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1
Hoffman, Lars. « Does process matter ? : treaty reform in the European Union ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508413.
Texte intégral
2
Guvenc, Muge Hayriye. « The Budget Of The European Union : Need For A Reform ». Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608505/index.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis assesses the underlying political and financial reasons of the recent budgetary crisis of the European Union. It aims to discuss the possible reform alternatives for the European Union budget in order to improve it to better serve for the objectives of the enlarged Union and to enable the Member States to share the budget burden more fairly. To this purpose, the thesis first analyzes the budget of the European Union in terms of its aims, evolution and structure of revenue and expenditure items and than presents a general overview of the shortcomings of the present own resources system. In general, the thesis discusses possible reform areas, in which the reform process could take place. The thesis also shows how the Union overcame the policy challenges, and particularly the budgetary implications brought out with the inclusion of Central and Eastern European countries and how its financial perspectives covering the 2000-06 and 2007-2013 periods were finalized.
3
Ozmen, Zelal. « The Process Of Reform Of The Structural Funds In European Union ». Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605755/index.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Structural Funds, (namely the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund, the Guidance Section of the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund and lastly the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance) being the most important instruments of European Community Regional Policy have gone through a process of reform since their establishment as a consequence of
European Union integration. This thesis aims to analyze the process of reform of the Structural Funds taking processes of widening and deepening of European Union as the main triggering factors. The thesis also traces the historical evolution of the Structural Funds and results of each main refom movement in a descriptive manner.
4
Leong, Chak Chong. « The reform of the European Court of Justice ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2099302.
Texte intégral
5
Weidenfeld, Werner. « Die Europäische Union neu ausrichten : das differenzierte Europa ». Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4837/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Die EU ist überdehnt. Drei verschiedene, koexistierende Europavisionen erklären den derzeitigen Strategiemangel: Das pragmatische Europa ist nicht transparent, das grenzenlose Europa fördert Ängste unkontrollierbarer Veränderungen, und das Identitäs- Europa befindet sich in einer Sinnkrise. Antwort bieten mehrere Strategien: Ein Transfer einzelner Elemente der europäischen Verfassung in einen Europavertrag; Orientierung an einem differenzierten Europa und Bildung von Koalitionen, um Europa zu führen.The EU is clearly overstreched. Three different conceptions of Europe explain the lack of strategy: The „pragmatic Europe” is not transparent, the „limitless Europe” causes fears of substantial changes, and the „identity-building Europe” suffers from a crisis of orientation. The following strategies could be applied: a transfer of some elements of the Constitutional Treaty into a condensed treaty; an orientation towards a more differentiated Europe, and the formation of coalitions in order to lead Europe.
6
Yildiz, Ayselin Gozde Gozde. « The External Dimension Of The European Union' ». Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614764/index.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the external dimension of the European Union&rsquos (EU) immigration policy and its implications for transit countries through a comparative study of Turkey and Morocco. The thesis examines the development and institutionalization of the EU&rsquo
s externalization of its immigration policy within a chronological and theoretical context. Applying the theoretical debate concerning &ldquo
Europeanization beyond EU borders&rdquo
, it investigates to what extent the EU has successfully externalised its immigration policy to non-EU members, and what kind of intended and unintended impacts this has had on these countries. The thesis tries to explore both the successes and limits of the Europeanization of Turkey&rsquo
s and Morocco&rsquo
s domestic immigration policies by benchmarking progress in the harmonization of legal contexts, border management, visa policies, readmission agreements and asylum policies in each case. This study reaches similar conclusions concerning Turkey, as a candidate country within the EU&rsquo
s enlargement policy, and Morocco, as a country without membership prospect within the European Neighbourhood Policy, not only in terms of conceptualizing the EU&rsquo
s externalization of its immigration policy, but also for understanding the negative externalities it creates for transit countries which also limit further policy expansion.
7
Schweiger, Christian. « Britain's and Germany's interests in EU enlargement and reform ». Thesis, University of Derby, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/582382.
Texte intégral
8
Lotze, Hermann. « Integration and Transition on European Agricultural and Food Markets : Policy Reform, European Union Enlargement, and Foreign Direct Investment ». Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14307.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Fragestellungen zur Integration und Transformation auf den europäischen Agrar- und Ernährungsmärkten untersucht. Eine Weiterentwicklung der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik, die anstehende Osterweiterung der Europäischen Union (EU) sowie Auswirkungen von Ausländischen Direktinvestitionen (ADI) im Ernährungssektor mittel- und osteuropäischer Transformationsländer werden mit Hilfe von partiellen und allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodellen simuliert. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die separate, quantitative Analyse ausgewählter Aspekte der Integration und Transformation sowie das Aufzeigen von Wechselwirkungen zwischen ihnen. Die Ergebnisse sollen dazu dienen, die politischen Rahmenbedingungen in der europäischen Agrar- und Ernährungswirtschaft zu verbessern. Als Hauptinstrumente einer neuen EU-Agrarpolitik werden einheitliche Boden- und Arbeitssubventionen verbunden mit einem weiteren Abbau des Außenschutzes untersucht. Diese würden zu wesentlich geringeren Verzerrungen auf den Produktmärkten und zu deutlichen Budgeteinsparungen gegenüber der derzeitigen Situation führen. Eine einheitliche Bodensubvention mit einer weitergehenden Liberalisierung wird auch als Politikoption für die EU-Osterweiterung analysiert. Der Handel mit Agrar- und Ernährungsgütern innerhalb einer erweiterten EU würde sich in einigen Szenarien verdoppeln. Durch Handelsgewinne und Transferzahlungen aus dem EU-Budget käme es in den Beitrittsländern zu einem Wohlfahrtsgewinn in Höhe von etwa zwei Prozent des Bruttosozialprodukts. Die Bedeutung von ADI im Transformationsprozeß sollte nicht überschätzt werden. Die Modellrechnungen ergeben, daß der Zustrom von ADI seit 1992 zu einem zusätzlichen jährlichen Wachstum des Bruttosozialprodukts von unter einem Prozent in den mitteleuropäischen Ländern und in den Nachfolgestaaten der Sowjetunion geführt hat. Durch zusätzlichen Technologietransfer profitiert die Agrarwirtschaft nicht immer von ADI in der Nahrungsmittelverarbeitung. Grund hierfür sind zum Teil Einsparungen bei der Verwendung landwirtschaftlicher Rohprodukte. Schließlich zeigt die Analyse von ADI in der polnischen Zuckerindustrie, daß handelspolitische Eingriffe, wie z.B. Produktionsquoten, die lokalen Auswirkungen von ADI stark beeinflussen können. ADI sind nur dann deutlich wohlfahrtssteigernd, wenn sie auf relativ unverzerrten Märkten getätigt werden. Die verbesserte Wettbewerbssituation in der Zuckerindustrie würde zu teilweise deutlichen Gewinnen für die Zuckerrübenproduzenten führen.This dissertation consists of four essays covering various aspects of integration and transition on European agricultural and food markets. Further reform of the European Union's (EU) Common Agricultural Policy, a prospective Eastern enlargement, and the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in food industries of the transition countries are analyzed using partial as well as general equilibrium modeling approaches. The overall objective of the study is to quantify these processes separately as well as to demonstrate various interactions between them. The results should be useful for improving the political and economic environment in the European agricultural and food sector. In the discussion about further reform of the Common Agricultural Policy, uniform payments on agricultural land and labor have been proposed in connection with further reductions of border protection. The analysis shows that these policy options would be much less distortionary on product markets and they would lead to significant reductions in budget expenditures compared to the present situation. Furthermore, a uniform payment on land together with further liberalization is also analyzed as a policy option for the EU Eastern enlargement. Trade in agricultural and food products in an enlarged EU would double in some scenarios. Gains from trade and transfer payments from the EU budget would add up to a welfare gain of about two percent of total gross domestic product in the new member countries. The impact of FDI in the transition process should not be over-estimated. The model calculations show that total FDI inflows since 1992 induced additional economic growth of less than one percent per year in the Central European countries and the former Soviet Union. Additional transfers of new technologies into the food industry do not necessarily improve the situation in primary agriculture. The reason is partly input saving technical change which reduces the demand for agricultural raw products. Finally, the analysis of FDI in the Polish sugar industry reveals that trade policy interventions, like production quotas, have a strong influence on the local impact of FDI. Foreign investment is welfare improving to the local economy only if it occurs on more or less undistorted markets. Improved competition in the sugar industry would lead to considerable gains for local sugar beet producers.
9
Closa, Montero Carlos J. « The creation of the European political union : the reform of the Community during the 1991 IGC on political union ». Thesis, University of Hull, 1993. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16863.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The 1991 IGC has reformed the European Community and the nature of the host of relations between its Member States. It has created the European Union through the Maastricht Treaty. The central hypothesis is that reform seems not to have resolved fully the deficiencies in form and substance of the Community's politico-legal foundation. The analysis proceeds through the comparison of three aspects: the reform of the constitutional foundation of the Community carried out by the IGC; the changes in the nature of the relations between Member States in these areas of competence that are inalienable from their sovereignty, and the introduction of the concept of citizenship of the Union in order to consolidate certain elements of citizenship that were present in the Communitys framework. The conclusion reached is that the 1991 IGC has produced an entity of which the elements carry inherent contradictions; this tense nature appears to demand further reform.
10
Lotze, Hermann. « Integration and transition on European agricultural and food markets policy reform, European Union enlargement, and foreign direct investment ; four essays in applied partial and general equilibrium modeling / ». [S.l. : s.n.], 1998. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=956225276.
Texte intégral
11
Deniz, Mustafa. « Reforming The European Union Budget : A Social Constructivist Policy Approach ». Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612606/index.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The budget of the European Union has accomplished a significant role for European integration in the history of the Union. However, it has not resulted into anticipated developments compatible with the Union&rsquos institutional policy reform process in the last decades. The budget has emerged as a consequence of path dependent developments in its historical progress, which has dragged the European Union to a critical stage. It is rather challenging for the Union now to sustain the current structure of the budget, since it exposes some disadvantages to continue with this structure in an enlarging and deepening Union. In spite of various reform proposals, there is no appropriate theoretical ground for the budgetary politics of the European Union to be channelled through strengthening the link between the Union and European citizens. This thesis attempts to approach the existing problems associated with expenditures and revenues of the current budget from the social constructive policy perspective, in line with the major question of &ldquo
how the budget can be made more socially constructive by utilizing expenditures and revenues?&rdquo
The study has three major objectives. Firstly, it presents a historical evolution of the European Union budget in order to explore path dependent developments inherent to its historical progress. Secondly, it offers a critical analysis on the expenditure and revenue sides of the budget. Thirdly, it introduces a social constructivist policy approach on this subject as an alternative to the most prevalent approach of fiscal federalism.
12
Warren, Thomas. « Legitimising discourses and the efforts to reform the European Union's fiscal governance arrangements ». Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/5141.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With a rapid centralisation of fiscal sovereignty now being aired as a possibility following on from the financial and economic crisis, this thesis considers how legitimising discourses are shaping the efforts to reform EU fiscal governance. Norman Fairclough’s ‘moderately constructivist’ three-dimensional framework for CDA is drawn upon. This approach is also combined with insights drawn from the new institutionalist literature base (particularly from its historical and discursive strands of thought), with an additional emphasis being placed on broader understandings of structural forms of power as developed through the writings of Susan Strange. It is found that the emerging debate over EU fiscal governance reform is dominated by a limiting neoliberal legitimising discourse. This research also makes a contribution to our understanding of the ideational and institutional roots of the current impasse in European Integration. Finally, it is concluded that the efforts to reform the EU’s fiscal governance arrangements are likely to bring about, at best, incremental change along a path-dependent line.
13
D'AMICO, Alessia. « Optimising regulatory responses to consumer disempowerment over personal data in the digital world ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/71844.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 06 July 2021Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti (Tilburg University); Professor Michal Gal (University of Haifa); Professor Orla Lynskey (London School of Economics); Professor Peter Drahos (European University Institute)
This thesis addresses the problem of individuals’ lack of control over personal data in the digital world. It sheds light on market and regulatory failures that lie behind the status quo and proposes a framework to improve regulatory responses. The two regulatory regimes that are at the core of this thesis are EU data protection regulation, which protects individuals’ fundamental rights over data, and EU competition law, which safeguards the sound functioning of the market and consumers’ economic interests. Despite the existence of these two regulatory regimes, individuals do not have sufficient control over personal data collected by digital firms, whose control over large datasets is a factor contributing to market monopolisation. The thesis argues that one reason for the shortcomings of today’s regulatory framework is that the market failure is composed of a combination of factors, which are currently addressed by the different regimes relatively independently. This dichotomy hinders the development of an effective strategy to tackle the market failure in its entirety. The approach taken in this thesis is that by integrating the two regimes, it might be possible to close the gaps deriving from a narrow perception of their regulatory spaces. Hence, the thesis formulates a holistic approach, encompassing data protection regulation and competition law, designed to increase the effectiveness of the regulatory framework as a whole. Different dimensions of the regimes’ interrelation are analysed, to uncover new ways to harness their complementarity and minimise their inconsistencies and overlaps. The thesis looks at how the regimes can incorporate elements from each other to inform their policies and application of their rules, as well as developing a complementary enforcement strategy. The holistic framework ultimately allows both regimes to better tailor their regulatory responses to the functioning of the digital market and take account of the diverse elements that constitute the market failure they seek to correct.
14
Chan, Tsz-ki, et 陳紫琪. « Evaluation of the drug regulatory systems in Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United States and European Union ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50561583.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background:
Drugs have become an essential necessity in public health, people and the government has become willingly to spend more money on the country’s healthcare system to restore health, save lives, preventing disease and epidemics. Drugs should be properly regulated throughout development, production, importation and subsequent distribution to ensure it is prescribed with safe, effective and of good quality standards. The structure of drug regulations today has evolved over time. During the process, the scope of legislative and regulatory power expanded in result of a series of disastrous events related to pharmaceutical products, the adoption of more restrictive legislative were put in place for stronger safeguard to the public.
In comparison to Singapore, Taiwan, US and EU where the drug regulatory system is highly structured, flexible and innovative, Hong Kong (HK) has a relatively simple and stubborn drug regulatory system and drug approval is greatly dependent on the approval status of the advance countries. According to the current registration system in HK, a new drug usually takes about 18-24 months to obtain an approval, and this figure is far behind the standard of Singapore in which medicine could be registered in 60 days. It is vital to have speedy approval process with high standards in safety, efficacy and quality on all approved drugs. If drugs are approved in a rush manner, it will lead to serious adverse drug reactions (ADR), or even deaths in consumption of unsafe, and ineffective drugs. On the other hand, slow approval will make patients suffer and increase the mortality rate to due inaccessibility of appropriate medicines to sustain life and combat diseases.
With reference to the initiatives and innovative regulatory frameworks in the abovementioned countries, the modification of the local drug regulatory system is strongly recommended.
Aim:
1. To examine the regulatory frameworks between Singapore, Taiwan, US and EU which affect the evaluation timeline required for new drugs approval.
2. As the first study to examine the drug regulations in HK, the regulatory barriers for new drugs submission will be explored and whether the regulatory initiatives from the abovementioned countries may result in an improvement in the overall drug regulation system HK.
Method: This dissertation is a literature review and it will employ concentration in the drug regulation systems in Singapore, Taiwan, US and EU with varying levels of pharmaceutical regulation capacities. Search engines including Google, MedLine, PubMed (database up to 2012) with key words search of “Department of Health (DoH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Union (EU), Taiwan FDA, Health Sciences Authority, evaluation routes, drug registration requirement, review timeline, Centre for Drug Evaluation, Pharmaceutical Evaluation Reports, risk management systems, pharmacovigilance, drug legislation”.
Results: With an in-depth evaluation of the HK’s guideline and supporting document required for new drug submission, it is highly recommended that unnecessary documents at new drug submission (NDA) should be elimination to facilitate the new drugs approval process. The regulatory frameworks between all studied countries vary significantly in which implementation of initiatives (e.g. multiple evaluation routes, in-house evaluation system) from individual country affects the standards of new drugs approval and the evaluation timeline required to grant approvals.
Conclusion: The regulatory frameworks in HK shall be revised with reference to numerous initiatives developed in the regulatory systems in Singapore, Taiwan, Us and EU. The possible key regulatory barriers which leads to the delays in new drugs approvals in HK includes duplication of certificates, limited number of Pharmacy and Poison Board meetings, the requirement of endorsement of new drugs approvals at the legislative council , absence of in-house evaluation system which allows full assessment of submission dossier, deficiency of clinical trials with the inclusion of local population, absence of electronic submission, multiple evaluation routes and rigorous post-marketing pharmacovigilance monitoring system. If the Department of Health (DoH) in Hong Kong could scrutinize the current regulatory frameworks with referenced to these countries, it will improve the overall drug regulatory system and reduce drug lag due to unnecessary barriers.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
15
Sabbion, Davide Maria Giovanni <1997>. « Central bank digital currency : a regulatory perspective on the future payment instrument in the European Union ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21175.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In recent years the economy has seen an expansion of various methods of payment, more and more digital possibilities are offered to customers in order to pay their bills at stores, restaurants or simply when they are shopping on Amazon at home. The digital world is taking over not just the single phases of the transaction, but also the means itself behind that said transaction. Digital currencies are, in fact, no longer an abstract concept or futuristic tool, they became a reality. For this reason central Authorities, such as the ECB, can no longer disregard the matter, but should develop their own digital payment instrument. With this paper we are going to address how the issuance of a central bank digital currency will affect the current EU regulation system and which changes should be made to the normative framework.
16
Zekic, Jelena. « The role of monetary and financial reform in approaching the European Union : the case of Serbia ». Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2005. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6356/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
By making use of various social science research methods, in particular semi-structured interviews, this thesis reveals the main features of the Serbia’s 15-year long transition experience, which took place against a background of frequent constitutional changes over the period 1989 to 2004. Serbia’s transition began in December 1989 with the Markovic programme, while the Republic was a constitutive part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). The study confirms that the SRFY was the first country to start transition from a socialist to a market economy, but that this advanced position was lost due to a lack of political consensus, and the dissolution of the country in 1991. As part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) which was formed in 1992, Serbia during the 1990s went through the most devastating period in its modern (economic) history, experiencing the second highest and the second longest hyperinflation ever registered (1992-94). The battle against (hyper) inflation and economic recovery took the form of the Avramovic programme of January 1994, but failed to delivery any prolonged stabilisation and growth. Additionally, during the period of FRY, when Slobodan Miloševic was in power, an extensive regime of economic and non-economic sanctions were imposed on Serbia by the international community (1991-2000). Moreover, in 1999, the country was faced with the seriousness of the Kosovo conflict and NATO bombing, and the concomitant impact of these events on economic life. As a result of all this, Serbia’s transition process was stillborn throughout much of the 1990s and public confidence in the state institutions, including the National Bank of Serbia (NBS), was entirely lost. Transition resumed in 2001, following the ‘bulldozer revolution’ of 5 October 200, and has since followed the main postulates of the transition blueprint which was based on the so-called “Washington Consensus”. The exchange-rate based stabilisation programme brought positive results as early as 2002 and 2003, notably in bringing down inflation. The combination of a de facto fixed exchange rate regime (formally announced as a managed float) and gloomy prospects of an ever-raising current account deficit and public debt, however, gave rise to a wide-ranging debate on the role of exchange rate and monetary policy in the overall profess of economic recovery. Our analysis reveals that there is a space, although limited due to the high “euroisation” of the Serbian economy, for a more active monetary policy. This would allow a substantial depreciation of the real dinar exchange rate, of importance given the demands of WTO and EU membership, namely full capital account liberalisation. Since February 2003, Serbia again changed its constitutional robe by becoming a member state of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Following this constitutional change in June 2003, after a decade-long delay, Serbia's central bank reform was eventually initiated and the new NBS Law was enacted. The evidence contained in this work suggests that the NBS's legal independence perfectly matches the transitional average, but that the actual NBS's independence is a cause for concern. So as to prevent the inclusion of the 'systemic error' into the new Serbian constitution - by which a single person (i.e. the governor) is the sole source of monetary policymaking - the study proposes several principles which may guide the drafting process. Additionally, the thesis points to provisions of the current NBS Law which need to be adapted in line with the EMU acquis. The study concludes by rising the question of how the NBS's credibility can be restored, proposing a new NBS's approach to transparency as a possible solution.
17
Tarrant, A. D. « Why does European Union Legislation sometimes empower national regulatory authorities and sometimes empower European Agencies to undertake regulation for the single market ? » Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1334685/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis investigates why EU single market legislation sometimes privileges national regulatory authorities ("NRAs") as the authoritative decision-makers while other legislation in the same field privileges EU regulatory Agencies. Most of the literature on both EU regulatory Agencies and independent NRAs has explained their creation in functional terms. While there may be functional benefits to be gained from creating regulatory bodies in EU legislation, the thesis argues that their design is not necessarily determined by the standard functional imperatives – indeed, sometimes such delegates, at least from the perspective of actually meeting functions such as credible commitment, may be designed by principals to be ineffective. The theory advanced in the thesis is that Member States will prefer NRAs to be the bodies controlling implementation in those cases where there is distributional conflict and Agencies and/or the Commission where there is not. The Commission and the European Parliament will usually advocate supranational regulatory institutions but will be unable to overcome collective Council preferences where they are in favour of NRAs. The empirical findings in the thesis with respect to the acts of delegation suggest these hypotheses are correct. In addition, the thesis hypothesises that regulatory outcomes will be consistent with the type of design adopted. Consequently, an examination of regulatory implementation is also undertaken in order to verify whether this is the case. The thesis finds that implementation outcomes also vary depending on the type of institution selected.
18
Davis, Richard Gary. « The Prospects for Economic Reform in the Soviet Union : What Can be Learned from Hungary and China ? » W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625682.
Texte intégral
19
Hable, Angelika. « The European constitution. Changes in the reform of competences with a particular focus on the external dimension ». Europainstitut, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/770/1/document.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
One of the core issues in the debate on a future Constitution within the framework of the European Convention was the reform of competences. On 29 October 2004, the Heads of State or Government signed the outcome of the reform process, the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. With regard to the fundamentals of the competence system, namely the attribution and control of competences, as well as the definition of competence categories, the Constitutional Treaty essentially codifies the present acquis communautaire. In the field of external action, however, it introduces significant amendments that might have a considerable impact on the balance of powers within the European Union. This paper analyses these changes. It looks at the potential implications of the institutional amendments regarding the new post of the Union Minister for Foreign Affairs and the strengthened role of the European Council, as well as the newly defined principles and objectives of the Union's external action. Further emphasis is placed on the scope of the Union's external powers following the incorporation of the principle of implied powers, as well as an analysis of the individual competence provisions in Title V of the Constitutional Treaty. (author's abstract)Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
20
Ongur, Hakan Ovunc. « An Analysis Of The Minorities Issue In Turkey-european Union Relations ». Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607346/index.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this thesis is to analyze the minorities issue within the Turkey-European Union relations. In the study, international, European and Turkish perspectives in minority understanding will be explored, respectively. The main argument will read: &ldquoMinorities issue is a highly politicized matter upon which neither legal nor academic standards are reached commonly in international, European or Turkish perspectives
thus, it must not constitute one of the focal points in Turkey-EU relations&rdquo
. The analyses of historical development, legal background, political influence as well as a conceptual analysis will be followed for all three perspectives. A textual and descriptive research method will be employed throughout the thesis. The conclusion will be drawn with regards to the controversial position of the minorities issue, overall, and specifically for the membership negotiations between Turkey and European Union. This road of approach would contribute to the perception of those reluctant to the political intervention of the European Union towards candidate states, as well as would help locate Turkey&rsquo
s future position regarding Protection of Minorities and minority rights.
21
BRUNO, FEDERICO. « ORDOLIBERALISM AND THE REFORM OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE DURING THE EURO CRISIS ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/748061.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The thesis aims at investigating the influence of Ordoliberalism, a German variant of Neoliberalism, in the reforms of the European economic governance undertaken during the crisis. The influence of the ordoliberal ideology has become, in the last years, a contentious topic: part of the literature claims that Ordoliberalism did influence the actions of the German government in the years of the crisis, while another part denies that this ideology played any significant role. This thesis aims to contribute to this debate.
The thesis is divided in two parts. The first one is theoretical and reconstructs the ordoliberal ideology relying on Michael Freeden’s morphological approach. The second part is empirical and uses the methodologies of political science to trace the influence of this ideology in the European crisis politics.
22
Schmidt-Nechl, Oliver. « Baltic security, NATO enlargement and defense reform : the challenges of overcommitments and overlaps / ». Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FSchmidt-Nechl.pdf.
Texte intégral
23
Sener, Hasan Engin. « Public Administration Reform In The Context Of The European Union Enlargement Process : The Hungarian And Turkish Cases ». Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609836/index.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this study, administrative reform in the EU accession process was analysed with reference to the cases of Hungary and Turkey. The main goal of this study is to show that both objective (economy) and subjective (politics) factors are
important and acceding countries to have room to manoeuvre in the context of the social-liberal framework of the EU. To this end, necessary causality between neoliberal administrative reform and EU accession, and determinism in the
enlargement process, which leaves no room to manoeuvre for candidate countries, are denied. In conclusion, it is seen that since there is no public administration model, candidate countries are free to determine the content of the administrative reforms within the framework of general principles set by the EU. Moreover, it is found that the EU accession process is closely related to modernisation of the
public administration system in the candidate countries and administrative reform has been overlapped and equalized to EU accession. Finally, it is understood that administrative reform with its extensive content, caused centralisation.
24
Nikolic, Olga. « Post-conflict nonforcible international intervention : United States and European Union, political reform and reconstructive programs in Serbia ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.570312.
Texte intégral
25
Coulibaly, Adama Ekberg. « The EU wheat market and Agenda 2000 farm reform : policies, decision-support tools and impact multipliers / ». free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9901308.
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26
Fella, Stefano. « The European policy of the Labour Party, from opposition to government : the 1996-97 intergovernmental conference and the politics of European Union Treaty reform ». Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391915.
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MARCO, COLINO Sandra. « Towards a sound economic analysis in EC competition law ? : the new regulatory framework for motor vehicle distribution agreements in the EU ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7020.
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Defence date: 21 May 2007Examining Board: Prof. Christian Joerges, (EUI) ; Prof. Heike Schweitzer, (EUI) ; Prof. Barry Rodger, (University of Strathclyde) ; Prof. Luis Ortiz Blanco (Universidad Rey Juan Carlos)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
no abstract available
28
Кириленко, Оксана Миколаївна, Oksana Kyrylenko, Катерина Миколаївна Разумова, Kateryna Razumova, Микита Олегович Березюк et Nikita Olegovich Bereziuk. « Ways of cooperation between ukraine and the european union in a pandemic situation ». Thesis, National Aviation University, 2020. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/49994.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Export of medical equipment and finished goods in general has a very good profit potential, it is perspective way of development of Ukraine, because we only export raw materials in past. Labor is quite cheep and China as a competitor suffered losses. BUT the way how this idea became true in Ukraine at last few weeks is totally insane. Producers just stopped sales on domestic market and by hook or by crook started export. Such approach to economic activity may lead to richness of one person but not an industry. So to solve this problem the great impact from government is needed.
Medical outsource is also a perspective way of development. We have a lot of medical employees in Ukraine.Експорт медичного обладнання та готової продукції в цілому має дуже хороший потенціал для отримання прибутку, це перспективний шлях розвитку України, оскільки ми експортуємо сировину лише в минулому. Трудова діяльність досить дешева, і Китай як конкурент зазнав збитків. Аkt те, як ця ідея втілилася в життя в Україні за останні кілька тижнів, абсолютно божевільна. Виробники просто зупинили продажі на внутрішньому ринку і гачком або шахрайством розпочали експорт. Такий підхід до економічної діяльності може призвести до багатства однієї людини, але не галузі. Тож для вирішення цієї проблеми необхідний великий вплив уряду. Медичний аутсорсинг - це також перспективний шлях розвитку. У нас багато медичних працівників в Україні.
29
Bratu, Roxana. « Actors, practices and networks of corruption : the case of Romania's accession to European Union funding ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/891/.
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This thesis offers new insights into the challenges and opportunities brought by European Union (EU) integration policies by taking as a case study the process of accessing EU funding in Romania and its impact on the performance and reproduction of contemporary entrepreneurial identities. It is based on 16 months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Romania between June 2007 and September 2008. The thesis argues that EU funding - as an economic process shaped by EU anticorruption practices, policies and assumptions – configures new political and economic subjects through intertwined vocabularies of corruption and crime, a mix of formal and informal entrepreneurial practices and the commodification of finance. This dynamic process concomitantly enables Romania’s top-down integration into the EU through the adoption of transnational regulations, institutions and anxieties and Romania’s bottom-up integration into the EU through the assimilation of the EU funding regulations into the vernacular practices of doing business.
30
Covic, Tomislav. « Die Polizeireform in Bosnien-Herzegowina [Rolle und Funktion der internationalen Gemeinschaft beim Aufbau von Innerer Sicherheit in einem Land im Umbruch] ». Holzkirchen/Obb. Felix-Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/999242520/04.
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Rasco, Clark Joseph. « Demographic trends in the European Union : political and strategic implications ». Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1526.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedThis thesis analyzes adverse demographic trends in the European Union, including sub-replacement birthrates and increasing median ages. It investigates the implications of these trends for the EU's prospects for becoming a stronger and more influential actor in international affairs. Pressures arising from population trends in and near the EU could ultimately affect national and EU cohesion, governmental effectiveness, and social stability. Absent remedial measures, social programs in some EU countries will be unsustainable due to the mounting financial burden of pensions and health care for growing elderly populations. Such financial obligations hinder funding other national programs, including modernized military capabilities. Nationalism and national identity are at issue in immigrant integration and assimilation efforts. The role of population trends with regard to the growing threat of radical Islamic fundamentalism is explored. The thesis concludes with policy recommendations that might be considered to avert the looming economic, social, and security crises that may result from these demographic trends. In short, the security and financial consequences foreshadowed by the current demographic trends of an aging, economically weaker, and socially conflicted European Union could present dramatic implications for the vital national interests of the United States.
Lieutenant, United States Navy
32
Lotze, Hermann [Verfasser], Dieter [Gutachter] Kirschke et Harald von [Gutachter] Witzke. « Integration and Transition on European Agricultural and Food Markets : Policy Reform, European Union Enlargement, and Foreign Direct Investment / Hermann Lotze ; Gutachter : Dieter Kirschke, Harald von Witzke ». Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 1999. http://d-nb.info/1207667854/34.
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van, Onna Joppe H. « A comparison of the environmental regulatory framework on the production of shale gas in the European Union and the United States ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-96032.
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Hawkins, Benjamin Robert. « Constructing Britain and the EU : a discourse theoretical account of the EU treaty reform process 2003-2007 ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4102.
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This study aims to address the longstanding questions surrounding the consistently low levels of support articulated towards the European Union (EU)by British citizens. Existing studies highlight that political identities are closely related to the levels of support citizens across the EU express for the process of European integration. Citizens who define their identity in exclusively national terms tend also to oppose the process of European integration and their country’s participation in this process. Present studies, however, fail to provide an adequate account of the emergence of exclusively national identities and their prevalence in member-states such as the UK. The citizens of the UK have expressed consistently low levels of support for the process of European integration and for British membership of what is now the EU, since Britain’s accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) over 30 years ago. Similarly, the UK has one of the highest proportions of citizens who define their identity in exclusively national terms of any EU memberstate. The argument presented in this thesis is that the low levels of support for the EU and the prevalence of exclusively national identity constructions amongst UK citizens must be understood in the context of British discourses about the EU. I employ the conception of subjectivity developed by post-structuralist discourse theory in order to examine the emergence of an exclusively national form of British identity within media debates on the EU treaty reform process. Discourse theory offers a set of concepts and logics through which it is possible to investigate the structure of eurosceptic discourses. Furthermore, drawing on the insights from Lacanian psychoanalysis, it is able to account also for the strength and longevity of these constructions of national identity. This thesis identifies a eurosceptic discourse of British national identity characterised by an underlying logic of nationalism, according to which nations are seen as natural political communities and the nation-state the most logical unit of political organisation. This is evident not only in debates about the powers of the EU, but also in the relationship constructed between the UK and other member-states in the EU. In addition, the EU is itself constructed as a quasi-state and functions in these discourses as the ‘other’ against which Britain is defined. The former is seen as a hostile, foreign power bent on assuming ever greater control over the UK. These constructions of Britain and the EU feed into fantasmatic constructions of subjugation and oppression, which help account for the strength and resilience of eurosceptic discourses. The final part of the thesis examines the pro-European voices in the British media. However, it is not possible to discern a coherent pro-European discourse in the same way in which it is possible to identify the eurosceptic discourse. I outline the extent to which these pro-European voices challenge the predominant eurosceptic discourse, and offer alternative constructions of Britain’s relationship with the EU which may form the basis of more inclusive identity constructions.
35
Radeva, Hadjiev Vera. « The Impact of the European Union on the transformation of child protection policies : a study of Bulgarian deinstitutionalization reform (1989-2015) ». Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0017/document.
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La Bulgarie avait en 1990 l’un des nombre d’enfants, ayant des parents vivants, abandonnés dans des institutions parmi le plus élevé au sein des de l’Union Européenne. En portant notre attentions sur la manière dont la candidature à l’Union Européenne a affecté l’héritage post-communiste en Bulgarie, notre thèse cible le développement de la réforme des orphelinats et donc des institutions en approfondissant le concept de « désintitutionnalisation ». Dans un second temps, nous comparons cette réfome à la réforme britannique. Notre objectif est d’éclairer le rôle de l’Union européenne dans la transformation des politiques sociales de protection de l’enfance. Notre terrain de recherche est celui de la Bulgarie et du Royaume-Uni et leurs systèmes de protection infantile de 1989 à 2015In the 1990’s Bulgaria had one of the highest numbers of abandoned children with living parents among European member states. Our question of departure was how the European Union membership has changed the post-communist heritage of institutional care and we focus on the transformation of orphanages through the deinstitutionalization reform. Furthermore, this doctoral research compares the development of the Bulgarian deinstitutionalization reform to the British one, and offers an insight into the role of the European Union in the transformation of social policies of child protection. The terrain of the research is Bulgaria and the United Kingdom, and their systems of child protection from 1989 to 2015
36
Uluskaradag, Ozge. « Health Sector Restructuring In Turkey : The Impact Of Neoliberal Policies And European Union Membership Candidacy ». Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613402/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims to analyze the inner dynamics as well as the outcomes of the health sector restructuring process in Turkey, by focusing on Neo-Liberal transformation, New Public Management practices and European Integration process. The thesis argues that health reform process along with other public sector reforms have been initiated by Neo-Liberalism as the new face of institutional and structural arrangements during 1980s. Within that process, it is underlined that New Public Management approach with its commitment to private sector methodology and techniques reflected the underlying philosophy and basic premises of Neo-Liberalism which dominated the health sector restructuring process in Turkey, as well as in Eastern Europe since 1990s. Often characterized
with the notion of &ldquoefficiency&rdquo
, the New Public Management techniques and methodologies claimed to bring a more efficiently working health system. In order to refute this claim, the health sector reforms that have been exercised in the past two decades in Turkey as well as in Eastern Europe are analyzed within a historical context. It is also argued that while the Neo-Liberal policies and policy initiatives proposed by International Monetary Fund and World Bank had a direct effect on health sector restructuring process, the role of the European Union has been indirect with regard to organization and service provision. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to analyze the outcomes of the health reforms carried out in Turkey in a multidisciplinary manner in order to reveal its political, economic,social and administrative implications in terms of service providers and service takers.
37
Takil, Gizem. « An Evaluation Of The Reform Process In The Turkish Prison System : Role Of The International And European Norms And Prisoners ». Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613217/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the reforms in Turkish Prison System in the light of the international standards and accession to the European Union. The standards and Turkey&rsquos efforts to comply with the requirements of those standards are handled in historical order. The process, reasons and initiators of the change are evaluated in the thesis. In order to understand if the process is shaped by a top down or a bottom up effect, criticisms of the Council of Europe and the European Union, and petitions of the prisoners sent to Human Rights Investigation Committee of the Turkish Grand National Assembly are examined.
38
Lewis, Marion Jeaneth. « Security sector reform and the Serbia conundrum : are SSR efforts bringing Serbia closer to European union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization Integration ? / ». Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Dec%5FLewis.pdf.
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Lewis, Marion J. « Security sector reform and the Serbia conundrum are SSR efforts bringing Serbia closer to European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization Integration ? » Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9988.
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The NATO intervention in the wars in the former Yugoslavia from 1991 to 1999 illustrated the importance of South Eastern Europe to Atlantic security. In 2005, certain of the southern Slav nations have gained NATO and EU membership, as in the case of Slovenia, or have drawn ever closer to qualifying for membership, as in the case of Croatia and Bulgaria. However, Serbia and Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina have proved more difficult to draw into the European fold due to the lingering effects of the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo. This thesis explores Serbia's ongoing attempts to integrate into EU and NATO structures. It begins with the background of the situation in Serbia of 2005 with a focus on the historical leadership, management, and missions of the security sector. It then examines the development and objectives of the security sector reform agenda and the challenges facing its practitioners. Additionally, this thesis analyses the impact of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Kosovo final status disposition, and the chaotic domestic political situation on Serbian reform efforts. This thesis argues that, as a result of political and social circumstances unique to Serbia as well as the institutional shortcomings of the West as concerns comprehensive democratic reform of power and arms, the ongoing SSR efforts in Serbia will take several years to come to fruition.
40
Patz, Ronny. « Information flows in the context of EU policy-making : affiliation networks and the post-2012 reform of the EU's Common Fisheries Policy ». Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7073/.
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Information flows in EU policy-making are heavily dependent on personal networks, both within the Brussels sphere but also reaching outside the narrow limits of the Belgian capital. These networks develop for example in the course of formal and informal meetings or at the sidelines of such meetings. A plethora of committees at European, transnational and regional level provides the basis for the establishment of pan-European networks. By studying affiliation to those committees, basic network structures can be uncovered. These affiliation network structures can then be used to predict EU information flows, assuming that certain positions within the network are advantageous for tapping into streams of information while others are too remote and peripheral to provide access to information early enough. This study has tested those assumptions for the case of the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy for the time after 2012. Through the analysis of an affiliation network based on participation in 10 different fisheries policy committees over two years (2009 and 2010), network data for an EU-wide network of about 1300 fisheries interest group representatives and more than 200 events was collected. The structure of this network showed a number of interesting patterns, such as – not surprisingly – a rather central role of Brussels-based committees but also close relations of very specific interests to the Brussels-cluster and stronger relations between geographically closer maritime regions. The analysis of information flows then focused on access to draft EU Commission documents containing the upcoming proposal for a new basic regulation of the Common Fisheries Policy. It was first documented that it would have been impossible to officially obtain this document and that personal networks were thus the most likely sources for fisheries policy actors to obtain access to these “leaks” in early 2011. A survey of a sample of 65 actors from the initial network supported these findings: Only a very small group had accessed the draft directly from the Commission. Most respondents who obtained access to the draft had received it from other actors, highlighting the networked flow of informal information in EU politics. Furthermore, the testing of the hypotheses connecting network positions and the level of informedness indicated that presence in or connections to the Brussels sphere had both advantages for overall access to the draft document and with regard to timing. Methodologically, challenges of both the network analysis and the analysis of information flows but also their relevance for the study of EU politics have been documented. In summary, this study has laid the foundation for a different way to study EU policy-making by connecting topical and methodological elements – such as affiliation network analysis and EU committee governance – which so far have not been considered together, thereby contributing in various ways to political science and EU studies.Informationsflüsse im Kontext von EU-Entscheidungsprozessen sind ohne persönliche Netzwerke kaum denkbar, sowohl solche innerhalb der Brüsseler Sphäre aber auch solche, die über die engen Grenzen der belgischen Hauptstadt hinausreichen. Solche Netzwerke entwickeln sich zum Beispiel im Laufe von offiziellen und inoffiziellen Treffen, oft auch am Rande solcher Ereignisse. Die Vielzahl von Ausschüssen auf europäischer, transnationaler und regionaler Ebene bildet daher die Grundlage für die Schaffung europäischer Netzwerkstrukturen. Indem wir die Teilnahme an solchen Ausschüssen untersuchen, ist es uns möglich, grundlegende Strukturmerkmale solcher Netzwerke aufzudecken. Solche Affiliationsnetzwerk-Strukturen können dann die Grundlage zur Vorhersage von europäischen Informationsflüssen bilden: Die Annahme ist, dass bestimmte Positionen in solchen Netzwerken vorteilhaft für den Zugang zu Informationsflüssen sind, während andere Positionen (zu) weit entfernt und zu peripher sind, um rechtzeitigen Zugriff auf relevante Informationen zu erhalten. Die vorliegende Studie testet diese Annahmen anhand der Reform der Gemeinsamen Fischereipolitik der Europäischen Union für die Zeit nach 2012 . Basierend auf Teilnahmedaten von 10 Fischereipolitik-Ausschüssen über den Zeitraum von zwei Jahren (2009 und 2010) wurde ein Affilationsnetzwerk aus mehr als 1300 Interessenvertretern und –vertreterinnen sowie über 200 Ereignissen erhoben. Die Struktur dieses Netzwerks zeigt eine Reihe von interessanten Mustern auf, zum Beispiel die zentrale Rolle von Brüssel-basierten Ausschüssen aber auch die enge Verknüpfung bestimmter Interessen mit dem Brüsseler Kern des Netzwerk sowie die enge Vernetzung geographisch benachbarter Meeresregionen. Die Analyse von EU-Informationsflüssen wurde dann Anhand des Zugangs von Akteuren aus dem erhobenen Netzwerk zu (nichtöffentlichen) Entwurfsfassungen des Kommissionsvorschlags für eine neue Gemeinsame Fischereipolitik durchgeführt. Zunächst wurde dokumentiert, dass der Zugang zu diesen Dokumenten auf offiziellen Wegen unmöglich war und dass daher Zugang durch erweiterte persönliche Netzwerke die wahrscheinlichste Erklärung für den Erhalt von „Leaks“ durch Fischereipolitik-Interessengruppen in der ersten Hälfte von 2011 war. Eine Umfrage unter 65 Akteuren aus der Gesamtpopulation des Gesamtnetzwerk unterstützte diese Vermutung: Nur eine kleine Gruppe hatte Zugang zu den nicht-öffentlichen Entwurfsdokumenten durch ihre direkten Beziehungen mit der EU-Kommission. Die meisten Teilnehmer der Umfrage hatte Zugang zu diesen Dokumenten durch Dritte erhalten, ein Nachweis, dass EU-Informationen sich tatsächlich in weiteren Netzwerkstrukturen verbreiten. Die Studie konnte auch zeigen, dass enge Affiliations-Beziehungen zur Brüsseler Sphäre ein relevanter Indikator für den (zeitnahen) Zugang zu nicht-öffentlichen EU-Dokumenten ist. Die Herausforderungen in der methodischen Erhebungen von europäischen Affiliationsnetzwerkdaten und von EU-Informationsflüssen werden dabei in der Studie ausführlich dokumentiert. Die Relevanz dieser Methoden zur Analyse von EU-Politik wird ebenfalls im Detail dargelegt. Zusammenfassend legt diese Doktorarbeit die Grundlage für eine neue Art, europäische und transnationale politische Prozesse in Europa zu untersuchen. Sie verbinden thematische und methodische Ansätze – zum Beispiel Affiliationsnetzwerkanalyse und die Untersuchung des EU-Ausschusswesens – die bislang in dieser Form noch nicht zusammengeführt wurden, und trägt dadurch auf verschiedenste Weise zur Weiterentwicklung der Politikwissenschaft und der Europastudien bei.
41
Lindvall, Daniel. « The limits of the European vision in Bosnia and Herzegovina an analysis of the police reform negotiations / ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-31392.
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Al-Harbi, Al-Yamamah Khudair. « The constitutional implications of 'monitoring' harmful internet content in Kuwait : an empirical study in light of European Union/United Kingdom and United States regulatory models ». Thesis, University of Essex, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573736.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis addresses the constitutional implications of monitoring harmful Internet content in Kuwait. The monitoring system is being implemented by Internet service providers (ISPs) who are private actors. This thesis answers key questions about the Kuwaiti system of monitoring in light of Internet self/co-regulatory models in the US, EU, and UK. These questions are: what is the role of ISPs and Internet content providers (ICPs) in the process of monitoring harmful Internet content in Kuwait? Is the Kuwaiti monitoring system based on a legitimate framework that conforms to the 1962 Kuwaiti Constitution and Kuwait's human rights obligations? Are there any mechanisms in the Kuwaiti system to bind ISPs and ICPs by the 1962 Constitution and Kuwait's human rights obligations? In the search for a better model, this thesis has investigated responsive solutions to the problem of 'harmful Internet content' in the US, EU, and UK. It has looked closely at two issues in the selected systems: namely, the liability of ISPs for third party content and the use of self/co-regulation tools by ISPs. This investigation has shed light on the positive and negative impacts of Internet self- regulation on end-user rights to freedom of expression. It has also sought to undertake comparative inquiry into mechanisms for binding ISPs by human rights obligations. The thesis argues that the Kuwaiti system is far removed from the normative legitimacy and efficiency of Internet self-regulation. However, there are lessons to learn from the comparative systems. The thesis therefore presents a number of recommendations for improving current practice to achieve a better approach to self-regulation of Internet content, and Internet governance in Kuwait. It attempts to produce practical recommendations that will fit the limited political and economic climate in Kuwait.
43
Rush, Tadhg. « An Investment Court System : Perpetuating or Reforming the Legitimacy Crisis in Investor-State Arbitration ? » Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384391.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For the last two to three decades there has been an on-going legitimacy debate surrounding Investment Treaty Arbitration. States, scholars and public opinion argue that reform is needed. The European Union proposes the reform of Investor-State Arbitration through the creation of an Investment Court System. This is exemplified by recent European Union negotiated trade agreements such as the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement and the EU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement. This thesis discusses whether an Investment Court System is a step towards solving the legitimacy concerns or whether an Investment Court System will thrust Investor-State Arbitration into the relative unknown, exacerbating the validity questions enveloping Investor-State Arbitration. The thesis observes the criticisms raised by eminent scholars, States and campaigners against Investor-State Arbitration and the reforms proposed by the European Union Commission and European Union Parliament, in the form of an Investment Court System. Finally, the study looks briefly at how certain countries who have become disenfranchised with Investor-State Arbitration are approaching reform internationally, and comparatively discusses whether these options would be more beneficial to the Investor-State Arbitration community, rather than the European Union proposed Investment Court System.
44
Fescharek, Nicolas. « European role convergence by default ? : the contributions of the EU Member States to security provision and Security Sector Reform during the military intervention in Afghanistan (2001-2014) ». Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0009/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Basé sur un engagement collectif qui a débuté en 2001, cette thèse se penche sur le rôle des États membres de l'Union européenne (UE) dans la stabilisation de l’Afghanistan pendant l'intervention militaire de 2001 à 2014. La thèse analyse les contributions nationales et collectives des Etats membres à la stabilisation et la sécurité nationale de l'Afghanistan, de la réforme du secteur de sécurité à la formation de l'armée et de la police, du maintien de la paix aux combats et aux initiatives diplomatiques. La thèse montre que le Etats membres ont joué un rôle important dans les prestations de sécurité, mais leur impact collectif est en grande partie le résultat de synergies entre des contributions nationales, et ces synergies ont été réalisées en dehors des dynamiques ou des politiques européennes. Le leadership américain a été un facteur important dans l’émergence d’un rôle européen collectif par défaut. La thèse avance également un argument théorique-conceptuel : Loin d'être un obstacle à un rôle européen de sécurité et de défense, l'absence d'une politique ou d'un projet européen a agi comme un important catalyseur de la convergence des comportements, une fois qu’un leadership américain pouvait être invoqué. Cette convergence de comportements en matière de sécurité et de défense a eu lieu en dépit de la grande divergence des cultures stratégiques entre les Etats membres. Elle a été réalisée à partir d’actions conjointes mais sélectives qui furent insérées dans le cadre du leadership américain. Une politique collective et européenne n’a pas été nécessaire pour réaliser ce rôleBased on a collective engagement that has lasted since 2001, this thesis looks at the role(s) of the EU Member States (MS) in the provision of security during the intervention in Afghanistan (2001-2014). It analyzes their national and collective contribution(s) to Afghanistan’s post-2001 national security and Security Sector Reform (SSR), from military and police training to peace keeping, war fighting and diplomatic initiatives. The dissertation shows the MS played an important role in security provision, but their collective impact was largely the result of synergies between national contributions that occurred outside of European dynamics or policy planning. US campaign leadership was an important enabler of this collective European role by default. The dissertation also advances a theoretical-conceptual argument: Far from being an impediment to a European role in security and defense, the absence of a European policy or project acted as an important enabler of behavioral convergence once a US lead could be relied upon. This behavioral convergence in security and defense occurred despite the great strategic cultural divergence between the MS. It consisted of, and was driven by, joined-up action on an opt-in/opt-out basis, while a collective European policy was not necessary
45
Rusche, Tim Maxian. « The promotion of the production of electricity from renewable energy sources in the European Union through marked-based regulatory policies : a political, economic and legal analysis ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010301.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La thèse analyse la promotion de l'électricité produite à partir de sources renouvelables par la régulation économique. Elle combine la recherche existante en économie, sciences politiques et droit. Les principaux apports scientifiques nouveaux par rapport à la recherche existante sont les suivants : - L'échec des efforts de la Commission européenne d'harmoniser les systèmes de soutien au niveau de l'UE s'explique par une alliance (de prime abord improbable) des OGN "vertes" et des producteurs d'électricité verte, soucieux de protéger le système des prix garantis par l'État, ainsi que des États membres, soucieux du respect du principe de subsidiarité. - Contrairement à l'avis dominant en sciences économique, des prix minima garantis, arrêté au niveau de 'UE, constituent la politique règlementaire la plus efficient. - La première analyse compréhensive de la pratique décisionnelle de la Commission européenne eu matière d'aide d'État et la jurisprudence de la Court depuis 1990 montre que, contrairement à l'avis dominant dans la recherche juridique, les systèmes de soutien de la plupart des États membres constituent des aides d'État, car l'arrêt PreussenElektra a un champ d'application beaucoup plus restreint que généralement admis. - Les règles de l'OMC, du Traité sur la Charte de l'Énergie, du droit des aides d'État et du marché intérieur interagissent d'une manière qui n'a pas encore été pleinement compris par la littérature juridique. - Des parallélismes surprenants au débat juridique en Europe existent dans le débat juridique aux États-Unis. Cependant, il n'ont pas été mis en exergue par les juristes. Ainsi, la "dormant commerce clause" soumet les régimes de soutien au États-Unis à des contraintes similaires que les règles du marché intérieur; et le contrôle fédéral de la régulation des prix sous le Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) ressemble au contrôle des aides d'ÉtatThe thesis analyses the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources by regulatory policies, bringing together the existing research in economics, political science and law. The main new findings compared to the existing research are: The failure of the Commission's attempts to harmonize support schemes al the EU level is due to an (at first sight: unlikely) alliance of green NGO and renewable electricity producers, concerned about protecting fixed purchase prices, and Member States, concerned about subsidiarity; Contrary to the dominating view in the economic literature, fixed purchase prices, set at the EU level, are the most efficient regulatory option; The first comprehensive analysis of the Commission's decision practice and the Court's case law on support schemes under EU State aid rules since 1990 shows that, contrary to the dominating view in legal writing, the support schemes of most Member States do constitute State aid, because PreussenElektra has a much narrower scope than generally thought. WTO rules, the Energy Charter Treaty, and EU State aid and internal market rules interact in ways which have thus far not been analyzed in detail in the legal literature. Surprising parallelisms exist in the legal debate in the US and in the EU, which have thus far been widely overlooked by legal scholars: the "dormant commerce clause" puts very similar constraints on State support schemes as internal market rules; and federal control on price regulation under the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) in the US acts similarly to State aid control in the EU
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Steinback, Glenn-Iain. « RUSSIA IN TRANSITION : A POLITICAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE DISOLUTION OF THE SOVIET UNION, EVOLUTION OF CAPITALIST REFORM AND THE CREATION OF PUTINISM, 1985-2015 ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/158.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines the historical progression of social and political transitions in late Soviet and post-Soviet Russia, seeking to establish the development of Putinism in an historical context and assert a definition of Putinism as a governing philosophy which exploits the rhetoric of democracy and civil society to conceal authoritarian practices. Analysis begins with Mikhail Gorbachev’s ‘moral position’ as the basis of the Gorbachev reforms and the conceptual introduction of democratic and market mechanics, followed by the rejection of the Soviet system and the mixed legacy of shock therapy under Boris Yeltsin, culminating in the ultimate ascendancy of Vladimir Putin as a response to the perceived loss of national status and social dislocation resulting from the Gorbachev and Yeltsin eras. Ultimately, it is asserted that Putinism is ideologically grounded in Chekism, fundamentally anti-democratic and inherently kleptocratic, seeking to maintain power and perpetuate a sistema centered on the Kremlin. Through vertical centralization of the state, the development of alternative mechanisms of governance, domination of political discourse, development of a personality cult, state sponsored redefinition of Russian identity and the encouragement of exceptionalist and neo-imperialist policies.
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Sahin, Taner. « Capacity remuneration mechanisms in energy-only markets : in pursuit of creating a regulatory framework for the integration of capacity remuneration mechanisms in the European Union electricity markets ». Thesis, University of Dundee, 2018. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/34f09dff-89fb-4131-a4ce-b5927d0f71c7.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Liberalisation of electricity markets in Europe produces challenges for ensuring generation adequacy. There are rising concerns in Europe concerning the competence of energy-only markets to provide generation adequacy in the European Union Electricity Markets. Consequently, many Member States in the European Union including the UK, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Poland, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Croatia, Sweden and Ireland have introduced or are contemplating the introduction of Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms in their jurisdictions with a unilateral approach. It is known, however, that fragmented and uncoordinated Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms in integrated electricity markets, as in Europe, might cause inefficiencies and distort cross-border trade. These developments raise the controversial issue of creating a regulatory framework to integrate Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms in Europe. This thesis is mainly a research on how this regulatory framework can be established. With this understanding, throughout the thesis, one research question is asked and tried to be answered: What regulatory framework is required to ensure generation adequacy in energy-only markets, and to integrate unilaterally established Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms in the EU in compliance with the spirit of the Internal Electricity Market? Answering the first part of research question provides this thesis with a Conceptual Framework. This Conceptual Framework is used to understand the main causes and working principles of Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms. Also, it enables to make a comparison between the theoretical backgrounds of Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms and their reflections in the European Union. To reveal this Conceptual Framework, an extensive literature review is made and, hence, what are the main causes of Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms in energy-only markets are put forward from a theoretical point of view. Accordingly, the missing money problem, the increasing share of intermittent RESs, investment (boom-and-bust) cycle problem and lack of adequate forward contracts are evaluated as main causes of Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms. This theoretical conclusion is supported by analyzing several real-world experiences from the United States to South America. Then, as indicated above, these deductions derived from the Conceptual Framework are tested within the context of the European Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms established in recent years. Consequently, the main causes of the European Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms are compared with what the Conceptual Framework is provided. It is revealed that although the underlying reasons of Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms in the European Union are mostly same with what the Conceptual Framework provides, there are several reasons unique to the European Union Member States. These reasons are called as "European-centric reasons" in this thesis and ordered as follow: (1) Low Carbon Prices - Failure of the Emission Trading Scheme, (2) Phasing out nuclear and coal power plants, (3) Flood of cheap shale gas: Increasing competitiveness of coal power plants, (4) The Global Financial Crisis 2008. Having presented the above, all in all, integration of European Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms is asserted as an inevitable necessity. The said integration is defined as accepting foreign capacity resources (i.e. allowing cross-border participation where physically possible) to national Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms within the context of this thesis. Justifications for this integration are put forward from both legal and economic perspectives. Consequently, the thesis proposes some minimum regulatory requirements to harmonize, and thus integrate, national Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms in Europe. These regulatory requirements include the following (not ranked by priority): Harmonized Generation Adequacy Assessments, Respecting Contracted Capacity Obligations, Allocation of Interconnectors' Capacity and No Double Counting. Initiated by the European Commission in 2015, the Energy Union Strategy offers one of the most important opportunities, if not the only opportunity, to meet these requirements. It is understood that the Fourth Energy Package to be brought by the Energy Union Strategy, along with other innovations it will bring, will include the necessary legal framework that enable these minimum regulatory requirements. In this sense, it can be guessed that significant amendments will be made especially to the Electricity Directive and the Security of Electricity Directive. The questions of whether these amendments will be adequate for integrating European Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms; and, thus, whether the challenges caused by these mechanisms can be overcome will be the subject of interesting and important research in next years.
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Schenk, Linda. « Management of chemical risk through occupational exposure limits ». Licentiate thesis, KTH, Philosophy and History of Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9769.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) are used as an important regulatory instrument to protect workers’ health from adverse effects of chemical exposures. The OELs mirror the outcome of the risk assessment and risk management performed by the standard setting actor. In paper I the OELs established by 18 different organisations or national regulatory agencies from the industrialised world were compared. The comparison concerned: (1) what chemicals have been selected and (2) the average level of exposure limits for all chemicals. In paper II the OELs established by 7 different national regulatory agencies of EU member states are compared to those of the European Commission (EC). In addition to the same comparisons as performed in the first study a comparison level was introduced (3) the similarity between the OELs of these EU member states and the OELs recommended by the EC.
List of OELs were collected through the web-pages of, and e-mail communication with the standard-setting agencies. The selection of agencies was determined by availability of the lists. The database of paper I contains OELs for a total of 1341 substances; of these 25 substances have OELs from all 18 organisations while more than one third of the substances are only regulated by one organisation alone. In paper II this database was narrowed down to the European perspective. The average level of OELs differs substantially between organisations; the US OSHA exposure limits are (on average) nearly 40 % higher than those of Poland. Also within Europe there was a nearly as large difference. The average level of lists tends to decrease over time, although there are exceptions to this. The similarity index in paper II indicates that the exposure limits of EU member states are converging towards the European Commission’s recommended OELs. These two studies also showed that OELs for the same substance can vary significantly between different standard-setters. The work presented in paper III identifies steps in the risk assessment that could account for these differences. Substances for which the level of OELs vary by a factor of 100 or more were identified and their documentation sought for further scrutiny. Differences in the identification of the critical effect could explain the different level of the OELs for half of the substances. The results reported in paper III also confirm the tendency of older OELs generally being higher. Furthermore, several OELs were more than 30 years old and were based on out-dated knowledge. But the age of the data review could not account for all the differences in data selection, only one fifth of the documents referred to all available key studies. Also the evaluation of the key studies varied significantly.
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Molander, Linda. « Chemicals in consumer products : Towards a safe and sustainable use ». Licentiate thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-104826.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Health and environmental risks associated with emissions of hazardous chemicals from articles, including everyday consumer products such as clothes and toys, have become widely acknowledged internationally, particularly in the EU. This thesis contributes to new understandings of how these risks are currently managed within the EU and recommends actions for ensuring a safe and sustainable use of chemicals in articles. Paper I provides an overview and comparative analysis of regulatory strategies for managing risks of chemicals in articles in the EU. The in-depth analysis, which is focused on the Toys Safety Directive, the RoHS Directive, and REACH, shows that the legislations differ significantly. Differences include e.g. what criteria are used for the selection of substances to be targeted for regulation, and the kind of requirements and restrictions applied to the selected substances. It is concluded that product-specific directives are important complements to REACH in order to ensure a safe use of chemicals in articles. Paper II evaluates to what extent the regulation of chemicals in articles under REACH is coherent with the rules concerning chemicals in the Sewage Sludge Directive (SSD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The results show that the majority of the chemicals that are prioritized for phase-out under the WFD or for concentration restrictions in sludge and soil under the SSD are allowed to be used in articles according to REACH. In order to avoid end-of-pipe problems and to increase resource efficiency, it is argued that it is necessary to minimize the input of chemicals identified as hazardous to health or the environment into articles. Paper III aims to clarify what the substitution principle means and how it can reasonably be applied as part of chemical policies. A general definition is proposed that gives equal weight to hazard, functionality and economical considerations, while at the same time recognizing that the aim of the substitution principle is to reduce hazards to human health and the environment. This paper also summarizes major methods to promote and implement the principle, discusses legislative approaches with regard to their ability to promote substitution of hazardous chemicals, and makes proposals for an efficient implementation of the principle.QC 20121119
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Tortola, Pier Domenico. « Federalism, the state and the city : explaining urban policy institutions in the United States and in the European Union ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c7fc59b8-474d-45db-b5ae-e1c95f2e44fc.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis contributes to the growing EU-US literature by comparing and explaining the evolution of urban policy in these two federal systems. The thesis begins with a puzzle: after introducing two similar and equally short-lived regeneration schemes—Model Cities (MC) (1967) and URBAN (1994)—the US and the EU followed different paths: the former replaced MC with the durable Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) in 1974, while the latter ended urban policy by ‘mainstreaming’ URBAN in its regional policy in 2006. To solve the puzzle I formulate a two-part argument: first, I explain the similarities between MC and URBAN as resulting from three factors: a favourable political context, holistic urban policy ideas, and centre-periphery mistrust. I then explain subsequent trajectories by looking at the interplay of policy and politico-constitutional institutions. While both MC and URBAN were unable to ‘stick’ because of their inherent weaknesses, the result of their demise depended on the existence of a federal ‘city welfare’ state. In the US, the Housing and Urban Development Department (HUD) embodied this state, and channelled Nixon’s attacks on MC into the creation of the structurally stronger CDBG. In the EU, conversely, DG Regio could not provide a comparable anchor for urban policy: when URBAN was attacked by regions and cities, the DG just reverted to its ‘business as usual’ by mainstreaming the programme. I test my argument with a macro-historical comparison of the two cases and four in-depth city studies—Arlington, VA and Baltimore, MD on the US side, and Bristol, UK and Pescara, Italy on the EU side—aimed at analysing micro-level institutional dynamics. In both parts of the study I use a wide range of sources: secondary and grey literature, statistical sources and, especially, archival material and elite interviews. At both levels of analysis the test confirms my argument.