Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Ragionevole accomodamento »

Nel testo della Convenzione Onu sui Diritti delle persone con disabilità (2007) l’espressione “accomodamento ragionevole” è decisiva. Se lo scopo è quello di promuovere «il pieno e uguale godimento di tutti i diritti umani e di tutte le libertà fondamentali da parte delle persone con disabilità» (così l’art. 1), la categoria di “accomodamento ragionevole” emerge sin da subito come il mezzo riflessivo di tale finalità. Scopo del presente saggio è riflettere sul significato etico dell’accomodamento ragionevole, alla luce di una riflessione sul rapporto tra uguaglianza e differenza umane. L’uguaglianza come equità, infatti, non ha nulla a che vedere con l’egualitarismo. L’ideale morale dell’uguaglianza richiede, al contrario, un’etica che sappia valutare il tema delle differenze, andando oltre il tema della sola diversità di genere (maschile/femminile), per pensare direttamente i temi della disabilità. Ne deriva la possibilità di rispondere a quell’indifferenza che nell’epoca delle tecno-scienze tende a diventare, da semplice fatto, una vera e propria cultura antitetica alle logiche della giustizia sociale e dell’amore. ---------- “Reasonable accommodation” is a fundamental term for The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2007). If the aim is to promote “the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities” (Article 1), the category of “reasonable accommodation” emerges immediately as the reflective means of this purpose. The aim of the present article is to reflect on the ethical meaning of reasonable accommodation, in the light of a reflection around the relationship between equality and human difference. In fact, equality as fairness, has nothing to do with egalitarianism. The moral ideal of equality requires, on the contrary, an ethic able to evaluate the topic of differences, going beyond the theme of gender diversity (male/female), in order to think directly about the issues of disability. The result is the possibility of responding to the indifference that in the age of techno-sciences tends to become, from a simple fact, a true antithetical culture to the logic of social justice and love.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. L'accomodamento ragionevole: cenni - 3. Dalla laicità come metodo alla reasonable accommodation - 4. (segue) Limiti e aporie - 5. Spunti conclusivi. Religious symbols and reasonable accommodation ‘all’italiana’ in the recent jurisprudence of legitimacy ABSTRACT: With the judgment no. 24414/2021, the United Sections of the Court of Cassation identified reasonable accommodation as a possible solution to the issue of religious symbols in public school classrooms. The application of the instrument (traditionally used to protect freedom of religion and belief in the workplace) to the case at hand is undoubtedly characterized by original features that this paper aims to analyze. After having reconstructed the model of reasonable accommodation proposed by the Court, this article tries to verify whether the use of this instrument can be effective and applicable, from a technical-legal point of view, even in the public-school context, which involves principles endowed with axiological primacy, such as that of ‘laicità’. Brief concluding remarks will be addressed to the possible effects of this ruling in those areas of Law and Religion which are characterized by regulatory gaps and/or a high degree of conflict.

SOMMARIO: 1. Quadro normativo - 2. Ragionevole accomodamento - 3. Procedimento e soluzioni - 4. Inconvenienti di fatto e prospettive - Appendice. From the “crucifix of State” to the “crucifix of class” (note in margin of Cassation 2021 sept. 9, n. 24414). ABSTRACT: The display of a crucifix in the classrooms is a request furniture by students. In case of dissent by other students or by teachers the headteacher has to search for a mediation, namely a reasonable accomodation, among the conflicting opinions.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La decisione (in sintesi): una soluzione subottimale - 3. Il ruolo determinante del principio supremo di laicità - 4. Laicità sostanziale, laicità procedurale, accomodamento ragionevole - 5. Discriminazione diretta e indiretta. - 6. Conclusioni. The crucifix ‘accommodated’. Considerations at first reading of the judgment no. 24414/2021 by the United Sections of the Italian Supreme Court of cassation ABSTRACT: With decision no. 24414/2021 the United Sections of the Italian Supreme Court of cassation have provided an unprecedented solution to the issue of religious symbols in the classrooms of public schools. In this essay the author analyses the judgment, focusing in particular on three aspects: the relationship between the so-called ‘Italian principle of secularism’ and the reasonable accommodation; the existence or not of discrimination against the teacher who has been obliged to teach under the crucifix; the practical ways in which this ruling can become 'living law' in the Italian legal system.

SOMMARIO: 1. Una vexata quaestio e l’andamento carsico del suo periodico riproporsi - 2. Premessa di metodo: guardare un paesaggio consueto con nuovi occhi per scoprire orizzonti prima inesplorati - 3. I meri fatti e il caso sub judice come modo di “leggerli” - 4. Le questioni di merito: a) del buon uso dei simboli pubblici, veicoli di messaggi “istituzionali” o espressione di sentimenti popolari condivisi - 5. b) L’antica saggezza del “ragionevole accomodamento” come bussola tratta dalle esperienze multiculturali per navigare oggi il mare tempestoso del mondo variegato - 6. Dal diario di bordo di un vecchio professore. Secularism as a critical dialogue respecting cultural differences ABSTRACT: The ruling decision pronounced by the United Sections of the Supreme Court of Cassation in Italy, which calls for a “reasonable accomodation” about the posting of the crucifix in the class-rooms, as a precious opportunity to promote at the public school - primary place of socialization beyond family - dialogical practices of intercultural and inter-religious encounter.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le ragioni di una comparazione - 2. Il caso italiano: una breve cronistoria normativa - 3. Primi appunti giurisprudenziali per un corretto “bilanciamento” - 4. Verso un accomodamento ragionevole - 5. Il paradigma francese e l’opera di bilanciamento del Conseil d’État - 6. Alcune considerazioni in termini di bilanciamento fra libertà di culto e tutela della salute - 7. Minime notazioni di sistema a mo’ di conclusione. The "perils" of religious freedom at the time of the pandemic: an impossible balance? Comparative remarks between Italy and France ABSTRACT: The essay aims to analyze the measures adopted in the Italian and French legal systems to regulate the exercise of religious freedom during the Covid-19 emergency. The analysis is conducted by observing the various regulatory provisions in the light of the balancing test and the principles of proportionality and reasonableness. This way, the paper will try to verify the overall strength of the constitutional system in times of crisis and the protection of fundamental rights during an emergency.

SOMMARIO: 1. La giusta presa di distanza da paradigmi di approccio dello Stato verso l’esperienza religiosa estranei al nostro modello costituzionale di diritto ecclesiastico - 2. L’esclusione del carattere discriminatorio del provvedimento adottato dal dirigente scolastico - 3. Il principio di laicità e l’interpretazione conforme a Costituzione dell’art. 118 del r.d. 30 aprile 1924, n. 965 - 4. L’ipotesi di una “incompletezza” della norma regolamentare in rapporto alle diverse esperienze e convinzioni di fede ridefinite in una dimensione prettamente storico-culturale - 5. I residui profili di peculiare rilevanza del crocifisso rispetto agli altri simboli religiosi - 6. Le competenze degli organi di autonomia scolastica in tema di esposizione dei simboli religiosi e la composizione dei conflitti affidata agli “accomodamenti ragionevoli” - 7. Brevi notazioni conclusive. Crucifix “by Choice”. From Compulsory to Optional Display of Crucifixes in Italian Classrooms (Some Remarks on the Decision September 9th, 2021, no. 24414 of the United Sections of the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation) ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the decision September 9th, 2021, no. 24414, of the United Sections of the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation, concerning the display of the crucifix in the classrooms. The Court has ruled that the presence of the crucifix on the wall does not discriminate against anyone. However, not the government authorities, but the students during an Assembly and the Class council must decide if display the crucifix and if eventually place other religious symbols next to it, seeking “reasonable accommodation” between the different positions of people in the school community.

The research conducted in this doctoral thesis aims to investigate the protection offered by labour law to multicultural workers. The problem is analysed from the angle of the prohibitions of discrimination. It first reconstructs the regulatory framework, at an international, European and Italian level, with particular reference to the analysis of the risk factors directly connected with the phenomenon of multiculturalism (ethnic origin, language, race, religion). It then goes on to study the structure of the prohibitions of discrimination, dwelling on the possible configurability of a right to equal treatment. Having affirmed the existence of such a right, its characteristics are analysed, also in the light of the traditional debates of interpreters and scholars of anti-discrimination law. Subsequently, the study focuses on the search for the limits – internal and external – of the right to equal treatment. With reference to the external limits, in particular, the discussion is articulated by reasoning on the basis of two different declinations of the right to equal treatment, for which the point of balance is sought with respect to other rights worthy of protection: the constitutionally protected rights of third parties and the right to freedom of enterprise under Article 41 of the Italian Constitution. With this in mind, a number of hypotheses are analysed that have been the focus of attention of anti-discrimination law scholars as well as national and supranational courts. In this context, the nature of the obligation of “reasonable accommodation”, provided for by law for discrimination on the grounds of disability, is also reconstructed, and its possible extension to all other hypotheses of discrimination is investigated by way of interpretation.