Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Rating actions »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Rating actions"
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Bonsall, Samuel B., Jeremiah R. Green et Karl A. Muller. « Are Credit Ratings More Rigorous for Widely Covered Firms ? » Accounting Review 93, no 6 (1 février 2018) : 61–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-52044.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT We study how business press coverage can discipline credit rating agency actions. Because of their greater prominence and visibility to market participants, more widely covered firms can pose greater reputational costs for rating agencies. Consistent with rating agencies limiting such risk, we find that ratings for more widely covered firms are more timely and accurate, downgraded earlier and systematically lower in the year prior to default, and better predictors of default and non-default. We also find that the recent tightening of credit rating standards is largely explained by growing business press coverage of public debt issuers. Additionally, we find that credit rating agencies take explicit actions to improve their ratings by assigning better educated and more experienced analysts to widely covered firms. Moreover, we document that missed defaults of more visible firms create greater negative economic consequences for rating agencies, and that rating improvements following the financial crisis were greater for more visible firms. Data Availability: All data are publicly available from the sources identified in the text.
2
Hvattum, Lars Magnus, et Garry A. Gelade. « Comparing bottom-up and top-down ratings for individual soccer players ». International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 20, no 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijcss-2021-0002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Correctly assessing the contributions of an individual player in a team sport is challenging. However, an ability to better evaluate each player can translate into improved team performance, through better recruitment or team selection decisions. Two main ideas have emerged for using data to evaluate players: Top-down ratings observe the performance of the team as a whole and then distribute credit for this performance onto the players involved. Bottom-up ratings assign a value to each action performed, and then evaluate a player based on the sum of values for actions performed by that player. This paper compares a variant of plus-minus ratings, which is a top-down rating, and a bottom-up rating based on valuing actions by estimating probabilities. The reliability of ratings is measured by whether similar ratings are produced when using different data sets, while the validity of ratings is evaluated through the quality of match outcome forecasts generated when the ratings are used as predictor variables. The results indicate that the plus-minus ratings perform better than the bottom-up ratings with respect to the reliability and validity measures chosen and that plus-minus ratings have certain advantages that may be difficult to replicate in bottom-up ratings.
3
Korkmaz, Elif, Ersin Firat Akgül et Seçil Sigalı. « Determinants of Credit Rating Actions : Evidence from International Maritime Companies ». Business and Management Horizons 5, no 2 (12 décembre 2017) : 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v5i2.12283.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study aims to analyze the relevant factors in determining credit rating agency (CRA) rating actions for international maritime companies. The public disclosures regarding the credit rating actions within annual reports and the credit rating agencies’ websites are analyzed by applying a content analysis for the period 2000-2017. The results of the content analysis indicate that the factor of “market conditions” has been disclosed as the main credit rating action determinant by the CRAs. This finding is in line with the argument that due to the high costs of obtaining the new and confidential information, CRAs tend to rely solely on the market risk in most rating actions, rather than company-specific risk. Moreover, we determine that, after the 2008 financial crisis, CRA disclosures on company specific factors decrease dramatically. Furthermore, opacity prevails in observations regarding company-specific factors as “financial profile” and “corporate business profile”.
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Ross, Marc L. « The Impact of Sovereign Rating Actions on Bank Ratings in Emerging Markets ». CFA Digest 43, no 1 (février 2013) : 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/dig.v43.n1.54.
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Williams, Gwion, Rasha Alsakka et Owain ap Gwilym. « The impact of sovereign rating actions on bank ratings in emerging markets ». Journal of Banking & ; Finance 37, no 2 (février 2013) : 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.09.021.
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Cavazos, David E., et Matthew Rutherford. « Examining the association between government-sponsored product ratings and firm political participation ». Journal of Strategy and Management 10, no 2 (15 mai 2017) : 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-01-2016-0005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply firm aspiration theory to explore how firms respond to government product ratings. Design/methodology/approach Longitudinal examination of nine automobile manufacturers during National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration crash tests in the USA. Findings Firms take specific external actions to influence the political mechanisms that support ranking schemes when product ratings are below those of rivals and when previously highly rated products decline. In addition, firms receiving rankings above those of their competitors are found to be less likely to take such action, even when their overall ratings declined. Similarly, firms seeing improvements in previously low-rated products will take fewer actions aimed at influencing the political mechanisms that support rating schemes. Originality/value The primary contribution of this research is in establishing when firm product ratings will result in actions to influence external ratings criteria. Previous research has shown that firms respond to organizational ratings by taking action aimed at improving subsequent performance. The current research builds on such work by applying aspiration theory in an effort to predict and explain when and why certain ratings will attract firm attention to the external mechanisms that support such ratings.
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Niedziółka, Paweł. « The Country Ceiling and Sovereign Rating Relationship Exemplified by the Case of Poland ». Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 3, no 354 (8 juillet 2021) : 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.354.01.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of the article is to answer the question whether the ratings of entities registered in Poland are limited by the sovereign rating of the country. The author theorises that the sovereign rating of Poland does not constitute the upper limit for ratings granted by the Big Three (Fitch Ratings, Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s) to Polish financial and non‑financial entities. The databases of three leading rating agencies were queried, selecting all (52) long‑term foreign ratings assigned to entities registered in Poland. The analysis indicates that currently no confirmation can be found of the use of the country ceiling principle, according to which the rating of any entity registered in a given country cannot be higher than its sovereign rating, by rating agencies (7.7% of rated entities in Poland is given higher rating than the sovereign one). This is at the same time a higher percentage than the average for all Big Three ratings, amounting to approx. 3%. The country ceiling is an upper, potential sovereign rating bound, resulting from the T&C risk. In the case of entities registered in Poland, however, their rating is a maximum of one notch higher than the sovereign rating, which in turn is in line with the policy that Standard & Poor’s officially announced as the only agency among the Big Three (the rating of an entity registered in a given jurisdiction can be up to four notches higher than the sovereign rating). The analysis of ratings assigned to Polish entities also indicates that a rating above the sovereign rating awarded by a given credit rating agency does not translate into similar actions of other agencies. This paper analyses the relationships between the concepts of country risk, T&C risk and sovereign risk. Another original contribution is establishing how the country ceiling principle used by rating agencies works in practice and verifying the scope of application of this principle in the Polish economic reality.
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Barta, Zsófia, et Alison Johnston. « Rating Politics ? Partisan Discrimination in Credit Ratings in Developed Economies ». Comparative Political Studies 51, no 5 (15 juin 2017) : 587–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414017710263.
Texte intégralRésumé :
How does government partisanship influence sovereign credit ratings of developed countries? Given the convergence of fiscal and monetary outcomes between left and right governments in the past decades, credit rating agencies (CRAs) should in principle not discriminate according to ideology. However, we hypothesize that CRAs might lower ratings for left governments as a strategy to limit negative policy and market surprises as they strive to keep ratings stable over the medium term. A panel analysis of Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch’s rating actions for 23 Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1995 to 2014 shows that left executives and the electoral victory of nonincumbent left executives are associated with significantly higher probabilities of negative rating changes. We find no evidence of similar systematic partisan bias in spreads on government bonds, but spreads do adjust to partisan-biased downgrades. This suggests that CRAs may introduce partisan discrimination into sovereign credit markets.
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Johnson, Richard. « Rating Agency Actions Around the Investment-Grade Boundary ». Journal of Fixed Income 13, no 4 (31 mars 2004) : 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jfi.2004.391025.
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Ory, Jean-Noël, et Philippe Raimbourg. « European Rating Actions, Investor Reaction, and Bond Spread Volatility ». Economic Notes 44, no 2 (14 mai 2015) : 333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecno.12038.
Texte intégralThèses sur le sujet "Rating actions"
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Pettinato, Ombretta. « Do target prices predict rating changes ? » Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/2637.
Texte intégralRésumé :
2006/2007Both rating agencies and stock analysts evaluate publicly traded companies and communicate their opinions to investors. Empirical evidence indicates that stock prices react to both bond rating changes (at least downgrades) and changes in analysts’ earning forecasts, suggesting that both pieces of information are valuable to investors. While most academic research has been focused on studying the impact of rating actions on bond prices, stock returns or earning forecasts, surprisingly, the relationship between target prices and rating actions has remained essentially unexplored. Our study contribute to the existing literature by providing an evidence, not yet explored, of any anticipation in target prices revision prior to a rating actions, in order to analyze the ability of equity analysts to predict the decisions of the main rating agencies. Moreover, our work is related to the empirical literature that investigates the optimism of analysts’ recommendations and we provide evidence about the mean target price to current price ratio for the Italian market. Using a large and unique database, we find that TP/P ratio over the period 2000-2005 is 1,15, that is target prices are 15% higher than current stock prices. The motivation of this research stems from the empirical evidences that 1) target prices are statements incorporating earnings forecasts, which have proven to be meaningfully correlated with rating actions ,2) target prices revisions are released much more frequently than rating actions 3) downgrades (upgrades) associated with negative (positive) revision of the firm’s prospective cash flows will negatively(positively) affect bondholders and, to a larger extent, equity holders who have secondary claims compared to debt. On the basis of a set of hypotheses, we expect that downgrades can be anticipated by a reduction in target prices and that, in the case of upgrades, the anticipation effect should be more evident. Changes in target prices prior to rating actions are estimated, controlling for the anticipations through watches and the sector of the rated firm. Using a complete and unique data set of rating actions released by Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch from 1st January 2000 to 31st December 2005, for the Italian listed firms and for an European sample, we find that positive rating events are anticipated by consistent increases of the target prices released in the four months before the rating action. The evidence is less clear for negative rating events, since significant reductions in target prices are observable only in a shorter window (three months). Our results reflect analysts’ overly-optimistic behavior and the fact that they are less likely to reduce than to increase target prices over time. Results also differ controlling by the sector. Looking at the Italian sample (composed mainly by financial firms) and at the European financial sub sample we find that: target prices reduction prior to a downgrade is highly evident in the financial sector while it is not clear at all for the non financial sector. According to Gropp and Richards (2001) and Schweitzer et al. (1992), we thus observe strong differences between the two groups of issuers (financial and industrial ones). We argue that the different regulatory regimes, which imply different degrees of transparency, could explain the asymmetric behavior of target prices. We finally investigate whether the anticipation of a rating action by a watch list in the same direction, may influence our results. In this paper, we follow Hand et al. [1992] and use credit watches in two ways. First, we examine changes in target prices around credit watches, testing whether they contain relevant market information. Second, we use them as a means of distinguishing between contaminated and uncontaminated ratings changes. As in Hand et al. [1992] we argue that a ratings change that is preceded by a ratings watch in the same direction should be largely anticipated and, hence, should be associated with significant changes in target prices. Comparing the average change in target price for contaminated versus uncontaminated rating actions, we find that contaminated downgrades show more pronounced reductions in target price over time while there is no significant difference for upgrades. This difference can be explained according to whether or not the watch list was released during the four months prior to the rating action, corresponding to our observation window. Since watch lists are usually released on average three months before the downgrade, they fall into our observation window, bringing with them a further reduction in target price. Overall, the results suggest that target prices may perform a useful role in anticipating rating changes and confirm prior evidence that rating actions can be predicted from publicly available information, at least for financial sector. The remainder of this work is organized as follows. Chapter 1 discusses the main informational content of ratings, rating criteria and procedures. Following that, in Chapter 2, we examine the main content of reports on Italian stocks, to find out the evaluation method used to get the final recommendation and the main differences between analysts’ justifications for reports that disclose target prices versus those that do not. The different disclosure levels of target prices across stock recommendations suggest that analysts are more inclined to provide them when their recommendations are more favorable (i.e., Buy or Strong Buy) than they are when their recommendations are less favorable (i.e., Hold). Finally, in Chapter 3, we investigate whether ratings actions can be predicted from publicly available information by examining any target price changes prior to the rating action, on the basis of a set of hypotheses to be tested. The research design and methodology are described in Chapter 3, along with the main conclusions of the empirical evidence. The work closes with a summary and suggestions for future research.
XX Ciclo
1979
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Cock, Craig. « Influence of strike action on South Africa s credit rating by global rating agencies ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52371.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The growing importance of Credit agency rating in the economic indicators for a country
necessitates investigating the impact of various indicators on credit agency ratings. South
Africa is a country which has experienced an increase in prolonged, violent and unprotected
strike action. This study aimed to determine the impact of this labour relations action on the
country s credit ratings over the last 15 years and the consequent related economic factors.
Credit rating agencies do not specifically identify strike actions as a key indicator nor do they
indicate which indicators dictate the outcome of the ratings granted. Twelve indicators were
measured using a quantitative approve of hypothesis and statistical modeling. The study
used the interrelated database of The Department of Labour, The PRS Group, Stats SA and
studies by Hammer, Kogan, & Lejeune as well as the published indicators of Standard &
Poor s, Moodys and Fitch. This study further used the scatter plots and t - tests to determine
the relationship between the indicators and strike action. These were correlated using
Pearson s correlation theory in order to substantiate the findings of the scatter plot and t
test. Strike action was found to have an effect on the ratings granted. Eight of the twelve
indicators correlated negatively with ratings of Standard & Poors indicating that if strike
action increased ratings would downgrade. Strike action plays a fundament role in the
outcome of ratings granted. This is due to the effect strike action has on the driving
indicators. Wages lost during strike action has a 99% correlation with the fluctuation of
ratings granted. Ratings determining interest rates and the amount of foreign direct
investment into South Africa. With the results as indicated, South Africa s government needs
to re-evaluate the significance of strike action as a legal for of resolution and the parameters
dictating it. Alternative means need to be explored that supports the growth of South Africa
for it to transition from a developing country into an advanced economy.Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
sn2016
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Panero, Maria Eugenia. « Rating the Acting Moment : Dissociation, Flow, and Empathy after a Monologue Performance ». Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107956.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis advisor: Ellen WinnerActors make imagined characters in imaginary circumstances come alive, as if they were real. What cognitive processes make it possible for actors to accomplish this feat? The goal of this dissertation was to examine three characteristics that actors may possess and that might make this possible: dissociation, flow, and empathy. Acting students (n = 44) and non-acting students (n = 43) first completed a baseline measure of dissociation, and then performed a monologue that was given to them. This performance was recorded and later rated on dimensions of acting. Participants next completed self-report measures of dissociation, flow, and empathy. It was hypothesized that acting students would score higher than non-acting students on all three measures, and that dissociation of all participants would increase post-performance. I also assessed whether acting experience, dissociation, flow, empathy, and/or the time taken to prepare the monologue for performance predicted performance ratings. The results revealed that acting students scored significantly higher than non-acting students on flow (and some of its subscales) and empathy (and some of its subscales). Although no group differences emerged on pre-performance levels of dissociation, only acting students significantly increased their level of dissociation post-performance. Finally, acting experience was the only significant predictor of performance ratings for both acting and non-acting students. This research demonstrates that, compared to non-acting students, acting students report higher levels of empathy and flow immediately after performing a monologue. Additionally for acting students, levels of dissociation rise after performing the monologue. Empathy and dissociation are likely important tools used by actors to “become” a character, and flow is likely the result of actors’ ability to immerse themselves fully in the performance. Nevertheless, acting experience is the strongest predictor of how a performance will be rated
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology
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Thye, Russell A. « Testing the goal instability and superiority scales : toward a narcissistic character typology / ». free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9964003.
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Haines, Nathaniel. « Decoding facial expressions that produce emotion valence ratings with human-like accuracy ». The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1511257717736851.
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SAPONARO, MICHELE. « LA RESPONSABILITA' DELLE AGENZIE DI RATING NEI CONFRONTI DEITERZI ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1550.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L’oggetto del presente lavoro è rappresentato dall'esame del rapporto tra l'attuale regolamentazione delle agenzie di rating e le regole di responsabilità civile cui le stesse agenzie possono essere assoggettate, anche alla luce del trattamento normativo riservato alle agenzie di rating dalla legislazione e dalla giurisprudenza statunitensi e delle teorie sviluppate dalla dottrina sul tema della responsabilità da informazione inesatta al mercato.
L’attuale regolamentazione introdotta dall'Unione Europea svolge un ruolo determinante sia sotto il profilo dell'individuazione del fondamento della responsabilità, sia sotto quello della ricostruzione degli obblighi, della diligenza e della causalità materiale e giuridica. La disciplina comunitaria, anche alla luce della giurisprudenza statunitense, consente di prospettare uno scenario in cui i rater sono soggetti a regole di responsabilità differenziate in ragione del diverso status riconosciuto dalla normativa rilevante.
La nuova regolamentazione comunitaria è chiamata a svolgere il duplice ruolo di fondare una sorta di private action da inadempimento in capo a qualunque investitore nei confronti di un’agenzia registrata e di contribuire a definire il perimetro degli obblighi esigibili da parte dell’agenzia, rafforzando la posizione del terzo investitore danneggiato dal rating inesatto e fornendo un efficace supporto agli strumenti di tutela di tipo pubblicistico.The present work is focused on the examination of the relationship between the current regulation of credit rating agencies and the rules of civil liability to which agencies may be subject to, in light of the regulatory treatment of the U.S. credit rating agencies, both according legislation and case law, and the legal theories developed on the case of liability for incorrect information to the market. The regulation introduced by the European Union plays a major role to find out the basis of liability, the duties of diligence and the legal and material causality nexus. EU regulation, in light of U.S. case law, can envisage a scenario in which the raters are subject to different rules of liability on the basis of the different status recognized by the relevant legislation. The new EU regulation is called to play a dual role: to establish, although not explicitly, a sort of private action for negligence on the part of investors against a registered agency, and to help in defining the scope of the obligations of the credit rating agency, strengthening the position of the third investor damaged by inaccurate ratings and providing an useful support to the public enforcement remedies.
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SAPONARO, MICHELE. « LA RESPONSABILITA' DELLE AGENZIE DI RATING NEI CONFRONTI DEITERZI ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1550.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L’oggetto del presente lavoro è rappresentato dall'esame del rapporto tra l'attuale regolamentazione delle agenzie di rating e le regole di responsabilità civile cui le stesse agenzie possono essere assoggettate, anche alla luce del trattamento normativo riservato alle agenzie di rating dalla legislazione e dalla giurisprudenza statunitensi e delle teorie sviluppate dalla dottrina sul tema della responsabilità da informazione inesatta al mercato.
L’attuale regolamentazione introdotta dall'Unione Europea svolge un ruolo determinante sia sotto il profilo dell'individuazione del fondamento della responsabilità, sia sotto quello della ricostruzione degli obblighi, della diligenza e della causalità materiale e giuridica. La disciplina comunitaria, anche alla luce della giurisprudenza statunitense, consente di prospettare uno scenario in cui i rater sono soggetti a regole di responsabilità differenziate in ragione del diverso status riconosciuto dalla normativa rilevante.
La nuova regolamentazione comunitaria è chiamata a svolgere il duplice ruolo di fondare una sorta di private action da inadempimento in capo a qualunque investitore nei confronti di un’agenzia registrata e di contribuire a definire il perimetro degli obblighi esigibili da parte dell’agenzia, rafforzando la posizione del terzo investitore danneggiato dal rating inesatto e fornendo un efficace supporto agli strumenti di tutela di tipo pubblicistico.The present work is focused on the examination of the relationship between the current regulation of credit rating agencies and the rules of civil liability to which agencies may be subject to, in light of the regulatory treatment of the U.S. credit rating agencies, both according legislation and case law, and the legal theories developed on the case of liability for incorrect information to the market. The regulation introduced by the European Union plays a major role to find out the basis of liability, the duties of diligence and the legal and material causality nexus. EU regulation, in light of U.S. case law, can envisage a scenario in which the raters are subject to different rules of liability on the basis of the different status recognized by the relevant legislation. The new EU regulation is called to play a dual role: to establish, although not explicitly, a sort of private action for negligence on the part of investors against a registered agency, and to help in defining the scope of the obligations of the credit rating agency, strengthening the position of the third investor damaged by inaccurate ratings and providing an useful support to the public enforcement remedies.
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Parker, Sakena. « Distributive- and procedural justice : towards understanding fairness perceptions of performance appraisals in a national government department office, Chief Directorate Surveys and Mapping ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5681_1183429128.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Perceptions of performance management in the South African Public Sector was characterised by high levels of unfairness owing to a bias in favour of those individuals that can write essays well. The essays would provide the evaluation team with an indication of the achievement of the individual as its relates to job performance, knowledge, insight, interpersonal relations and leadership qualities. Although the Performance Management system has changed from what was called the Performance Appraisal System to the Personnel Performance Management System that involves both supervisor and employee inputs, fairness perceptions remain unchanged. This study aimed to ascertain perceptions of fairness toward performance appraisals amongst public service raters and ratees on Level 1 to 12 who are subject to use the Personnel Performance Management System in the office of a public service organisation: National Department of Land Affairs Chief Directorate : Surveys and Mapping.
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Kamande, Ian Edmond Kuria. « The role of political business cycles (PBCs) and its influence on the credit rating action that countries receive : A BRICS perspective ». Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/32101.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Existing empirical literature on political business cycles focused primarily on developed economies before it began considering a basket of both developed and developing economies. This study seeks to expand the existing literature by pursuing two objectives using Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) as locations of the study. The first objective is to examine the presence (lack thereof) of political business cycles in the BRICS trading block for the period 1994 to 2014. The second objective of this study is to examine the effect that political business cycles (if present) have on the sovereign credit ratings that the BRICS countries receive from credit rating agencies. Credit rating agencies make use of a combination of political, social and economic factors to determine the ratings assigned to various countries. The credit ratings assigned to countries by these agencies play an important role to international lenders as they use these ratings to make decisions on the interest rates they charge to different sovereigns. Based on the first objective, the findings from this study show that there is weak evidence of electorally timed interventions in BRICS economies over the period of 1994 to 2014. These findings are inconsistent with the predictions of political business cycle theory which suggests that incumbent politicians take advantage of the information gap between them and voters by implementing economic changes closer to an election year in order to exude competence and to increase their chances of reelection. However, further analysis based on the second objective shows that elections in BRICS countries are not viewed negatively by credit rating agencies. Hence, unlike in other developing countries, the BRICS countries are not likely to be downgraded during or after election years. Consequent to these findings, this study supports the notion that the government’s influence on the fiscal and monetary policy variables across BRICS is not concentrated nor overly exerted around election periods and that the BRICS countries’ institutions are regarded by rating agencies as independent and up to relevant international standards.
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Scheepers, Jacqueline Norma. « Narratives of assessment : the newsletter as case study ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_2044_1180439179.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate success of an integrated newsletter assignment for first year Human Resource Management students as an authentic and meaningful form of assessment by tracing and deciphering the narratives of the role-players. The study also examined the role that the newsletter can play regarding experiential learning, which is an essential component of teaching and learning at technikons in South Africa.
Livres sur le sujet "Rating actions"
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Richard, Johnson. An examination of rating agencies' actions around the investment-grade boundary. Kansas City [Mo.] : Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 2003.
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United States. Merit Systems Protection Board. Performance management and recognition system : Linking pay to performance : a report concerning significant actions of the Office of Personnel Management. Washington, DC : U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, 1987.
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Weightman, Jane. Competencies in action. London : Institute of Personnel and Development, 1994.
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Green, Muriel. Action planning and recording achievement. London : Further Education Development Agency, 1995.
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Holmes, Tim. Action planning in schools and colleges. (S.l.) : Tim Holmes & Associates, 1994.
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Frost, Jane Rubey. Applying the public benefit rating system as a watershed action tool. [Olympia, Wash.] : Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Shorelands and Environmental Assistance Program, Watershed Assistance Section, 1999.
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Fritz, Roger. Rate yourself as a manager : A practical, workable action plan to guide you to the top ! Englewood Cliffs, N.J : Prentice-Hall, 1985.
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Moray House College of Education., dir. Let's find why : A practical guide to action-research in schools. Edinburgh : Moray House, 1991.
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Brenda, Hampel, et Lamont Erika, dir. Solving employee performance problems : How to spot problems early, take appropriate action, and bring out the best in everyone. New York : McGraw-Hill, 2011.
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Gagnon, Brigitte. Projets et coope ration au coeur de nos actions. Montre al : Chenelie re e ducation, 2005.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Rating actions"
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Masuda, Hisashi. « Differences in Customer Delight Rating Linked to Customer Actions in Japanese and Foreign Residents Using Restaurant Services in Japan ». Dans Serviceology for Services, 143–56. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3118-7_9.
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Doni, Federica, et Lara Johannsdottir. « Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) Ratings ». Dans Climate Action, 435–49. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95885-9_36.
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Doni, Federica, et Lara Johannsdottir. « Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) Ratings ». Dans Climate Action, 1–15. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71063-1_36-1.
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Limsuwan, Ekasit. « Integration Concept of Sustainable Engineering ». Dans Sustainable Structural Engineering, 9–24. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed014.009.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<p>Modern civil engineering mega-projects dealing with buildings, bridges, and infrastructures take sustainable engineering into consideration for the development and execution of their proj-ects. Since sustainable development and sustainable engineering are rather broadly covered as global issues, each individual needs to take personal responsibility for environmental, social, and economic questions whose performance outcomes may impact the life cycle of the struc-ture. An integration concept on sustainable engineering will deal with emerging criteria and concept for a strategic approach to the planning, execution, operation, and maintenance phase of the building process. It can be shown that approaches to and strategies for these issues result from individual consciousness, national policies, and global actions. Current research has been conducted on the sustainability perspective of areas such as global climate changes, CO2 levels, life-cycle assessment (LCA), green design rating, emerging trends in sustainable engineering, and sustainability monitoring and evaluation criteria. However, there may still be more areas requiring further research to apply an integrated concept to emerging strategies for building a process to achieve the goals. Then the methods and procedures appropriate for each community or society can be explored. However, a quantifying performance method also needs to be used as a measure to guarantee satisfactory findings.</p>
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Bar-Or, Oded. « Rating of Perceived Exertion in Children and Adolescents : Clinical Aspects ». Dans Psychophysics in Action, 105–13. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74382-5_9.
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Linderholm, Håkan. « Rating of Perception of Symptoms as an Aid in Medical Diagnostic Exercise Testing ». Dans Psychophysics in Action, 125–40. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74382-5_11.
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Albers, Susanne, et Alexander Eckl. « Explorable Uncertainty in Scheduling with Non-uniform Testing Times ». Dans Approximation and Online Algorithms, 127–42. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80879-2_9.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThe problem of scheduling with testing in the framework of explorable uncertainty models environments where some preliminary action can influence the duration of a task. In the model, each job has an unknown processing time that can be revealed by running a test. Alternatively, jobs may be run untested for the duration of a given upper limit. Recently, Dürr et al. [4] have studied the setting where all testing times are of unit size and have given lower and upper bounds for the objectives of minimizing the sum of completion times and the makespan on a single machine. In this paper, we extend the problem to non-uniform testing times and present the first competitive algorithms. The general setting is motivated for example by online user surveys for market prediction or querying centralized databases in distributed computing. Introducing general testing times gives the problem a new flavor and requires updated methods with new techniques in the analysis. We present constant competitive ratios for the objective of minimizing the sum of completion times in the deterministic case, both in the non-preemptive and preemptive setting. For the preemptive setting, we additionally give a first lower bound. We also present a randomized algorithm with improved competitive ratio. Furthermore, we give tight competitive ratios for the objective of minimizing the makespan, both in the deterministic and the randomized setting.
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Starke, Ludger, Thoralf Niendorf et Sonia Waiczies. « Data Preparation Protocol for Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Fluorine-19 MRI ». Dans Methods in Molecular Biology, 711–22. New York, NY : Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_43.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractFluorine-19 MRI shows great promise for a wide range of applications including renal imaging, yet the typically low signal-to-noise ratios and sparse signal distribution necessitate a thorough data preparation.This chapter describes a general data preparation workflow for fluorine MRI experiments. The main processing steps are: (1) estimation of noise level, (2) correction of noise-induced bias and (3) background subtraction. The protocol is supplemented by an example script and toolbox available online.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.
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Nuri, Nur Rashid Mat, Khisbullah Hudha et Muhammad Luqman Hakim Abd Rahman. « Experimental of CVT Ratio Control Using Single Actuator Double Acting Electro-mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission ». Dans Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 659–68. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4597-3_59.
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Hu, Lingzhi, Hua Pan et Samuel A. Wickline. « Fluorine (19F) MRI to Measure Renal Oxygen Tension and Blood Volume : Experimental Protocol ». Dans Methods in Molecular Biology, 509–18. New York, NY : Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_31.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractFluorinated compounds feature favorable toxicity profile and can be used as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Fluorine nucleus from fluorinated compounds exhibit well-known advantages of being a high signal nucleus with a natural abundance of its stable isotope, a convenient gyromagnetic ratio close to that of protons, and a unique spectral signature with no detectable background at clinical field strengths. Perfluorocarbon core nanoparticles (PFC NP) are a class of clinically approved emulsion agents recently applied in vivo for ligand-targeted molecular imaging. The objective of this chapter is to outline a multinuclear 1H/19F MRI protocol for functional kidney imaging in rodents for mapping of renal blood volume and oxygenation (pO2) in renal disease models.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by a separate chapter describing the basic concept of functional imaging using fluorine (19F) MR methods.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Rating actions"
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Madry, John G., James N. Elele, David H. Hall et David J. Turner. « Risk Assessment for Model and Simulation Credibility Characteristics ». Dans ASME 2019 Verification and Validation Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/vvs2019-5152.
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Abstract The Department of Defense (DoD) uses the principles of risk assessment extensively throughout the acquisition process to identify, manage, and mitigate risk in many areas including software (both simulation software and software embedded in materiel systems). The approach to assessing the risks associated with using results from Models and Simulations (M&S) to influence decision-making that is described here is used by the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) 5.4H Verification, Validation, and Accreditation office. The focus of the risk assessment is on ten specific characteristics of M&S Capability, Accuracy, and Usability that have the most potential impact on the intended uses. In this method, the characteristics of the M&S are evaluated against standard criteria, and then assigned a color-rating of Green, Yellow, or Red based on the actual data obtained from the M&S itself. A simple computation is then used to weigh the ratings of the characteristics into the likelihood of error aspect of the risk of using the M&S. A thorough understanding of the M&S and its application is a prerequisite to using this approach since the analyst is required to provide a technical justification for the rating assigned to a characteristic. Should the assigned rating for a characteristic of the M&S not be green, the analyst is required to recommend actions and/or mitigations for the M&S developer to take that would improve the rating to green.
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Mendonça, Tiago, Vítor Brito et Manuel Almeida. « Portal and cantilever sign/signal gantries – Inspection and retrofitting ». Dans IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019 : Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1243.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<p>This paper presents an experimental work about the condition and maintenance ratings of portal and cantilever sign gantries in Portugal, in which an extensive inspection campaign (about 1500 structures) was carried out. According to the results obtained, approximately 35% of the sign structures present insufficient condition rating, requiring priority repair works. The critical anomalies registered were lack of tightening/absence of connection elements, incorrect geometry of connection system and structural collapse of steel plates and profiles. Additionally, an inventory campaign was carried out, allowing to perform a structural design verification of approximately 80% of the inspected structures. Based on the structural analysis performed, a significant part of the existing portal and cantilever frames present structural strengthening or replacement needs and, consequently, these of structures require monitoring actions.</p>
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Zhang, Yunsheng, Dong Yan, Bei Shi, Haobo Fu, Qiang Fu, Hang Su, Jun Zhu et Ning Chen. « Combining Tree Search and Action Prediction for State-of-the-Art Performance in DouDiZhu ». Dans Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/470.
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AlphaZero has achieved superhuman performance on various perfect-information games, such as chess, shogi and Go. However, directly applying AlphaZero to imperfect-information games (IIG) is infeasible, due to the fact that traditional MCTS methods cannot handle missing information of other players. Meanwhile, there have been several extensions of MCTS for IIGs, by implicitly or explicitly sampling a state of other players. But, due to the inability to handle private and public information well, the performance of these methods is not satisfactory. In this paper, we extend AlphaZero to multiplayer IIGs by developing a new MCTS method, Action-Prediction MCTS (AP-MCTS). In contrast to traditional MCTS extensions for IIGs, AP-MCTS first builds the search tree based on public information, adopts the policy-value network to generalize between hidden states, and finally predicts other players' actions directly. This design bypasses the inefficiency of sampling and the difficulty of predicting the state of other players. We conduct extensive experiments on the popular 3-player poker game DouDiZhu to evaluate the performance of AP-MCTS combined with the framework AlphaZero. When playing against experienced human players, AP-MCTS achieved a 65.65\% winning rate, which is almost twice the human's winning rate. When comparing with state-of-the-art DouDiZhu AIs, the Elo rating of AP-MCTS is 50 to 200 higher than them. The ablation study shows that accurate action prediction is the key to AP-MCTS winning.
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Shitolé, Bhaskar. « Bolt Strength in Sectional Body Construction of Valves ». Dans ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93775.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract ASME B16.34-2017 Section 6.4.2 provides requirements for valves with bolted body joints and threaded body joints. The section states that valves with bodies of sectional construction such that bolted or threaded body joints are subject to piping mechanical loads in addition to the pressure rating for which the valve is designed, shall satisfy the following requirements. For bolted joints, the requirement is a simple formula where the product of pressure rating class designation and ratio of area bounded by the effective outside periphery of a gasket or O-ring or other seal-effective periphery and total effective bolt tensile stress area are less than a certain constant. For bolts of strength less than 137.9 MPa, the value of constant reduces as a multiple of 50.76 times the bolt tensile strength in MPa required or provided in a sectional construction. Section 6.4.3 cautions that the minimum requirements of ASME B16.34 may fall short in scenarios due to valve design, special gaskets, high temperature service, creep characteristics etc. This paper reviews and studies this ASME B16.34 requirement which was triggered by failure of a valve with section body construction in the field. Traditionally valves have been considered as rigid bodies when analyzing a piping system for stresses, support loads, terminal point loads and deflections. The rigid modelling assumes the strength of the valve is much higher than an equivalent straight length of pipe. Some computer programs have a provision that permits modeling the valve as a multiple like 3- or 4-times pipe section modulus. This paper compares the strength of piping and valves based on inherent valve body thickness, body sectional bolting provided and strength of the equivalent piping flanges. The paper makes conclusions for the user to be aware of so that pre-emptive actions can be taken when using valves with sectional body construction.
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Sousa, F., J. Matos et A. Camões. « Assessment and Forecast of the Culvert’s Performance Within a Road Infrastructure Management System. Literature Review ». Dans IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020 : Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.1157.
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<p>During the 21st century, within road infrastructure management there is a strong enforcement on preserving assets and prevent roadway collapses. As a result, public agencies have to implement periodic inspections and asset condition assessments. As pavements and bridges also culverts management play a special role in roadway safety, because they prevent roadbed erosion. The scope of this investigation is the assessment and forecast of culverts performance regarding rating condition and network reliability forecast. In addition, it intends to analyze hazards influence in the culvert serviceability, modelling the hazards actions on the infrastructure.</p><p>In this paper, is performed the literature review of studies done during the past decade comparing advantages and limitations. Five main subjects are identified in the development of a culvert management system, since the inventory and inspection framework, to forecasting models and risk assessment. Moreover, it will determine the correlation between subjects and will find gaps for improvement.</p>
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Shirakawa, Kazuma, et Daigo Misaki. « Multimodal haptics perception of underwater flow for scuba diving safety training ». Dans 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002639.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Water accidents require intuitive decisions and training for such decisions because of the short time between involvement and death. The goal is to use engineering techniques to train and prevent accidents that require split-second decisions or are caused by human actions or scenarios that are difficult to anticipate.In recent years, the number of fatalities in traffic accidents and disasters has decreased significantly due to the development of technology and new technologies. However, water-related accidents, especially those caused by currents, involve human factors, and the ratio of fatalities to the number of accidents is still high. It is difficult to cover and solve such human-caused accidents with engineering technology alone. Therefore, it is necessary to solve the fundamental problem. The most important solution is to train people. By training people, the fundamental awareness of human factors can be trained, which will reduce accidents. The most effective way to learn these factors is through hands-on education and training. Among these, VR can be performed regardless of the location. It is expected to be much more effective than those obtained from videos or books.Many studies on VR training and Evangelos Markopoulo et al. have conducted a study on maintenance and safety education of ship engine systems using VR. In another study, Victor Saint-Martin et al. studied fire VR training for hospital personnel who have difficulty participating in regular on-the-job training. While there are studies on VR training that focus mainly on visual training, few studies on VR training focus on water accidents and aim to reduce accidents by tactilely displaying the strength of underwater currents. In addition, many underwater VR studies have been conducted for entertainment purposes, and few studies evaluate the perception of danger. In this study, we propose a VR system and a multimodal interface to post the flow of water hazards caused by the flow. Here, we validated the experience of flow using multiple senses, including VR and tactile sensation, to confirm the validity of the risk assessment. We found that the degree of risk perceived by a person can be combined in an additive manner with the risk postings given to each sensory organ, resulting in a higher risk rating. We also found that force postings produced higher danger ratings than tactile postings. These results indicate that using multiple senses to assess the danger of water currents increases the danger rating, and combining it with force instead of tactile sensation further increases the danger rating. In the future, we plan to discuss the effectiveness of this training in developing intuitive judgment. Furthermore, we would like to utilize this training for water accidents and other intuitive accidents to develop the ability to grasp the situation and make a judgment instantly.
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Guo, Yujun. « CNSC Review of Safety Improvements : CANDU Fuel Modification in Canada ». Dans 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16913.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Aging of a CANDU nuclear power plant affects various safety margins of the plant. Margin to fuel sheath dryout is one of the safety margins that have been detrimentally affected, leading to a reduced margin to dryout with time. If no proactive actions are taken, the plant will have to de-rate its operation at an earlier time. To postpone the de-rating, the Canadian nuclear Industry has taken multi-initiatives to restore, or partially restore the safety margins that have been eroded due to plant aging. One of the initiatives is modification/re-optimization of the current fuel design, in order to improve the fuel thermalhydraulic performance, i.e., to suppress fuel sheath dryout, whereby offset partially the erosion of margin to fuel sheath dryout. In response to the initiative of fuel bundle modification, the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) — the nuclear safety regulator — has set clear requirements and expectations and followed rigours processes and procedures for reviewing and licensing the modified fuel. This paper summarizes the fuel modification program in Canada, and the CNSC requirements, expectations, and review processes associated with licensing review of fuel modifications in Canada.
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Ali, Asad, Kevin Maley, Seonyeob Li, Ahmed Al Owaid et Abdulla Al Shehhi. « Roadmap for Digitalized Asset Integrity Management System ». Dans Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208117-ms.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Asset integrity management system (AIMS) consisting of risk based inspection (RBI) and inspection management system (IMS) coupled with digitized equipment records and use of inspection tablets/mobiles will make paperless system for fast and timely decisions & actions. This paper provides a roadmap for implementation of an efficient and cost effective asset integrity management system that will increase the plant reliability & availability, decrease the time and efforts required for inspection, thus ultimately reducing the associated costs of operations. In this paper, the focus is towards digitalized AIMS that should make a company move to digital transformation and enabling it to adapt to industry 4.0 technologies such as artificial intelligence, augmented reality, data analytics, machine learning etc. First step is to perform a gap assessment of existing system to compare what is currently available within organization and what is required for going fully digital for AIM. Next step is to identify software features that are required for AIM digitalization and establish them as point based rating system which are used for rating best suitable software available in the market. Unique features for RBI module, inspection management module and field interface (tablet) module are identified with appropriate weightage to influence the software selection decision. Finally, an estimation of required resources, manpower timeline is provided that will guide in all phases of the implementation. Return on investment on such projects is manifolds. The digitalized AIM will greatly reduce the cost of day to to asset integrity management operations as it will no longer be needed to use multiple paper based reports and separate systems for RBI and IMS functions. Use of field tablet/mobile with possibility of artificial intelligence tools, will significantly reduce the time required for inspectors to do the on site inspection/testing & reporting. Interfacing of digitalized system with ERP/CMMS will automate the work order/notification system. Thus it will reduce an overall effort both in terms of time & money. The roadmap for digitalization of AIMS system will help any organization to make its AIMS digital and achieve the benefits of such system. The methodology provided is unique and can be adopted as best practices by the industry for digitally transforming the AIMS.
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Shakhova, Irina, et Airat Khasianov. « GAMIFICATION IN PREPARING FOR THE UNIFIED STATE EXAMINATION AT SECONDARY SCHOOL ». Dans eLSE 2018. ADL Romania, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-18-044.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the paper we present a method of gamification applying in the Unified State Examination (USE) preparation activities in the Russian Federation. The USE is a final examination at school as well as a university entrance examination. Students' preparing for this exam takes two years and is accompanied by solving of a large number of similar tasks. Over time, students' interest in these activities is reducing, which leads to unsatisfactory results. We have proposed a model of mobile learning for the USE that uses game mechanics to increase the involvement of students in the process of preparing for the USE. These mechanics are based on the approaches that we used to implement the gamification in the educational process and includes the particular properties of the Unified State Examination. We've implemented the model in a platform consisting of mobile applications for students and a web-interface for a teacher. The platform lets students execute different types of the USE tasks as a training and simulate the examination with a complete set of tasks and a time limit. The processes are accompanied by visualization of user progress, competition in the form of other students success' rating, receiving badges for special sets of actions, etc. Some of the tasks support automatic checking and scoring. Tasks that require a mark of a teacher are sent for review. We've also defined the methods that help to get more information about using gamification in the process of preparing for the USE and formulated an experiment for a school. The paper focuses on the description of the experiment that is based on using the platform in the USE preparation activities at school and outside it.
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Sommerville, Daniel V., Hardayal Mehta, Robert Carter et Jonathon Kubiak. « In-Service Inspection Strategy for Alloy X-750 BWR Jet Pump Beams Based Upon Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics Analysis ». Dans ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77131.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Jet pumps in a boiling water reactor (BWR) are located in the annulus region between the core shroud and the reactor vessel wall and provide core flow to control reactor power. Between 16 and 24 jet pumps are included in BWR/3 through BWR/6 plants, depending on the plant rating. The inlet mixer assembly of the jet pump is secured in place with a hold down mechanism called a jet pump beam. This beam is fabricated of alloy X-750 and tensioned to 58–74% of the yield stress of the material, depending on the beam design. In recent years, more attention has been placed upon inter-granular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of alloy X-750 BWR internal components as a result of in-service cracking and failures. BWR plant owners have implemented actions to manage IGSCC of jet pump beams and assemblies through increased inspections and changes to process specifications for X-750. However, a thorough understanding of the flaw tolerance of the jet pump beam was not available to guide the periodicity of inspections as well as to define critical flaw sizes needed to validate the capability of inspection techniques. This paper describes a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) evaluation in which the flaw tolerance of the existing jet pump beam designs is established and used to recommend inspection frequencies for the jet pump beam. Industry operating experience is used to assess the credibility of the results obtained from this evaluation. This work illustrates an example of the use of LEFM to develop a technically defensible basis for the required inspection regions and the frequency of inspection for an alloy X-750 BWR internal component and helps to establish the necessary sensitivity of non-destructive examination technology to be used to examine the component.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Rating actions"
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Werren, John H., Einat Zchori-Fein et Moshe Coll. Parthenogenesis-Inducing Microorganisms in Parasitic Hymenoptera : Their Mode of Action and Utilization for Improvement of Biological Control Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, juin 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573080.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria known to cause reproductive and sex ratio disorders in many insects. In various parasitic Hymenoptera, Wolbachia induce thelytokous reproduction. The overall goal of this research was the improvement of biological control agents by reversion of their mode of reproduction. This was attempted from two directions: 1) studying the effect of naturally occurring Wolbachia on the thelytokous species Muscidifuraxuniraptor and 2) trying to transmit thelytoky-inducing Wolbachia to Nasoniavitripennis. In M. uniraptor, gamete duplication was found to be the mode of diploidy restoration and Wolbachia density had a strong effect on sex ratio but not on host fitness. Studies on the natural horizontal transmission of Wolbachia between Nasonia wasps and their Protocalliphora hosts using the Wolbachia Outer Surface Protein (WOSP) gene revealed that (a) two Nasonia species (N. giraulti and N. longicornis) possess closely related strains of B-group Wolbachia, but N. vitripennisapparently acquired B Wolbachia by horizontal transmission from an unknown source, (b) Nasonia and its Protocalliphora host have similar Wolbachia, and (c) the Protocalliphora Wolbachia WOSP gene is a recombinant between the one found in N. giraulti/longicornis and N. vitripennis. Results show parasitoid-host insect transmission of Wolbachia and recombination among Wolbachia strains. Results from gynandromorph studies suggest a novel mechanism of sex determination in Nasonia.
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Martinez, Kimberly D., et Gaojian Huang. Exploring the Effects of Meaningful Tactile Display on Perception and Preference in Automated Vehicles. Mineta Transportation Institute, octobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2164.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There is an existing issue in human-machine interaction, such that drivers of semi-autonomous vehicles are still required to take over control of the vehicle during system limitations. A possible solution may lie in tactile displays, which can present status, direction, and position information while avoiding sensory (e.g., visual and auditory) channels overload to reliably help drivers make timely decisions and execute actions to successfully take over. However, limited work has investigated the effects of meaningful tactile signals on takeover performance. This study synthesizes literature investigating the effects of tactile displays on takeover performance in automated vehicles and conducts a human-subject study to design and test the effects of six meaningful tactile signal types and two pattern durations on drivers’ perception and performance during automated driving. The research team performed a literature review of 18 articles that conducted human-subjects experiments on takeover performance utilizing tactile displays as takeover requests. Takeover performance in these studies were highlighted, such as response times, workload, and accuracy. The team then conducted a human-subject experiment, which included 16 participants that used a driving simulator to present 30 meaningful vibrotactile signals, randomly across four driving sessions measuring for reaction times (RTs), interpretation accuracy, and subjective ratings. Results from the literature suggest that tactile displays can present meaningful vibrotactile patterns via various in-vehicle locations to help improve drivers’ performance during the takeover and can be used to assist in the design of human-machine interfaces (HMI) for automated vehicles. The experiment yielded results illustrating higher urgency patterns were associated with shorter RTs and higher intuitive ratings. Also, pedestrian status and headway reduction signals presented shorter RTs and increased confidence ratings compared to other tactile signal types. Finally, the signal types that yielded the highest accuracy were the surrounding vehicle and navigation signal types. Implications of these findings may lie in informing the design of next-generation in-vehicle HMIs and future human factors studies on human-automation interactions.
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Gurevitz, Michael, Michael Adams et Eliahu Zlotkin. Insect Specific Alpha Neurotoxins from Scorpion Venoms : Mode of Action and Structure-Function Relationships. United States Department of Agriculture, juin 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613029.bard.
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This study was motivated by the need to develop new means and approaches to the design of future, environmentally-safe, insecticides. Utilization of anti-insect selective toxins from scorpion venoms and clarification of the molecular basis for their specificity, are a major focus in this project and may have an applicative value. Our study concentrated on the highly insecticidal toxin, LqhaIT, and was devoted to: (I) Characterization of the neuropharmacological and electrophysiological features of this toxin. (II) Establishment of a genetic system for studying structure/activity relationships of the toxin. (III) Analysis of the insecticidal efficacy of an entomopathogenic baculovirus engineered and expressing LqhaIT. The results obtained in this project suggest that: 1) The receptor binding site of LqhaIT on insect sodium channels differs most likely from its analogous receptor site 3 on vertebrate sodium channels. 2) The effects of LqhaIT are presynaptic. Hyperexcitation at the neuromuscular results from dramatic slowing of sodium channel inactivation and enhanced peak sodium currents causes by LqhaIT. 3) The putative toxic surface of LqhaIT involves aromatic and charged amino acid residues located around the C-terminal region and five-residue-turn of the toxin (unpublished). 4) The anti-insect/anti-mammalian toxicity ratio can be altered by site-directed mutagenesis (publication 8). This effect was partly shown at the level of sodium channel function. 5) The insecticidal efficacy of AcNPV baculovirus increased to a great extent when infection was accompanied by expression of LqhaIT (publication 5).
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Chejanovsky, Nor, et Suzanne M. Thiem. Isolation of Baculoviruses with Expanded Spectrum of Action against Lepidopteran Pests. United States Department of Agriculture, décembre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586457.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Our long-term goal is to learn to control (expand and restrict) the host range of baculoviruses. In this project our aim was to expand the host range of the prototype baculovirus Autographa cali/arnica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) towards American and Israeli pests. To achieve this objective we studied AcMNPV infection in the non-permissive hosts L. dispar and s. littoralis (Ld652Y and SL2 cells, respectively) as a model system and the major barriers to viral replication. We isolated recombinant baculoviruses with expanded infectivity towards L. dispar and S. littoralis and tested their infectivity towards other Lepidopteran pests. The restricted host range displayed by baculoviruses constitutes an obstacle to their further implementation in the control of diverse Lepidopteran pests, increasing the development costs. Our work points out that cellular defenses are major role blocks to AcMNPV replication in non- and semi-permissive hosts. Therefore a major determinant ofbaculovirus host range is the ability of the virus to effectively counter cellular defenses of host cells. This is exemplified by our findings showing tliat expressing the viral gene Ldhrf-l overcomes global translation arrest in AcMNPV -infected Ld652Y cells. Our data suggests that Ld652Y cells have two anti-viral defense pathways, because they are subject to global translation arrest when infected with AcMNPV carrying a baculovirus apoptotic suppressor (e.g., wild type AcMNPV carryingp35, or recombinant AcMNPV carrying Opiap, Cpiap. or p49 genes) but apoptose when infected with AcMNPV-Iacking a functional apoptotic suppressor. We have yet to elucidate how hrf-l precludes the translation arrest mechanism(s) in AcMNPV-infected Ld652Y cells. Ribosomal profiles of AcMNPV infected Ld652Y cells suggested that translation initiation is a major control point, but we were unable to rule-out a contribution from a block in translation elongation. Phosphorylation of eIF-2a did not appear to playa role in AcMNPV -induced translation arrest. Mutagenesis studies ofhrf-l suggest that a highly acidic domain plays a role in precluding translation arrest. Our findings indicate that translation arrest may be linked to apoptosis either through common sensors of virus infection or as a consequence of late events in the virus life-cycle that occur only if apoptosis is suppressed. ~ AcMNPV replicates poorly in SL2 cells and induces apoptosis. Our studies in AcMNPV - infected SL2ceils led us to conclude that the steady-state levels of lEI (product of the iel gene, major AcMNPV -transactivator and multifunctional protein) relative to those of the immediate early viral protein lEO, playa critical role in regulating the viral infection. By increasing the IEl\IEO ratio we achieved AcMNPV replication in S. littoralis and we were able to isolate recombinant AcMNPV s that replicated efficiently in S. lifforalis cells and larvae. Our data that indicated that AcMNPV - infection may be regulated by an interaction between IE 1 and lED (of previously unknown function). Indeed, we showed that IE 1 associates with lED by using protein "pull down" and immunoprecipitation approaches High steady state levels of "functional" IE 1 resulted in increased expression of the apoptosis suppressor p35 facilitating AcMNPV -replication in SL2 cells. Finally, we determined that lED accelerates the viral infection in AcMNPV -permissive cells. Our results show that expressing viral genes that are able to overcome the insect-pest defense system enable to expand baculovirus host range. Scientifically, this project highlights the need to further study the anti-viral defenses of invertebrates not only to maximi~e the possibilities for manipulating baculovirus genomes, but to better understand the evolutionary underpinnings of the immune systems of vertebrates towards virus infection.
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Valencia, Oscar, et Carolina Ulloa-Suarez. Numerical Compliance with Fiscal Rules in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, septembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004445.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper introduces a dataset that gathers information on whether and how Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have complied with or deviated from implemented fiscal rules. It provides annual data on fiscal rules for 14 LAC countries from 2000 to 2020, and it considers the design features of the rules and information about numerical compliance. It provides descriptive statistics reflecting the panorama of the fiscal rules implemented in LAC countries. Additionally, it calculates compliance rates across countries, years, and rules. On average, this study finds that compliance with rules aiming to constrain debt ratios and structural balances is the highest, while compliance with fiscal balance and expenditure rules is the lowest. Furthermore, the data collection process revealed that LAC countries still have room for discretion even when they subject their fiscal policy to rules. To address this problem, the paper proposes an adjusted compliance index that considers different elements that add degrees of discretion to the rule. The study finds that the numerical compliance rates of each country are likely to be over-estimated once discretionary actions are accounted for.
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Lippert, David, Marshall Thompson et Charles Wienrank. Performance of Interstate Rubblization in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, juillet 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In Illinois, hot-mix asphalt overlaid concrete pavements typically exhibit reflective cracking of joints and cracks from the pavement below, resulting in shortened life and maintenance issues. Over the years, various patching, fabric, and crack and seat techniques were attempted with few positive results. This led to more aggressive techniques to eliminate the slab action of the concrete pavement where the pavement would be broken or rubblized into pieces typically less than 12 inches. Since the first rubblizing project in 1990, policy, procedures, and specifications have evolved to the point that rubblization is the mainstream option in dealing with problematic concrete pavements. This report summarizes the performance of several interstate rubblizing projects in Illinois by analyzing available data in Illinois Department of Transportation’s pavement management system. Condition rating survey data allowed the serviceability of these projects to be evaluated by surface mix types and asphalt performance grades. Traffic in the form of 18,000 lb equivalent single axle loads was determined for the projects to evaluate fatigue and rutting as well as compare section performance to the design procedure. The research team reviewed plans, design procedures, and specifications to determine best practices and identify where improvements might be made. Data showed that the use of stone matrix asphalt surface mixtures and mixes using PGXX-28 asphalt binders provides improved performance. Overall, rubblizing has shown good to excellent performance. To provide additional life with improved performance, recommendations include adopting softer asphalt grades, increasing the use of stone matrix asphalt, and improving procedures for protecting culverts.
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Badami, Kaswan, Budi Setiadi Daryono, Achmad Amzeri et Syaiful Khoiri. COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROTIC STUDIES ON HYBRID MELON (Cucumis melo L.) POPULATIONS FOR FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, octobre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2020.3.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In different crop plants, combining ability and heterosis are used as important diagnostic tools for assessing the performance of parental genotypes and their hybrids. This research aimed to evaluate heterotic and combining ability effects in the diallel crosses of melon (Cucumis melo L.) for yield- and quality-related traits. Seven melon (C. melo L.) genotypes were grown and crossed in a complete diallel fashion to produce F1 hybrids. During the 2019 crop season, 49 melon genotypes (7 parents + 42 F1 hybrids) were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Observations were made for seven characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences among the melon genotypes for harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit diameter and merely significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for fruit weight. Combining ability analysis revealed that mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) were significant for fruit diameter but were nonsignificant for all other traits. However, mean squares due to specific combining ability (SCA) were significant for all traits. The parental genotypes PK-165, PK-464, and PK-669 exhibited the highest and desirable GCA effects for yield and quality traits. Hence, these genotypes could be used to generate high-yielding hybrid/open-pollinated cultivars. GCA:SCA ratios further revealed that the traits of harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit weight were controlled by dominant gene action, whereas fruit diameter was managed by additive and dominant genes. The majority of the traits were controlled by nonadditive gene action, verifying that the said breeding material could be efficiently used for the production of hybrid cultivars on the basis of heterotic effects.
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González Jaramillo, María José, et Juan Hernández. Public Debt Sustainability and Fiscal Reaction Functions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, janvier 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004701.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The governments response to the COVID-19 pandemic left Latin America and the Caribbean economies with increased levels of sovereign debt as a percentage of output, bringing up the question of debt sustainability in the region. The literature has identified two testable conditions on the fiscal reaction function for debt sustainability: i) a positive response of primary balances to debt (Bohn, 1995) and ii) the response of primary balances to debt should be higher than the growth adjusted interest rate (Ghosh et al., 2013). This paper revisits these conditions, both from the theoretical and empirical perspective. It introduces a new “implicit growth” measure which is the relevant one for the debt-to-GDP ratio dynamics. It also tests empirically both conditions for economies in the region. The results suggest that debt is likely sustainable in the region, although it cannot be assured at a 95 percent confidence level. A deep look at the causes of this results pointed towards fiscal fatigue, the fact that primary balances become less responsive to debt levels the higher the latter are. At post-pandemic debt levels sustainability is far from certain. The results here indicate decisive action is required to ensure debt will fall back to prudent levels.
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Ali, Rassul. Konzeptentwicklung für CDM-Projekte - Risikoanalyse der projektbezogenen Generierung von CO2-Zertifikaten (CER). Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783933795842.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a complex legal-institutional system that, on the one hand, offers industrialized countries options for cost-effective emission reductions and, on the other, provides developing countries with opportunities for sustainable development. Investors face the difficulty of identifying suitable CDM projects from approximately 130 possible host countries and nearly 60 possible project activities. In order to develop points of reference for strategic investments, this paper identifies and categorizes the risks arising in the value creation process of bilateral energy projects into four action-related levels. At the host level, the focus is on political-institutional and sector-specific risks, while at the investor state level, the legal design of the CDM's complementary function is relevant. The project level covers technology- and process-related risks, with the identification of the reference case and the proof of additionality posing particular problems. The future design of the CDM and the reform of the procedure at the UNFCCC level pose a fundamental risk. A two-stage assessment procedure is proposed for risk assessment: a rough analysis captures sociographic, climate policy, institutional and sector-specific criteria of the host. The differentiation of the project stage allows the localization of the project in the value chain and a differentiation regarding the use of methods. The assessment of project registration is based on the methods used and gives recognition rates per method and project category; project performance is measured in terms of the ratio of emission reductions actually realized to those planned in the project documentation. A detailed analysis following the coarse analysis provides qualitative guidance for project evaluation. These include the Executive Board's methodological principles, correct application of methodologies, identification of the reference case, proof of additionality, as well as the financial conditions of the relevant sector and publicity-related aspects. Despite individual hosts and project technologies, the developed two-step risk analysis allows, with relatively little effort and in line with business practice, an initial assessment of CDM project risks, so that overall it lays a fundamental building block for the elaboration of a strategic implementation and sustainable investment under the CDM.
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Blumwald, Eduardo, et Avi Sadka. Sugar and Acid Homeostasis in Citrus Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697109.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Citrus fruit quality standards have been determined empirically, depending on species and on the particular growing regions. In general, the TSS (total soluble solids) to total acidity (TA) ratio determines whether citrus fruit can be marketed. Soluble sugars account for most of the TSS during harvest while TA is determined almost solely by the citric acid content, which reaches levels of 1-5% by weight in many cultivated varieties. Acid and sugar homeostasis in the fruit is critical for the management of existing cultivars, the development of new cultivars, the improvement of pre- and post-harvest strategies and the control of fruit quality and disorders. The current proposal (a continuation of a previous proposal) aimed at: (1) completing the citrus fruit proteome and metabolome, and establish a citrus fruit functional database, (2) further characterization of the control of fruit acidity by studying the regulation of key steps affecting citrate metabolism, and determine the fate of citrate during acid decline stage, and (3) Studying acid and sugar homeostasis in citrus fruits by characterizing transport mechanisms across membranes. These aims were completed as the following: (1) Our initial efforts were aimed at the characterization and identification of citric acid transporters in citrus juice cells. The identification of citrate transporters at the vacuole of the citrus juice cell indicated that the steady-state citrate cytosolic concentration and the action of the cytosolic aconitase were key elements in establishing the pH homeostat in the cell that regulates the metabolic shift towards carbon usage in the fruit during the later stages of fruit development. We focused on the action of aconitase, the enzyme mediating the metabolic use of citric acid in the cells, and identified processes that control carbon fluxes in developing citrus fruits that control the fruit acid load; (2) The regulation of aconitase, catalyzing a key step in citrate metabolism, was further characterized by using two inhibitors, citramalte and oxalomalte. These compounds significantly increased citrate content and reduced the enzyme’s activity. Metabolite profiling and changes of amino-acid metabolizing enzymes in oxalomalate- treated cells suggested that the increase in citrate, caused by aconitase inhibition, induces amino acid synthesis and the GABA shunt, in accordance with the suggested fate of citrate during the acid decline stage in citrus fruit. (3) We have placed a considerable amount of time on the development of a citrus fruit proteome that will serve to identify all of the proteins in the juice cells and will also serve as an aid to the genomics efforts of the citrus research community (validating the annotation of the fruit genes and the different ESTs). Initially, we identified more than 2,500 specific fruit proteins and were able to assign a function to more than 2,100 proteins (Katz et al., 2007). We have now developed a novel Differential Quantitative LC-MS/MS Proteomics Methodology for the identification and quantitation of key biochemical pathways in fruits (Katz et al., 2010) and applied this methodology to identify determinants of key traits for fruit quality (Katz et al., 2011). We built “biosynthesis maps” that will aid in defining key pathways associated with the development of key fruit quality traits. In addition, we constructed iCitrus (http://wiki.bioinformatics.ucdavis.edu/index.php/ICitrus), a “functional database” that is essentially a web interface to a look-up table that allows users to use functional annotations in the web to identify poorly annotated citrus proteins. This resource will serve as a tool for growers and field extension specialists.