Articles de revues : « Remote sensing by radar »

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Miccinesi, Lapo, Alessandra Beni et Massimiliano Pieraccini. « UAS-Borne Radar for Remote Sensing : A Review ». Electronics 11, n^o 20 (15 octobre 2022) : 3324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203324.

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Since the 1950s, radar sensors have been widely used for the monitoring of the earth’s surface. The current radars for remote sensing can be divided into two main categories: Space/aerial-borne and ground-based systems. The unmanned aerial system (UAS) could bridge the gap between these two technologies. Indeed, UAS-borne radars can perform long scans (up to 100/200 m) in a brief time (a few minutes). From the 2010s, the interest in UAS-borne radars has increased in the research community, and it has led to the development of some commercial equipment and more than 150 papers. This review aims to present a study on the state-of-the-art of UAS-borne radars and to outline the future potential of this technology. In this work, the scientific literature was categorized in terms of application, purpose of the paper, radar technology, and type of UAS. In addition, a brief review of the main national UAS regulations is presented. The review on the technological state-of-the-art shows that there is currently no standard in terms of radar technology, and that the multi-helicopter could be the most used UAS in the near future. Moreover, the UAS-borne radar can be used for several remote sensing applications: From landmine detection to smart agriculture, and from archeological survey to research and rescue applications. Finally, the UAS-borne radar appears to be a mature technology, which is almost ready for industrialization. The main developmental limit may be found in the flight regulation, which does not allow for many operations and imposes strict limits on the payload weight.

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Griffiths, H. D. « Editorial. Remote sensing by radar ». IEE Proceedings F Radar and Signal Processing 139, n^o 2 (1992) : 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-2.1992.0013.

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Anderson, Stuart. « Remote Sensing of the Polar Ice Zones with HF Radar ». Remote Sensing 13, n^o 21 (31 octobre 2021) : 4398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214398.

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Radars operating in the HF band are widely used for over-the-horizon remote sensing of ocean surface conditions, ionospheric studies and the monitoring of ship and aircraft traffic. Several hundreds of such radars are in operation, yet only a handful of experiments have been conducted to assess the prospect of utilizing this technology for the remote sensing of sea ice. Even then, the measurements carried out have addressed only the most basic questions: is there ice present, and can we measure its drift? Recently the theory that describes HF scattering from the dynamic sea surface was extended to handle situations where an ice cover is present. With this new tool, it becomes feasible to interpret the corresponding radar echoes in terms of the structural, mechanical, and electrical properties of the ice field. In this paper we look briefly at ice sensing from space-borne sensors before showing how the persistent and synoptic wide area surveillance capabilities of HF radar offer an alternative. The dispersion relations of different forms of sea ice are examined and used in a modified implementation of the electromagnetic scattering theory employed in HF radar oceanography to compute the corresponding radar signatures. Previous and present-day HF radar deployments at high latitudes are reviewed, noting the physical and technical challenges that confront the implementation of an operational HF radar in its ice monitoring capability.

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Marzano, Frank S., Errico Picciotti, Mario Montopoli et Gianfranco Vulpiani. « Inside Volcanic Clouds : Remote Sensing of Ash Plumes Using Microwave Weather Radars ». Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94, n^o 10 (1 octobre 2013) : 1567–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00160.1.

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Microphysical and dynamical features of volcanic tephra due to Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions can be quantitatively monitored by using ground-based microwave weather radars. The methodological rationale and unique potential of this remote-sensing technique are illustrated and discussed. Volume data, acquired by ground-based weather radars, are processed to automatically classify and estimate ash particle concentration and fallout. The physical– statistical retrieval algorithm is based on a backscattering microphysical model of fine, coarse, and lapilli ash particles, used within a Bayesian classification and optimal estimation methodology. The experimental evidence of the usefulness and limitations of radar acquisitions for volcanic ash monitoring is supported by describing several case studies of volcanic eruptions all over the world. The radar sensitivity due to the distance and the system noise, as well as the various radar bands and configurations (i.e., Doppler and dual polarized), are taken into account. The discussed examples of radar-derived ash concentrations refer to the case studies of the Augustine volcano eruption in 2002, observed in Alaska by an S-band radar; the Grímsvötn volcano eruptions in 2004 and 2011, observed in Iceland by C- and X-band weather radars and compared with in situ samples; and the Mount Etna volcano eruption in 2011, observed by an X-band polarimetric radar. These applications demonstrate the variety of radar-based products that can be derived and exploited for the study of explosive volcanism.

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Saich, P. « Radar Remote Sensing Applications in China ». Photogrammetric Record 18, n^o 101 (mars 2003) : 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868x.t01-4-00006.

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Woodhouse, I. H. « Radar Remote Sensing of Planetary Surfaces. » Photogrammetric Record 21, n^o 114 (juin 2006) : 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2006.00375_4.x.

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Gaddis, Lisa R. « Radar Remote Sensing of Planetary Surfaces ». Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 83, n^o 30 (2002) : 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002eo000243.

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Bühl, J., S. Alexander, S. Crewell, A. Heymsfield, H. Kalesse, A. Khain, M. Maahn, K. Van Tricht et M. Wendisch. « Remote Sensing ». Meteorological Monographs 58 (1 janvier 2017) : 10.1–10.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0015.1.

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Abstract State-of-the-art remote sensing techniques applicable to the investigation of ice formation and evolution are described. Ground-based and spaceborne measurements with lidar, radar, and radiometric techniques are discussed together with a global view on past and ongoing remote sensing measurement campaigns concerned with the study of ice formation and evolution. This chapter has the intention of a literature study and should illustrate the major efforts that are currently taken in the field of remote sensing of atmospheric ice. Since other chapters of this monograph mainly focus on aircraft in situ measurements, special emphasis is put on active remote sensing instruments and synergies between aircraft in situ measurements and passive remote sensing methods. The chapter concentrates on homogeneous and heterogeneous ice formation in the troposphere because this is a major topic of this monograph. Furthermore, methods that deliver direct, process-level information about ice formation are elaborated with a special emphasis on active remote sensing methods. Passive remote sensing methods are also dealt with but only in the context of synergy with aircraft in situ measurements.

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Fulton, John W., Christopher A. Mason, John R. Eggleston, Matthew J. Nicotra, Chao-Lin Chiu, Mark F. Henneberg, Heather R. Best et al. « Near-Field Remote Sensing of Surface Velocity and River Discharge Using Radars and the Probability Concept at 10 U.S. Geological Survey Streamgages ». Remote Sensing 12, n^o 8 (20 avril 2020) : 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12081296.

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Near-field remote sensing of surface velocity and river discharge (discharge) were measured using coherent, continuous wave Doppler and pulsed radars. Traditional streamgaging requires sensors be deployed in the water column; however, near-field remote sensing has the potential to transform streamgaging operations through non-contact methods in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other agencies around the world. To differentiate from satellite or high-altitude platforms, near-field remote sensing is conducted from fixed platforms such as bridges and cable stays. Radar gages were collocated with 10 USGS streamgages in river reaches of varying hydrologic and hydraulic characteristics, where basin size ranged from 381 to 66,200 square kilometers. Radar-derived mean-channel (mean) velocity and discharge were computed using the probability concept and were compared to conventional instantaneous measurements and time series. To test the efficacy of near-field methods, radars were deployed for extended periods of time to capture a range of hydraulic conditions and environmental factors. During the operational phase, continuous time series of surface velocity, radar-derived discharge, and stage-discharge were recorded, computed, and transmitted contemporaneously and continuously in real time every 5 to 15 min. Minimum and maximum surface velocities ranged from 0.30 to 3.84 m per second (m/s); minimum and maximum radar-derived discharges ranged from 0.17 to 4890 cubic meters per second (m3/s); and minimum and maximum stage-discharge ranged from 0.12 to 4950 m3/s. Comparisons between radar and stage-discharge time series were evaluated using goodness-of-fit statistics, which provided a measure of the utility of the probability concept to compute discharge from a singular surface velocity and cross-sectional area relative to conventional methods. Mean velocity and discharge data indicate that velocity radars are highly correlated with conventional methods and are a viable near-field remote sensing technology that can be operationalized to deliver real-time surface velocity, mean velocity, and discharge.

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Molebny, V. V., G. W. Kamerman et O. Steinvall. « Laser remote sensing : yesterday, today and tomorrow ». Electronics and Communications 16, n^o 3 (28 mars 2011) : 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2312-1807.2011.16.3.265061.

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Development of laser remote sensing (lidar echniques) is discussed for atmosphere and ocean investigation. Examples of Raman lidars based on vibrational and rotational energy states of molecular species are demonstrated for remote detection and monitoring of pollution, as well as for studies of dynamics of different components and their parameters. Coherent laser radars allowed remote measurement of speed and vibrations, Doppler velocity information being crucial for the solution of the problem of windshear detection and flight security. A promising trend in laser radar development is incorporation of range and velocity data into the image information. Gated imaging, as one of the 3D techniques, demonstrated its prospects (looking through scattering media, vegetation, dress, etc.) for military and civilian use.

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Anderson, S. « Remote sensing with the JINDALEE skywave radar ». IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 11, n^o 2 (avril 1986) : 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.1986.1145180.

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Fukao, Shoichiro. « Radar Remote Sensing of the Earth's Atmosphere ». Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2006.81 (2006) : _8–20_—_8–23_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2006.81._8-20_.

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Campbell, F. H. A., R. A. Ryerson et R. J. Brown. « GlobeSAR : A Canadian radar remote sensing program ». Geocarto International 10, n^o 3 (septembre 1995) : 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049509354495.

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Finson, Kevin D., et M. Nellis. « Remote sensing of natural resources with radar ». Progress in Physical Geography : Earth and Environment 10, n^o 2 (juin 1986) : 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338601000202.

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HALL, DOROTHY K. « Remote sensing applications to hydrology ; imaging radar ». Hydrological Sciences Journal 41, n^o 4 (août 1996) : 609–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626669609491528.

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Anderson, S. J. « Adaptive remote sensing with HF skywave radar ». IEE Proceedings F Radar and Signal Processing 139, n^o 2 (1992) : 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-2.1992.0022.

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Lazarowska, Agnieszka. « Review of Collision Avoidance and Path Planning Methods for Ships Utilizing Radar Remote Sensing ». Remote Sensing 13, n^o 16 (18 août 2021) : 3265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163265.

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The paper presents a comparative analysis of recent collision avoidance and real-time path planning algorithms for ships. Compared methods utilize radar remote sensing for target ships detection. Different recently introduced approaches are briefly described and compared. An emphasis is put on input data reception using a radar as a remote sensing device applied in order to detect moving obstacles such as encountered ships. The most promising methods are highlighted and their advantages and limitations are discussed. Concluding remarks include proposals of further research directions in the development of collision avoidance methods utilizing radar remote sensing.

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Vinokurova, Aitalina, et Alexander Chermoshentsev. « ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITY OF APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING RADAR DATA FOR OPERATIVE DETERMINATION OF FLOOD FLOWS ZONES ». Interexpo GEO-Siberia 6, n^o 2 (2019) : 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-6-2-39-45.

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In this paper, we consider the possibility of using remote sensing radar data for the rapid determination of flood zones. In natural disasters such as floodwaters using remote sensing data provides accurate information to executive authorities who make decisions to improve response, so that they can properly manage the resources they need to help people. Of remote sensing radar data for the rapid identification of flood zones will play a key role in providing information on this issue.

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Palombo, Angelo, Stefano Pignatti, Angela Perrone, Francesco Soldovieri, Tony Alfredo Stabile et Simone Pascucci. « Noninvasive Remote Sensing Techniques for Infrastructures Diagnostics ». International Journal of Geophysics 2011 (2011) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/204976.

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The present paper aims at analyzing the potentialities of noninvasive remote sensing techniques used for detecting the conservation status of infrastructures. The applied remote sensing techniques are ground-based microwave radar interferometer and InfraRed Thermography (IRT) to study a particular structure planned and made in the framework of the ISTIMES project (funded by the European Commission in the frame of a joint Call “ICT and Security” of the Seventh Framework Programme). To exploit the effectiveness of the high-resolution remote sensing techniques applied we will use the high-frequency thermal camera to measure the structures oscillations by high-frequency analysis and ground-based microwave radar interferometer to measure the dynamic displacement of several points belonging to a large structure. The paper describes the preliminary research results and discusses on the future applicability and techniques developments for integrating high-frequency time series data of the thermal imagery and ground-based microwave radar interferometer data.

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Korneev, P. E. « THE PROCESSING OF THE ELLIPTICALLY POLARIZED SIGNAL IN RADAR STATIONS WITH DIGITAL SYNTHESIS OF THE ANTENNA APERTURE ». Civil Aviation High TECHNOLOGIES 22, n^o 1 (27 février 2019) : 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2019-22-1-83-92.

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The processing of the elliptically polarized reflected signal in the Earth remote sensing systems makes it possible to obtain additional advantages when solving problems of recognition of the observable objects on the ground and under the ground. Full polarization reception implemented in radar stations with digital synthesis of the antenna aperture when remote sensing of the Earth increases the information content of such radars (the radar image of the investigated surface is detailed, the contrast of objects in the field of view is improved, and various negative effects of the image are minimized). The paper considers the quadrature processing of the reflected elliptically polarized signal in radar stations with digital synthesis of the antenna aperture in the mode of lateral survey of the terrestrial (water) surface. The processing of the reflected signal using the methods of radio polarimetry opens new possibilities for such radars while solving problems of remote sensing of the surface and recognition of radar targets. In addition, radar stations with digital synthesis of the antenna aperture with processing of an elliptically polarized signal have a higher interference immunity compared to radars, where a linearly polarized signal is processed. In the article, mathematical modeling is performed in the part of demodulation of the in-phase and quadrature components of the trajectory signal when the geometric parameters of the polarization ellipse change. The obtained analytical expressions allow estimating the influence of the geometric parameters of the polarization ellipse on the trajectory signal being processed. It is analytically confirmed that the angle of ellipticity affects the energy characteristics, and the orientation angle of the polarization ellipse introduces an additional phase shift in the characteristics of the trajectory signal being processed. Not taking into account these nuances while designing digital units and systems of such radars can lead to the loss of all the benefits of processing an elliptically polarized signal. The paper presents a structural scheme of the polarization radar station with digital synthesis of the antenna aperture.

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Liang, D., T. Balz, Z. Y. Wang, L. H. Wei et M. S. Liao. « Web-based interactive visualization of PS-InSAR point clouds for education and training ». ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-6 (14 avril 2014) : 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-6-7-2014.

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In radar remote sensing education and training, only few people have a good knowledge of radar remote sensing and geology, which would be necessary fully analyse the surface motions estimated by persistent scatterer interferometry. Using scientific visualization, data can be presented in an intuitive way for surface motion analysis of non-radar experts. In this paper, we introduce a web-based interactive visualization of PS-InSAR point clouds for education and training.

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Li, Sicheng. « Summary of Agricultural Application of Radar Remote Sensing ». Remote Sensing 9, n^o 1 (12 août 2020) : 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/rs.v9i1.1097.

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Radar remote sensing has the ability of all-day and all-weather monitoring, has certain penetration ability to vegetation, and is sensitive to the shape, structure and dielectric constant of vegetation scatterers. These characteristics make it have great potential in agricultural application. Firstly, this paper introduces the application fields of radar remote sensing in agriculture, and summarizes the current research literature in many fields, such as crop identification and classification, farmland soil moisture inversion, crop growth monitoring and so on. Then, the application status and research achievements of radar scatterometer and various SAR features (including SAR backscattering features, polarization features, interference features and tomography features) in various fields of agriculture are described respectively. Finally, the problems and reasons existing in the current research are summarized according to the agricultural application requirements and the development of SAR technology, and the future development is prospected.

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Reggiannini, Marco, Marco Righi, Marco Tampucci, Angelica Lo Duca, Clara Bacciu, Luigi Bedini, Andrea D’Errico et al. « Remote Sensing for Maritime Prompt Monitoring ». Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, n^o 7 (28 juin 2019) : 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7070202.

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The main purpose of this paper is to describe a software platform dedicated to sea surveillance, capable of detecting and identifying illegal maritime traffic. This platform results from the cascade pipeline of several image processing algorithms that input Radar or Optical imagery captured by satellite-borne sensors and try to identify vessel targets in the scene and provide quantitative descriptors about their shape and motion. This platform is innovative since it integrates in its architecture heterogeneous data and data processing solutions with the goal of identifying navigating vessels in a unique and completely automatic processing streamline. More in detail, the processing chain consists of: (i) the detection of target vessels in an input map; (ii) the estimation of each vessel’s most descriptive geometrical and scatterometric (for radar images) features; (iii) the estimation of the kinematics of each vessel; (iv) the prediction of each vessel’s forthcoming route; and (v) the visualization of the results in a dedicated webGIS interface. The resulting platform represents a novel tool to counteract unauthorized fishing and tackle irregular migration and the related smuggling activities.

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Hoang, Phung Phi, Nguyen Dao Lam et Viet Bach Pham. « Identifying mangrove forests using radar remote sensing data ». Science and Technology Development Journal 19, n^o 2 (30 juin 2016) : 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i2.675.

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Mangrove is one of the ecologically significant ecosystems in coastal areas, both on environment and biological resources. Radar remote sensing demonstrates a high potential in detecting, identifying, mapping and monitoring mangrove forests. Advantages of radar remote sensing are that almost unaffected by the weather phenomena in the atmosphere, e.g. clouds so that it can acquire images at day and night times. This study considers possibilities of ALOS PALSAR (L-band) and ENVISAT ASAR APP (C-band) for identifying mangrove forests. Results show that using single-date data of ENVISAT ASAR APP including dual polarization HH&HV are difficult to classify mangrove objects; whilst single-date data of ALOS PALSAR with dual polarization HH&HV have a better classification for tree density but at species level identification (e.g. Avicenna or Rhizophora) is more difficult. Results classified according to forest cover density data with overall accuracy of 81.91.

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Yueh, S. H., W. J. Wilson et S. Dinardo. « Polarimetric radar remote sensing of ocean surface wind ». IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 40, n^o 4 (avril 2002) : 793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2002.1006350.

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Steele-Dunne, Susan C., Heather McNairn, Alejandro Monsivais-Huertero, Jasmeet Judge, Pang-Wei Liu et Kostas Papathanassiou. « Radar Remote Sensing of Agricultural Canopies : A Review ». IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 10, n^o 5 (mai 2017) : 2249–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2639043.

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Yan, Songhua, Xiongbin Wu et Zezong Chen. « REMOTE SENSING WITH TDMF RADAR : SOME PRELIMINARY RESULTS ». Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters 14 (2010) : 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierl10022405.

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Richards, John. « Microwave Radar and Radiometric Remote Sensing [Book Reviews] ». IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine 3, n^o 1 (mars 2015) : 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mgrs.2015.2398391.

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Murillo, Elisa M., et Cameron R. Homeyer. « Severe Hail Fall and Hailstorm Detection Using Remote Sensing Observations ». Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, n^o 5 (mai 2019) : 947–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-18-0247.1.

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AbstractSevere hail days account for the vast majority of severe weather–induced property losses in the United States each year. In the United States, real-time detection of severe storms is largely conducted using ground-based radar observations, mostly using the operational Next Generation Weather Radar network (NEXRAD), which provides three-dimensional information on the physics and dynamics of storms at ~5-min time intervals. Recent NEXRAD upgrades to higher resolution and to dual-polarization capabilities have provided improved hydrometeor discrimination in real time. New geostationary satellite platforms have also led to significant changes in observing capabilities over the United States beginning in 2016, with spatiotemporal resolution that is comparable to that of NEXRAD. Given these recent improvements, a thorough assessment of their ability to identify hailstorms and hail occurrence and to discriminate between hail sizes is needed. This study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of existing observational radar and satellite products from more than 10 000 storms objectively identified via radar echo-top tracking and nearly 6000 hail reports during 30 recent severe weather days (2013–present). It is found that radar observations provide the most skillful discrimination between severe and nonsevere hailstorms and identification of individual hail occurrence. Single-polarization and dual-polarization radar observations perform similarly at these tasks, with the greatest skill found from combining both single- and dual-polarization metrics. In addition, revisions to the “maximum expected size of hail” (MESH) metric are proposed and are shown to improve spatiotemporal comparisons between reported hail sizes and radar-based estimates for the cases studied.

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Huang, Huajian, Dasheng Wu, Luming Fang et Xinyu Zheng. « Comparison of Multiple Machine Learning Models for Estimating the Forest Growing Stock in Large-Scale Forests Using Multi-Source Data ». Forests 13, n^o 9 (13 septembre 2022) : 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091471.

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The forest growing stock is one of the key indicators in monitoring forest resources, and its quantitative estimation is of great significance. Based on multi-source data, including Sentinel-1 radar remote sensing data, Sentinel-2 optical remote sensing data, digital elevation model (DEM), and inventory data for forest management planning and design, the Lasso feature selection method was used to remove the non-significant indicators, and three machine learning algorithms, GBDT, XGBoost, and CatBoost, were used to estimate forest growing stock. In addition, four category features, forest population, dominant tree species, humus thickness, and slope direction, were involved in estimating forest growing stock. The results showed that the addition of category features significantly improved the performance of the models. To a certain extent, radar remote sensing data also could improve estimating accuracy. Among the three models, the CatBoost model (R2 = 0.78, MSE = 0.62, MAE = 0.59, MAPE = 16.20%) had the highest estimating accuracy, followed by XGBoost (R2 = 0.75, MSE = 0.71, MAE = 0.62, MAPE = 18.28%) and GBDT (R2 = 0.72, MSE = 0.78, MAE = 0.68, MAPE = 20.28%).

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Lombardo, F., F. Napolitano, F. Russo, G. Scialanga, L. Baldini et E. Gorgucci. « Rainfall estimation and ground clutter rejection with dual polarization weather radar ». Advances in Geosciences 7 (16 février 2006) : 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-7-127-2006.

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Abstract. Conventional radars, used for atmospheric remote sensing, usually operate at a single polarization and frequency to estimate storm parameters such as rainfallrate and water content. Because of the high variability of the drop size distribution conventional radars do not succeed in obtaining detailed information because they just use horizontal reflectivity. The potentiality of the dual-polarized weather radar is investigated, in order to reject the ground-clutter, using differential reflectivity. In this light, a radar meteorology campaign was conducted over the city of Rome (Italy), collecting measurements by the polarimetric Doppler radar Polar 55C and by a raingauge network. The goodness of the results is tested by comparison of radar rainfall estimates with raingauges rainfall measurements.

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Islam, Tanvir, et Miguel A. Rico-Ramirez. « An overview of the remote sensing of precipitation with polarimetric radar ». Progress in Physical Geography : Earth and Environment 38, n^o 1 (24 décembre 2013) : 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133313514993.

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Recent advances in radar remote sensing of precipitation include the development of polarimetric radar, which has the capability of transmitting in both the horizontal ( H) and vertical ( V) polarization states, thus providing additional information on the target precipitation particles. Radar polarimetry has not only been proven to improve data quality and precipitation estimation, but also improves characterization of precipitation particles; thus it has great potential in weather monitoring and forecasting. Realizing the potential of this state-of-the-art technology, meteorological departments across the world are upgrading their radar networks to polarimetric capabilities. Commensurate with this new era in precipitation remote sensing, this article provides an overview of polarimetric radar measurements, emphasizing the intrinsic signatures and their association to precipitation particle shapes, sizes and distributions. The potential research and applications of polarimetric radar signatures in meteorology are discussed. A considerable number of recent peer reviewed journal articles dealing with the topic are included in the bibliography.

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Bouman, B. A. M. « Crop modelling and remote sensing for yield prediction ». Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 43, n^o 2 (1 juin 1995) : 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v43i2.573.

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Methods for the application of crop growth models, remote sensing and their integrative use for yield forecasting and prediction are presented. First, the general principles of crop growth models are explained. When crop simulation models are used on regional scales, uncertainty and spatial variation in model parameters can result in broad bands of simulated yield. Remote sensing can be used to reduce some of this uncertainty. With optical remote sensing, standard relations between the Weighted Difference Vegetation Index and fraction ground cover and LAI were established for a number of crops. The radar backscatter of agricultural crops was found to be largely affected by canopy structure, and, for most crops, no consistent relationships with crop growth indicators were established. Two approaches are described to integrate remote sensing data with crop growth models. In the first one, measures of light interception (ground cover, LAI) estimated from optical remote sensing are used as forcing function in the models. In the second method, crop growth models are extended with remote sensing sub-models to simulate time-series of optical and radar remote sensing signals. These simulated signals are compared to measured signals, and the crop growth model is re-calibrated to match simulated with measured remote sensing data. The developed methods resulted in increased accuracy in the simulation of crop growth and yield of wheat and sugar beet in a number of case-studies.

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Karjadi, Daniel Avian, et Haryono Haryono. « Objects Monitoring RADAR using Bluetooth Ultrasonic ». SinkrOn 7, n^o 2 (28 mars 2022) : 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v7i2.11347.

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Currently the development of information technology is very fast in its development. Up to all fields can not be separated from information technology. In the industrial era 4.0, there are also a lot of Internet of Things devices. Almost every field has used many IoT devices. The presence of IoT-based devices is very helpful in modern human life today. Moreover, with the development of microcontrollers and open source makes someone create a device quickly. One of them is making a prototype for sensing objects. By utilizing the Arduino Uno microcontroller and Ultrasonic sensors to create a sensing prototype. The results of this sensing can be displayed on notebooks and mobile phones. The microcontroller also sends sensing sensor data via Bluetooth as a wireless communication medium. Called Internet of Thing if a device can send signals to other devices. Various data communications can be via wireless or wire. Mobile app that is used to display sensing results from Ultrasonic sensors. Use of the App Inventor platform as a front end for mobile apps. This device is only limited to a short distance. Due to the limitations of the Ultrasonic sensing sensor it does not exceed 1 meter. This prototype can be developed using a longer distance and can be applied to remote sensing, if changing the sensing sensor with a remote sensing sensor.

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Batool, Sidra, Fabrizio Frezza, Fabio Mangini et Patrizio Simeoni. « Introduction to Radar Scattering Application in Remote Sensing and Diagnostics : Review ». Atmosphere 11, n^o 5 (18 mai 2020) : 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050517.

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The manuscript reviews the current literature on scattering applications of RADAR (Radio Detecting And Ranging) in remote sensing and diagnostics. This paper gives prime features for a variety of RADAR applications ranging from forest and climate monitoring to weather forecast, sea status, planetary information, and mapping of natural disasters such as the ones caused by earthquakes. Both the fundamental parameters involved in scattering mechanisms of RADAR applications and the factors affecting RADAR performances are also discussed.

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Eddahby, L., A. A. Kozlova, M. A. Popov, N. S. Lubskiy, D. Mezzane, I. Lukynchuk, A. Larabi et H. Ibouh. « SYNERGETIC USE OF SENTINEL-1 AND SENTINEL-2 DATA FOR EXTRACTION OF BUILT-UP AREA IN A ROCKY DESERT OASIS, EXAMPLE FOR DRAA TAFILALT, SOUTH-EAST OF MOROCCO ». ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W12 (21 février 2019) : 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w12-65-2019.

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Abstract. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is an active remote sensing technique capable of providing high-resolution imagery independent from daytime and to great extent unimpaired by weather conditions. Unlike the passive remote sensing active radars receive its' own reflected signal. Features of received signal make able to obtain additional information about surface objects and covers. Because of signal, double reflecting upon vertical surfaces like walls, it become common to study urbanized areas using SAR data. Because of mostly similar spectral characteristic of the typical buildings' roofs and sandy soils, that are distinguishing for Morocco, classification using visible and NIR multispectral remote sensing data is complicated. Thus, SAR data processing technique is rather useful while application to deserted area studying and urbanized areas identification.

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Kober, Kirstin, et Arnold Tafferner. « Tracking and nowcasting of convective cells using remote sensing data from radar and satellite ». Meteorologische Zeitschrift 18, n^o 1 (6 mars 2009) : 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/359.

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Nekrasov, Alexey, et Alena Khachaturian. « Towards the Sea Wind Measurement with the Airborne Scatterometer Having the Rotating-Beam Antenna Mounted over Fuselage ». Remote Sensing 13, n^o 24 (20 décembre 2021) : 5165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245165.

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Extension of the existing airborne radars’ applicability is a perspective approach to the remote sensing of the environment. Here we investigate the capability of the rotating-beam radar installed over the fuselage for the sea surface wind measurement based on the comparison of the backscatter with the respective geophysical model function (GMF). We also consider the robustness of the proposed approach to the partial shading of the underlying water surface by the aircraft nose, tail, and wings. The wind retrieval algorithms have been developed and evaluated using Monte-Carlo simulations. We find our results promising both for the development of new remote sensing systems as well as the functional enhancement of existing airborne radars.

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Otto, T., J. Lu et M. Chandra. « Polarisation basis transformation of weather radar measurements in the power domain ». Advances in Radio Science 7 (19 mai 2009) : 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-7-279-2009.

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Abstract. Polarisation diversity in radar remote sensing proved to be very successful in a variety of applications. Hydrometeors as raindrops or ice crystals are anisotropic radar targets giving rise to the use of polarisation diversity in weather radars. One advanced polarimetric weather radar is DLR's POLDIRAD in Oberpfaffenhofen. The huge data archive of this radar consists mainly of power measurements at diverse polarisation bases. This study investigates the possibility to apply the polarisation basis transformation directly on power measurements. As a result, empirical transfer functions for the change of the polarisation basis of radar reflectivities are derived. To check their validity they are applied to appropriate polarimetric radar data from the POLDIRAD.

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Joshil, Shashank S., et Chandra V. Chandrasekar. « Calibration of D3R Weather Radar Using UAV-Hosted Target ». Remote Sensing 14, n^o 15 (23 juillet 2022) : 3534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153534.

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The accuracy of weather radar-measured products, such as reflectivity, plays a crucial factor in obtaining good quality, derived remote sensing products, such as hydrometeor classification. A slight mismatch of a few decibels in reflectivity may cause the hydrometeor classification to deviate from the actual truth. In order to obtain accurate remote-sensing measurements, calibration of weather radars should be carried out at regular intervals of time. The dual-frequency, dual-polarization, Doppler radar (D3R) is a well-established tool for measuring light rain and snow. There are various methods which are used for the calibration of weather radars, such as suspending a metallic sphere from a weather balloon or using corner reflectors on top of a tower or structure. In this work, we have shown the potential of using a UAV to suspend a calibration sphere, which is then used for calibrating the D3R radar. In this work, the advantages along with the practical aspects to be considered for calibration using UAV are discussed in detail. From the calibration results, it was observed that an offset of 2.2 dB was present in the Ku H-Pol reflectivity, Ku V-Pol was well calibrated and offsets within 2 dB were observed in the Ka H-Pol and V-Pol reflectivities.

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Kaushik, Kavita, et Deepak Kumar. « Forest Disturbance Mapping with Microwave Remote Sensing ». Journal of Landscape Ecology 13, n^o 2 (1 septembre 2020) : 95–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2020-0012.

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AbstractIt is pre-requisite to conserve and protect the forest cover, therefore mapping of the forest distribution and monitoring of their temporal changes are also necessary. In the field of forestry, radar datasets have a high potential due to its ability to derive/extract information from the surface, sub-surface and even from the depth. The current work tries to utilize the capability of C-band radar datasets provided by Sentinel 1A/B mission to derive the required information for sensing the disturbances in the forest areas. Application of SAR or microwave remote sensing for forest disturbance mapping with dual-polarization is partially developed and have been attempted by limited researchers to process and interpret the derived results. Microwave datasets can map the areas with frequent cloud-cover due to its cloud penetrating capabilities in day-night operation mode. The present work tries to identify and locate the disturbances in forest areas to organize better understanding of detailed information for further analysis with the help of open archive microwave datasets incoherent to optical datasets.

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Potapov, A. A., V. A. Kuznetsov et E. A. Alikulov. « Methods for Complexing Images Formed by Multi-Band Synthetic Aperture Radars ». Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics 24, n^o 3 (24 juin 2021) : 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2021-24-3-6-21.

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Introduction. Synthetic aperture radars (SAR) are important components of aviation-based systems for remote sensing of the Earth. The current level of such systems allows simultaneous radar surveys in several frequency ranges. Such surveys require complexing of the images formed in each of the frequency channels, which task is yet to be resolved.Aim. To review the formation principles and methods for joint processing of images using space and aviation-based multi-band synthetic aperture radar systems.Materials and methods. The methodology of systems analysis, involving the integral stages of decomposition, analysis and synthesis, was used. Decomposition of integrating multi-band radar images was performed considering the effect of various factors on the characteristics of radar images in different frequency ranges. Such factors include the principles of radar imaging, issues of radar images of multi-band synthetic aperture radars with real characteristics, and complexing levels.Results. According to the classical systems approach, the results of review and analysis are corresponded by appropriate conclusions on the shortcomings of each decomposition element and the synthesis of a proposal for achieving the goal. It was shown that joint processing of multi-band radar images can be carried out at the levels of signals, pixels, features and solutions, as well as their aggregates. Each approach is characterised by its shortcomings, which impede implementation of full integration of multi-band radar images without loss of information, which is due to the absence of information redundancy of radar images, compared to, e.g., optical images.Conclusion. Recommendations on the application of a particular method and the synthesis of a system for radar complexing images based on the texture-fractal approach were formulated. Directions for further work meeting all the requirements for completeness, reliability and information content of remote sensing of the Earth were outlined.

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He, Yijun, Hui Shen et William Perrie. « Remote Sensing of Ocean Waves by Polarimetric SAR ». Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 23, n^o 12 (1 décembre 2006) : 1768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1948.1.

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Abstract A new method to measure ocean wave slope spectra using fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (POLSAR) data was developed without the need for a complex hydrodynamic modulation transform function. There is no explicit use of a hydrodynamic modulation transfer function. This function is not clearly known and is based on hydrodynamic assumptions. The method is different from those developed by Schuler and colleagues or Pottier but complements their methods. The results estimated from NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) C-band polarimetric SAR data show that the ocean wavelength, wave direction, and significant wave height are in agreement with buoy measurements. The proposed method can be employed by future satellite missions such as RADARSAT-2.

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Kuras, Przemysław, Łukasz Ortyl, Tomasz Owerko, Marek Salamak et Piotr Łaziński. « GB-SAR in the Diagnosis of Critical City Infrastructure—A Case Study of a Load Test on the Long Tram Extradosed Bridge ». Remote Sensing 12, n^o 20 (15 octobre 2020) : 3361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203361.

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This article describes a case of using remote sensing during a static load test of a large bridge, which, because of its location, belongs to a critical city infrastructure. The bridge in question is the longest tram flyover in Poland. This is an extradosed-type concrete structure. It conducts a long tram line over 21 other active lines of an important railway station in the center of Cracow. The diagnostic of such bridges involving the load test method is difficult. Traditional, contact measurements of span displacements are not enough anymore. In such cases, remote sensing becomes an indispensable solution. This publication presents an example of using the close-range radar remote sensing technique of ground-based radar interferometry. However, the cross-sections of the huge bridge were observed using several methods. The aim was to confirm the conditions and efficiency of radar displacement measurements. They were therefore traditional contact measurements using mechanic sensors conducted, if possible, to the bottom of the span, for precise leveling and measurement using electronic total station. Comparing the results as well as the discussion held demonstrated the fundamental advantages of remote sensing methods over the other more traditional techniques.

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Amos, E. M., D. Blakeway et C. D. Warren. « Remote Sensing Techniques in Civil Engineering Surveys ». Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 2, n^o 1 (1986) : 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.1986.002.01.26.

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AbstractThis paper outlines selected remote sensing techniques and their application to civil engineering surveys.In BS 5930, emphasis has been placed on the interpretation of black and white aerial photography to provide information. However, other techniques such as true colour and false colour infrared photography, thermal infrared, radar and landsat satellite imagery may be useful in appropriate applications.

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Li, Yanbing, Bo Feng et Weichuan Zhang. « Mutual Interference Mitigation of Millimeter-Wave Radar Based on Variational Modal Decomposition and Signal Reconstruction ». Remote Sensing 15, n^o 3 (17 janvier 2023) : 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15030557.

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As an important remote sensing technology, millimeter-wave radar is used for environmental sensing in many fields due to its advantages of all-day, all-weather operation. With the increasing use of radars, inter-radar interference becomes increasingly critical. Severe mutual interference degrades radar signal quality and affects the performance of post-processing, e.g., synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging and target tracking. Aiming to deal with mutual interference, we propose an interference mitigation method based on variational modal decomposition (VMD). With the characteristics that the target is a single-frequency sine wave and the interference is a broadband signal, VMD is used for decomposing the radar received signal and separating the target from the interference. Interference mitigation is then implemented in each decomposed mode, and an interference-free signal is obtained through the reconstruction process. Simulation results of multi-target scenarios demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing decomposition-based methods. This conclusion is also confirmed by the experimental results on real data.

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Dubois-Fernandez, Pascale, Olivier Ruault du Plessis, Aurélien Arnaubec, Sébastien Angelliaume, Rémi Baqué, Grégory Bonin, Xavier Briottet et al. « The SETHI remote sensing airborne platform and the related science activities ». Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, n^o 200 (19 avril 2014) : 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2012.60.

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L'ONERA, le laboratoire français en aérospatial, construit des systèmes radar aéroporté depuis plus de deux décennies pour des applications de défense mais aussi scientifiques. Au cours des six dernières années, l'instrument SETHI, embarqué à bord d'un avion Falcon 20, a été développé principalement pour des applications scientifiques. Dans cet article, la philosophie de son développement est mise en exergue et les instruments sont décrits en détails. L'instrument SETHI comprend trois systèmes radar en bandes P, L et X, une caméra dans le domaine visible, en visée oblique afin de suivre le champ de vue des radar, et une caméra hyperspectrale à visée au nadir. Cet article résume alors les dernières campagnes SETHI dans le cas de préparation de deux missions spatiales. Il s'agit tout d'abord de la mission de l'ESA, BIOMASS, comprenant un radar bande P pour la cartographie de la biomasse à grande échelle. La deuxième mission traite de surveillance maritime et comprend un radar en bande X. Pour chaque campagne, les principaux objectifs sont détaillés, les références aux articles correspondants sont fournies et les principaux résultats sont mis en avant. Finalement, l'article fournit un aperçu des prochains développements liés au système SETHI dans le cadre de la fusion de données optique et radar.

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Delacourt, Christophe, Pascal Allemand, Etienne Berthier, Daniel Raucoules, Bérangère Casson, Philippe Grandjean, Claude Pambrun et Eric Varel. « Remote-sensing techniques for analysing landslide kinematics : a review ». Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 178, n^o 2 (1 mars 2007) : 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.178.2.89.

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Abstract Surface displacement field of landslides is a key parameter to access to their geometries and mechanical properties. Surface displacements can be calculated using remote-sensing methods such as interferometry for radar data and image correlation for optical data. These methods have been elaborated this last decade and successfully applied on sensors (radar, cameras, terrestrial 3D laser scanner imaging) either attached to space or aerial platforms such as satellites, planes, and unmanned radio-controlled platforms (drones and helicopters) or settled at fixed positions emplaced in the front of landslides. This paper reviews the techniques of image analysis (interferometry and optical data correlation) to measure displacements and examines the performance of each type of platforms. Examples of applications of these techniques in French South Alps are shown. Depending on the landslide characteristics (exposure conditions, size, velocity) as well as the goal of the study (operational or scientific purpose), one or a combination of several techniques and data (characterized by several resolution, accuracy, covered surface, revisiting time) have to be used. Radar satellite data processed with differential interferometric or PS methods are mainly suitable for scientific purposes due to various application limitations in mountainous area. Optical satellite and aerial images can be used for scientific studies at fairly high resolution but are strongly dependant on atmospheric conditions. Platforms and sensors such as drone, fixed camera, fixed radar and Lidar have the advantage of high adaptability. They can be used to obtain very high resolution and precise 3D data (of centimetric accuracy) suitable for both scientific and operational purposes.

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Avotniece, Zanita, Agrita Briede, Maris Klavins et Svetlana Aniskevich. « Remote Sensing Observations of Thunderstorm Features in Latvia ». Environmental and Climate Technologies 21, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2017) : 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2017-0014.

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Abstract Thunderstorms are the most hazardous meteorological phenomena in Latvia in the summer season, and the assessment of their characteristics is essential for the development of an effective national climate and weather prediction service. However, the complex nature of convective processes sets specific limitations to their observation, analysis and forecasting. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse thunderstorm features associated with severe thunderstorms observed in weather radar and satellite data in Latvia over the period 2006–2015. The obtained results confirm the applicability of the selected thunderstorm features for thunderstorm nowcasting and analysis in Latvia. The most frequent features observed on days with thunderstorm were maximum radar reflectivities exceeding 50 dBZ and the occurrence of overshooting tops and tilted updrafts, while the occurrence of gravity waves, V-shaped storm structures and small ice particles have been found to be useful indicators of increased thunderstorm severity potential.

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OUCHI, Kazuo. « Synthetic Aperture Radar and Remote Sensing of the Ocean. » Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 15, n^o 56 (1995) : 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.15.41.

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