Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « REATI OMISSIVI »

Extensive research has shown that land use and transportation features are linked by a complex, yet identifiable, set of relationships, hence, in order to interpret this link and relationship, there are just a few investigations and models, especially in IRAN. Nowadays, Transportation Plans rarely acknowledge any feedback effects from transportation improvements on land use, and thereby ignore these effects in plan evaluation. This omission has the potential consequence of exaggerating mobility and environmental benefits of transportation projects and undervaluing the potential benefits of land use or transportation policies. This paper uses the main concepts of transportation efficiency of metropolitan transportation systems. It offers a neural model to measure and assess land use and transportation system efficiency. Besides the fact that many different factors work simultaneously, shaping our land use and its transportation efficiency, such as agricultural features, socioeconomic parameters, environmental parameters and so on, but in order to evaluate land use‐transportation efficiency, it is useful to consider just transportation infrastructure parameters. As long as through a region, land use conditions (especially transportation facility efficiencies) results in different travel behaviors, the region were divided into zones and are defined by individual or combinations of land use and transportation variables, such as network connectivity, pedestrian environment, density of activities, and other transportation infrastructure attributes. This neural‐based model uses GIS‐based data for each parcel of land use to evaluate its transportation efficiencies and result in percent of SOV (Self Occupancy Vehicle) trips through the region. SOV trip rates serve as a tool currently used for the evaluation of any land use and transportation efficiency through the region. The main concept of such an evaluation index is based on the fact that in a region, fulfilling the transportation accessibility needs will result in less use of SOV trips and vice versa. The model was calibrated and validated in neural network based on Tehran city's GIS data and evaluated. In order to increase the accuracy of the results, the AHP Model was applied to operationlize various effects of input parameters into the neural model. The aim of this study was to increase acknowledgement of any feedback effects of transportation improvements on land use and providing such a tool for Transportation departments at state, federal and local levels. This model is a powerful tool to guide decision‐makers about whether to build new transportation facilities or maintain or improve the existing ones, evaluation of the land‐use efficiency and also comparing regions by some transportation facilities. Santrauka Išsamūs tyrimai parodė, kad žemėnaudą ir transportavimo ypatumus sieja visuma identifikuojamų sąsajų, vis dėlto, siekiant paaiškinti tas sąsajas ir jų santykį, bent Irane, yra mažai tyrimų ir modelių. Nūdienos transporto planuose retai kada atsižvelgiama į transporto patobulinimą, įtaką žemėnaudai. Perdėtai teigiama transporto projektų nauda mobilumui ir aplinkai, nepakankamai įvertinant galimą žemėnaudos arba transporto politikos naudą. Straipsnyje remiamasi pagrindinėmis transporto efektyvumo didmiesčio transportavimo sistemoje sąvokomis. Siūlomas modelis išmatavus įvertinti žemėnaudą ir transportavimo sistemos efektyvumą. Kad būtų galima įvertinti transportavimo kiekviename žemėnaudos sklype efektyvumą ir nustatyti procentais privačių transporto priemonių reisus regione, naudojamasi GIS duomenimis. Pagal privačių transporto priemonių reisų dažnį pastaruoju metu vertinama žemėnauda ir transportavimo efektyvumas regione. Šio vertinimo esmė yra tai, kad regione, kuriame tenkinami transportavimo prieinamumo poreikiai, mažiau naudojama privačių transporto priemonių, ir atvirkščiai. Modelis buvo kalibruotas ir patvirtintas remiantis Teherano miesto GIS duomenimis ir įvertinimais. Siekiant padidinti rezultatų tikslumą AHP modelis buvo pritaikytas modeliuojant įvairią įvesties parametrų įtaką. Šio tyrimo tikslas – išryškinti transportavimo gerinimo žemės naudojimo atžvilgiu svarbą pristatant metodą valstybės, federalinės ir vietinės valdžios transporto departamentams. Šis modelis yra efektyvi priemonė, padedanti sprendimų priėmėjams nuspręsti, ar statyti naujas transportavimo infrastruktūras, ar atnaujinti, pagerinti esamas, jis paremtas žemės naudojimo efektyvumo įvertinimu ir leidžia palyginti regionus pagal kai kuriuos transportavimo ypatumus. Резюме Исследования показали, что землепользование и особенности транспортирования тесно взаимосвязаны. Для объяснения этой взаимосвязи в Иране существует несколько моделей. В настоящее время транспортные парки редко учитывают возможное, более совершенное применение земельных территорий. Это преувеличивает значение транспортных проектов для мобильности и окружающей среды и недостаточно учитывает возможную пользу от землепользования и транспортной политики. В статье основывались на концепциях эффективности транспортных систем больших городов. Предложена модель для оценки эффективности землепользования и систем транспортирования. Несмотря на то, что эффективность землепользования и транспортирования формируется на основании нескольких различных факторов (особенностей сельского хозяйства, социально-экономических, природоохранных параметров и др.), для оценки эффективности землепользования и транспортирования целесообразно оценивать лишь параметры транспортной инфраструктуры. Условия землепользования в масштабе региона обуславливают разное поведение при передвижении. Регион был поделен на зоны и охарактеризован индивидуальными и общими переменными, а именно: густотой сети, условиями для пешеходов, частотой транспортной инфраструктуры и другими чертами. Эта модель, основанная на структуре нервной системы, для каждого участка земли применяет данные ГИС для того, чтобы оценить эффективность транспортной системы и в процентном отношении эффективность рейсов транспортных средств в регионе. Частота самоходных транспортных средств в последнее время является средством оценки эффективности землепользования для транспортных нужд в регионе. Суть такой оценки заключается в том, что в регионе, в котором удовлетворяются потребности в возможностях транспортирования, используется меньше самоходных транспортных средств и наоборот. Модель была калибрована и утверждена на основании данных ГИС города Тегерана и соответствующих оценок. Целью исследования было выявить возможности улучшения транспортных условий с учетом землепользования и представить метод государственным, федеральным транспортным департаментам и местным властям. Модель может служить эффективным средством при принятии решения о том, создавать новые транспортные инфраструктуры или совершенствовать имеющиеся на основании оценки эффективности землепользования и сравнения регионов по особенностям транспортирования.

Background: Cytogenetic abnormalities have prognostic implications in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). High risk cytogenetics include complex karyotype (≥ 5 anomalies), low-hypodiploidy / near-triploidy, 14q32/IGH rearrangements and 11q23/KMT2A rearrangements. The most frequent gene partner involved in KMT2A-rearranged ALL is AFF1 located on chromosome 4q21. ALL with t(4;11)(q21;q23) - KMT2A-AFF1 has a very poor outcome and patients (pts) with this translocation are offered allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in first complete remission (CR1). More than 130 gene partners have been described in KMT2A rearrangements. The frequency and prognostic signification of these various gene partners in KMT2A-rearranged ALL is unknown and it is uncertain whether pts harboring these translocations should be offered HSCT in CR1. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1102 pts with newly diagnosed ALL treated at our institution between 1984 and 2019 to identify pts with KMT2A rearrangement. Presence of t(11;v)(q23;v) was assessed by conventional cytogenetics with G-banding and/or by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Clinical and laboratory data were collected retrospectively. We analyzed the pts characteristics at baseline and evaluated remission rates, overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). The survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and differences between groups were evaluated with the log-rank test. Univariate Cox proportional hazard ratio were used for estimation of hazard ratios (HR). HSCT in CR1 was considered as a time-dependent covariate. Results: We identified 51 cases (5%) of ALL with KMT2A rearrangement or amplification. Two cases (4%) were cryptic KMT2A rearrangements identified by FISH, but with a normal karyotype. The most common KMT2A rearrangement was t(4;11)(q21;q23) in 42/51 (82%) pts. Four (8%) pts had t(11;19)(q23;p13) in which KMT2A can be partnered with MLLT1 or ELL, 1 (2%) pt had t(9;11)(p21;q23) - KMT2A-MLLT3, 1 (2%) pt had t(11;15)(q32;q26) with unknown gene partner, 1 (2%) pt had hsr(11)(q23) with KMT2A amplification, and 2 (4%) pts had an unknown gene partner (identification by FISH). Sixteen (31%) pts had additional chromosomal abnormalities, with i(7q) (3/51, 6%) and + X (2/51, 4%) the only identified in more than one case. The pts' clinical characteristics are summarized in table 1. All but one were B-cell ALL. The median age at diagnosis was 45 year-old (range, 18 - 78). The median white blood cell count (WBC) at diagnosis was 107.0 x 109/L (range, 0.5 - 1573.0) and 29/51 (57%) pts had hyperleukocytosis with WBC ≥ 100 x 109/L. None of the cases of B-ALL had CD20 expression, but 32/41 (78%) had CD22 expression (median of 59%; range 0 - 99%). Pts were treated with various regimens, with most pts receiving the Hyper-CVAD regimen (n=35), or one of its variation including addition of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (n=2), blinatumomab (n=1), nelarabine for T-cell ALL (n = 1) or dose adjusted regimen with omission of doxorubicin (mini-Hyper-CVD, n = 4). The complete remission rate was 88% (45/51) with 5 (10%) deaths during induction and 1 (2%) refractory disease. The measurable residual disease (MRD) negativity rate was 57% (17/30 evaluable pts). With a median follow-up of 63 months, the median OS and RFS were 14 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 10 - 39] and 10 months (95% CI, 6 - 17), respectively. The 5-year OS and RFS rates were 17% (95% CI, 9 - 35%) and 15% (95% CI, 7 - 33%), respectively. Comparing the 42 pts with t(4;11) and the 9 pts with other KMT2A abnormalities, no difference in OS (HR 0.94, p = 0.89) and RFS (HR 1.00, p = 0.99) were observed (Figure 1A-1B). HSCT in CR1 was associated with a better outcome in terms of OS (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24 - 0.99, p = 0.049) and RFS (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.22 - 0.92). In the 17 (33%) pts who underwent HSCT in CR1 (16 with t(4;11) and 1 with other KMT2A rearrangement), the 5-year OS and RFS rates were 30% (95% CI, 14 - 68%) and 24% (95% CI, 9 - 62%), respectively, versus 10% (95% CI, 3 - 35%) and 9% (95% CI, 3 - 34%), respectively, in the 34 (67%) pts who did not undergo HSCT. The only 2 pts with KMT2A rearrangements other than t(4;11) who remain alive are the only 2 who have undergone HSCT: 1 in CR1 and 1 in CR2. Conclusion: Patients with KMT2A-rearranged ALL have a poor prognosis, which do not differ based on the gene partner involved. These patients benefit from HSCT in CR1. Disclosures Kantarjian: BMS: Research Funding; Astex: Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Ariad: Research Funding; Agios: Honoraria, Research Funding; AbbVie: Honoraria, Research Funding; Immunogen: Research Funding; Jazz Pharma: Research Funding; Actinium: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Cyclacel: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Daiichi-Sankyo: Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria. Khoury:Kiromic: Research Funding; Angle: Research Funding; Stemline Therapeutics: Research Funding. Jain:Incyte: Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Adaptive Biotechnologies: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Precision Biosciences: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Cellectis: Research Funding; Verastem: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Servier: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Pharmacyclics, an AbbVie company: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Ravandi:Xencor: Consultancy, Research Funding; Macrogenix: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Menarini Ricerche: Research Funding; Selvita: Research Funding; Cyclacel LTD: Research Funding. Short:Takeda Oncology: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria; AstraZeneca: Consultancy. DiNardo:medimmune: Honoraria; notable labs: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; jazz: Honoraria; daiichi sankyo: Honoraria; celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; agios: Consultancy, Honoraria; abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria; syros: Honoraria. Takahashi:Symbio Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy. Borthakur:Xbiotech USA: Research Funding; Eisai: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Cantargia AB: Research Funding; BioTheryX: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Research Funding; Eli Lilly and Co.: Research Funding; Oncoceutics, Inc.: Research Funding; PTC Therapeutics: Consultancy; NKarta: Consultancy; BioLine Rx: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Cyclacel: Research Funding; GSK: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; AbbVie: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Tetralogic Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Strategia Therapeutics: Research Funding; Polaris: Research Funding; Argenx: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Arvinas: Research Funding; FTC Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bayer Healthcare AG: Research Funding; Agensys: Research Funding; Oncoceutics: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding. Konopleva:Ablynx: Research Funding; Reata Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties; Agios: Research Funding; Astra Zeneca: Research Funding; Kisoji: Consultancy, Honoraria; Ascentage: Research Funding; Genentech: Honoraria, Research Funding; F. Hoffman La-Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Calithera: Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Cellectis: Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Stemline Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Eli Lilly: Research Funding; Forty-Seven: Consultancy, Honoraria. Alvarado:Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Abbott: Honoraria. Kadia:Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Jazz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Bioline RX: Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Garcia-Manero:H3 Biomedicine: Research Funding; Astex: Consultancy, Research Funding; Onconova: Research Funding; Amphivena: Consultancy, Research Funding; Helsinn: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; AbbVie: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding. Verstovsek:Incyte: Research Funding; Roche: Research Funding; NS Pharma: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Blueprint Medicines Corp: Research Funding; Genetech: Research Funding; CTI BioPharma Corp: Research Funding; Promedior: Research Funding; Gilead: Research Funding; Pragmatist: Consultancy; Constellation: Consultancy; Protaganist Therapeutics: Research Funding; Sierra Oncology: Research Funding; Pharma Essentia: Research Funding; Astrazeneca: Research Funding; Ital Pharma: Research Funding. Cortes:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Sun Pharma: Research Funding; Biopath Holdings: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Forma Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; BiolineRx: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Astellas Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding; Merus: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Immunogen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Jabbour:AbbVie: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Adaptive: Consultancy, Research Funding; Cyclacel LTD: Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding.

Peculiarities which characterize crimes of omission, besides affecting the structure of intent and the knowledge of criminal law, also affect the probability of anomalies and borderline situations which could become considerable obstacles to the person who has to fulfil his duties. Particularly, against the economic crisis which characterizes the present historical moment, many judges have faced the theme of the serious lack of liquid assets as a circumstance which makes it “impossible” the execution of duties: this way judges have also requalified the concept of “conduct which can’t be required” as an element that can exclude criminal liability (condemnation and punishment) in some criminal trials concerning the omission of the payment of certificated withholding taxes, and of VAT. Throw this composition the most burning questions about crimes of omission are analysed, also in order to individuate the parameters which should be observed by the Lawgiver who represses omissions with penalties. Starting from the analysis of the structure of the crime of omission as the only one without an event, profiles of conflict with the function and limits of the so called ius criminalis are investigated; then the guilty mind and particularly the knowledge of the dutiful action in crimes of omission with a neutral typical structure are examined. Finally the category of “conduct which can’t be required” is studied: in our legal system its difficult dogmatic position and the friction whit the principle of legality clash whit the request of respect for civil rights claimed by supporters of the existence of a general and uncodified cause of exclusion of criminal mind.

Il lavoro analizza alcune delle principali problematiche poste dalla applicazione della teoria del concorso di persone nel reato ai cd. "crimini dei colletti bianchi", con particolare riferimento alla criminalità che si sviluppa all'interno di strutture organizzative complesse, così come esse emergono dall'analisi della prassi, e ha l'obiettivo di identificare - attraverso un ragionamento di tipo induttivo - le questioni teoriche ad esse sottese, la cui soluzione possa condurre a una coerente visione d'insieme dell'istituto, conforme a esigenze di garanzia e di giustizia. La ricerca ha preso avvio dalla acquisita consapevolezza del fatto che nelle grandi organizzazioni i processi decisionali coinvolgono solitamente una pluralità di funzioni interne all'impresa, l'esercizio di poteri di supervisione e il ricorso allo strumento della decisione collegiale, dando luogo a un sistema estremamente frammentato e fondato su asimmetrie informative, allocazione di competenze e affidamento. A fronte di un simile quadro - che nel lavoro viene trattato a partire dall'approfondimento di alcuni fondamentali studi sociologici e sulle organizzazioni - l'analisi condotta è volta a identificare i criteri per per la selezione dei contributi concorsuali rilevanti, sostenendo la necessità di continuare a fare riferimento (sul piano oggettivo) a un paradigma causale forte. I temi della causalità psichica, della causalità omissiva e delle cd. condotte neutrali sono parimenti fatti oggetto di analisi alla luce delle specificità del contesto organizzativo. I risultati raggiunti sul piano teorico sono quindi applicati a una selezione di casi, al fine di verificare se e in che misura essi siano in grado di condurre a soluzioni maggiormente conformi ai principi costituzionali che informano la responsabilità penale rispetto a quanto attualmente avviene nella prassi.
The study aims at analysing the major issues concerning the application of the complicity doctrine to white collar crimes committed within complex business organizations as they emerge from the praxis and at conceptually framing them, with a view to identifying - through an inductive reasoning - the main theoretical questions to be addressed to develop a consistent approach to the topic. The research starts from the acknowledgement of the fact that within big corporations, decision making processes usually entail the involvement of different corporate functions, the exercise of supervisory duties and the resort to collective decisions, resulting in an extremely fragmented system based on information asymmetry, competence allocation and trust. Against this background – which is dealt with building on the legacy of some key sociological and organizational studies – a legal analysis is conducted to identify criteria for the selection of the conducts worth punishing based on the identification of a causal contribution to the commission of the crime. Psychological influence, causation by omission, and the relevance of so called "neutral behaviours" (Alltagshandlungen) are also explored. The theoretical results of the analysis are then applied to certain selected cases to show how the elaborated framework can lead to solutions more respectful of the constitutional principles governing criminal responsibility.

Il lavoro analizza alcune delle principali problematiche poste dalla applicazione della teoria del concorso di persone nel reato ai cd. "crimini dei colletti bianchi", con particolare riferimento alla criminalità che si sviluppa all'interno di strutture organizzative complesse, così come esse emergono dall'analisi della prassi, e ha l'obiettivo di identificare - attraverso un ragionamento di tipo induttivo - le questioni teoriche ad esse sottese, la cui soluzione possa condurre a una coerente visione d'insieme dell'istituto, conforme a esigenze di garanzia e di giustizia. La ricerca ha preso avvio dalla acquisita consapevolezza del fatto che nelle grandi organizzazioni i processi decisionali coinvolgono solitamente una pluralità di funzioni interne all'impresa, l'esercizio di poteri di supervisione e il ricorso allo strumento della decisione collegiale, dando luogo a un sistema estremamente frammentato e fondato su asimmetrie informative, allocazione di competenze e affidamento. A fronte di un simile quadro - che nel lavoro viene trattato a partire dall'approfondimento di alcuni fondamentali studi sociologici e sulle organizzazioni - l'analisi condotta è volta a identificare i criteri per per la selezione dei contributi concorsuali rilevanti, sostenendo la necessità di continuare a fare riferimento (sul piano oggettivo) a un paradigma causale forte. I temi della causalità psichica, della causalità omissiva e delle cd. condotte neutrali sono parimenti fatti oggetto di analisi alla luce delle specificità del contesto organizzativo. I risultati raggiunti sul piano teorico sono quindi applicati a una selezione di casi, al fine di verificare se e in che misura essi siano in grado di condurre a soluzioni maggiormente conformi ai principi costituzionali che informano la responsabilità penale rispetto a quanto attualmente avviene nella prassi.
The study aims at analysing the major issues concerning the application of the complicity doctrine to white collar crimes committed within complex business organizations as they emerge from the praxis and at conceptually framing them, with a view to identifying - through an inductive reasoning - the main theoretical questions to be addressed to develop a consistent approach to the topic. The research starts from the acknowledgement of the fact that within big corporations, decision making processes usually entail the involvement of different corporate functions, the exercise of supervisory duties and the resort to collective decisions, resulting in an extremely fragmented system based on information asymmetry, competence allocation and trust. Against this background – which is dealt with building on the legacy of some key sociological and organizational studies – a legal analysis is conducted to identify criteria for the selection of the conducts worth punishing based on the identification of a causal contribution to the commission of the crime. Psychological influence, causation by omission, and the relevance of so called "neutral behaviours" (Alltagshandlungen) are also explored. The theoretical results of the analysis are then applied to certain selected cases to show how the elaborated framework can lead to solutions more respectful of the constitutional principles governing criminal responsibility.

In my thesis I elaborate an analysis of the criteria by means of which in law practice we ascribe a causal role to omissive conducts. This analysis aims to enlighten the foundations of the responsibility arising as a consequence of the occurring of harmful events in the case of an omission as the person held accountable’s only conduct. My theoretic proposal is based on conceptual tools mainly offered by semantics and epistemology of causation. The role played by the above mentioned criteria is to determine the content of the conducts people in peculiar positions are compelled to hold in virtue of the norms prescribing to them to prevent specific harmful events. We can identify two types of criteria: 1. Criteria concerning the hypothetical reasoning by means of which it is verified if an instance of a certain kind of action would have prevented the harmful event at stake; 2. Criteria ruling the application of the concepts of dolus and negligence, concerning respectively the omitting agent’s knowledge and knowability about the detrimental event and the patterns of the behaviours which are apt to avert that particular event.

La trattazione ha ad oggetto la responsabilità penale per omesso impedimento del reato e per omesso impedimento dell’evento concausato dall’azione criminosa di un terzo, nella giurisprudenza e nella dottrina italiana. Dopo un approfondimento sul controverso concetto di omissione nel diritto penale, il lavoro affronta gli orientamenti di giurisprudenza e di dottrina sull’omesso impedimento dell’evento-reato, ricostruito a partire dagli istituti della commissione mediante omissione e del concorso di persone nel reato. Il tema viene, infine, analizzato dalla prospettiva dell’omissione propria, proponendo un inquadramento del fenomeno all’interno delle “omissioni intermedie”.
The thesis deals with the criminal liability for failure to prevent crimes and failure to prevent events caused by criminal actions, in the Italian case law and literature. After a study on the controversial concept of “omission” in criminal law, the thesis addresses the judgements and the scholarship based on the commission by omission and on the criminal complicity. Eventually, the topic is addressed from the perspective of the “offences of failing to act”, suggesting the framework of the “omission of medium gravity” for the failure to prevent crimes.

The research aims to examine the impact of Legislative Decree 231/2001, which has established a regulation of criminal compliance and liability of corporations, on the responsibility for the omission to prevent crimes of the members of corporate bodies entrusted to adopt and put into effects compliance programs, and to monitor the operation of such programs. The first part of the thesis contains a doctrinal analysis, which intends to define the requirements of omission to act, with particular attention to the “duty to act” as a criterion of equivalence between the commission of a crime and the failure to prevent the commission of a crime. In the light of the results achieved, the second part of the thesis attempt to reconstruct the case law about the powers of the corporate controllers to prevent the commission of crimes within the management of corporations. Eventually the thesis monitors how Legislative Decree 231/2001 has modified the dynamics of corporate controls with the introduction of a system of criminal compliance, that is a set of duties of corporations aimed at the prevention of crimes committed in their interest or benefit by their members. The research also features profiles of comparison with the US system of corporate criminal liability, which has inspired the italian system, and with the German system, since the German legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence have a leading role in the conceptualization of the responsibility for omission to act.
La ricerca si propone di comprendere quale impatto abbia avuto l’adozione del d.lgs. 231/2001, introduttivo di una disciplina di criminal compliance e della responsabilità ex crimine degli enti, sulla sfera di responsabilità penale per omesso impedimento dell’altrui reato, in capo ai membri degli organi societari incaricati dell’adozione ed attuazione dei compliance programs e della sorveglianza sul relativo funzionamento. Si cercherà di rispondere al quesito dapprima attraverso una premessa dogmatica, volta a definire i presupposti del reato omissivo improprio, con particolare attenzione all’istituto della posizione di garanzia, quale criterio di equivalenza tra la commissione dell’evento tipico di una fattispecie criminosa e il suo mancato impedimento. Alla luce dei risultati raggiunti, si tenterà di ricostruire la posizione dei membri dei principali organi di controllo rispetto all’impedimento di reati commessi nell’ambito della gestione societaria, sondando gli orientamenti giurisprudenziali in materia. Infine si verificherà in che modo il d.lgs. 231/2001 è intervenuto nella sistematica dei controlli societari, introducendo un sistema di criminal compliance, ovvero di doveri di organizzazione degli enti, volti alla prevenzione di reati commessi nel loro interesse o vantaggio da intranei. L’indagine sarà arricchita da profili di comparazione con l’ordinamento statunitense, per quanto riguarda al sistema di responsabilità da reato degli enti ivi adottato e a cui il legislatore italiano si è espressamente ispirato, e con quello tedesco, il cui “panorama” legislativo, dottrinale e giurisprudenziale ha svolto un ruolo dominante nella ricostruzione della responsabilità commissiva per omissione

L’interesse a realizzare un approfondimento delle responsabilità penali connesse al fallimento delle attività di protezione civile sorge in connessione all’incremento di procedimenti penali a carico di operatori della Protezione Civile. Collocato l’obiettivo primario nella individuazione delle condizioni di dichiarazione della responsabilità, inquadrato il fenomeno di flessibilizzazione delle categorie penalistiche emerso nella prassi giudiziaria in risposta al bisogno sociale di sicurezza, l’indagine si snoda attraverso due aree tematiche idealmente suddivise, volte alla ricostruzione della disciplina dedicata alla P.C. e alla descrizione dei criteri di affermazione della responsabilità, secondo un approccio per problematiche che segue l’incedere dell’accertamento. Quale trait d’union il rischio, elemento trasversale dell’intera analisi, è oggetto delle attività di protezione civile da un lato, fattore di distorsione delle categorie penalistiche in funzione espansiva della responsabilità dall’altro, manifestazione della necessità di scindere la visuale prospettica della funzione di valutazione e gestione del rischio da quella di giudizio sul fallimento dell’attività previsionale. Le soluzioni prospettate, calate nella realtà giudiziaria attraverso l’analisi critica del procedimento sul terremoto dell’Aquila, si muovono in un’ottica di equilibrio tra opposti valori di sicurezza e libertà, in vista di una tutela penale che, se non può a priori essere esclusa, deve situarsi entro confini imposti dalle garanzie penalistiche.
The interest in realizing an in-depth analysis of the criminal responsibilities related to the failure of the activities of civil defence arises from the increase in criminal proceedings against workers of the Civil Defence. Given the phenomenon of versatility of the elements of crime risen from the social need for safety, the main purpose of the investigation is the identification of the conditions of statement of responsibility. The investigation is divided in two thematic areas intended to remodel the legislation of Civil Defence and describe the criteria of statement of responsibility. As a joining link, the risk, cross element of the whole analysis, is both the subject of the activities of civil defence and a factor of distorsion of the elements of crime and expression of the necessity to distinguish the perspectival view of the management of risk from that of judgement on the failure of previsional activity. The proposed solutions, placed in the legal reality of the criminal procedure of Aquila earthquake, have a perfect balance between the opposite values of safety and freedom, in order to grant a legal protection which cannot be excluded and must be placed within the borders of the guarantees of the criminal procedure.

L’interesse a realizzare un approfondimento delle responsabilità penali connesse al fallimento delle attività di protezione civile sorge in connessione all’incremento di procedimenti penali a carico di operatori della Protezione Civile. Collocato l’obiettivo primario nella individuazione delle condizioni di dichiarazione della responsabilità, inquadrato il fenomeno di flessibilizzazione delle categorie penalistiche emerso nella prassi giudiziaria in risposta al bisogno sociale di sicurezza, l’indagine si snoda attraverso due aree tematiche idealmente suddivise, volte alla ricostruzione della disciplina dedicata alla P.C. e alla descrizione dei criteri di affermazione della responsabilità, secondo un approccio per problematiche che segue l’incedere dell’accertamento. Quale trait d’union il rischio, elemento trasversale dell’intera analisi, è oggetto delle attività di protezione civile da un lato, fattore di distorsione delle categorie penalistiche in funzione espansiva della responsabilità dall’altro, manifestazione della necessità di scindere la visuale prospettica della funzione di valutazione e gestione del rischio da quella di giudizio sul fallimento dell’attività previsionale. Le soluzioni prospettate, calate nella realtà giudiziaria attraverso l’analisi critica del procedimento sul terremoto dell’Aquila, si muovono in un’ottica di equilibrio tra opposti valori di sicurezza e libertà, in vista di una tutela penale che, se non può a priori essere esclusa, deve situarsi entro confini imposti dalle garanzie penalistiche.
The interest in realizing an in-depth analysis of the criminal responsibilities related to the failure of the activities of civil defence arises from the increase in criminal proceedings against workers of the Civil Defence. Given the phenomenon of versatility of the elements of crime risen from the social need for safety, the main purpose of the investigation is the identification of the conditions of statement of responsibility. The investigation is divided in two thematic areas intended to remodel the legislation of Civil Defence and describe the criteria of statement of responsibility. As a joining link, the risk, cross element of the whole analysis, is both the subject of the activities of civil defence and a factor of distorsion of the elements of crime and expression of the necessity to distinguish the perspectival view of the management of risk from that of judgement on the failure of previsional activity. The proposed solutions, placed in the legal reality of the criminal procedure of Aquila earthquake, have a perfect balance between the opposite values of safety and freedom, in order to grant a legal protection which cannot be excluded and must be placed within the borders of the guarantees of the criminal procedure.

Il presente lavoro mira ad approfondire il tema della responsabilità dei soggetti facenti parte del sistema organizzativo della Protezione civile per l’omesso impedimento di eventi calamitosi, con particolare riguardo alla definizione dei confini della posizione di garanzia in esame.

Scandali finanziari e crisi più e meno recenti pongono un fondamentale interrogativo: a che servono molteplici meccanismi di controllo innanzi ad un ineliminabile rischio di “abusi di mercato” e di frodi nei confronti dei risparmiatori? La risposta del legislatore è rappresentata da un consistente moto di riforme intese a conferire nuovi doveri, poteri e, soprattutto, credibilità ai controlli, interni ed esterni alle società, nonché all’autorità di vigilanza sul mercato. È dato supporre che una simile palingenesi della funzione di controllo non possa non incidere sulla responsabilità penale dei suoi titolari, in particolare, per l’omesso impedimento dei reati commessi dagli organi esecutivi di una società, in danno di un interesse collettivo di recente emersione: il “risparmio”. Questo volume ricostruisce tale problematica, rivisitando temi classici, quali il reato omissivo improprio e la compartecipazione omissiva, alla luce delle questioni sollevate dall’assurgere delle organizzazioni societarie ad apparati procedurali complessi, entro i quali lo schema gerarchico e i tradizionali equilibri di potere subiscono una significativa metamorfosi. L’indagine costituisce occasione di riflessione sul concetto di “posizione di garanzia” e sulle sue possibilità di impiego, a tutela dei risparmiatori, nello scenario organizzativo delineato dal diritto delle società azionarie e del mercato finanziario.