Thèses sur le sujet « Reddere »

La presente ricerca, articolata in due parti, è volta ad analizzare la funzione che la tutela interdittale ricoprì nell'esperienza giuridica romana, sia sotto il profilo contenutistico, attraverso l’analisi delle singole fattispecie da essa considerate, sia in una prospettiva dinamica, cercando di dare una collocazione temporale, per quanto approssimativa, alla loro origine ed esaminandone la regolamentazione all'interno delle diverse fasi della storia processuale romana. I primi tre capitoli esaminano la portata complessiva di questa forma di tutela, la quale si estendeva ad un gruppo di situazioni giuridiche eterogeneo e, in base a quello che tramandano i più recenti ritrovamenti epigrafici e papiracei, non rimase espressione del tribunale del pretore a Roma, ma trovò applicazione in diversi luoghi dell'Impero. Nella seconda parte del lavoro ci si sofferma sul procedimento che, a seguito dalla postulatio del soggetto interessato, poteva condurre alla concessione degli interdetti, nella persuasione che esso costituisse non una mera contingenza preliminare ai noti giudizi ex causa interdicti ma un procedimento autonomo ed essenziale all'interno del sistema interdittale nel suo complesso.
The present research, divided into two parts, is aimed analysing the function of the interdictal protection in the Roman legal experience, both in terms of content, through the analysis of the individual cases under its cover, and in a dynamic perspective, trying to give a temporal location, however approximate, to its origin and studying the regulation within the different phases of Roman procedural history. The first three chapters examine the overall scope of this remedy, which was accorded to protect a heterogeneous group of legal situations and, according to the most recent epigraphic and papyrus findings, did not remain an expression of the praetor's court in Rome, but was applied in different places of the Empire. In the second part of this work we focus on the procedure that, following the postulatio of the interested party, could lead to the granting of an interdictum. This procedure was not a mere preliminary contingency to the well known iudicia ex causa interdicti but that an autonomous and essential procedure within the interdictal system as a whole.

This thesis presents an investigation into the reddening effects of the diffuse ISM using a subset of stars from the Stephenson (1992) objective prism survey. The survey contained approximately 400 stars, which were originally reported to be heavily-reddened, early-type objects. (B)VRJ photometry of 101 of the stars is presented. Intrinsic colours are inferred, based on the spectral types identified via subsequent optical spectroscopy. These are then used to obtain colour excesses and hence visual extinctions (Ar), using a standard diffuse interstellar reddening law (R= 3.05). Subsequent 6100 - 6900 A spectra of 193 of the Stephenson (1992) stars are then presented. 87% of the spectroscopic sample are K - M stars, 3% are S-type, and 8% are of genuinely early type. Visual extinctions of these fifteen early-type stars are found to lie between 8 and 18'". In addition, measurements of the strengths of four Diffuse Interstellar Bands (DIBs) towards these stars suggest a previously unseen correlation between fl6284 and 6614. II genuine, this correlation does not show a strong dependence on A. Spectroscopy at 3.4 pm of twelve of the genuinely early-type sources is also presented. Aliphatic C - H stretch absorption band strengths at 3.4 pm are listed for eleven of the sources, and found to be consistently weaker per unit extinction than previously measured (e.g. Sandford et al. 1995). This result supports earlier suggestions of 3.4 pm band enhancement towards the Galactic Centre. No global dependence on Galactic longitude is evident in the 3.4 pm band strengths towards the Stephenson stars. Profile fining of the hydrocarbon band towards these sources indicates some variation between lines of sight, but appears to preclude several previously proposed carriers (e.g. photolysed ice residues). No correlations are found between the hydrocarbon band strengths and those of the DIBs, suggesting that if the DIBs carriers are indeed carbonaceous, there is little direct interaction between them and the solid-phase, aliphatic material in dust grains.

The work in this thesis concerns the host galaxies of a class of luminous, yet heavily-obscured, quasars at z$\sim$2 - a peak epoch of both star formation and black hole accretion. Here, we seek to characterise the star-forming properties of these obscured quasars to improve our understanding of galaxy-quasar coevolution. A key issue facing host galaxy studies among populations of the most luminous quasars is being able to disentangle the galaxy emission from that of the quasar. With combined observations from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), the VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) and the UKIDSS Large Area Survey (ULAS), we exploit the quasar dust extinction in our sample to demonstrate that the quasar and galaxy emission can be separated via SED-fitting in these systems. By isolating the galaxy emission in this way, we estimate instantaneous SFRs for the galaxies in our sample, based on the restframe UV emission. In general, we find obscured quasars to reside in prodigiously star forming hosts with 25 $\lesssim$ SFR$_{\rm{UV}}$ $\lesssim$ 365 M$_{\rm{\odot}}$yr$^{-1}$. Furthermore, we show that the most luminous quasars reside in the most actively star-forming galaxies, potentially indicating the same gas supply is fuelling both star formation and accretion on to the black hole. Having isolated the galaxy emission via SED-fitting, we test our ability to model the restframe-UV emission of obscured z$\sim$2 quasar hosts in 2D. Until now, morphological studies of luminous quasar hosts have typically been limited to low redshifts or relied on space-based imaging. By making use of a multi-band modelling code however, we demonstrate that it is possible to accurately infer several galaxy properties (i.e. the position of the galaxy in the image, (X,Y), its radius, R$_{\rm{eff}}$, axis ratio, q$_{\rm{GAL}}$, angle of orientation, $\theta$, and S\'rsic index, $n$), based on current ground-based imaging, accross the full range of galaxy and quasar luminosities considered in our sample. This potentially opens the door to future ground-based morphological studies of obscured quasars at high redshift. At sub-mm wavelengths, thermal emission from cold dust peaks, meaning these wavelengths can be used to probe the dust heating by star formation, effectively giving a measure of the obscured star formation in the galaxy. Using targeted observations from SCUBA-2, we trace the 850$\mu$m emission in a sample of obscured quasars, finding evidence for prodigious star formation $ > $ 2400 M$_$yr$^$ in three of the 19 quasars in our sample. The detection rate of our obscured quasar sample is found to be consistent with that of both more heavily-obscured Hot-DOGs and UV-luminous quasars, once the samples have been matched in luminosity and redshift. Furthermore, we find evidence that several of the obscured quasars lie in overdense regions of the sky ($\sim$ 3 times denser than sub-mm blank fields).

The intrinsic colors of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are important to understanding their use as cosmological standard candles. Understanding the effects of reddening and redshift on the observed colors are complicated and dependent on the intrinsic spectrum, the filter curves, and the wavelength dependence of reddening. We present ultraviolet and optical data of a growing sample of SNe Ia observed with the Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope on the Swift spacecraft and use this sample to re-examine the near-UV (NUV) colors of SNe Ia. We find that a small amount of reddening (E(B - V) = 0.2 mag) could account for the difference between groups designated as NUVblue and NUV-red, and a moderate amount of reddening (E(B - V) = 0.5 mag) could account for the whole NUVoptical differences. The reddening scenario, however, is inconsistent with the mid-UV colors and color evolution. The effect of redshift alone only accounts for part of the variation. Using a spectral template of SN2011fe, we can forward model the effects of redshift and reddening and directly compare those with the observed colors. We find that some SNe are consistent with reddened versions of SN2011fe, but most SNe Ia are much redder in the uvw1 - v color than SN2011fe reddened to the same b - v color. The absolute magnitudes show that two out of five NUV-blue SNe Ia are blue because their near-UV luminosity is high, and the other three are optically fainter. We also show that SN. 2011fe is not a "normal" SN Ia in the UV, but has colors placing it at the blue extreme of our sample.

I dagens samfunn er det et økende behov for strategier som fremmer bærekraft og miljøvennlighet. Rådgivende ingeniører spiller en viktig rolle i forhold til utviklingen av fysiske kvaliteter ved kultur, natur, landskap og miljø, og kan slik sett bidra til å gjøre moderne samfunn mer bærekraftige. Denne oppgaven har i den sammenheng studert rådgivende ingeniørers bransjeforening, RIF. Studien ser på RIF i forhold til to fortolkningsrammer, som grenseorganisasjon og som interesseorganisasjon. Studien baserer seg i stor grad på intervjuer med personer som enten har, eller har hatt, en tilknytning til RIF, samt har studert hva RIF selv gir uttrykk for via sin nettside og prosjekter som «State of the Nation». Selve organisasjonen RIF blir også grundigere beskrevet, siden det har vært av interesse å se om måten organisasjonen er organisert på kan ha en betydning. Funnene i studien viser at RIF delvis opererer som en slags grenseorganisasjon. Man kan antagelig si at de forsøker å bedrive grensearbeid, og at de i noen grad lykkes, mens i andre tilfeller sliter med å nå frem. RIF er først og fremst en interesseorganisasjon, som tar vare på og beskytter sine medlemmers interesser. I analysen ser vi at RIF bruker de eksisterende mulighetene til å øve innflytelse på politiske institusjoner. Dette gjelder også i forhold til andre institusjoner hvor det produseres reguleringer som kan relateres til miljøspørsmål som påvirker arbeidsfeltet til rådgivende ingeniører. Arbeid med miljøhensyn har havnet noe i skyggen av andre overordnede målsettinger for organisasjonen. De har blant annet omtrent ikke noen eksplisitte uttalte miljømål. Til tross for dette, er det liten tvil om at det er til dels svært mye miljøkunnskap blant RIFs medlemmer. Oppgaven diskuterer hvordan denne kunnskapen som finnes i organisasjonen, gjennom mainstreaming kan løftes opp på agendaen så den ikke blir borte i alle andre oppgaver organisasjonen gjør. Det mest interessante funnet er imidlertid RIFs store engasjement i påvirkning og utvikling av lover, regler, standarder og reguleringer, som griper inn i en ingeniørs virksomhet, noe som gjør at jeg velger å kalle RIF for en reguleringsorganisasjon. RIF synes å tjene interessene til rådgivende ingeniører best gjennom å operere som en reguleringsorganisasjon. På denne måten tar de for seg og styrer, påvirker og regulerer både virksomhetsområdet til ingeniører, og samfunnet ellers. Dette kan bidra til å gjøre samfunnet mer bærekraftig.

Masteroppgave 52,5 stp

Lamb survival and productivity from birth to weaning and lamb postweaning management harvest are areas that the US sheep industry needs to become more efficient at to remain profitable. Western white-faced ewes were supplemented HIGH (12.5% rumen by-pass protein, 880 IU/kg of supplemental Vitamin E, 176 ppm chelated Zn, and 72.7 mg/kg chlortetracycline) or LOW (7.56% rumen by-pass protein, with no supplemental Vitamin E, chelated Zn, or chlortetracycline) supplements at 0.227 kg•ewe -1•d -1 during late gestation. Ewes of different age and body condition scores were individually supplemented for 29 d prior to expected lambing. Thereafter, each ewe was mass fed the appropriate supplement until lambing. In Experiment 3, approximately 600 ewes were group fed HIGH or LOW supplements over 2 yr. Differences in antibody transfer from ewe to lamb were detected in supplemented ewes of different age (P < 0.10); however, lamb production was not different (P > 0.10) for all 3 experiments. To investigate lamb post-weaning management, terminally sired lambs (n = 72) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 backgrounding treatments. Lamb backgrounding treatments were: ad libitum access to 80% alfalfa: 20% barley pellets (PELLET); cool season grass paddock grazing (GRASS); remain with ewe flock on fall dormant range (LATE WEAN); wean for 96 h and returned to ewe flock on dormant range (RANGE). Background treatments were applied for 29 d. Thereafter, lambs were finished on a corn based diet. Lamb BW and ultrasound measurements were taken at weaning, after background treatment, after feedlot step-up and at the conclusion of the finishing period. Pen intake was measured. Lambs backgrounded on PELLET were heavier (P < 0.10) than all other treatments after the backgrounding period and at the end of the feedlot period. Lambs backgrounded on PELLET had the greatest intakes and ADG (P < 0.10) during the feedlot period. At beginning and end of the feedlot period, PELLET and GRASS lambs had larger (P < 0.05) LM areas than RANGE and LATE WEAN treated lambs. Under the condition of the studies, late gestational supplements did not improve ewe productivity and backgrounding treatments on dormant range diminished feedlot productivity.

This thesis presents an engineering geological and geotechnical investigation of the proposed Terrace Opencast Coalmine highwall in the Reddale Valley, Reefton. The proposed pit will target the 4-11m thick No. 4 Seam coal, which exists on the Valley floor beneath outwash gravels and Brunner Coal Measures (BCM) overburden dipping at 15-30° to the northwest. Rock coatings are providing friable sandstone units with protection from weathering in existing cut faces and may contribute to short term pit wall stability. The BCM core was divided into four geotechnical units for rock material testing purposes: unit 1 siltstone, unit 2 carbonaceous mudstone, unit 3 interbedded sandstone and carbonaceous mudstone and unit 4 loose sandstone. The average results for units 1-3 gave classifications within the medium to high porosity (9-13%) and dry density (2250-2470kg/m³) ranges, and medium to medium high slake-durability Id2 values (72-94% retained). Unit 4 (loose sandstone) recorded very low dry density (1694 kg/m³) and slake-durability Id2 (9%) average values. Strength testing confirmed that the units can be classed as weak rocks, with average UCS values of 12.8-13.7MPa for units 1-3, and for all four units Is(50) from point load testing of 0.26-0.62MPa with low cohesion values (0-6.2MPa) from triaxial testing. Friction angles from triaxial tests gave high values of 32-45°, while direct shear tests established 15° internal friction for bedding planes in carbonaceous mudstone and 37° for a high angle defect in interbedded sandstone/carbonaceous mudstone. The average Young's modulus values ranged from 0.82 to 10GPa, and Poisson's ratio between 0.39 and 0.50. Eight scanline defect surveys established that the major discontinuities in existing cut faces consist of high angle tension joints, shallow dipping bedding, and faults related to regional uplift. The defect orientations from the scanlines located in the southwest were significantly different from those in the northeast, and may be due to the faults that cross the Valley. In general the majority of defects displayed low persistence (less than 3m), were clean and tight, and had low joint roughness coefficients (JRC less than 6). Joint wall compressive strengths gave an average of 32MPa, but were affected by case-hardening on weathered faces. The results from the 8 drill holes analysed show that 37% of core was within the excellent rock quality designation class (RQD = 90-100%), while 29% was in the very poor quality rock (RQD = 0-25%). A semi-confined aquifer in the outwash gravels that will drain into the proposed pit was found to have a transmissivity of 58m²/day and hydraulic conductivity of 3.1 x 10⁻⁵ m/s. Kinematic feasibility assessment determined an optimum highwall orientation of 65° dip to 120° (dip direction), which is within at least 20° of the coal seam strike. The likelihood of planar, wedge or toppling failure depends on whether the structural conditions are similar to those encountered in the southwest or northeast scanlines, as well as the persistence of the defects present. The occurrence of small scale (less than 1m offset) 'step-up' normal faults, and the three larger faults that cross the valley, all of which are related to regional uplift, will also affect which failure mode will be kinematically feasible. Other crucial slope stability considerations include groundwater inflow from the saturated overburden and bedding parallel failures on the footwall dip slope of the pit. An investigation into case hardening on existing cut faces identified three interconnected rock coatings: iron films, lithobiontic (biological) and clay-dominated crusts. Jarosite was found at sites with abundant pyrite and the oxidation of iron may have been aided by microbial activity. A green algae inhabiting pore spaces approximately 1mm below the surface was noted beneath an iron film and it is suggested to be similar to that found in arid environments. Although lithobiontic and clay-dominated crusts did not provide the weathered surface with any additional strength, they were observed to form relatively quickly (from months to less than 5 years) and will aid short term stability by providing the batters with protection from weathering processes. This project concluded that the overburden material in the proposed highwall can be expected to behave like weak rock and in some cases (such as the loose sandstone) can be expected to have soil characteristics. Highwall stability is more likely to be affected by substantial inflows of groundwater than highly persistent joint sets. Establishment of the highwalls in their final position in the early mining stages will enable development of rock coatings that are expected to aid short and long term stability.

The sub-population of quasars reddened by intrinsic or intervening clouds of dust are known to be underrepresented in optical quasar surveys. By defining a complete parent sample of the brightest and spatially unresolved quasars in the COSMOS field, we quantify to which extent this sub-population is fundamental to our understanding of the true population of quasars. By using the available multiwavelength data of various surveys in the COSMOS field, we built a parent sample of 33 quasars brighter than J = 20 mag, identified by reliable X-ray to radio wavelength selection techniques. Spectroscopic follow-up with the NOT/ALFOSC was carried out for four candidate quasars that had not been targeted previously to obtain a 100% redshift completeness of the sample. The population of high AV quasars (HAQs), a specific sub-population of quasars selected from optical/near-infrared photometry, some of which were shown to be missed in large optical surveys such as SDSS, is found to contribute 21%(+9)(-5) of the parent sample. The full population of bright spatially unresolved quasars represented by our parent sample consists of 39%(+9)(-8) reddened quasars defined by having A(V) > 0.1, and 21%(+9)(-5) of the sample having E(B-V) > 0.1 assuming the extinction curve of the Small Magellanic Cloud. We show that the HAQ selection works well for selecting reddened quasars, but some are missed because their optical spectra are too blue to pass the g - r color cut in the HAQ selection. This is either due to a low degree of dust reddening or anomalous spectra. We find that the fraction of quasars with contributing light from the host galaxy, causing observed extended spatial morphology, is most dominant at z less than or similar to 1. At higher redshifts the population of spatially unresolved quasars selected by our parent sample is found to be representative of the full population of bright active galactic nuclei at J < 20 mag. This work quantifies the bias against reddened quasars in studies that are based solely on optical surveys.

This narrative chronicles the development of the utility scale wind industry in Texas from the perspective of the people who made it possible. It also looks ahead at the challenges facing the most mature green power sector in the United States.
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