Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Raiding Project »

AbstractCrop-raiding by primates and bushpigs Potamochoerus porcus is a major cause of human–wildlife conflict around Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. In 2006–2007 a project was initiated, with farmer participation, to investigate the efficacy of on-farm techniques to reduce crop-raiding, including guarding and early-warning techniques, fences, plant barriers, trenches, lights and nets. Here, farmers' perceptions of the effectiveness and sustainability of these deterrents were evaluated using semi-structured interviews and direct observations. Factors important to farmers in effective, sustainable and locally appropriate crop-raiding mitigation are that deterrents be cost-effective, easily manipulated, improve guarding efficiency and require minimal labour inputs. Farmers reported paid guards, guard dogs, wire fences, lights and bells/alarms as most effective. This differs from observations that farmers independently maintained certain deterrents that they presumably considered valuable, namely wire fences, guard dogs, bells/alarms, trenches, lights and nets. This evaluation demonstrates the importance of farmers' participation and perceptions in the viability and uptake of crop-raiding deterrents, and the importance of assessing conflict mitigation trials over the long term.

AbstractPrimate crop raiding is a major cause of human-wildlife conflict around the forests of western Uganda. In an attempt to ameliorate the situation a conflict mitigation strategy was established in villages around the Budongo Forest Reserve in 2001. Live-traps were constructed that allowed the identification of crop raiding animals; pest species could be disposed of and threatened species released unharmed. However, by 2004 none of the traps in the study area were functioning and interviews were conducted to assess the reasons for their decline and local people's acceptance of the intervention. Forty-one percent of respondents did not believe the strategy was effective and the majority of local farmers did not accept responsibility for the traps. This was because of operational failures in four areas: (1) the identification of key stakeholders, (2) objective evaluation to assess the efficacy and benefit of the intervention, (3) participatory monitoring and evaluation, and (4) long-term funding commitment by conservation agencies. We examine the impact of these four elements upon the sustainability of the live-trap programme and stress the importance of recognizing and reporting failures to develop effective and acceptable mitigation strategies.

Crop raiding by elephants is widespread across Africa and Asia. Although many traditional and novel methods are used to defend farms there have been few rigorous tests of their efficacy. We provide a comparative quantitative assessment of a range of farm-based mitigation methods implemented during a 4-year project in Transmara District, Kenya. Five experimental trials were established to measure changes in crop raiding after the application of mitigation methods on treatment farms compared with control farms. A combination of early warning to detect elephants before they entered farms, coupled with a front line communal guarding strategy, proved most successful. Non-electrified barriers were expensive and generally ineffective. However, chilli Capsicum spp. grease applied to rope barriers encircling farms completely deterred elephants. Although encouraging, these results require more widespread testing and demonstration to ensure their effectiveness at broader scales.

The study of risks of reducing the competitiveness of construction companies in 2020-2021 through the use of non-market methods of competition, including eco-raiding, requires an in-depth look at their impact on economic efficiency of the entity, which determines the relevance and novelty of this study. The object of the research is non-market methods of competition of construction enterprises in modern conditions. The subject of this study are eco-raiding and eco-terrorism as risk factors for reducing the competitiveness of construction enterprises. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the need to strengthen the role of state control in the process of managing the construction industry in conditions of non-market competition. The practical significance of the results obtained is to determine recommendations for improving the quality of management of the construction industry through increased control over the pre-project processes of housing construction. To achieve this goal were used: system-parametric approach – to the scientific knowledge of modern non-market methods of competition in the construction market of Ukraine, which made it possible to reveal their negative role in strengthening the processes of monopolization; systematic analysis of the causes of illegal construction, which contributed to the formation of recommendations for solving this problem; managerial approach – to the role of the state in terms of strengthening the control function in the construction market. Conclusions. The construction industry is an external identifier of the «health» of the national economy. Unfinished objects reduce the investment attractiveness of the industry for domestic and foreign investors, show a negative overall situation in the domestic market. A significant reason for stopping the construction and bankruptcy of construction companies is eco-raiding - speculation on environmental issues, which blocks the activities of a construction company in order to taking possession of his property. The reasons for eco-raiding lie in the corruption of government agencies and their links with criminals. To overcome eco-raiding in the country it is necessary to form an effective institutional environment, certain legislation, an independent judiciary, which together will strengthen the system of control by public authorities and local governments. The construction industry will play a particularly important role in the post-war period, when domestic industrial and residential infrastructure will need large-scale reincarnation. European society provides for the functioning of economic mechanisms exclusively in market conditions, which should exclude the use of non-market methods of competition not only in the construction sector but also in the domestic economy as a whole.

One of the greatest dangers to agricultural productivity is animal damage to agriculture. Crop raiding has become one of the most antagonistic human-wildlife conflicts as cultivated land has expanded into previous wildlife habitat. Farmers in India endures major risks from pests, natural disasters, and animal damage, all of which result in lesser yields. Traditional farming methods are unsuccessful and hiring guards to watch crops and keep animals at bay is not a practical solution. It is critical to protect crops from animal damage while also redirecting the animal without injuring it, as the safety of both animals and people is essential. To get over these obstacles and accomplish our goal, we employ the deep learning concept of convolutional neural networks, a subfield of computer vision, to identify animals as they enter our farm. The primary goal of this project is to constantly monitor the entire farm using a camera that records the surroundings at all hours of the day. We identify animal infiltration using a CNN algorithm and Xgboost and notify farmers when this occurs.

Abstract This thorough study is both long overdue and comes from an unexpected quarter. Davy is professor of history of law at l’Université Paris-Nanterre. The lawman (lgmaðr) of his title and other legal advisors are well known to readers of the sagas of Icelanders but, as is the case of the master litigator Njáll Þorgeirsson, “Burnt Njall,” it is more as active players in court cases generated by feud than as more elevated and distant patrons of the law as institution. The best-known feature of the office of law speaker, as he is also known, was to have memorized the entire law code, at the pre-literate stage of this society, and to proclaim one third of it each year at the island-wide assembly over which he presided. This is the first modern study of the office of law man and its author is uniquely placed, by virtue of his familiarity with the Icelandic and Norwegian material, to trace its insufficiently studied development. Davy is also alert to the possible origins of law in what began in historical time with the settlement, and social and legal organization of an unpopulated North Atlantic island. As is to be expected, the laws of Norway, where a majority of the settlers originated, would have offered a ready model and there does seem to have been a transfer en bloc of Norwegian jurisprudence. But many of the settler generation would have had experience of raiding, trading, and residence in the British Isles, particularly Ireland, which had its own large body of jurisprudence, possibly dating from the seventh century. Davy’s project is even more ambitious in that he seeks to discover the very foundations of law, its mythical and legendary origins, and conceptual underpinning.

Abstract This thorough study is both long overdue and comes from an unexpected quarter. Davy is professor of the history of law at l’Université Paris-Nanterre. The lawman (lgmaðr) of his title and other legal advisors are well known to readers of the sagas of Icelanders but, as is the case of the master litigator Njáll Þorgeirsson, “Burnt Njall,” it is more as active players in court cases generated by feud than as more elevated and distant patrons of the law as institution. The best-known feature of the office of law speaker, as he is also known, was to have memorized the entire law code, at the pre-literate stage of this society, and to proclaim one third of it each year at the island-wide assembly over which he presided. This is the first modern study of the office of law man and its author is uniquely placed, by virtue of his familiarity with the Icelandic and Norwegian material, to trace its insufficiently studied development. Davy is also alert to the possible origins of law in what began in historical time with the settlement, and social and legal organization of an unpopulated North Atlantic island. As is to be expected, the laws of Norway, where a majority of the settlers originated, would have offered a ready model and there does seem to have been a transfer en bloc of Norwegian jurisprudence. But many of the settler generation would have had experience of raiding, trading, and residence in the British Isles, particularly Ireland, which had its own large body of jurisprudence, possibly dating from the seventh century. Davy’s project is even more ambitious in that he seeks to discover the very foundations of law, its mythical and legendary origins, and conceptual underpinning.

Abstract: Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) population in India has been on a rise due to their high breeding rate and ability to acclimatize to various environments (Imam 2013). They are often seen in Human habitations especially in agricultural fields, raiding crops and becoming a nuisance to the farmers. According to agricultural department, the marauding macaques have raided agricultural crops worth Rs 185 crore and horticulture crops worth Rs 38 crore in various districts of HP in 2014. To address this menace, sterilization programme is carried out at respective Monkey sterilization centre (MSC’s) established at 8 monkey affected districts across Himachal Pradesh. This study aims to investigate and understand the various behavioural changes that may occur (intra specific, social , feeding, stress/aggression ) in the period of post sterilization of Rhesus macaque. The proposed study site for this project is a Village called Gopalpur located in Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh. For pre-sterilization monitoring, a virgin Troupe was identified and selected for capture based on the MSC’s record on capture locations and sterilized monkeys. The virgin troupe was monitored for their behaviour which included changes and their usual aggression, Feeding, grooming, sleeping, and mating and home range, for a period of 3 weeks. 100 % capture of this troupe was aimed for sterilization at a time. But failure of the same, the remaining population was to be monitored for their behavioural changes due to separation from their parent troupe. Capturing Rhesus of Chamunda Area near the addressed site was challenging due to many reasons which are discussed in the report. Three monkeys were caught successfully out of which two escaped and one turned out to be pregnant. The identified troupe couldn’t be captured and sterilized to study their post behavioural changes. The pregnant monkey was released back at the point of capture as it can’t be sterilized. This study on presterilization behaviour will form a baseline data for future studies on their post-sterilization behavioural changes. The study will also help in streamlining the monkey capturing process. Keywords: Rhesus macaque, Behaviour, Monkey sterilisation centre, MSC, Sterilisation program.

AbstractHuman–elephant conflict is a significant problem in Africa, undermining biodiversity conservation and development efforts. Early warning of crop raiding and a coordinated response from landholders and wildlife authorities are important for effective management of this conflict. Mobile phones have spread rapidly in rural Africa and could potentially be used to improve communication and increase the effectiveness of responses to crop raids by elephants. We analyse changes in patterns of communication around human–elephant conflict incidents before and after the arrival of mobile phone technology in Laikipia County in north-central Kenya, and the performance of mobile phone communication in a trial at three sites. We show that mobile phones can improve communication and reduce human–elephant conflict where there is good mobile coverage and widespread adoption. Conservation projects have much to gain from engaging with mobile phone technology.

Abstract The recruitment of individuals from the periphery into the central institutions and deployments of the state has a very long history in both the countries we are considering. One of the most ancient kinds of such recruitment has been as armed supporters of the powers that be, whether through feudal obligations or physical capture through war or raiding.

During the immediate years after the defeat at the battle of Ipsus, Demetrius continued to rebuild his fortunes by raiding Lysimachus’ territories in the Thracian Chersonese, making use of his powerful navy, which proved to be a considerable advantage. A series of political marriage alliances among the other Successors and their families prompted a quick shuffling of relationships and loyalties. The marriage of Seleucus and Demetrius’ daughter Stratonice gave Demetrius the leverage and power he needed in order to embark upon even more ambitious projects. This marriage was extremely unusual in that Stratonice was later divorced and remarried to her stepson Antiochus I, a famous arrangement brokered by Seleucus himself.