt års- och hållbarhetsredovisningar. Resultat och slutsats: Det är inte lika viktigt att finna en enhetlig definition av CSR i dagens samhälle. CSR som begrepp har dessutom allt mer kommit att ersättas av hållbarhet som anses vara ett vidare begrepp. Vidare är det en långsam process att integrera CSR i kärnverksamheten, där intern CSR-röst, utbildning, rutiner och information är av särskild vikt. Genom att ha ett hållbarhetsarbete i framkant och se det som värdeskapande kan företag undvika påtryckning vid potentiella händelser såsom lagkrav.Background: Today, most companies have recognized the importance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and regularly communicating the work with stakeholders. Since CSR lacks a uniform definition and thus also a uniform model to work for, it creates uncertainties about the purpose of the work. Companies who only do symbolic actions to be perceived as good citizens of the community can then use CSR as PR. It can therefore be questioned how well CSR is integrated into the core business. However, it has been an increasing number of legal requirements and standards in the area, potentially creating a clearer framework but also another approach. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to gain a greater understanding of CSR as a concept and then see how companies work to integrate CSR into core business and why. The study also looks at the impact of increased regulation, to see if views on CSR have changed. Method: The study has primarily a qualitative research strategy with a deductive approach that stands on previous studies. The companies studied are Lammhult Design Group AB and Electra AB. As a data collection method, I have conducted semi-structured interviews with responsible managers, but also a staff survey. I have also used the homepages websites and annual and sustainability reports. Outcome and conclusion: It is not as important to find a unified definition of CSR in today's society. The concept of CSR has been replaced by sustainability, which is considered as a broader term. Furthermore, it is a slow process of integrating CSR into core business, where internal voice, education, routines and information are of particular importance. By maintaining sustainability at the forefront companies can avoid pressure such as legal requirements.
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Goetze, Trystan S. « Conceptual responsibility ». Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22026/.
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This thesis concerns our moral and epistemic responsibilities regarding our concepts. I argue that certain concepts can be morally, epistemically, or socially problematic. This is particularly concerning with regard to our concepts of social kinds, which may have both descriptive and evaluative aspects. Being ignorant of certain concepts, or possessing mistaken conceptions, can be problematic for similar reasons, and contributes to various forms of epistemic injustice. I defend an expanded view of a type of epistemic injustice known as ‘hermeneutical injustice’, where widespread conceptual ignorance puts members of marginalized groups at risk of their distinctive and important experiences lacking intelligible interpretations. Together, I call the use of problematic concepts or the ignorance of appropriate concepts ‘conceptual incapacities’. I discuss the conditions under which we may be responsible for our conceptual incapacities on several major theories of responsibility, developing my own account of responsibility in the process, according to which we are responsible for something just in case it was caused by one of our reasons-responsive constitutive psychological traits. However, I argue that regardless of whether we are responsible for something, we may still be required to take responsibility for it. Whether or not we are responsible for our conceptual incapacities, we are required to reflect critically upon them in a variety of scenarios that throw our use of those concepts into question. I consider the method of conceptual engineering — the philosophical critique and revision of concepts — as one way we might take responsibility for our concepts, or at least, defer that duty to experts. But, this top-down model of conceptual revision is insufficient. Using a pragmatist model of the social epistemology of morality, I argue that conceptual inquiry is a social endeavour in which we are all required to participate, to some degree.
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Brown, Alexander Colin. « Individual responsibility ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445378/.
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When, and how far, should individuals assume responsibility for their own disadvantages themselves, and when, in contrast to this, is it right for society as a collective body to try to remedy or mitigate disadvantage? Some theorists argue that in so far as disadvantages result from voluntary choices, they should be borne by the agents themselves and do not raise a case of justice for public assistance. This criterion is plausible in some cases but far from self-evident in others. In reality, people often fail to make the kinds of choices about what to do that we might hope for yet this does not necessarily make it right for them to abrogate responsibility entirely. And even where a voluntary choice has been made by the individual, it is not obviously right in every case for the individual to bear all the consequences. It is argued that in order to fully account for common intuitions in this area we must appeal to a more inclusive theory of responsibility that takes in a number of criteria of justice including, but not exhausted by, the presence or absence of voluntary choice. In addition to this, however, it is argued that, though important, justice is not the only reason why responsibility matters. We also care about individual responsibility because of its associations with human flourishing and because of the alleged moral value of autonomous choice. Whilst this pluralistic view of the value of individual responsibility can make it harder to arrive at definitive prescriptions about which social policies best advance our concerns, it is nevertheless possible to draw at least some policy conclusions. One important conclusion is that sometimes it is better not to hold individuals responsible for their past choices by denying them aid now, so that they might be better able to assume individual responsibility at a later date.
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Kleinrichert, Denise. « Responsibility and practice in notions of corporate social responsibility ». [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001893.
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Kehrwald, Jane. « Learner autonomy in the LOTE classroom : a case study of teacher and student beliefs about roles and responsibilities ». University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Education, 2005. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00003184/.
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[Abstract]: Learner autonomy in language learning has been described as the ability to take charge of one’s own learning by determining the objectives, defining the contents and progressions, selecting methods and techniques to be used, monitoring the procedure of acquisition and evaluating what has been acquired (Holec, 1979). Few would doubt that learner autonomy in language learning is a positive thing and can lead to learners who are more proficient in the target language. These sentiments are echoed in many language programs, which have as their explicitly stated goal the development of autonomous, self-directed learners. This project is a pilot study with the aim of investigating one such program: the Languages Other Than English (LOTE) (Indonesian) program at a regional public high school.Taking a collective case study approach this investigation sought to determine two LOTE (Indonesian) learners’ and their teacher’s beliefs about roles and responsibilities in the language learning process and how these beliefs are translated into their teaching and learning behaviour. Prior to any interventions aimed at facilitating the transfer of responsibility for the management of the learning process from the teacher to the learner, it is essential to access learners’ and teachers’ beliefs and attitudes as these have a profound impact on their learning and teaching behaviour and erroneous beliefs may lead to less effective approaches to learning, ultimately impacting on learners’ success in language learning (Horwitz, 1987).The data, collected through structured interviews and classroom observations, suggest that the subjects simultaneously exhibit characteristics consistent with and in contradiction to the profiles of autonomous learners and of a teacher who engages in pedagogy aimed at the development of autonomous learners. The two LOTE learners’ beliefs, and their learning behaviour, suggest that they defer responsibility to the teacher for the technical aspects of their learning, such as identifying learning objectives and topics, selecting learning activities and resources. On the other hand, through their expressed beliefs, and from the observed lessons, it appears that the two learners accept some level responsibility for reflecting and evaluating their learning and fully accept responsibility for maintaining their interest and motivations in learning the LOTE. While the LOTE learners defer responsibility for the technical aspects of their learning to their LOTE teacher, the LOTE teacher herself defers responsibility to the LOTE syllabus. However, the LOTE teacher was observediiiworking with learners, helping them to evaluate and reflect upon their learning and maintaining their interest and motivation in learning the LOTE.Recommendations for pedagogy to promote the development of learner autonomy and further research are presented.
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Elford, Gideon. « Equality, responsibility and desert : a defence of responsibility sensitive egalitarianism ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543687.
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Dummett, Kel, et kel_123@yahoo com. « Corporate Environmental Responsibility ». RMIT University. Architecture and Design, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090501.144600.
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This thesis uses document analysis and semi-structured personal interviews to look at current strategies and policies of major companies to manage the life cycle environmental risks associated with their products and processes, which I refer to as corporate environmental responsibility (CER); The thesis also explores what some national governments are and could be doing to encourage greater environmental responsibility from companies. As environmentalists and climate scientists have been warning for decades, and now world leaders are coming to realise, the world faces serious environmental challenges, none more urgent than climate change. A failure to act to mitigate the risks associated with this one challenge, as Stern (2006, pii) asserts �could create risks of major disruptions to economic and social activity�. A major proportion of the world�s environmental problems can be attributed directly to production, use and disposal of products (Tukker & Jansen, 2006), and as this thesis will argue, national government policies to encourage or force greater environmental responsibility from producers are required to reduce risks and mitigate impacts. In recent decades national governments have been reluctant to intervene in the market place, preferring to rely on voluntary mechanisms, but as will be discussed in greater detail, there is now an increasingly critical voice (Zarsky, Roht-Ariaza & Brottem, 2002; Hirschland, 2003; Archer & Piper, 2003; Vogel 2005; Hay et al, 2005) that questions the effectiveness of voluntary corporate responsibility as it is currently practiced, which subsequently raises the question: what role national governments, and international governance should take? The primary data sources for this thesis are personal interviews with senior business leaders from 25 major companies, recorded public speeches, both web and non-web based corporate public relations material, and personal interviews with key academics in the field, environmentalists and corporate analysts, conducted mainly between 2002 and 2004. The analysis of this data has sought to investigate the attitudes of major companies to: - corporate environmental responsibility, though some interrelated aspects of social responsibility are also considered; - what drives them to take greater responsibility to reduce their environmental risks; - government policies, especially possible legislation to encourage and/or force CER. In addition through case studies of: - one industry sector - two major companies, and - one industry sector pilot study; as well as secondary research on several other companies, this thesis investigates what some companies are saying and doing about corporate environmental responsibility. This will lead to a short discussion of the degree to which these companies� rhetoric of responsibility matches their actions � that is how much they are �walking the talk�. The thesis also looks at the current potential of national governments in encouraging and/or forcing greater CER, then contrasts the development and implementation of national policies for CER in Australia with those in Europe, focussing on CER as it relates to products in the electrical and electronics industry. The thesis concludes with some observations and suggestions on policies of major companies and of national governments, as well as international governance, to encourage greater CER.
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Topornycky, Joseph Stephen. « Personhood and responsibility ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42884.
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Understanding human behavior as caused by some combination of genetics,
environment, and upbringing is often taken to undermine the belief that human beings can be truly morally responsible. The root of this problem is in
an apparent conflict between the casual thesis and the idea of human beings
as persons that is premised in moral responsibility. I argue that this con-
flict is based on two related misunderstandings. Understood properly, moral
responsibility is grounded in our affective responses to others modified by a
reflective understanding of those responses under the idea of self-government according to standards. It is through a commitment to those standards that we come to be persons, understood as a distinct moral category.
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Lake, Christopher. « Egalitarianism and responsibility ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363632.
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Crispo, Bruno. « Delegation of responsibility ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624433.
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McTernan, Emily Miriam. « Equality and responsibility ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648488.
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Cogley, Charles Zachary. « Responsibility and Manipulation ». The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275370229.
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Warmke, Brandon. « Forgiveness and Responsibility ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/333086.
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In Forgiveness and Responsibility, I investigate the nature and norms of moral forgiveness. The standard account of forgiveness claims that forgiving is (or at least requires) the overcoming of resentment. I argue, however, that there is no single way to forgive and so no non-trivial set of necessary and sufficient conditions for forgiveness. I identify the prototypical manifestation of forgiveness, using it to explain the diversity of our forgiveness practices. Prototypical manifestations of forgiveness are cases of directed forgiveness, in which one takes up a certain kind of forgiving attitude towards a wrongdoer and overtly manifests that attitude, most notably by a speech act. This speech act crucially involves the victim relinquishing certain of her rights to blame the wrongdoer, as well as releasing the wrongdoer from certain kinds of personal obligations to the victim. Other modes of forgiveness are understood as extensions of the prototype to the extent that they share either the interior, psychological features or the exterior, behavioral features of directed forgiveness. I conclude by arguing that in order to preserve certain intuitive views about the norms bearing on forgiveness, our best theories of forgiveness should hold that: (1) forgiving is prototypically under one's voluntary control; (2) wrongdoers cannot obligate their victims to forgive them; and (3) forgiving alters the norms of interaction between victim and wrongdoer.
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Lee, Keum-Jung. « Trends in facility management responsibilities ». Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01242009-063120/.
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McKeown, M. C. « Responsibility without guilt : a Youngian approach to responsibility for global injustice ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1463742/.
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What responsibilities do individuals have in relation to global injustice? Iris Young argues that all agents “connected” to global structural injustice bear political responsibility, rather than moral responsibility; the difference being that political responsibility is non-blameworthy, shared and forward-looking, whereas moral responsibility entails blameworthiness, isolates particular agents for censure and is backward-looking. Thus, individuals are not guilty of wrongdoing but they bear responsibility for global injustice. Young’s argument is intuitively appealing and influential, however it is underdeveloped. In this thesis, I aim to develop Young’s account into a coherent theory of individuals’ responsibilities for global injustice, by reconstructing her core insights and critically developing the aspects that lack clarity and coherence. Young does not sufficiently distinguish political from moral responsibility. In Part One, I argue that there are two kinds of moral responsibility: relational moral responsibility, which refers to the traditional account of directly causing harm with intent and knowledge – what Young calls the “liability model” of responsibility; and moral responsibility as virtue, of which political responsibility is a particular kind. I strengthen Young’s argument that ordinary individuals cannot bear relational moral responsibility for global injustice, because they perpetuate structural injustice inadvertently, unintentionally or unavoidably, but that they should cultivate the virtue of political responsibility to participate in collective action for change. Young conceives of political responsibility as a responsibility for justice. In Part Two, I assess this claim. For Young, individuals’ behaviour reproduces unjust social-structural processes, thus individuals have a responsibility for justice. I contrast this to Rawlsian “dualism”, whereby responsibility for justice is institutional. I characterize sweatshop labour as a form of global structural exploitation. Political responsibility is triggered by “connection” to such an injustice, which I define as the reproduction of unjust structures or dependency on oppression.
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Bowers, Gemma. « The origins of inflated responsibility : an investigation into the relationship between adaptive responsibility and responsibility appraisals in young people ». Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521022.
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Background Inflated responsibility is a cognitive distortion that is characteristic of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and plays a crucial role in maintaining it (Salkovskis et at., 2000). The origins of inflated responsibility are uncertain, although Salkovskis, Shafran, Rachman, and Freeston (1999) proposed five hypotheses. Two of these related to experiences of excessive or insufficient levels of adaptive responsibility in childhood. With no existing measure of this `adaptive' responsibility, an initial aim of the study was to develop a measure to assess the responsibilities performed by young people. Then, the relationships between young people's adaptive responsibility, and parents' and young people's inflated responsibility and OCD symptomotology were investigated. Method The study used a cross sectional correlational design with a non-clinical population of young people (11 - 16years), and one of their parents (N = 67 dyads). All participants completed measures of inflated responsibility, OCD, and the adaptive responsibility of the young person. Results Responses on the new measure of adaptive responsibility were normally distributed, indicating that it adequately addressed the range of responsibilities across the 11-16 year age range. In contrast to the hypotheses, no significant relationships were found between high or low levels of adaptive responsibility and inflated responsibility or OCD symptoms in parents or young people. The exception was a significant difference in child-rated adaptive responsibility between those who scored high and low on the OCD-interference scale of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version (Berg et al., 1988). Although parents' OCD was not related to young people's OCD or young people's inflated responsibility, parents' inflated responsibility was associatedw ith young people's inflated responsibility. Conclusions The results partially support the cognitive model of inflated responsibility in OCD, in both adults and young people. The relationship found between parents' and young people's inflated responsibility warrants further investigation. Methodological weaknesses must be acknowledged in interpreting the results and future research with larger samples is required to further explore the origins of inflated responsibility beliefs.
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Southam, Peter. « The origins of inflated responsibility : investigating the relationship between adaptive responsibility, inflated responsibility and obsessive compulsive symptoms in young people ». Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2013. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/68081/.
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Background and Objectives: Inflated responsibility is proposed to be a central concept in the development and maintenance of obsessive compulsive symptoms (Salkovskis, 1985). Five pathways to inflated responsibility have been proposed (Salkovskis et al., 1999) but have largely remained untested. Two of these pathways refer to experiences of having insufficient or excessive amounts of typical everyday childhood or ‘adaptive’ responsibilities. These two pathways were tested by the current study be examining the relationships between adaptive responsibilities, inflated responsibilities, and obsessive compulsive symptoms. Method: The study used a cross-sectional correlational questionnaire design to assess for levels of adaptive responsibilities, inflated responsibilities, and obsessive compulsive symptoms in 134 young people aged between 11 and 16 years, and one of their parents. Results: Significant positive associations were observed between levels of inflated responsibility and obsessive compulsive symptoms in young people and parents. There was also a significant positive relationship between child and parent ratings of adaptive responsibility. However, no relationships were observed between adaptive responsibility and inflated responsibility, or obsessive compulsive symptoms. Additionally, there were no between group differences observed for groups scoring high or low in levels of adaptive responsibility, inflated responsibility, or obsessive compulsive symptoms Conclusion: Findings appeared to support the inflated responsibility hypothesis of OCD in childhood and extend support to a downward extension of adult models of OCD to children. However, the findings did not support the notion of childhood experiences of insufficient or excessive amounts of adaptive responsibilities to be implicated in the development of OC symptoms. Methodological flaws limit the generalisability of these findings and further research may benefit from considering accumulative or interactions of experiences on the pathways hypothesised by Salkovskis et al. (1999).
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Fennessey, Jo-Ann. « Whistleblowing : Responsibility and accountability Does responsibility and accountability really exist in Canada ? » Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28884.
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Reynolds, Sadie. « Investigating HR : its role and responsibilities ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557103.
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The thesis explores Human Resources in terms of its current role and responsibilities. It investigates whether or not the move from the title of the function from Personnel to Human Resources is an indication of a change of role. Perceptions of how HR sees itself and how it is seen by the other departments in the organisation have been elIcited in order to clarify the current situation. The data were collected using face-to-face interviews, focus groups and a postal questionnaire. In all, 232 interviews were held with the staff of five organisations, 42 HR staff took part in three focus groups, and self-response questionnaires were posted to 1,230 employees in 21 companies questionnaires and 206 responses were received. As the main thrust of the research was qualitative, the thesis does not suggest that the findings can be generalised. What can be said, however, is that the views of the 480 individuals who provided information concerning their HR department leans towards the negative. The central findings take the form of two paradoxes - firstly, while the other departments have firm views of what the role and responsibilities of their HR department are, they also maintain that they know nothing about their HR department and its services, and secondly, while the other departments state that their HR department is very necessary to the finn's wellbeing, they also declare that the firm woul~ manage just as well if the entire HR department were outsourced. These ne¥atIve perceptions that staff hold of their HR department produce a demoralising effect on an HR department's role and relationships within its organisation. It w?uld .seem that a repositioning of HR within its organisation is necessary so that the fu~ctlOn can be viewed as it wishes to be seen - as an innovate, value-adding, proactI.ve and important part of the organisation, providing services and advice app:eclated at all levels from the Board of Directors down to the shop t100r or its eqUivalent.
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Wright, Simon Robert. « British policing : future roles and responsibilities ». Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311208.
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Smith, Liesl Ann Lynn. « Revisiting human responsibilities : prospects and challenges ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13947.
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Since the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) (1948), the extent to which individuals should bear responsibilities for the fulfilment of universal human rights has been a contentiously debated subject. Despite conflicting value-based claims, the approach of international human rights law traditionally has been to recognise states as primary obligation bearers. While the UDHR focuses primarily on state obligations, deliberately unspecified duties of individuals are included under Article 29(1). The meaning of these duties has remained contested, often by relativist critics claiming that a stronger focus on responsibilities would provide a more balanced approach to human rights. The end of the Cold War brought a renewed interest in the normative potential of human rights and a parallel renewal of relativist objections to the universality of the UDHR. In this context transnational campaigns have emerged to advocate for a universal declaration of human responsibilities complementary to the UDHR. The issue has received attention from a number of initiatives, including those of United Nations bodies and agencies and of nongovernmental organisations. The most prominent of these initiatives have received firm opposition from influential Western state and non-state actors. Approaching the topic from a constructivist perspective, this dissertation draws on the social movement literature on the international political opportunity structure to argue that the activities of opponents to human responsibilities initiatives, particularly their framing of human responsibilities as having the potential to undermine and weaken the international human rights framework, have constrained the political opportunities available to human responsibilities campaigns.
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de, Campos Thana Cristina. « Responsibilities for the global health crisis ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3e22ef01-09ec-435c-8264-ae05d6a371ba.
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This thesis aims to provide a framework for analyzing the moral responsibilities of global agents in what I call the Global Health Crisis (GHC), with special attention devoted to the moral responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies. The main contribution of this thesis is to provide a general account of the moral responsibilities of different global players, mapping the different kinds of duties they have, their content and force, and their relation to the responsibilities of other relevant actors in the GHC. I also apply this account to current debates surrounding the need for reforms to the international legal rules addressing the GHC, notably the TRIPs regime. In doing so, this thesis will discuss the allocation of responsibilities for the GHC among different global players, such as state and non-state actors, the latter including pharmaceutical companies. In order to investigate the allocation of duties, I will first analyze the object of such allocation which constitutes the object of the current GHC (Part A); then the agents responsible for addressing this crisis (Part B); and finally, existing institutional alternatives to reform the international legal rules addressing the GHC, such as the TRIPs regime (Part C).
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Nelson, Gillian. « Global climate justice and China's responsibilities ». Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2879.
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This research develops a distinctive theory of climate justice that addresses important gaps in the existing literature, and provides an account of China’s ethical responsibilities in the context of climate change. China is the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases and a key actor in international climate negotiations. The Chinese Government has offered various arguments to justify its current climate policy, which includes a commitment to reduce the energy intensity of the Chinese economy while rejecting an absolute limit on Chinese emissions. This research critically examines five key aspects of the Chinese position: (1) the bearers of climate responsibilities are states; (2) the right to development should excuse developing states from binding emissions limits; (3) consumers should be held responsible for the embedded emissions in the goods that they consume; (4) developed states bear more responsibility for tackling climate change because of their greater historic emissions; and (5) China can fulfil its climate responsibilities by reducing the energy intensity of its economy. Cumulatively, this analysis produces a distinctive theory of climate justice and an accompanying account of China’s climate responsibilities. More specifically, this thesis defends a Revised Beneficiary Pays Principle, which takes into account: (1) distinctions between subsistence, development and luxury benefits; (2) the degree to which benefits have been voluntarily accepted; and (3) the degree of influence that beneficiaries might have had over the quantity of emissions generated. Based upon the proposed theory of climate justice, the thesis offers a qualified defence of China’s commitment to reduce emissions intensity in the context of a fair global climate agreement.
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Hall, Barbara Jean 1956. « On reproduction : Rights, responsibilities and males ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288746.
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In this dissertation, I have analyzed some of the problems associated with male reproduction. I discuss basic notions regarding the origin of parental rights concluding that whatever rights parents have regarding their children arise because of the biological connection between the parents and child. A biological parent has prima facie rights to his child because that parent has property-type rights to his own body. I suggest that parental responsibilities automatically incur whenever the conception of a child is intentional or voluntary, or when conception is the result of negligent or reckless sexual activity. Only when procreation is involuntary does automatically delegating parental responsibilities to a male seem morally problematic. The category of acts which would constitute involuntary procreation, however, is very narrow. I discuss morally problematic issues that arise when a child is born against the wishes of the male progenitor. Focusing specifically on the issue of child support, I conclude that the father should have some responsibility for the support of the child. The only time for which the imposition of parental responsibilities upon a reluctant father is morally questionable would involve the fraudulent misrepresentation of the female regarding her use of contraceptives, combined with some affirmative action by her to undermine the male's attempted effort at contraception. Finally, I discuss the moral and legal implications of a woman's decision to obtain an abortion against the wishes of the potential father. I conclude that her abortion could seriously harm the male's procreation interests. But, given the vital role women have in the reproductive process, women should possess rights (regarding their bodies and reproduction) superior to those males might possess. The evolution of reproductive technology, however, has made these greater rights a contingent fact.
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Hamilton, Elizabeth Anne. « Coercion, responsibility, and discourse ». Diss., [Riverside, Calif.] : University of California, Riverside, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=2019836961&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1274292798&clientId=48051.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2010.Includes abstract. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 19, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.
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Adestam, Carina, et Sofia Gunnmo. « CSR : Structure for Responsibility ». Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, EMM (Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Management), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1362.
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Many organisational flaws are consequences of unsuitable structure arrangements that do not support the organisation in its work towards goal accomplishment. The appropriateness of the structure is determined by how well it allows the organisation to respond to the environment in which it is active. Furthermore, an organisation is divided into parts with their own requirements on the structure. CSR is a concept that enables for a wider perspective of how to conduct business, thereby strengthening the link between the organisation and the external society. It addresses the issues of how a company can create sustainable wealth through behaving in a responsible way where a high responsiveness to the environment is crucial. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to describe and analyse how the organisational social structure of the CSR work can help and enhance such engagement.
An abductive approach have steered the authors when conducting this study. Qualitative data is explicitly used, gathered through interviews with representatives from ABB and Skanska. The data derived from these interviews provides a picture of what, why and how the two companies have chosen to work with CSR issues as well as how they have chosen to structure the work. Using the theoretical frame and the empirical data an analyse of the characteristics and arguments for CSR and the cultural, motivational and structural aspects led to the identification of requirements that this work place on the structure and how ABB and Skanska handle these requirements.
The objective of CSR is to be able to assess the business impact on the society and from that standpoint create a way to handle those impacts. Therefore the work is different from company to company but with common requirements on the structure where some are, local responsiveness, creativity and unified work. To answer to these requirements the structure should preferable have the characteristics of horizontal differentiation and specialisation on group level, an integration based on both human interaction and documents where standardisation should be avoided. This implies that the requirements of CSR are best met when the mechanic and the organic structure meet. An organic organisation needs mechanical traits to allow for the guidelines, directives and responsibilities to be defined in order to reach a unified picture. The mechanical on the other hand needs organic characteristics to support and allow for continuous improvements and work that takes local conditions into account.
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Hildebrand, Carl H. « Kant and Moral Responsibility ». Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20641.
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This project is primarily exegetical in nature and aims to provide a rational reconstruction of the concept of moral responsibility in the work of Immanuel Kant, specifically in his Critique of Pure Reason (CPR), Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (GR), and Critique of Practical Reason (CPrR). It consists of three chapters – the first chapter interprets the concept of freedom that follows from the resolution to the Third Antinomy in the CPR. It argues that Kant is best understood here to be providing an unusual but cogent, compatibilist account of freedom that the author terms meta-compatibilism. The second chapter examines the GR and CPrR to interpret the theory of practical reason and moral agency that Kant develops in these works. This chapter concludes by evaluating what has been established about Kant’s ideas of freedom and moral agency at that point in the project, identifying some problems and objections in addition to providing some suggestions for how Kantian ethics might be adapted within a consequentialist framework. The third chapter argues that, for Kant, there are two necessary and jointly sufficient conditions (in addition to a compatibilist definition of freedom) that must obtain for an individual to qualify as responsible for her actions.
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Hanson, Craig A. « Addiction Rationality and responsibility / ». Related electronic resource : Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.
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Tebbe, Thomas F. « Responsibility in pastoral counseling ». Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1985. http://www.tren.com.
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Watkins, Jeremy. « Equality, responsibility, and wrongdoing ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273449.
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Gardner, John. « Responsibility and practical evaluation ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319064.
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Ibrahim, Noor Aireen. « Constructing blame and responsibility : ». Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490147.
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van, Zwol Erik. « Responsibility, spontaneity and liberty ». Thesis, University of Canterbury. Humanities, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5763.
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Isaiah Berlin maintains that there are two distinct forms of freedom or liberty: negative and positive. Berlin’s principal claim is that negative liberty does not require that the self be somehow separate from the empirical world (causally aloof, or an originator of causal chains). My principal claim is that to be an agent is to be committed to a separation of self in this sense, thus that the self for its very being requires to possess a species of positive liberty. This conception proceeds in part from Immanuel Kant’s claim that there is a separation between spontaneity and receptivity. Commitment to this assertion allows there to be an understood distinction between the self as a spontaneous self-active agent that makes choices, and the self as a mere reactionary brute that does what it does by biological imperatives. In this thesis, I defend the view that negative liberty is subsumed under positive liberty: you cannot have the former without the latter. I am therefore taking a rationalist stance towards Berlin’s thinking. My methodology is to bring into consideration two perspectives upon the underlying normative principles within the space of reason. The first is of Kant’s understanding of the principle of responsibility and the activity of spontaneity; the second is John McDowell’s understanding of that principle and activity. The key claim of this thesis is that Berlin misunderstands what it is to be a chooser. To be a chooser is to be raised under the idea that one is an efficient cause; human children are brought up being held responsible for their reasons for acting. This principle allows mere animal being to be raised into the space of reason, where we live out a second nature in terms of reason. Using their conclusions I further investigate Berlin’s understanding of conceptual frameworks, taking particular interest in historic ‘universal’ conceptions that shape human lives. He too finds that that we are choosers is necessary for what it is to be human. I take his conclusion, and suggest that if he had had a clear understanding of the space of reason, the historic claim that we have choice would find a more solid footing in the principle of that space, in that we are responsible for our actions. I conclude that the upshot of understanding the ‘I’ as an originating efficient cause is that we treat ourselves as free from a universal determinism that Berlin himself disparages; and that the cost to Berlin is that all choice is necessarily the activity of a higher choosing self. It is part of a Liberal society’s valuing, by their societal commitment to, the ideology of raising our children to understand themselves as choosers, that we have choice at all. This is irrespective of whether that which fetters choice is internal or external to the agent, or of whether having self-conscious itself requires such a cultural emergence of second nature.
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Woodard, Christopher. « Justice, responsibility, and acquiescence ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/71249/.
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This thesis investigates the relationship between the concepts of justice and responsibility. It is important to decide what the relationship is, because the details of a theory of justice will depend on it. Four possible views of the relationship are outlined, and arguments are canvassed for and against one of them, which I call naturalism. Naturalism is appealing because it offers to make theories of justice independent of troubling agency-implicating judgements. But I argue that naturalism is false, because political argument, including theories of justice, cannot do without such judgements. They play an essential role in determining which range of possible actions or arrangements is relevant to a political argument. The argument against naturalism is in two parts. The first part analyses the concept of benefit, underlining the feature of that concept which makes agency-implicating judgements necessary for those who employ it. This first anti-naturalist argument is directed to arguments in ideal theory, in Rawls's sense of that term. The second part of the argument against naturalism is directed to deliberative arguments. Naturalism is, I claim, a much more plausible doctrine if it is understood to apply to such arguments in particular. But I argue that it is nevertheless false, because it leaves us unable to account for some of the reasons persons have for resisting acquiescence. Discussion of the rationality of acquiescence leads into discussion of the nature of deliberation. I argue that a feature of some consequentialist models of deliberation, which I call the hard-nosed view, must be rejected. I end with a comparison of the resulting view with Kant's ethics, and some variant forms of consequentialism.
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Maitra, Ishani 1974. « Silence, speech, and responsibility ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8150.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2002.Includes bibliographical references.
Pornography deserves special protections, it is often said, because it qualifies as speech; therefore, no matter what we think of it, we must afford it the protections that we extend to most speech, but don't extend to other actions. In response, it has been argued that the case is not so simple: one of the harms of pornography, it is claimed, is that it silences women's speech, thereby preventing women from deriving from speech the very benefits that warrant the special protections in the first place. This dissertation offers a way of making sense of the view that pornography silences women. In Chapter 1, I develop an account of silencing which, unlike other accounts of the same phenomenon, helps make clear why a speaker who is silenced is thereby deprived of the benefits that led us to place a special value on speech. In Chapter 2, I respond to an objection that purports to show that, even if women are silenced, pornography cannot be responsible: in fact, according to this objection, the responsibility for any instance of silencing cannot lie with any party other than the speaker and the audience involved. I show that this objection relies on an overly simplistic picture of what audiences can reasonably be required to do in a speech situation; I also offer an alternate picture, which leaves open the possibility that a speaker may be silenced in a context in which both she and her audience behave competently.
(cont.) In Chapter 3, I consider a view about the way in which pornography contributes to the silencing - and more generally, to the subordination - of women. I argue that this view fails because it is too individualistic: it ignores how the social and political context in which the pornography is consumed helps determine whether it subordinates. I then make some suggestions about what a more satisfactory view would be. Though pornography is the principal case study throughout this dissertation, much of what I say generalizes to other forms of representation that set limits on what speakers are able to convey. The main aim of my discussion is to contribute to the philosophical and feminist understanding of communication, by showing how an individual's social role can constrain her possibilities as a speaker.
by Ishani Maitra.
Ph.D.
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Claassens, Mareli Misha. « Responsibility in health care ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4280.
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Browne, Brynmor Tudor Davidson. « Human action and responsibility ». Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683115.
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Piovarchy, Adam James. « Situationism and Moral Responsibility ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21787.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines whether it is appropriate to blame the subjects who act wrongly in the situationist psychology experiments for their actions, focusing on the subjects in Milgram’s ‘Obedience to Authority’ studies. Both philosophers and psychologists currently lack any convincing explanation for why subjects in these experiments behave as they do. However, one promising avenue which has not been considered is to examine subjects’ perceived reasons for action. If subjects act differently to how we expect because they do not share our assessments of their reasons for action, this would explain their behaviour. The first part of this thesis argues that, given a number of sources of evidence from the situationist experiments, and other related experiments which philosophers have not considered, the best explanation of subjects’ wrongdoing is they had a reduced capacity to avoid wrongdoing. This entails that they are excused for their wrongdoing, and thus not blameworthy. The second part of this thesis sees what follows if the subjects in these experiments did possess the capacity to avoid wrongdoing, but simply didn’t exercise it. Given the high rates of wrongdoing in these studies, and consistent replication of results with subjects from number of social groups, we have strong evidence that most members of the moral community would also have committed wrongdoing in these experiments. Due to the relationship between standing to blame and hypocrisy, the fact most of us would have committed wrongdoing in these experiments undermines our standing to blame. In particular, we lack the normative authority to make second-personal demands when blaming.
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Piovarchy, Adam James. « Situationism and Moral Responsibility ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21792.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines whether it is appropriate to blame the subjects who act wrongly in the situationist psychology experiments for their actions, focusing on the subjects in Milgram’s ‘Obedience to Authority’ studies. Both philosophers and psychologists currently lack any convincing explanation for why subjects in these experiments behave as they do. However, one promising avenue which has not been considered is to examine subjects’ perceived reasons for action. If subjects act differently to how we expect because they do not share our assessments of their reasons for action, this would explain their behaviour. The first part of this thesis argues that, given a number of sources of evidence from the situationist experiments, and other related experiments which philosophers have not considered, the best explanation of subjects’ wrongdoing is they had a reduced capacity to avoid wrongdoing. This entails that they are excused for their wrongdoing, and thus not blameworthy. The second part of this thesis sees what follows if the subjects in these experiments did possess the capacity to avoid wrongdoing, but simply didn’t exercise it. Given the high rates of wrongdoing in these studies, and consistent replication of results with subjects from number of social groups, we have strong evidence that most members of the moral community would also have committed wrongdoing in these experiments. Due to the relationship between standing to blame and hypocrisy, the fact most of us would have committed wrongdoing in these experiments undermines our standing to blame. In particular, we lack the normative authority to make second-personal demands when blaming.