Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Rational speech act »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Rational speech act"
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Champollion, Lucas, Anna Alsop et Ioana Grosu. « Free choice disjunction as a rational speech act ». Semantics and Linguistic Theory 29 (9 décembre 2019) : 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v29i0.4608.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The so-called free choice inference (from You may take an apple or a pear to You may take an apple) is mysterious because it does not follow from ordinary modal logic. We show that this inference arises in the Rational Speech Act framework (Frank & Goodman 2012). Our basic idea is inspired by exhaustification-based models of free choice (Fox 2007) and by game-theoretic accounts based on iterated best response (Franke 2011). We assume that when the speaker utters You may take an apple or a pear, the hearer reasons about why the speaker did not choose alternative utterances such as You may take an apple. A crucial ingredient in our explanation is the idea of semantic uncertainty (Bergen, Levy & Goodman 2016). Specifically, we assume that the speaker is uncertain whether or not the hearer will interpret You may take an apple as forbidding them from taking a pear. This uncertainty can be thought of as resulting from Fox’s (2007) optional covert exhaustification. Uttering the disjunction is a way for the speaker to prevent the hearer from concluding that any fruit is forbidden to take. Knowing this, the hearer concludes that they may choose either fruit.
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Wreen, Michael J. « Look, Ma ! No Frans ! » Pragmatics and Cognition 2, no 2 (1 janvier 1994) : 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.2.2.06wre.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper criticizes the pragma-dialectical conception of a fallacy, according to which a fallacy is an argumentative speech act which violates one or more of the rules of 'rational discussion'. That conception is found to be neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for committing a fallacy. It is also found wanting in several other respects.
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Decker, Janet R., Allison Fetter-Harrott et Jennifer Rippner. « Beyond Speech : Students’ Civil Rights in Schools ». Laws 10, no 4 (29 octobre 2021) : 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10040080.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Educators, including school leaders, must be able to handle legal dilemmas involving student speech, but these do not occur in a vacuum. Often, speech issues are commingled with other legal challenges. This article explores student rights beyond free speech that are guaranteed at PK-12 U.S. public schools. We clarify when educators must attend to students’ unique needs, especially when courts have identified that certain students are members of protected classes. This article explains the overarching constitutional framework in which the U.S. Supreme Court has applied the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause to protect the rights of students to be free from invidious discrimination. We describe how modern U.S. courts apply levels of review, including strict scrutiny, intermediate scrutiny, and rational basis review to equal protection cases. We then synthesize federal statutory law and case law that protect students. Specifically, we discuss how Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI 1964) prohibits discrimination based on race, color, ethnicity, national origin, language proficiency, and religion. Next, we delve into the recent changes relevant to the application of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX 1972) to students based on sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity. Our final focus covers students with disabilities, including medical conditions, who are protected by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 1990) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (Section 504 1973).
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Liu, Xuexin. « Japanese Linguistic Politeness as Speakers’ Rational Choice and Social Strategy ». Studies in Linguistics and Literature 7, no 1 (16 janvier 2023) : p8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v7n1p8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Japanese linguistic politeness is a commonly observed phenomenon and the speaker’s being linguistically polite is an expected social behavior in the Japanese society. Most previous studies of Japanese politeness describe such a polite social behavioral pattern at a superficial or observational level without exploring the linguistic nature of such a polite behavior or the speaker’s motivations for performing a polite speech act in a particular speech context. From some linguistic, sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic and sociological perspectives, this study defines “politeness” as the speaker’s rational choices and a social strategy in the Japanese culture beyond surface language forms themselves. This paper claims that so-called “polite” or “honorific” language forms as commonly employed by the speaker in various social interactions do not necessarily always indicate that such a speaker must be a polite person. The so-called “polite” language is “linguistic” in nature and is thus more about a particular language form itself than about the speaker himself/herself. This paper further claims that the speaker makes rational choices of particular polite language forms to realize his/her communicative intention with the outcomes as perceived. Thus, this study explores the relationship between polite language forms and their social, cultural, and pragmatic functions. It concludes that speakers in the same speech community are conscious of linguistic choices which conform to their normative views for the interaction types; there is no simple equation between polite forms and polite speakers, and speakers are rational actors in making linguistic choices.
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Gąsior, Weronika. « Cultural Scripts and the Speech Act of Opinions in Irish English : A Study amongst Irish and Polish University Students ». ELOPE : English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 12, no 1 (22 juin 2015) : 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.12.1.11-28.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Studies in pragmatics have been limited to a handful of illocutionary acts such as requests, apologies or compliments, and opinions remain underrepresented in the existing literature. In this paper I present the results of a study of opinions in Irish English, conducted in an intercultural environment of Irish-Polish interactions. Departing from a traditional approach of speech act realisation studies, I applied the theory of cultural scripts to analyse opinions. In contrasting the Irish and Polish formulas for expressing opinions, as well as sociopragmatic attitudes towards this speech act, a difference in the cultural scripts for opinions in each culture was observable. Apart from already documented Polish frankness in opinions, the study discovered also a rational approach to presenting good arguments to support one’s assertions among the participants. In relation to the Irish script for opinions, the findings are in line with previous classifications of opinions in Australian English, showing a certain level of variational uniformity amongst the English-speaking cultures in this regard.
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Clark-Joseph, Adam D., et Brian D. Joseph. « Linguistics meets economics : Dealing with semantic variation ». Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no 2 (9 juin 2020) : 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i2.4794.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We explore here what happens in conversation when listeners encounter variation as well as change in semantics. Working within a general Gricean framework, and in ways somewhat akin to the “Cheap Talk” model of Crawford and Sobel (1982) and the “Rational Speech Act” model of Goodman and Frank (2016), we develop here a transactional view of communicative acts, based largely on insights drawn from economics. Taking a novel perspective, we build on what happens when communication misfires rather than examining what makes for successful communication. We see this effort as a demonstration of the utility of taking an economic perspective on linguistic issues, specifically the analysis of communicative acts.
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Junaidi, Muh. « NORMATIVE DIMENSIONS OF SPEECH ACTS : EXPLORATORY STUDY IN SASAK SPEECH COMMUNITY ». MABASAN 12, no 1 (15 octobre 2018) : 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mab.v12i1.32.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study investigates normative dimensions of speech acts. It analyzes the nature of normative dimension of speech acts.To get empirical data, 9 participants were chosen as sources of spoken language data: 2 tuan guru giving speeches in formal contexts; and 7 people engaging in casual conversations in informal context. To collect data, observation and voice recording was used. Prior to analysis, the data were transcribed, labeled and classified according to categories that appeared from the data. Findings reveal and advocate the normative and moral dimensions of speech acts generated from agent’s change normative standing to hearers in terms of right, obligation and responsibility. As a result, the study argues that moral values embedded in speech act performance such honesty, truth, self-control and respect, obedience and so forth could be taught in order to foster children good character development in comprehensive ways including moral reasoning, affection and behaviors. For that reason, moral values teaching based on speech act normativity and morality could be used as an arena for bearing good character corresponding to the process of acquiring of the first language or learning the second/foreign language. This could be a starting point for teaching moral competence through language institution that are more affordable, accessible and learnable for all rational human being all over the world. Furthermore, those moral values might be the foundation for moral action of children to bear the awareness of good interpersonal or intersubjective relationship. Based on the limitation of the study, it needs to hold further study as to the practical model of teaching moral values on the bases of moral values embedded in performing speech acts.Kajian ini menelaah tentang karakter dimensi normatif tindakan berbahasa. Data empiris diperoleh dengan melibatkan 9 partisipan, yakni 2 tuan guru yang memberikan ceramah dalam konteks formal dan 7 orang yang terlibat percakapan kasual dalam konteks informal. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi dan rekaman suara. Sebelum analisa, data tersebut ditranskripsi, dilabeli dan diklasifikasikan. Kajian ini mengungkapkan dan mendukung adanya dimensi normatif dan moral tindakan berbahasa yang dibentuk dari perubahan kedudukan normatif pembicara dan pendengar terkait hak, kewajiban dan tanggungjawab. Kajian ini mendukung bahwa dimensi normatif dan nilai moral yang melekat dalam setiap tindakan berbahasa seperti, kejujuran, kebenaran, komitmen, tanggungjawab, kontrol diri, saling menghargai dan lain-lain yang bisa diajarkan dalam pengembangan karakter anak yang bermoral dengan cara yang komprehensif meliputi penalaran moral, afeksi dan tindakan. Oleh sebab itulah, pengajaran nilai-nilai moral berbasis moralitas dan normativitas tindakan berbahasa bisa digunakan sebagai arena pendidikan karakter atau nilai. Ini bisa menjadi langkah awal pengajaran kompetensi moral melalui instiusi bahasa. Di samping itu, nilai-nilai moral tersebut merupakan fondasi dalam tindakan anak yang bermoral untuk membangun kesadaran interpersonal anak yang baik. Berdasarkan keterbatasan kajian ini, diperlukan kajian lebih lanjut tentang model praktis pengajaran nilai-nilai moral berbasis dimensi normatif dan moral yang inheren dalam setiap tindakan berbahasa.
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Bohn, Manuel, et Michael C. Frank. « The Pervasive Role of Pragmatics in Early Language ». Annual Review of Developmental Psychology 1, no 1 (24 décembre 2019) : 223–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085037.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Language is a fundamentally social endeavor. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers and listeners use social reasoning to go beyond the literal meanings of words to interpret language in context. In this article, we take a pragmatic perspective on language development and argue for developmental continuity between early nonverbal communication, language learning, and linguistic pragmatics. We link phenomena from these different literatures by relating them to a computational framework (the rational speech act framework), which conceptualizes communication as fundamentally inferential and grounded in social cognition. The model specifies how different information sources (linguistic utterances, social cues, common ground) are combined when making pragmatic inferences. We present evidence in favor of this inferential view and review how pragmatic reasoning supports children's learning, comprehension, and use of language.
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Karasik, Vladimir I. « FACE AND REPUTATION : LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS ». RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no 8 (2022) : 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2022-8-170-181.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The paper deals with reputation and face treated as emotional and rational evaluation and self-evaluation of a person correlating with their respect and self-respect. The most important features of respect/disrespect reflect its deontic character and focus on the correlation of respect/disrespect and affection/disaffection. The emotional component of this attitude is its basis, whereas the rational component is its addition. The feeling of self-respect is actualized if it may be threatened. The descriptions of reputation usually contain expressed or inferred motivation for such attitude. Reputation may be a masque meant to hide real motives of behavior. The correlation between respect/disrespect and reputation may be presented as an opposition of process Vs result and content Vs form when we describe the attitude to a person, or group, or organization. Reputation is connected with external signs – someone’s good or bad name. A speech act description of reputation and face includes the contradistinction of sincere and formal behavior in a situation of a threat to respect and selfrespect of a person. Conceptualization of face is predominantly determined by the norms of certain communities in a certain epoch.
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Balavi, Rasoul. « The Strategy of Conviction and its Semantic Functions in Talal Al-Joneibi's Poetry ». Dirasat : Human and Social Sciences 49, no 4 (30 juillet 2022) : 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i4.2029.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Conviction is linguistic connecting act to convey the message from the sender to the receiver to affect his behavior and subjecting the proposed idea. Poets have used conventions to affect on the readers and their interactions with the text. from these poets we found Talal Al-Joneibi, in terms of his field of systematic behavior, successfull in using conviction in his texts. He watches over emotional and psychological areas of his readers. And this shows his expertis in knowing the psychology of the reader and also using ways of conviction that affect the reader's behavior. This descriptive analytical study focuses on the ways of conviction in Al-Joneibi's poetry book "Emirates in heart". The research concludes that the poet cares about strategies and speech technicalities to excite the reader to get affected by the displayed perspective. He also tries to convince the reader and affect him through a discoursal language based on rational proofs and logical reasons to reach the desirable purpose.
Thèses sur le sujet "Rational speech act"
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BURSIC, SATHYA. « ON WIRING EMOTION TO WORDS : A BAYESIAN MODEL ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/932589.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Language and emotion are deeply entangled. In this dissertation we present a theoretical model that addresses how language and emotions intertwine with one another. To such end, we draw on the several results achieved in emotion theory (either at the psychological and the neurobiological levels) that go under the constructivist umbrella of the Conceptual Act Theory and those related to an emerging theoretical framework for pragmatic inference, the Rational Speech Act framework. We connect these theories and spell such connection in the language of probability, namely in that of Bayesian probabilistic modelling. Our endeavour is addressed to those fields of computer science such as artificial intelligence and machine learning where, in spite of the remarkable progress in the computational processing of language and affect, the study of their intersection is at best at its infancy, in our view. We argue that any further step in such direction only can be afforded by reducing the gap between Affective Science and computational approaches. To pave the way, simulations of the proposed model are presented that account for well known case-studies in pragmatics.
In brief, at a high-level abstract representation we consider two interacting agents-in-context, where each agent performs a conceptual act based on interoceptive and exteroceptive sensation, in order to regulate their body budget. The agents communicate, performing communication acts that in turn regulate the agents’ conceptual acts and vice versa, and in this way they create, communicate and share categories, and even add new functions to the world. We implement this framework through two simulations of non-literal language use, namely hyperbole, irony, and a third dealing with politeness, a form of social reasoning. In addition, a fourth simulation concerns the assessment of the stochastic dynamics of the key component of the model, core affect.
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CARRANZA, PINEDO VICTOR RAFAEL. « THE LANDSCAPE OF AFFECTIVE MEANING ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/933926.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Swear words are highly colloquial expressions that have the capacity to sig-
nal the speaker’s affective states, i.e., to display the speaker’s feelings with
respect to a certain stimulus. For this reason, swear words are often called
expressives. Which linguistic mechanisms allow swear words display affective
states, and, more importantly, how can such ‘affective content’ be character-
ized in a theory of meaning? Even though research on expressive meaning
has produced models that integrate the affective aspects of swear words in a
compositional framework, there is extensive evidence that swear words can-
not be assigned a single or stable affective interpretation across contexts. For
example, even though expletive adjectives (e.g., 'damn'), particularistic insults
(e.g., 'bastard') and slurs (e.g., 'wop') typically express (and elicit) negatively
valenced affective states, they can also be interpreted positively in some con-
texts. Thus, inspired in recent developments in formal sociolinguistics, I
propose an 'indexical' approach to affective meaning. Under this approach,
an affective expression is associated with a set of affective qualities, anyone
of which may emerge at a given context depending on the interpreter’s prior
assumptions about the speaker’s affective states and/or relation with the tar-
get of the swear word. To define this set, also called 'indexical field', I will
use the dimensions pleasure, arousal and dominance, standardly employed in
cognitive psychology to characterize and measure affective episodes. In this
dissertation, thus, the affective meaning of an expression is given by the set
of affective states it typically conveys within a linguistic community, but its
interpretation at a given context is established by taking into account the
interpreter’s prior assumptions about the speaker’s affective states and/or
attitudes with respect to the target of the affective expression.
Livres sur le sujet "Rational speech act"
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Vallejo Maldonado, Pablo Ramon, et Nikolay Chaynov. Kinematics and dynamics of automobile piston engines. ru : INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/989072.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The fundamentals of kinematics and dynamics of transport piston internal combustion engines made using different layout schemes are presented. Along with the traditional in-line, V-shaped, including oppositional, arrangement of cylinders, schemes with "staggered" arrangement of cylinders in the block at the displaced connecting rod necks of the crankshaft of the engine are considered. The kinematics of the coaxial crank mechanism is considered in detail. The questions of dynamics with reduction of calculated dependences of forces, moments, a choice of a rational order of work of cylinders in relation to the considered kinematic schemes are in detail stated. Considerable attention is paid to the unevenness of the crankshaft rotation speed and engine balancing. The loads on the main and connecting rod bearings of the crankshaft, the knowledge of which is necessary in determining the bearing capacity of bearing units, are also considered.
Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of training 23.03.03 "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes" and related areas.
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Busacca, Maurizio, et Roberto Paladini. Collaboration Age. Venice : Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-424-0.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Recently, public policies of urban regeneration have intensified and multiplied. They are being promoted with the aim to start social and economic dynamics within the local context which is subject to intervention. From the empirical analysis, we realise that such activities are mainly implemented by three subjects or by mixed coalitions (public institutions, actors of the third sector and companies). Within them, each player is moved by a multiplicity of interests and goals that go beyond their own nature – public interest, market and mutualism – and tend to redefine themselves, thus becoming hybrid forms of production of value (social, economic, cultural). By studying a number Italian and Catalan cases, this essay deals with the theory that, under specific conditions and configurations, a collaborative direction – of organization, production and design – would give life to successful procedures, even without the identification of a one-best-way. The collaboration is not simply a choice of operation, but a real production method which mobilises social resources to create hybrid solutions – between state, market and society – to complex issues that could not be faced solely with the use of the rationale of action of one among the three actors. In this framework, the systems of relations and interactions between players and shared capital become an essential condition for the success of every initiative of urban redevelopment, or failure thereof. Such initiatives are brought to life by the strategic role of individuals who foster connections as well as the dissemination of non-redundant information between social networks, and collective and individual actors which would otherwise be separated and barely able to communicate and collaborate with each other. In addition to the functions carried out by knowledge brokers, that have been extensively described in organisational studies and economic sociology, the aforementioned figures act as real social enzymes, that is to say, they handle the available information and function as catalysts of social processes of production of knowledge. Moreover, they increase the reaction speed, working on mechanisms which control the spontaneity.
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Randall, David. The Concept of Conversation. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430104.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Concept of Conversation traces the rise of conversation from a minor mode of rhetoric to the point where rhetoric as a whole was redefined as conversation, and argues that this was the most important change in rhetoric during the centuries between 1400 and 1700. In the classical period, conversation referred to real conversations, conducted in the leisure time of noble men, and concerned with indefinite philosophical topics. Christianity inflected conversation with universal aspirations during the medieval centuries and the ars dictaminis, the art of letter writing, increased the importance of this written analogue of conversation. The Renaissance humanists from Petrarch onward further transformed conversation, and its genre analogues of dialogue and letter, by transforming it into a metaphor of increasing scope. This expanded realm of humanist conversation bifurcated in Renaissance and early modern Europe. The Concept of Conversation traces the way the rise of conversation spread out from the history of rhetoric to include the histories of friendship, the court and the salon, the Republic of Letters, periodical press and women. It revises Jürgen Habermas’ history of the emergence of the rational speech of the public sphere as the history of the emergence of rational conversation and puts the emergence of women’s speech at the centre of the intellectual history of early modern Europe.
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Hurlburt, Russell T., et Christopher L. Heavey. Inner Speaking as Pristine Inner Experience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796640.003.0007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Inner speaking is a directly apprehended phenomenon, not an inference or metaphorical claim about a psychological process. Investigations of inner speaking require a method that carefully explores phenomena as they actually occur. Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES) is an attempt at such a method, and is described in this chapter, including an annotated case study of its results. DES investigations suggest that many claims about inner speech are hugely mistaken, leading to the conclusion that powerful presuppositions about inner speech can lead investigations astray; the chapter discusses the recognition and the bracketing of presuppositions. It suggests skepticism about claims based on Vygotskian or other theory, on introspection, on experimental manipulations, or on questionnaires unless the method used provides a principled rationale for the bracketing of presuppositions. The chapter describes aspects of inner speaking not frequently recognized as occurring: partially or completely unworded inner speaking, multiple simultaneous inner speaking, meaningless inner speaking.
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Nuckolls, Janis, et Tod Swanson. Respectable uncertainty and pathetic truth in Amazonian Quichua-speaking culture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0009.
Texte intégralRésumé :
It is argued in this chapter, on the basis of evidence from grammar, discourse, and verbal art, that for Amazonian Quichua speakers, there is a cultural preference for expressing uncertainty, which is linked with animistic perspectivism. Animistic perspectivism endows nonhumans with subjectivity and implies that there is an infinite multiplicity of perspectives, thereby making a single, totalizing truth impossible. Respectable uncertainty is also apparent in the system of evidentiality, in speech reports, echo questions, and verbal art, all of which emphasize perspective over certainty. A type of certainty that Runa do value, however, and which would not be valid within a rational framework of inquiry, is that of emotional truth, involving feelings of empathy for others, including nonhumans. Emotional truth, then, provides an exception to the preference for uncertainty, and may lead people to confidently reason about ethical matters.
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Gephart, Werner, et Christoph Suntrup, dir. The Normative Structures of Human Civilization. Klostermann, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783465142935.
Texte intégralRésumé :
John Searle´s social ontology seeks for nothing less than the fundamental "structure of human civilization". By trying to reconcile the description of the world by the natural sciences with our self-understanding as free, rational and conscious beings, he points to the core of meaningful social life with its institutions, rules and normative expectations. Searle´s often provocative project of explaining "the exact role of language in the creation, constitution, and maintenance of social reality" manifested in his book "Making the Social World" (2010) and outlined in this volume, is taken on by philosophers and social scientists in a critical encounter. Among the large range of topics discussed in these articles are Searle´s concept of collective intentionality, the status of social facts, the social acceptance of institutions, the magic of speech acts as well as Searle´s excursion into the world of power and human rights. Not least, these reflections help to clarify the sometimes conflict-laden relation of philosophy and social theory.
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Stahn, Carsten. Justice as Message. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864189.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
International criminal justice is a form of social performance. It relies on messages, speech acts, and performatives practices in order to convey social meaning. Major criminal proceedings, such as Nuremberg or Tokyo and other post-Second World War trials have been branded as ‘spectacles of didactic legality’. However, the expressive and the communicative functions of law have been sidelined in institutional discourse and legal practice. The concept of expressivism is referred to in justifications of punishment or sentencing rationales. It appears as reference in scholarly treatises, but it has remained crucially underdeveloped. This book is an attempt to remedy this gap. It shows that expression and communication are not only an inherent part of the punitive functions of international criminal justice but represented in a whole spectrum of practices: norm expression and diffusion, institutional actions, performative aspects of criminal procedures, and repair of harm. It argues that expressivism is not a classical justification of justice or punishment on its own but rather a means to understand its aspirations and limitations, to explain how justice is produced, and to ground punishment rationales.
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Wright, Tom F. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496791.003.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter introduces the popular lecture as a paradoxical icon of nineteenth-century modernity. On both sides of the Atlantic, it argues, the audiences and performers transformed a cultural practice with origins in the medieval cloister into an unexpected flashpoint medium of public life. It was an educational form that began to flourish amid the educational fervor of the late Scottish Enlightenment. But it bursts into life most powerfully in the United States in the decades leading up to the Civil War, where it was often known as the “lyceum movement.” As it grew, this phenomenon sat at the confluence of at least three major transformations in American life. First, it helped shape a revolution in oratory, fashioning a space for educational speech and rational debate that promised to float free of creed or party. Second, it embodied new ideals of republican education, democratizing the habits of elite collegiate pedagogy for the masses, and forging new economies of knowledge and cultural consumption. Third, it set in motion a lasting transformation in the relationship between the public and American literature, providing both the necessary conditions for the modern public intellectual and a powerful new performative conception of authorship. The introduction sets out the content for the chapters that follow.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Rational speech act"
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Fairclough, Isabela. « The UK Government’s “Balancing Act” in the Pandemic : Rational Decision-Making from an Argumentative Perspective ». Dans The Pandemic of Argumentation, 225–46. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91017-4_12.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThis chapter looks at how the “balance” between lives, livelihoods and other concerns was talked about in four main newspapers in the UK, between March 2020 and March 2021, in assessing the UK government’s performance. Different arguments were made for opposite conclusions, favouring either strict and prolonged lockdowns or, on the contrary, a speedy exit from lockdown and a resumption of normal life. From the point of view of argumentation theory, the empirical data suggests that what is being balanced or weighed together in pro/con argumentation by two opposite parties are not as much the costs and benefits of one’s own proposal, but the costs of one proposal against the costs of its alternative (a “cost-cost” analysis). Rather than defending their own proposal by arguing that the benefits outweigh the costs, each side is criticizing the opponent’s proposal by claiming that the costs of their proposal are more unacceptable than the costs of their own. An implicit minimax strategy (minimize costs in a worst-case scenario) was applied in different ways, depending on how the consequences were assessed, and how this assessment changed over time. The debate over lockdown illustrated an interesting type of pro/con argument, typical to crisis situations, in which all the intended “benefits” were in fact avoided “costs”, and contrasted a medical/epidemiological perspective with a political perspective on the best course of action.
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Mohamad Jamil, Siti Nurnadilla. « ‘Remember Our Race, Our Religion and Our Progeny’ : An Argumentation Analysis of Malay-Language Newspapers During General Election Campaigns ». Dans Discursive Approaches to Politics in Malaysia, 139–61. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5334-7_8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThis chapter focuses on discursive strategies of legitimation in mainstream Malay-language newspapers during the 13th and 14th general election campaigns. It analyses how editorials and columns published in Berita Harian and Utusan Malaysia constructed arguments during the campaign periods from 20 April to 4 May 2013 and 28 April to 8 May 2018. The chapter examines how particular relations of power were enacted, reproduced and legitimised within Malaysia’s government-owned mainstream media, where control was institutionalised. To contextualise and illuminate the discursive and social practices of both campaigns, the analysis is grounded in the discourse-historical approach’s conception of argumentation and pragma-dialectics’ ten rules for rational dispute and constructive arguing. This chapter, therefore, looks at the argumentation strategies employed in editorials and columns serving as a methodical justification of validity claims reflected linguistically using speech acts. The findings demonstrate the politics of fear that characterises much of Malaysian right-wing rhetoric, particularly how fear of the future was employed by Barisan Nasional as it struggled to maintain and retain legitimacy during both campaigns.
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Zettel, Christa. « The Same Tone, but a New Sound—Understanding the Story of the Soul as Pathway to Regenerative Civilizations ». Dans Transformation Literacy, 29–43. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93254-1_3.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThis chapter takes not only into a historic perspective that looks at human consciousness development over many millennia, but emphasizes the importance of mythology as the most deeply ingrained way of humankind to keep learning for transformations. The author argues, contrary to the modern mind’s needs, that the creative aspect of change or transformation is not order, but disorder or chaos. To avoid the final fragmentation or destruction of our world, the intuitive ‘universal power of self-renewal’ (the life instinct) needs to be reintegrated into rational science, to fill our scientific particularization (the death instinct) with meaning, which is adequate to living in a humane way on our planet. This makes the story of the soul (Greek: psyche), which is passed on by peoples and cultures in a nonlinear-out-of-time-way, not only an important resource to understand the entire civilizational process and subsequently the development of regenerative civilizations. By allowing the forthcoming of an innate integral structure in the human mind, which uses both rationality and intuition, creative mythology is a discipline important for transformation literacy. It can contribute to the so much needed acceleration and speed up the process of collective regeneration, because this is a creative act and unleashes what was previously impossible.
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Goldberg, Sanford C. « Your Attention Please ! » Dans Conversational Pressure, 13–58. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856436.003.0002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There are various ways through which we try to capture another person’s attention. One of these ways is to address them. After trying to highlight what it is to address another person, the chapter argues that doing so generates a reason (for you, as addressee) to attend to the act. When the act of address is a speech act, matters are further complicated by the expectations parties bring, and are entitled to bring, to an (anticipated) speech exchange. If this is correct, then the act of address itself generates the most basic form of conversational pressure: in cooperative exchanges speakers who address an audience have a claim on the audience’s attention. To fail to attend to a speaker who addresses you and whose claim on your attention is part of a (would-be) cooperative exchange, the chapter argues, is to disrespect her as a rational subject.
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Dougherty, Tom. « The Expression of Will View II ». Dans The Scope of Consent, 116–25. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894793.003.0010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter elaborates the Expression of Will View as a disjunctive view, in so far as it allows that there are two ways that someone can consent by expressing their will. First, they can deliberately perform a ‘directive’ speech act. Examples of these speech acts include requests, invitations, and orders. Second, someone can consent by expressing that they are giving another person permission. While it is possible to simultaneously give consent in both ways, there are some situations in which someone consents in only one of these two ways. Since the Expression of Will View allows that consent can be given in either of these two ways, it is a disjunctive view. Although a disjunctive view is less cohesive and simple, we need to endorse a disjunctive view to have an extensionally adequate account. But although the view is disjunctive, it has some unity in virtue of the fact that it has the Interpersonal Justification Argument as an underlying rationale.
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Stahn, Carsten. « Institutional Expression ». Dans Justice as Message, 165–249. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864189.003.0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The chapter demonstrates that the very act of reacting to atrocities, and institutionalization itself, has expressive meaning. Institutions rely on symbolism, rituals, and mimetic practices in order to ensure their own survival. This also applies to international criminal courts and tribunals. Sometimes the ‘medium is the message’. Throughout history, the establishment of institutions has sent different signals, such as memory and remembrance, shame and apology, renewal of community relations, hope and belief or protest. International criminal justice relies on action. Speech act theory is helpful to understand the various meanings of institutional action. Acts, such as jurisdictional determinations (e.g. complementarity), preliminary examinations or investigations, arrests, or cooperation create new narrative subjects, entail commands or incentives for action, or convey attitudes. Outreach and legacy strategies involve strong didactic rationales. They are often more geared towards one-sided expression rather than two-way communication or mutual learning
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Murray, Hannah Lauren. « ‘A shriek so terrible!’ : Charles Brockden Brown’s Sensational Ventriloquists ». Dans Liminal Whiteness in Early US Fiction, 21–46. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474481731.003.0002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Charles Brockden Brown populates his gothic fiction with racially ambiguous characters to ask what constitutes national identity and who can be a citizen at a time when these concepts are shifting, unsettled and still contested. This chapter examines how Brown communicates liminal Whiteness through sensational ventriloquism, which marks marginalised White men as non-White noncitizens along the frontier. Through their unusual vocal abilities, itinerant Frank Carwin in Wieland and cognitively impaired Nick Handyside in ‘Somnambulism’ become less than White figures. Their transgressive cries disturb the senses of White middle class families who serve as prime fictional examples of rational White citizens in the early republic. Written as pieces of irrational yet instructive entertainment, Brown transcribes these disruptive and powerful speech acts within his fiction to test the senses and rationality of his republican heroines and gothic readers.
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Steinberg, Paul F. « Feasible Worlds ». Dans Who Rules the Earth ? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199896615.003.0007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
What would the world be like if high-speed trains arrived every ten minutes to whisk you away to the city of your choice? It would be a lot like Japan. What if our computers and coffee makers were not dumped in toxic landfills at the end of their lifecycle, but were instead reused as raw materials for new consumer products? Just ask Western Europeans. What if instead of crafting environmental rules in secret, governments were required to share all of the information shaping their decisions with any citizen who demanded it? The answer can be found in the United States. The differences among the “worlds” experienced by citizens of Japan, Europe, and the United States stem in large part from variation in the rules underpinning them. In Japan, a national system of bullet trains (shinkansen) came about not because of an inevitable march of technological progress. It was the result of national and local rules that transformed a disjointed collection of railways into an integrated national system—a system that has not had a single fatal accident since its inauguration in 1964. In Europe, new rules make corporations responsible for collecting and recycling the electronic goods they sell to consumers. Because they must safely dispose of any toxic substances in their products, these companies have a strong incentive to remove heavy metals and other poisons from the manufacturing process. In the United States, the Freedom of Information Act empowers citizens to demand that government agencies send them all pertinent documents describing the rationale behind their decisions—a degree of transparency that is unheard of in Japan or Europe. Of course, these states of the world did not always exist. They were brought into being through deliberate acts of social change in which old rules were tossed and new ones put in place. Yet many people find the thought of social change too daunting. It seems unrealistic, out of reach. Compared to the dizzying pace of change in technology and popular culture, it appears that progress on big social problems like poverty alleviation, human rights, and environmental sustainability moves at glacial speed.
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Erkut, Burak, et Vildan Esenyel. « What’s “Next” ? On the Future of Digital Entrepreneurship ». Dans Next Generation Entrepreneurship [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104690.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Digitalization is gaining speed, latest since the global pandemics, even for those industries which only observed it as a supplementary phenomenon to their physical business activities. Despite this ongoing phenomenon and the use of catchwords such as e-business or e-commerce in both academia and practice, there is still confusion when the discussion shifts to the sphere of digital entrepreneurship—especially when it comes to the “who” and “how” of the digital entrepreneurship. The aim of this chapter is to focus on digital entrepreneurship as an ongoing phenomenon in the digital economy. In this chapter, the authors first introduce background and rationale with respect to digitalization and digital entrepreneurship by using a thematic literature review of recent contributions coming from economics and management disciplines. Next, the authors present next-generation models of digital entrepreneurship, with which they specify three important components of digital entrepreneurship as a business model, customer base, and social networks. By doing so, the authors not only aim to answer the questions of who the digital entrepreneur is, and how he/she acts in an entrepreneurial way, but they also aim to provide a knowledge base of digital entrepreneurship for future endeavors, let them be practical or theoretical ones.
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Lipin, Mykola, et Nataliia Husieva. « THE PRODUCTIVITY OF ORDER AND CHAOS IN THE METAMORPHOSIS OF CREATIVITY ». Dans Science, technology, and innovation : the experience of European countries and prospects for Ukraine. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-190-9-10.
Texte intégralRésumé :
An important feature of the contemporary human situation is the ever-increasing speed of sociocultural, economic and political transformations. Today, any stable elements are only temporary zones of stability, moments of «order» in a stream of «chaos». This situation leads to the actualization of the proportion of order and chaos in the existence of modern human beings and society. The deployment of the creative forces of the individual in the post-industrial economy leads to a total deconstruction of all the fundamental foundations of social being, and the creative activity of individuals begins to be interpreted as one of the manifestations of chaos, as «productive destruction». As a result, uncertainty, chaos, disorder, and risk are the result of the creative activity of «Prometheus Unbound» (H. Jonas). Purpose of the paper. It is important to investigate what forms human creative activity takes in modern conditions, what threats and prospects it can create as an irrational, chaotic force. Methodology. The study was conducted using the methods of theoretical generalization, comparative analysis, analysis and synthesis, which allowed to identify the educational content of nihilism as a revaluation of values. Scientific novelty. It is proved that chaos, irrational activity, as well as order, reasonable purposefulness, can erase the individual, dissolve it in the totality of the common. Each of these can form the basis of a special, totalitarian principle, indifferent to development. Chaos is the totality of the irrational. Order is the totality of the rational. Their interaction, then, is expressed as a flickering embodiment of a repressive totality in which all difference dissolves. Chaos appears as the controlled result of a hidden order, and the desire to organize the social world results in the spread of disorder and irrational consequences. On the contrary, creativity opens up a world beyond the extremes of order (law) and chaos (randomness). But this becomes possible in the space of vital, universal forms of human interaction and address to others and to oneself. People cease to be torn between the determinism of order and the arbitrariness of chaos when they enter the realm of caring interpersonal relationships created by humans. It is in them that the image of wholeness opens up, which is then realized in the interaction of community members with each other and society with nature. Creativity is always addressed to another person, it has an addressee, and therefore is dialogic. The search for completeness from which any creative act springs requires the other as co-creator, as one who is able to reflect the intent of the creator and through this to continue the creative process, to sustain life in the work. Hence the significance of the past for present creativity is revealed. In turn, the increasing efficiency of the rationalization of the social system is accompanied by a loss of meaning in the world around modern people. The connection of individual things into the unity of the world, of disconnected actions into the justification of personal destiny, of diverse thoughts, impressions, ideas, and desires into subjective identity is broken.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Rational speech act"
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Le, Hieu, Taufiq Daryanto, Fabian Zhafransyah, Derry Wijaya, Elizabeth Coppock et Sang Chin. « Referring Expressions with Rational Speech Act Framework : A Probabilistic Approach ». Dans 3rd International Conference on Data Mining and Machine Learning (DMML 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.120709.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper focuses on a referring expression generation (REG) task in which the aim is to pick out an object in a complex visual scene. One common theoretical approach to this problem is to model the task as a two-agent cooperative scheme in which a ‘speaker’ agent would generate the expression that best describes a targeted area and a ‘listener’ agent would identify the target. Several recent REG systems have used deep learning approaches to represent the speaker/listener agents. The Rational Speech Act framework (RSA), a Bayesian approach to pragmatics that can predict human linguistic behavior quite accurately, has been shown to generate high quality and explainable expressions on toy datasets involving simple visual scenes. Its application to large scale problems, however, remains largely unexplored. This paper applies a combination of the probabilistic RSA framework and deep learning approaches to larger datasets involving complex visual scenes in a multi-step process with the aim of generating better-explained expressions. We carry out experiments on the RefCOCO and RefCOCO+ datasets and compare our approach with other endto-end deep learning approaches as well as a variation of RSA to highlight our key contribution. Experimental results show that while achieving lower accuracy than SOTA deep learning methods, our approach outperforms similar RSA approach in human comprehension and has an advantage over end-to-end deep learning under limited data scenario. Lastly, we provide a detailed analysis on the expression generation process with concrete examples, thus providing a systematic view on error types and deficiencies in the generation process and identifying possible areas for future improvements.
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Cohen, Philip R., et Hector J. Levesque. « Performatives in a rationally based speech act theory ». Dans the 28th annual meeting. Morristown, NJ, USA : Association for Computational Linguistics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/981823.981834.
Texte intégral
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Seitkulov, Yerzhan, Seilkhan Boranbayev, Banu Yergaliyeva, Gennady Davydov et Alexander Patapoviche. « Rationale for the method of formation of the combined speech masking signals ». Dans 2014 IEEE 8th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaict.2014.7035966.
Texte intégralRapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Rational speech act"
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, février 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.