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1
Liyana A, Ancy, et Anu Baisel. « Unveiling Color-Blind Racism : Racial Violence, Identity, and Resistance in Sue Monk Kidd’s The Secret Life of Bees ». World Journal of English Language 14, no 1 (20 novembre 2023) : 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n1p135.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Racism is pervasive in society; its roots have been deeply ingrained into individuals’ lives, hindering African Americans' ability to achieve stability and peace. It is established in favor of societal convictions that primarily benefit whites to maintain their superiority and dominance over Blacks. Naturally, white people are the foundation of racial supremacy, pretending to treat Blacks equally through practices such as color-blind racism yet limiting Blacks in different fields. African Americans continue to be victims of the dominant ideology of color-blind racism, which produces significant racial tension and conflict in American culture. Correspondingly, they face racial inequities in their daily lives. This study's primary goal is to examine how racial violence still exists in the form of color-blind racism in one of Kidd's most famous novels, The Secret Life of Bees, in which Lily, the white protagonist, is prejudiced against African Americans. Eventually, Lily realizes her ingrained white racial guilt and strives to change it once she embraces the Black community by valuing their identity. In addition, the study also examines how Lily recognizes society's color-blind racist approach, which attempts to instill racism in order to impact and constrain Blacks as an inferior race. Finally, the findings of this study provide a clear picture of the hegemonic ideology known as color-blind racism and how its ideals in practice affect the lives of Black people while favoring the prejudice and discrimination of white characters in the novel.
2
Francis, Leigh-Anne. « Playing the “Lady Sambo” ». Meridians 19, no 2 (1 octobre 2020) : 250–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-8308363.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract In the post–Civil War South, black women litigants made conscious tactical appeals to white male judges’ racism, particularly the racist-sexist stereotypes at the heart of the white paternalism ethos, in order to win lawsuits against whites who defrauded them. African American women’s arsenal of legal strategies included the “Lady Sambo,” an intentional racialized gender performance of feigned ignorance. By performing the “Lady Sambo”—an ignorant, servile black woman in need of protection—some poor black women mobilized their expertise in white racism to defend their economic rights. In a white-dominated society predicated upon the denial of black rights, freedom, and dignity, poor black women seeking justice in civil court cases had to employ resistance strategies that did not openly challenge white authority. In white paternalism, a cultural mainstay of the postbellum South, poor black women discerned and wrested an opportunity to covertly resist economic racism. Unable to attenuate or eradicate structural racism, black women treated racism as a weakness that, at times, made whites vulnerable to manipulation. As long as judges’ legal decisions left the white male power structure intact, some black women were the potential beneficiaries of jurists’ racial paternalism ethos. While whites imagined themselves as controlling paternalistic exchanges with blacks, black people engaged whites as conscious actors drawing on a keen understanding of white people’s supremacist self-perceptions and projections onto blacks. When possible, black women exploited white racism to their advantage and white judges’ racial paternalism ethos occasioned such exploitation. In so doing, black women earned their legal victories by acting intentionally and with savvy.
3
Wabyanga, Robert Kuloba. « "I Am Black and Beautiful" : A Black African Reading of Song of Songs 1:5-7 as a Protest Song ». Old Testament Essays 34, no 2 (18 novembre 2021) : 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n2a16.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Adamo's article on Ebed-Melech's protest brings fresh insight into my earlier article on Song of Songs 1:5-7, prompting me to reread the text as a protest song (essay) against the racial stigmata that continue to bedevil black people in the world. The current article, using hermeneutics of appropriation, maintains the meaning of שְׁחוֹרָה as a black person, who in the Song of Songs protests against the racism, which transformed her status to that of a socioeconomic other. The study is informed by the contemporary and historical contexts of racial injustices and stigma suffered by Blacks for 'being' while Black. The essay investigates this question: In which ways does Adamo's reading of Jer 38:1-17 influence an African reading of Song 1:5-7 as a protest against racism? The article employs African Biblical Hermeneutics, as part of a creative and literary art in the protests against racism, to read the biblical text as our story-a divine story, which in the language of Adamo, has inherent divine power that can empower oppressed black people.
4
Charles, Jean Max. « The Slave Revolt That Changed the World and the Conspiracy Against It : The Haitian Revolution and the Birth of Scientific Racism ». Journal of Black Studies 51, no 4 (4 mars 2020) : 275–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934720905128.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper argues, first, that despite the transnational impact of the Haitian Revolution, it remains mostly unknown in the Western hemisphere. This is primarily the result of an international racist project to repress the idea of Black Revolution and undermine Haiti’s progress. Second, I argue that, since the second half of the 19th century, intellectuals and social scientists have contributed to this racial project, and thus that scientific racism was born primarily as a response to the Haitian Revolution. The proliferation of racially oriented pseudosciences was part of significant efforts on the part of European and American intellectuals to undermine the notion of Black Revolution and Black power, and to demonstrate that Blacks were not capable of self-governance.
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Tini Mogea et Salaki Reynaldo Joshua. « Discrimination Against Mulatto as Reflected in Faulkner’s Light in August ». LITERACY : International Scientific Journals of Social, Education, Humanities 1, no 2 (10 août 2022) : 04–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56910/literacy.v1i2.207.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this study is to reveal discrimination in Faulkner’s Light in August. This study is qualitative, which means that the data are in the form of words, thus the data got from the novel and other books are relevant to this research. In analyzing the data, the writer uses a mimetic approach in order to reveal discrimination in Light in August. The findings show that when slavery was embodied, these freed blacks did not automatically obtain equal rights as the whites. The white Americans have treated the blacks unequally. They have excluded the blacks from the white orphanage, schools, and colleges. Besides, they do not allow people of mixed parentage to enter the white school. People of mixed parentage, in spite of their white skin, are regarded as blacks and therefore should enter the black school. In employment, white Americans often refuse to hire black workers because of their racial prejudice of blacks as lazy, lacking in initiative, inferior and untrustworthy. In law enforcement, African Americans receive unequal legal protection. White Americans may cheat, strike, and even kill the blacks but black Americans may not. When a black man kills a white man, he will soon be sentenced to death or lynched. The blacks receive harsher sentences than white Americans and they are easily sentenced to death or lynched. White racism may destroy all the aspects of American life such as politics, culture, social relations, education, employment, and legal protection because it will array white and black Americans against each other which could eventually destroy the social structure of the United States.
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Rezazade, Faeze, et Esmaeil Zohdi. « The Influence of Childhood Training on the Adulthood Rejection of Discrimination in Go Set a Watchman ». International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 76 (mars 2017) : 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.76.15.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Racial prejudice, injustice, and discrimination against people of colored skin, especially African Americans, has become a global issue since the twenty century. Blacks are deprived of their rights regardless of their human natures and are disenfranchised from White’s societies due to their skin color which has put them as inferior and clownish creatures in White’s point of view. Although many anti-racist effort and speeches has done to solve racist issues and eliminate racism and its circumstances, still racism is alive and Blacks are suffering from it. Although, many White individuals accept themselves as anti-racist characters that color of skin does not matter to them, they still show prejudice and discrimination towards Blacks and cannot consider them as equal as themselves. A reason to such Whites’ thought and behavior is that they have faced this issue since their childhood and therefore they cannot change it because this attitude is entangled with their personality and is deeply ingrained in them. Thus, a way to stop and eliminate discrimination, prejudice, and injustice is to train children, the next generation, as anti-racist and color-blind characters. In this regard, it has been tried to investigate the role of children training in the elimination of social and racial discrimination in Harper Lee’s Go Set a Watchman (2015), which is sequel novel to her masterpiece To Kill a Mockingbird (1960). Moreover, Jean Piaget’s theory of Children’s Cognitive Development has been used for a better understanding of this investigation.
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Saucier, Donald A., Carol T. Miller et Nicole Doucet. « Differences in Helping Whites and Blacks : A Meta-Analysis ». Personality and Social Psychology Review 9, no 1 (février 2005) : 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0901_1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The amount of help given to Blacks versus Whites is often assumed to reflect underlying levels of racism (or lack thereof). This meta-analysis assessed discrimination against Blacks in helping studies. The overall effect size for the 48 hypothesis tests did not show universal discrimination against Blacks (d = .03, p = .103). However, consistent with the predictions of aversive racism, discrimination against Blacks was more likely when participants could rationalize decisions not to help with reasons having nothing to do with race. Specifically, when helping was lengthier, riskier, more difficult, more effortful, and when potential helpers were further away from targets, less help was given to Blacks than to Whites. Interestingly, discrimination against Blacks was shown when there were higher levels of emergency. This suggests that discrimination may occur when the ability to control prejudicial responding is inhibited, or when the arousal of the emergency is misattributed to intergroup anxiety.
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Khattak, Manzoor Ahmad, Hoor Shamail Khattak et Abdul Rahim. « COLOR-LINE DIVISION OF SOCIAL MILIEU DURING THE EMANCIPATION ERA IN THE UNITED STATES : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPRAISAL ». March 2024 3, no 1 (25 février 2024) : 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53664/jssd/03-01-2024-04-45-51.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present study is an attempt to explore the depiction of racism in the era of emancipation by reviewing two representative texts: Of Our Spiritual Strivings by W. E. B. Du Bois, and The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in United States written by David Fremon, and telefilm The Birth of a Nation directed by D. W. Griffith. After the official abolition of slavery by 13th Amendment of the Constitution, the problem of racism not only emerged but reached to its peak in that epoch in United States. It adversely affected both the black and white races for a period of almost one hundred years. Racism divided social milieu in US based on skin color. Dogmatically the darker in color would mean the cursed. The hatred against Blacks was institutionalized. Racially biased laws called Jim Crow Laws were enacted by many southern states. Private gangs such as Ku Klux Klan were formed who would find excuses for lynching and killing the blacks. The blacks were marginalized up to a limit which shook their souls and called ‘double consciousness’ by W.E.B. Du Bois. The essay tries to reconnoiter the traces of miseries of blacks from slavery towards racism through interdisciplinary critique of selected writings and a film.
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Shrivastava, Dr Ku Richa. « Black Feminism as a Literary Tradition ». SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, no 8 (27 juillet 2019) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i8.9277.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The research paper posits to detail the black literary tradition.When the American art is viewed as a whole, the contribution of blacks is found in a miniature fraction, if we exclude their folk tradition of melody and dances. Merely, three generations have been passed of blacks’ early years. The black literary tradition has immediately passed its immaturity. At first, the silent era subsequent to slavery has existed. Folk tales and music inform readers about these black writers and artists who have lived and died. African - American literature has propagated the fact that blacks have been repressed. They resisted against relentless repression. After reconstruction period black lips became verbal. This new black man took two to three generations to expand his inspirations and contemplations to correspond to his own sentiments. Those black male authors have no evidence to converse for blacks who took three quarters of a century (75 years) to visible them in a literary tradition.
Black women voices have been suppressed in context of black women’s literature and black cultural tradition. African - American women have been excluded from western writings in historical period. Both African American men and White men have denied African - American women a platform in literary tradition. Reading text has influenced African - American women to raise voice against racism. The institutional practices of racism by white patriarchal power structure have rebuffed to acknowledge black women historically. The racism and gender oppression practiced against black women persuaded them to write with reference to the perspectives of black women. After 1960’s, the black writings flourished. In Reading Black Reading Feminist a Critical Anthology (1990) edited by Henry Louis Gates, states expression of Anna Julia Cooper. She lays emphasis on recognition of black women literary tradition was in need to claim authority. Since 1970, with the publication of literary artifacts of African tradition, black women have come in the vanguard of African - American literary tradition. Several Black women writers works are studied and intertwined into a literary tradition like, Anna Julia Cooper, Zora Neale Hurston, Barbara Christian, Alice Walker, Patricia Hills Collins, Bell Hooks and Angela Y. Davis. Social animosities have been made between black women and black men with black women’s success of literary tradition and black men sexism towards them.
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Mustafa, Hameed Abdullah, et Sherzad Shafi'h Barzani. « The African-American Poets' Struggle for the Rights of People : A Study in Claude McKay's Selected Poems ». Twejer 3, no 3 (décembre 2020) : 821–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2033.22.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study scrutinizes selected protest poems written by the prominent black poet of the Harlem Renaissance Claude McKay (1889-1948). McKay is considered as a key literary figure of the Negro movement who played a significant role in struggling for and awakening his own people to demand their rights. His major aspiration was to end all forms of prejudice and oppression against blacks portrayed in his poems during the most effective movement in African American literary history comprising the times between 1920 to almost the mid-1930s. McKay established himself as a powerful literary voice for social justice during the Harlem Renaissance constantly struggling for people's identity and rights against the widespread prejudice, segregation, and racism against blacks in America and worldwide along with his pride in his black race and culture. These central issues had different impacts on the Harlem Renaissance and on the lives and works of those who participated in that movement; depicting how both race and racism could define the African American experience in the early twentieth century, as well. McKay, skillfully combined traditional forms and political protest in many of his sonnets. He took the old poetic genre and made it new and relevant to his own project by examining within its bounds unconventional and contemporary subjects. Along with his poetic diction and imagery, he juxtaposes contrasting images to show the hypocritic nature of America, showing his inevitable faith in the country. McKay's enthusiasm for and belief in the authority of intellectuals was strengthened by his understanding of America's deep-rooted racism. He closes many of his sonnets with gloomy observations of blacks' sufferings. The clear conclusion of his struggle was the fact that negro writers succeeded in showcasing the sufferings of people, incited blacks to demand their legal rights, and proved they are capable of everything and as genius as whites. Keywords: McKay, Struggles, Racism, identity, prejudice, rights.
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Irsyadi, Achmad Naufal, et Itsna Syahadatud Dinurriyah. « HEGEMONIC DISCRIMINATION AS SEEN IN ERNEST J. GAINES’ A LESSON BEFORE DYING ». LiNGUA : Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 13, no 1 (19 juillet 2018) : 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ling.v13i1.4735.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<p class="Abstrak">The progress history of Black Africans in America remains a slice of the history of minority struggle in the world of inferiority. Racism becomes a brand topic in every sector of Blacks live in America. War and act of reformation as ways against racism are almost routinely done by Black Americans to reach their civil rights as Americans. Although the war against racism has ended, but racism atmosphere can still be felt, and it seems to have been felt by Ernest J. Gaines in his novel entitled <em>A Lesson Before Dying. </em>Therefore, this writing would like to analyze and describe hegemonic discrimination by White Americans. Hegemonic discrimination is a new phenomenon for Black Americans in the Southern. This theoretical foundation refers to the theory of Hegemony by Antonio Gramsci that is applied to see how discriminative hegemony is implemented smoothly and comfortably.</p>
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JR, Emerald Surya. « REPRESENTATION OF RACISM IN FILM (STUDY OF SEMIOTICS OF RASISM IN A GET OUT FILM ». Jurnal Ilmiah Komunikasi Makna 9, no 1 (28 février 2021) : 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jikm.v9i1.4939.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Through the film "Get Out", the message of racism is shown to demonstrate the evolving behavior of human racists. This film tells the story of a modern black experience named Cris who carried the history of his ancestors. The study was conducted to represent a form of racism, the study used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, data was obtained by observing images and dialogue. Data analysis using Roland Barthes's semiotic model which consists of a signaling order, namely denotation and connotation. The primary data source is behavior between players, and the main character, secondary data obtained from the literature. The results showed that there were three forms, the first black prejudice to whites, both discrimination against blacks, and the third change in the value of black racism. From the story on "Get Out" film shows the behavior of racism still exists today, and is growing
13
Saleh, Asmaa Mehdi. « When Juliet Turns Black : Social Scapegoating in Alice Childress’s Wedding Band ». International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no 6 (1 novembre 2018) : 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.6p.69.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Since its production William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet has been considered too modern for its time because of its portrayal of ill-fated characters whose tragedy is not triggered by any personal flaw of their own, but by family feuds and social scapegoating. In contemporary times, the playwrights still focus on similar stories of unattainable love and tragic romantic figures, who fall prey to the familial and social pressures. In her Wedding Band (1973), Alice Childress presents her black and white Romeo and Juliet who are modern victims of the omnipresent racism in their society. The play confirms that racism is not only practised by whites against blacks but also displayed by blacks against whites. In Wedding Band, Childress presents images of angry women united by their suffering and need of sisterly solidarity. Their anger is a positive rather than negative factor as it frees the heroine from the ties that make her an outcast in her own community. This paper discusses the destiny of two lovers who face refusal from their family and society and the subsequent anger of the female characters whether in favour or against this romantic relation.
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Islamy, Jiaul Haque. « THE IMPACT OF RACISM ON CHARACTERS IN HARPER LEE’S NOVEL TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD ». Jurnal JOEPALLT (Journal of English Pedagogy, Linguistics, Literature, and Teaching) 11, no 1 (30 mars 2023) : 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35194/jj.v11i1.2724.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The study entitled The Impact of Racism on Characters in Harper Lee's Novel To Kill a Mockingbird was analyzed using descriptive qualitative method to describe the data. This study aims to describe the impact of racism experienced by the characters in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, namely Atticus and two of his children. The impact of racism that occurs in society in the novel is a reflection of the actual condition of society at that time. This study shows the impact of racism on Atticus and his family, i.e. the psychological impact and social impact. White Supremacy that the people of Maycomb believe in and the defence by Atticus (a white man) against blacks who are accused of raping white girls. This defence caused conflict between Atticus and the community, which resulted in the suppression of Atticus and his two children.Keywords: Character, racism, impacts, white people, black people
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Al-khazaali, Mahmood Hasan Zaghair. « The Revenge of Conscience in John Grisham's A Time to Kill ». Al-Adab Journal 1, no 141 (15 juin 2022) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i141.3692.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research paper presents the main theme of the revenge of conscience in John Grisham’s A Time to Kill (1989) is connected with the law especially when the law is misused by statesmen according to many causes such as an identity problem, judicial, racism, and black people oppression in the American community. The aim of the study is too dependent upon the psychology field according to Freud's personality psychoanalytic theory (1923). The protagonist of the novel who is Carl Lee Hailey (Samuel L. Jackson), decides to take his own right after the law fails to convict the two murderers (Cobb and Willard ) who raped his ten-year-old daughter Tonya Hailey and left her on the brink of death. For this reason, Carl lee decides to take the way of revenge against the two white men for his daughter and racist bigotry spread against every black man at a time when the south of the USA considered blacks as second-class citizens which leads to the psychological struggle in Carl lee Hailey's mind and leads him to take his own right by the revenge of conscientious for the two crimes: raping his daughter and racial oppression.
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Ramírez Caro, Jorge. « Más abajo de la piel como contestación al racismo (Más abajo de la piel as a Response to Racism) ». LETRAS 2, no 60 (22 février 2017) : 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.2-60.3.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Se analiza la poética étnico-cultural de Más abajo de la piel, de Abel Pacheco, para destacar el tránsito de una visión negrista hacia una visión de la negritud. Los cuentos de esta colección apuntan las causas políticas, económicas y culturales del racismo contra negros, chinos e indígenas. Se explicitan los procedimientos discursivos en los que se materializa el racismo, y se señalan las implicaciones sociales e ideológicas derivadas del abordaje de la problemática de los negros. Se ejemplifica la poética de Pacheco con un análisis de cuatro relatos: «Juan Chac», «Fichas», «Vocación» y «Congolí».The ethno-cultural poetics of Más abajo de la piel, by Abel Pacheco, is analyzed in order to emphasize the shift from a “negrista” view toward that of negritude. The stories in this collection point to political, economic and cultural causes of racism against blacks, Chinese and indigenous. Discourse procedures are made explicit where racism materializes, and the social and ideological implications derived from this exploration of the issue regarding blacks are discussed. Pacheco’s poetics is exemplified by a brief analysis of four stories: “Juan Chac,” “Fichas,” “Vocación” and “Congolí.”
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Toh, Ernest Muchu. « African Immigrant and the Struggle against Class, Racism and Xenophobic Consequences in Post-Apartheid South Africa ». International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no 7 (26 août 2020) : 1460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul837.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper brings to understanding the effects of class and racism which are manifested in xenophobic attacks against foreign blacks in South Africa. Xenophobic attacks have been persistent in the country for over the last two decade. It has amongst other things slowed the economy, particularly affected the country’s relations with the African continent and tainted the image of South Africa to the entire world. These attacks turn the livelihood of Africans immigrants into a daily struggle to adapt, survive, integrate themselves and contributes to the development of the country. The article seeks to unveil the reasons South African blacks behave the way they do against their fellow Black African counterparts despite the call for African unity and solidarity also known as ‘Ubuntu’. From the findings, it demonstrates that the act of xenophobia is a manifestation of effect of mindset influenced by the apartheid policy, which was based on hatred, class, race, and violence.
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Erianto, Narlius Reinal. « Racialism Slavery As Reflected In Paul Laurence Dunbar’s Poems To Social Life ». Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 1, no 1 (23 juin 2017) : 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jilp.v1i1.5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Slavery to Social life's Racialism analyzes the disclosure of a black-life tragedy of slavery and racism in their social life. The author takes data from Dunbar's poems: We Wear the Mask, The Debt, Sympathy, Life's Tragedy and The Paradox. In these five poems the author analyzes how slavery that has taken place in America on the basis of the five poems of Dunbar, some kind of racism that the author finds in the five poems of Dunbar, and the result of social slavery to the black social life in America that the author finds in The five poems of Dunbar.
This research method is descriptive qualitative, which try to explain about correlation between writer life background which pour through poetry and its influence to human social life. In analyzing the five poems of Dunbar, the author uses a psychological approach that discusses the psychology of human personality which is the theory of Sigmund Freud including the id, ego, and the human superego. The main source of data obtained from the five poems Dunbar namely: We Wear the Mask, The Debt, Sympathy, Life's Tragedy and The Paradox. Other sources come from articles and internet books.
From the analysis of the five poems of Dunbar, the authors found that (1) Slavery and human rights abuses against blacks in America are reflected through the five poems of Dunbar. (2) The author finds some form of racism such as the occurrence of discrimination and persecution that caused the suffering of blacks in America on the basis of the fifth poems of Dunbar and (3) There have been proven consequences of the slavery experienced by blacks in America that the author has discovered from the fifth Dunbar's poetry is like feeling oppressed or experiencing the mental stress that causes blacks in America to suffer.
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Assari, Shervin, et Cleopatra Howard Caldwell. « Family Income at Birth and Risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at Age 15 : Racial Differences ». Children 6, no 1 (14 janvier 2019) : 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children6010010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) resources protect children and adults against the risk of medical and psychiatric conditions. According to the Minorities’ Diminished Returns theory, however, such protective effects are systemically weaker for the members of racial and ethnic minority groups compared to Whites. Aims: Using a national data set with 15 years of follow up, we compared Black and White youth for the effects of family SES at birth on the risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) at age 15. Methods: The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS, 1998–2016) is a longitudinal prospective study of urban youth from birth to age 15. This analysis included 2006 youth who were either White (n = 360) or Black (n = 1646). The independent variable was family income, the dependent variable was ADHD at age 15. Child gender, maternal age, and family type at birth were covariates, and race was the focal moderator. We ran logistic regressions in the overall sample and specific to race. Results: In the overall sample, high family income at birth was not associated with the risk of ADHD at age 15, independent of all covariates. Despite this relationship, we found a significant interaction between race and family income at birth on subsequent risk of ADHD, indicating a stronger effect for Whites compared to Blacks. In stratified models, we found a marginally significant protective effect of family SES against the risk of ADHD for White youths. For African American youth, on the other hand, family SES was shown to have a marginally significant risk for ADHD. Conclusions: The health gain that follows family income is smaller for Black than White families, which is in line with the Minorities’ Diminished Returns. The solution to health disparities is not simply policies that aim to reduce the racial gap in SES, because various racial health disparities in the United States are not due to differential access to resources but rather the impact of these resources on health outcomes. Public policies, therefore, should go beyond equalizing access to resources and also address the structural racism and discrimination that impact Blacks’ lives. Policies should fight racism and should help Black families to overcome barriers in their lives so they can gain health from their SES and social mobility. As racism is multi-level, multi-level interventions are needed to tackle diminished returns of SES.
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Strother, Logan, Spencer Piston et Thomas Ogorzalek. « PRIDE OR PREJUDICE ? » Du Bois Review : Social Science Research on Race 14, no 1 (2017) : 295–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x17000017.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractDebates about the meaning of Southern symbols such as the Confederate battle emblem are sweeping the nation. These debates typically revolve around the question of whether such symbols represent “heritage or hatred:” racially innocuous Southern pride or White prejudice against Blacks. In order to assess these competing claims, we first examine the historical reintroduction of the Confederate flag in the Deep South in the 1950s and 1960s; next, we analyze three survey datasets, including one nationally representative dataset and two probability samples of White Georgians and White South Carolinians, in order to build and assess a stronger theoretical account of the racial motivations underlying such symbols than currently exists. While our findings yield strong support for the hypothesis that prejudice against Blacks bolsters White support for Southern symbols, support for the Southern heritage hypothesis is decidedly mixed. Despite widespread denials that Southern symbols reflect racism, racial prejudice is strongly associated with support for such symbols.
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Bagus Berlianto, Hendrian. « Upaya Hukum Penghapusan Diskriminasi dan Rasisme Terhadap Masyarakat Asli Papua ». COMSERVA Indonesian Jurnal of Community Services and Development 2, no 10 (26 février 2023) : 2209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.59141/comserva.v2i10.631.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Today, the world is full with issues of discrimination and racism against blacks. Many Indonesia citizen supported and filled out petitions entitled “Blacklivesmatter” to help those issues that were taking place in America. However, unwittingly in Indonesia itself there is still much discrimination and racism against the Papuans. Papuans themselves have long experienced discrimination and racism behaviors in Indonesia, ranging from race, skin color, culture, ethnicity, to way of thinking or lifestyle. Whereas in Indonesia itself there are already regulations that overwhelm the discrimination and racism contained in the Number 40 Act of 2008 on the abolition of Race and Ethnic discrimination. Therefore, it needs to take reviews and analysis of how the legal role and role of Indonesian citizens themselves are in flattening the rights of Papuans in coexisting and equal.
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Anunciação, Diana, Lucélia Luiz Pereira, Hilton P. Silva, Ana Paula Nogueira Nunes et Jaqueline Oliveira Soares. « Ways and detours in guarantee of health for the black population and the confrontation of racism in Brazil ». Ciência & ; Saúde Coletiva 27, no 10 (octobre 2022) : 3861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320222710.08212022en.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Institutional racism is prevalent in the health services in Brazil and is based on concrete power relations that subjugate, dominate and exclude blacks from having adequate access to health care and health institutions. This critical essay analyzes the importance of expanding the debate, and the production of knowledge about the health of the black population (HBP), focusing on two points: the role of the National Policy for the Integral Health of the Black Population (PNSIPN) and the importance of including the skin color item in the health information systems; and the need for a process of permanent training of professionals, including contents related to the understanding of racism as an element of the social determination of health/disease and heir effects. To demonstrate how structural and institutional racism have affected the black population, we bring also examples of the quilombola populations in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic in the country since 2020. It is concluded that the promotion of care, the reduction of inequities and the quality of health care need to undergo changes in several dimensions, such as the strengthening of the SUS, the daily fight against structural and institutional racism, among others.
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Abdullah Almaaroof, Ansam Riyadh, et Amaal Mohammed Ali. « Dramatising Anti-Racism in Branden Jacob-Jenkin's An Octoroon ». JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 5, no 3 (17 juillet 2022) : 384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.5.3.23.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper is based on social and literary critique. Literature reflects human existence through expressing a vast spectrum of human emotions, feelings, and behaviours. People can transcend human creativity into something larger than life and beyond their imagination through literary art. Numerous references, scientific investigations, and literary works have been written about Racism. An octoroon by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins is one of the literary works that analyse such phenomena. The researchers are called literary critics since she evaluates and analyse the selected literary work to achieve the study's objectives. The researchers look at this literary endeavour from two angles: intrinsic and extrinsic and then apply the genetic structuralism theory. This paper tries to answer questions such as "Do Blacks in America confront a variety of forms of white racism?" and " What are the important things for Blacks to continue their struggle against racism and win equity?"
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Marf Mohammed, Samal. « The Rise of Decolonial Image : Postcolonial Reading to Django Unchained Movie by Quentin Tarantino ». Journal of University of Raparin 11, no 3 (9 juillet 2024) : 724–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(11).no(3).paper29.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper provides postcolonial analysis of Django Unchained movie which is written and directed by American Film writer Quentin Tarantino in 2012. More specifically, the analysis focused on three primary components: firstly, Quentin Tarantino’s critique for slavery of blacks and racial discrimination, secondly, Orientalized Oriental discourse via postcolonial lens, and thirdly, decolonization discourse which is represented by Django, the protagonist of the movie. Throughout the movie, the viewers can see many scenes of slavery and racial intolerance which reflects many historical facts in the era of American slavery; including how blacks were obliged to work and how they were treated inhumanely. In a similar vein, the viewer can see the spirit of Orientalized Oriental phenomenon through Stephen as one of the major actors of the movie who embodies the phenomenon which supported abusing with blacks although he is a black actor. Quentin Tarantino gives a spectacular role to Django who becomes a symbolic emancipation of blacks and earns his freedom and frees his wife, Broomhilda. Postcolonial critics react against the imperial history of colonization, like the structure of racism as well as colonial power which reshaped itself by Orientalized Oriental discourse. After all, Django Unchained Movie contributes to the discourse of postcolonialism in which Quentin Tarantino reveals some historical facts about African American slavery, and in contrast to many other Film Makers, he gives a good role to non-European hero, Django.
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Rubin, Rachel. « The Antiapartheid Struggle did It/Could it Challenge Racism in the U.S. ? » Issue : A Journal of Opinion 24, no 2 (1996) : 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004716070050239x.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Between the 1970s and 1990s, many whites, including myself, embraced antiapartheid work, partly because we were outraged at the horror of South Africa but also because it gave us a way to fight racism and do antiracism work here in the United States. I had always seen and disapproved of racism and from a very young age felt a need to fight against it. The anti-apartheid struggle gave me a solid way to do that. In the mid 70’s when I was in college, the campus that I was on was so segregated and the institutional policies so paternalistic and racist that there were very few forums for blacks and whites to work together. The first fully-fledge antiapartheid group at my university, which I joined on its inception, was established by an African-American who was a visiting artist on campus.
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Catur Sembadani, Putri, et Ade Risna Sari. « The Role of the Black Lives Matter Movement in Responding to the Issue of Racism Against Blacks in the United States ». Journal of Social Interactions and Humanities 1, no 3 (1 décembre 2022) : 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/jsih.v1i3.1696.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper aims to describe the role of the Black Lives Matter Movement in dealing with racism that occurred in the United States from 2013-2022. This writing was analyzed using a research method in the form of descriptive qualitative, where the writer tries to describe or provide an overview with existing words and data to answer the phenomenon regarding the issue of racism that occurred in the United States during the Pre and Post Civil Rights Movement period. The results of writing this article indicate that the Black Lives Matter Movement has succeeded in helping to produce several levels of criminal justice policy reform, such as legislative changes in 10 states in the United States. Policies at every level of the criminal justice system need to be looked at to ensure that they are not harmful to one race or over another.
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Ncube, Christopher, et Alice Dhliwayo. « Post Slavery and the Plight of Black Americans : An Analysis of Langston Hughes’ “Not without Laughter” ». EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, Issue 3 (30 septembre 2021) : 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajess2021v02i03.0101.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper discussed the lives of black Americans in the Post Slavery period. It was believed that black Americans who were former slaves were then free from being treated brutally by the slave masters and that the whipping of the so called offenders was a thing of the past. On the contrary, Black Americans were not free to receive education, have access to legal marriages, own properties and enjoy all other benefits that an American should enjoy. Life after slavery was still difficult. The reality was that black Americans were free only in a narrow sense as they were still discriminated by the government institutions. This gave rise to activism and movements such as Civil Rights Movement and Black Power Movement. Great Black scholars, The Talented Tenth, such as Alice Walker, Du Bois, and Langston Hughes emerged. Not without Laughter is one of the books that Langston Hughes wrote. This paper is an analysis of civil injustices that Black Americans had to endure according to Hughes in Not without Laughter. Today, the situation has not changed much as racism is still rampant as depicted by violence still perpetrated against the Blacks. The rise of the Black Lives Matter Movement worldwide against the death of Floyd in the USA gives evidence to such. One encouraging aspect, though, is that the current President, Joe Biden is against racism as he has ordered that those that killed Floyd should face the full wrath of the law.
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Ncube, Christopher, et Alice Dhliwayo. « Post Slavery and the Plight of Black Americans : An Analysis of Langston Hughes’ “Not without Laughter” ». EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, Issue 3 (30 septembre 2021) : 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajess2021v02i03.0101.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper discussed the lives of black Americans in the Post Slavery period. It was believed that black Americans who were former slaves were then free from being treated brutally by the slave masters and that the whipping of the so called offenders was a thing of the past. On the contrary, Black Americans were not free to receive education, have access to legal marriages, own properties and enjoy all other benefits that an American should enjoy. Life after slavery was still difficult. The reality was that black Americans were free only in a narrow sense as they were still discriminated by the government institutions. This gave rise to activism and movements such as Civil Rights Movement and Black Power Movement. Great Black scholars, The Talented Tenth, such as Alice Walker, Du Bois, and Langston Hughes emerged. Not without Laughter is one of the books that Langston Hughes wrote. This paper is an analysis of civil injustices that Black Americans had to endure according to Hughes in Not without Laughter. Today, the situation has not changed much as racism is still rampant as depicted by violence still perpetrated against the Blacks. The rise of the Black Lives Matter Movement worldwide against the death of Floyd in the USA gives evidence to such. One encouraging aspect, though, is that the current President, Joe Biden is against racism as he has ordered that those that killed Floyd should face the full wrath of the law.
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Santos, José Antônio dos. « LIMA BARRETO : APONTAMENTOS SOBRE FOOTBALL E PROTAGONISMO NEGRO NO BRASIL ». Revista Prâksis 1 (15 février 2019) : 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25112/rpr.v1i0.1739.
Texte intégralRésumé :
O artigo acompanha, por meio das crônicas de Lima Barreto, alguns argumentos contrários à entrada do futebol no Brasil nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Como escritor reconhecido na época, ele usou de sua influência pública para refletir sobre as “modernidades” que chegavam da Europa, dentre elas, o football, também para criticar as hierarquias sociais e o racismo que se reproduziam por meio da prática e do desenvolvimento do novo esporte. No caso, vou tratar dos questionamentos ao ingresso do futebol e sua influência na definição de um lugar destinado às mulheres e aos negros na nossa sociedade. O protagonismo negro no futebol entra em cena quando, em 1921, o Presidente da República, se pronuncia contra a participação dos jogadores negros no selecionado brasileiro.Palavras-chave: Futebol. Protagonismo. Negros. Lima Barreto.AbstractThe article accompanies, through the chronicles of Lima Barreto, some arguments against the entry of football in Brazil in the first decades of the twentieth century. As a recognized writer at the time, he used his public influence to reflect on the “modernities” that came from Europe, including football, also to criticize the social hierarchies and racism that were reproduced through the practice and development of the new sport . In this case, I will address questions about the entry of football and its influence on the definition of a place for women and blacks in our society. The black protagonism in football comes into play when, in 1921, the President of the Republic, pronounces against the participation of black players in the Brazilian national team.Keywords: Coccer. Protagonism. Blacks. Lima Barreto.
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BROOKS, C. « SING SHEN VS. SOUTHWOOD ». Pacific Historical Review 73, no 3 (1 août 2004) : 463–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2004.73.3.463.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In 1952 Chinese immigrant Sing Sheng encountered racial discrimination when he tried to purchase a home in the all-white South San Francisco housing tract of Southwood. Sheng, believing that racism could not be the majority sentiment in a democracy, asked white Southwood residents to vote to accept or reject his family. The Shengs lost the unof�cial referendum, but it became national news and created immense sympathy for the family. Many white Americans claimed that housing discrimination against Asian Americans could in�uence Asian nations to reject democracy and embrace communism. The Sheng affair and similar incidents demonstrate that the Cold War improved housing opportunities for California's Asian Americans, even though many whites perceived them as foreign and continued to discriminate against blacks and Mexican Americans.
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Paul Marie, MANKOU, et N’ZAMBI-MIKOULOU Donald. « BLACK AMERICANS’ VIOLENT STRUGGLE AGAINST RACISM IN THE UNITED STATES : A SCRUTINY OF STEPHEN COONTS’S UNDER SIEGE ». International Journal of Language, Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 03, no 02 (2024) : 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.59009/ijlllc.2024.0064.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The examination of Stephen Coonts’s Under Siege has enabled us to discover that Aldana and his black fellows are the first characters who organize a violent struggle against racism in the United States in order to achieve their civil rights denied to them for years by their white counterparts because of their black skin color. They, for example, start bombing on Whites’ stores and killing even white American authorities who refuse to see them as full American citizens. Unfortunately, this violence which gives to the author’s text the form of a historical book does not provide them with their needs. For, many of them are caught, punished, and killed under the white American authorities’ order. Such is the case of Aldana who is persecuted several times and tortured mercilessly by Whites for his committed crimes as a way for the latter to give a lesson to all Blacks in case of disobedience. This black character’s violence which also results in the spread of drug in all the spheres of the United States urges white American authorities to fight against drug business in this powerful nation.
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Rabaka, Reiland. « The Souls of White Folk : W.E.B. DuBois's Critique of White Supremacy and the Contributions to Critical White Studies ». Ethnic Studies Review 29, no 2 (1 janvier 2006) : 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2006.29.2.1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Traditionally “white supremacy” has been treated in race and racism discourse as white domination of and white discrimination against non-whites, and especially blacks. It is a term that often carries a primarily legal and political connotation, which has been claimed time and time again to be best exemplified by the historic events and contemporary effects of: African holocaust, enslavement and colonization; the “failure” of reconstruction, the ritual of lynching and the rise of Jim Crow segregation in the United States; and, white colonial and racial rule throughout Africa, and especially apartheid in South Africa (Cell, 1982; Fredrickson, 1981; Marx, 1998; Shapiro, 1988). Considering the fact that state-sanctioned segregation and black political disenfranchisement have seemed to come to an end, “white supremacy” is now seen as classical nomenclature which no longer refers to contemporary racial and social conditions. However, instead of being a relic of the past that refers to an odd or embarrassing moment in the United States and South Africa's (among many other racist nations and empires') march toward multicultural democracy, it remains one of the most appropriate ways to characterize current racial national and international conditions. Which, in other words, is to say that white supremacy has been and remains central to modernity (and “postmodernity”) because “modernity” (especially in the sense that this term is being used in European and American academic and aesthetic discourse) reeks of racial domination and discrimination (Goldberg, 1990, 1993; Mills, 1998, 2003; Outlaw, 1996, 2005). It is an epoch (or aggregate of eras) which symbolizes not simply the invention of race, but the perfection of a particular species of global racism: white supremacy. Hence, modernity is not merely the moment of the invention of race, but more, as Theodore Allen (1994, 1997) argues in The Invention of the White Race, it served as an incubator for the invention of the white race and a peculiar pan-Europeanism predicated on the racial ruling, cultural degradation and, at times, physical decimation of the life-worlds of people of color.
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Arpita Mitra. « August Wilson : The Unrestrained Voice of Black America ». Creative Launcher 5, no 6 (28 février 2021) : 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.5.6.02.
Texte intégralRésumé :
August Wilson, one of the most prominent figures in American theatre, explored the experiences of African- American community through his plays. He is best known for his series of ten plays which is collectively called The Pittsburgh Cycle/ Century Cycle/ Decade Cycle. In his works he dealt with the issues related particularly with black life like diaspora, dislocation, racism, slavery, segregation and in general with love, relationships, human predicament, spirituality, life and death. He used theatre very powerfully to present black life on stage and to raise voice of protest against subjugation of the blacks by the whites. He strongly believed that the black people as a community and their cultural heritage can thrive only if they remain connected to their origin, ancestry, history and the African spiritualism.
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Rashid, Samory. « Islamic Aspects of the Legacy of Malcolm X ». American Journal of Islam and Society 10, no 1 (1 avril 1993) : 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v10i1.2524.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Spike Lee's 1992 film, ''Malcolm X," is the most recent evidence ofthe increased popularity of Malcolm X (El Haj Malik El Shabazz). Thefilm, based on a screenplay by James Baldwin and Arnold Perl, sparkedcontroversy over "X" memorabilia and also a debate over the appropriateinterpretation of Malcolm X's legacy. For example, black nationalistAmiri Baraka opposed Lee's portrayal and criticized the film as an attemptto "make middle class Negroes sleep easier." Yet when the currentcontroversy and debate end, the Islamic aspects will remain, as before,the most significant and least recognized elements of Malcolm X'slegacy. This paper briefly examines this phenomenon in order to offer amore accurate and meaningful analysis of the significance of Malcolm X.Although Alex Haley's Autobiography of Malcolm X climbed to theNew York Times' best-seller list in 1992, popular media accounts, suchas Lee's film, have stimulated even greater social interest. As one writernotes, "if many blacks did not listen when he was alive, young blacks arelistening now." It is also interesting to note how "Malcolm X's appealhas crossed racial barriets in a way that would have been unthinkableduring his life." Nevertheless, the emergent popularity of Malcolm X inthe 1990s is a direct result of the lingering presence of racism and of hisown martydom in the struggle against it.Most mainstream analyses associate Malcolm X's message with vielence and hatred of white America. For example, his oft-quoted phrase,"by any means necessary," and his advocacy of martial arts proficiencyand rifle club formation for defenseless black victims of racial violence ...
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Asante, Molefi Kete. « The Remarkable Curvature of the Mind of Abdias do Nascimento ». Journal of Black Studies 52, no 6 (15 avril 2021) : 577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219347211008918.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Nascimento transcended the country of his birth and established himself in the minds and hearts of Africans everywhere as a combatant against racism and classism. Abdias do Nascimento was to Brazil what Langston Hughes and Katherine Dunham were to African Americans, a phenomenon of cultural energy that lifted his people to the highest dimensions of art in defiance of a designed degradation of blackness. Abdias grew up as a rebel spirit, as he would often say, in the tradition of his mother, who had called out abusive behavior toward blacks, in a brazenly racist country that had exploited the indigenous and African people for centuries. Thus, he was to become a Malcolm X, Du Bois, and Paul Robeson in the Brazilian context. Combining artistic skill, militant resistance, world knowledge, historical understanding, and an adventurous nature, his active mind did not rest in one field but in several art forms and research areas. He found his first love in the practice of African art and spirituality while creating the Black Experimental Theatre in Rio de Janeiro in the l940s.
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Bilqis, Bahiroh, Ikwan Setiawan et Supiastutik Supiastutik. « The Construction of Orientalism in Doris Lessing's The Grass is Singing ». Pioneer : Journal of Language and Literature 15, no 2 (31 décembre 2023) : 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v15i2.3165.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article studies the construction of Orientalism in the novel The Grass is Singing by Doris Lessing. Doris Lessing is a British writer born in Persia who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007. As a white writer, Lessing is known as a writer who fights for the rights of the black community. Still, in this novel, she sharpens the negative image of the blacks as described in the theory of Orientalism. Orientalism focuses on the West’s view of the East. In the novel, Orientalism was carried out by The West against The East, represented by Mary Turner as white people and Moses as the black. This study aims to dismantle the Orientalist discourse in the novel. The study applied the theory of Orientalism proposed by Edward Said (1979). The Orientalist discourse in The Grass is Singing is constructed in the form of stereotypes and oppression against the black people in Southern Rhodesia. Racism, colonialism, and the politics of Apartheid done by white people in the novel showcase the white superiority toward the inferior black.
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Assari, Shervin. « Cognitive test score and 25-Year mortality risk ; Does race matter ? » Journal of Medical Research and Innovation 4, no 2 (23 avril 2020) : e000213. http://dx.doi.org/10.32892/jmri.213.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Objectives: Despite our knowledge on the effect of cognitive test score on subsequent risk of mortality, few studies have compared Blacks and Whites for this association. The current study was conducted on Black-White differences in the magnitude of the association between baseline cognitive test score and all-cause mortality in a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States over 25 years.
Methods: We used data of the Americans’ Changing Lives Study (ACL), 1986 – 2011, a national prospective cohort in U.S. The study followed 3,361 adults (2,205 White and 1,156 Blacks), age 25 and older, for up to 25 years. The independent variable was cognitive test score measured at baseline (1986) using the 4-item version of the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, treated in two different ways (as a dichotomous and as a continuous variable). The dependent variable was time to death (due to all causes) during the follow up period. Covariates included baseline age, gender, education, income, number of chronic diseases, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms. Race (Black versus White) was the focal effect modifier. We used a series of Cox proportional hazards models in the total sample, and by race, in the absence and presence of health variables.
Results: Overall, cognitive test score predicted mortality risk. A significant interaction was found between race and baseline cognitive test score suggesting that baseline cognitive test score has a weaker protective effect against all-cause mortality for Blacks in comparison to Whites. In race-stratified models, cognitive test score at baseline predicted risk of all-cause mortality for Whites but not Blacks, in the absence and presence of baseline socio-economic and health variables. The results were similar regardless of how we treated baseline cognitive test score.
Conclusions: In the United States, baseline cognitive test score has a weaker protective effect against all-cause mortality over a long period of time for Blacks than Whites. The finding is in line with the Minorities Diminished Returns theory and is probably due to structural and interpersonal racism.
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Ibarrola-Armendariz, Aitor. « Some Unexpected but Conspicuous Shortcomings in Toni Morrison’s Last Novel ». Journal of English Studies 19 (22 décembre 2021) : 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.4332.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the last five decades, Toni Morrison’s fiction has covered such intricate topics as the impact of the past on the present, the damage produced on bodies and minds by different types of abuses, and the power and perils of small communities. She revisits some of those themes in her last novel, "God Help the Child" (2015), but this time zooms in more closely on the topics of child abuse and colorism – an internal racism of blacks against those with darker skin shades. "God Help the Child" proves innovative because the story is set in presentday fictional California, where the rate of child molestation – especially against black children – is just overwhelming. This article intends to show that, despite Morrison’s audacious narrative form and storytelling skills, there are some evident shortcomings in the structure and characterization of the novel that are not to be found in her earlier works.
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Ayanbode, Mr Felix. « BLACK SHAME/WHITE DISGRACE : “RHINELAND BASTARDS” AND THE NAZI CONSTRUCTION OF BLACK IDENTITY IN HANS MASSAQUOI’S DESTINED TO WITNESS ». Journal of English Language and Literature 09, no 02 (2022) : 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54513/joell.2022.9208.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Much has been written on the Holocaust, but the subject of “Rhineland bastards” as Hitler’s black victims of the Holocaust has not received much scholarly attention. They were marginalized and no one paid attention to their stories as victims of the Holocaust until the first study on the “Rhineland Bastards” was published in 1979 by Reiner Pommerin. In the wake of this initial scholarly interest in them, some of the “Rhineland bastards” started sharing their lived experiences through interviews, books, and autobiographies such as Hans Massaquoi’s Destined to Witness (1999). This paper investigates Massaquoi’s attempt to fit into German society. It also traces the process by which the Nazi construction of “Rhineland bastards” was extended to the entire black community in the Third Reich, eventually consolidating racism against blacks in Germany in the aftermath of the Nazi regime.
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Gye, Joengmeen. « Topography of Black Detective Fiction : Focusing on Himes’ Harlem Cycle ». British and American Language and Literature Association of Korea 150 (30 septembre 2023) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21297/ballak.2023.150.1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Chester Himes’ Harlem Cycle, the series of black detective fiction comprising nine novels, made him one of the most prominent black detective fiction writers in the U. S. His representation of Harlem in the series, however, has been criticized as a sensational and unreal geography distorted for a popular market. This paper intends to verify the validity of the criticism regarding Himes’s representation of Harlem. Examining the history of residential segregation by race in the U. S. cities and the resulting condition of Black residential areas, this paper proves that his representation of Harlem does not create a landscape of imaginary Harlem but provides a realistic record of Harlem. It further argues that Harlem Cycle is not written for commercial purpose but for exposing the racism in the housing policies of the U. S. government and accusing the greed of white capitalists in the urban renewal projects. In the later novels of Harlem Cycle, Himes’ representation of Harlem transforms from an internal colony of whites to the site of Black riots. Sick and tired of racial segregation and exploitative redevelopment, Black people in Harlem begin a fierce struggle. Moving from an area of poverty and crime to a war zone in representing Harlem, Himes warns against the possible future of the violent clash between Blacks and the ruling whites.
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Campney, Brent M. S. « “Stamping Out Segregation in Kansas” : Jim Crow Practices and the Postwar Black Freedom Struggle ». Great Plains Quarterly 43, no 4 (septembre 2023) : 359–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gpq.2023.a927242.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract: This study examines Jim Crow practices and the Black Freedom Struggle in Kansas between 1945 and 1960, focusing at the state level. It proceeds in three sections. First, it examines Jim Crow in housing, employment, schools, public accommodations, and sundown towns. Second, it addresses the enforcement of these practices through mob violence and, to a greater degree, police violence. Third, it investigates the activism of Black Kansans who were, irrespective of age, gender, or class, determined to destroy Jim Crow through public protests, legal strategies, and physical self-defense, even if they represented considerable ideological, methodological, and strategic diversity. The study is based primarily on extensive research in regional and local newspapers, in public and university archives, and in oral histories with contemporary Black activists. Because of the limited time period involved, it utilizes a topical approach overall but, within this framework, addresses change over time. Before proceeding, the study briefly examines the long history of racism against Blacks and Black resistance to it in Kansas before 1945.
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Mozumder, Subrata Chandra. « Transgression of Race, Gender, and Class : ». Crossings : A Journal of English Studies 14 (31 décembre 2023) : 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v14i.483.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper aims to explore Mary Ann Shadd’s transgression of race, gender, and class boundaries by employing a close reading of the text, A Plea for Emigration. I will explore the triangular relationship between race, class, and gender seen in the text from intersectional feminist perspectives. My contention is that, through her activism by pen, especially in A Plea for Emigration, Shadd exposes the feminist voice that enables her to protest against racism, slavery, gender stratification, and marginalization based on class hierarchy. In other words, I claim that Shadd’s transgression of the borders of race, gender, and class lies in her activism and ideology as a woman, black, and marginalized. This paper will, therefore, show that Mary Ann Shadd strongly transgresses the borders of race, gender, and class as the first black woman who owned and edited a newspaper, inspired American blacks towards freedom, confronted her contemporary male leaders, exposed the female gaze during a period of history when the male gaze was predominant and authoritative, became a public speaker making the world listen to her while working with the so-called socially aesthetic people despite being a “negro”.
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Keeton, André. « Strip Searching in the Age of Colorblind Racism : The Disparate Impact of Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of the County of Burlington ». Michigan Journal of Race & ; Law, no 21.1 (2015) : 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.21.1.strip.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In 2012, the Supreme Court of the United States decided Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of the County of Burlington. The Court held that full strip searches, including cavity searches, are permissible regardless of the existence of basic reasonable suspicion that the arrestee is in possession of contraband. Further, the Court held that law enforcement may conduct full strip searches after arresting an individual for a minor offense and irrespective of the circumstances surrounding the arrest. These holdings upended typical search jurisprudence. Florence sanctions the overreach of state power and extends to law enforcement and corrections officers the unfettered discretion to conduct graphically invasive, suspicion-less strip searches. The Court’s dereliction of duty is enough to concern all citizens. However, the impact of this phenomenal lapse will not be felt equally in the age of what Bonilla-Silva has termed colorblind racism. In 2013, in the case of Floyd v. City of New York, Judge Shira A. Scheindlin found that between January 2004 and June 2012, the New York City Police Department (“NYPD”) made 4.4 million stops. She further found that more than eighty percent of these 4.4 million stops were of Blacks or Hispanics. Specifically, Judge Scheindlin found that in “52% of the 4.4 million stops, the person stopped was black, in 31% the person [stopped] was Hispanic, and in 10% the person stopped was white.” This rate of stops and frisks is grossly disproportionate to Black and Hispanic population representation in New York City and the United States in general. Further, as Judge Scheindlin astutely points out, “The NYPD’s policy of targeting ‘the right people’ for stops . . . is not directed toward the identification of a specific perpetrator, rather, it is a policy of targeting expressly identified racial groups for stops in general.” These findings make clear that Florence and colorblind racism enable law enforcement to wage war against the civil rights of minority citizens. This Article argues that the Court’s phenomenal lapse in Florence and its general abdication of law enforcement oversight inevitably subjects minorities, particularly Blacks and Latinos, to the blanket authority of law enforcement to harass and humiliate based on perfunctory arrests predicated on the slightest of infractions. Other legal analyses of Florence have largely ignored, and hence minimized, the salience of race when thinking about strip searches. In light of the significant consequential impacts of this decision on minority populations, this oversight is itself unreasonable. This paper will analyze the rationale and policy implications, particularly for people of color, in light of Florence. Finally, I will also propose policy recommendations to temper the projected negative impacts of the decision.
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Ikechi, Emeka, Ayebanoa Timibofa et Otuare Theophilus Kika. « Aesthetics of Protest in Black American Literature : A Study of June Jordan’s Directed by Desires and Richard Wright's Native Son ». Scholars International Journal of Linguistics and Literature 5, no 2 (24 février 2022) : 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijll.2022.v05i02.003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The introduction of jazz and blues in the United States of America influenced the works of Afro American writers both in content and form. These jazz and blues musical songs were used as mediums to protest against racism, class, gender and other inhuman practices meted on the blacks in the United States. Although these songs were not formally written, they became a source of inspiration for writers afterwards in terms of themes and style. The later writers who changed to formal literature borrowed from the themes and styles of these jazz and blues musicians. This paper is signicant because it has examined the thematic preoccupation of June Jordan’ Directed by Desires and Richard Wright's novel, Native Son. Findings show that both writers were thematically and stylistically influenced by the jazz and blues era of art in Af ro American Literature. Data for this essay was collected via qualitative research methodology, while the postcolonial theory was adopted for analysis. The paper submits that themes of racism, class, gender and protest were features of the jazz and blues era which later writers modelled their works after.
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Yang, Zhaoyu. « Racism, Transformation, and Awakening—A Postcolonial Interpretation of Identity in The Grass Is Singing ». Advances in Social Science and Culture 5, no 2 (17 mai 2023) : p143. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/assc.v5n2p143.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Doris Lessing’s “The Grass Is Singing” depicts British expatriates’ migration experiences accommodated into their new living and social surroundings in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) to highlight the dilemmatic situation full of shocks and hardships those migrants confronted with in their lives as a result of dynamic colonial identities on African land. The purpose of this paper is to expound on racial discrimination against the native blacks in this novel, analyze the white hostess’s identity transformation, and study the native’s awakening of his ethnic consciousness. Since culture is by no means static, the resilience and adaptability of colonial societies should not be underestimated. Therefore, I argue that through learning how colonized peoples responded to the political and cultural dominance of Europe, the resilience and transformability of colonized cultures would change the characteristics of imperial culture itself in ways that have been both profound and lasting. The themes of racial discrimination, identity transformation, and the awakening of ethnic consciousness depicted in “The Grass Is Singing” continue to have important implications for today’s society.
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Raju, C. K. « Black Thoughts Matter ». Journal of Black Studies 48, no 3 (31 janvier 2017) : 256–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934716688311.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In postapartheid South Africa, Whites dominate academics and Black students are agitating for decolonization. Decolonization requires contesting the false history of science used to set up colonial education essential to colonization—the same false history that was used to morally justify racism, by asserting the noncreativity of Blacks. The “evidence” for this false history is often faith-based, so White-controlled academics disallows any open discussion. Furthermore, this false history is sustained by another trick: a little known interplay between history and philosophy. Thus, geometry has been credited to Greeks on the ground that they had a “superior” philosophy of mathematics as deductive proof. In fact, the “Pythagorean” proposition had no valid deductive proof before the 20th century. Furthermore, this claim of philosophical “superiority” was never academically debated, and is not allowed to be. A recent attempt to explain the falsehood of this claim, along with the counterevidence against purported Greek achievements in math, was publicly censored. In fact, in Egypt, Iraq, and India, there was a different and immensely superior understanding of the “Pythagorean” proposition, which superior way was not grasped in the West, resulting in its persistent navigational problems until the late 18th century.
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Lee, Seo Hyeon, Eun Hye Lee et Hak Min Kim. « The Contemporaneity of Drama and Music in the Musical <Hairspray> ; : Focusing on the Use of Music in ‘Run and Tell That’ ». Institute of Art & ; Design Research 26, no 1 (31 août 2023) : 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.59386/jadr.2023.26.1.41.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study examined the elements that reflect the contemporaneity of the dramatic circumstances and music in the musical <Hairspray>, and the dramatic and musical expression techniques that represent the characters through 'Run and Tell That'. As an analysis method for the study, a qualitative research method was utilized through textual analysis of the work, and a research design was conducted by collecting books, papers, and online and offline materials. Through this, we found that the musical functions of these works to convey dramatic messages include reproducing the period background, conveying social messages, conveying characters' feelings and intentions, and conveying entertainment. In particular, <Hairspray> reproduces the period background by using 1960s-style music, and Seaweed's ‘Run and Tell That’ in the play throws out a message to resist discrimination by claiming black pride and value against racism, which is the main theme of the work. To emphasize this, the use of the blues scale and the rhythm and blues genre, amusical style representative of blacks, as well as the use of scat singing is a strategic technique that emphasizes Seaweed's optimistic and bright personality and highlights him as an iconic character of the next black generation. It is hoped that this study will serve as a foundation for further research to recognize and develop the inherent value of reflecting contemporaneity as a characteristic of the musical genre.
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Mulinari, Paula. « Exploring the experiences of women and migrant medical professionals in Swedish hospitals ». Equality, Diversity and Inclusion : An International Journal 34, no 8 (16 novembre 2015) : 666–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-01-2015-0007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the different ways in which experiences of marginalisation within organisations are named and acted upon. Of particular interest is examining the ways in which the visibility of gender discrimination and the invisibility of ethnic discrimination indicate what the professionals in the study identify as horizons of possible individual and collective resistance. Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes as its point of departure Cho et al. (2013) notion of “intersectionality as an analytical sensibility” (p. 795). The material consists of qualitative semi-structured interviews with 15 chief medical doctors employed in two Swedish hospitals. Findings – The findings indicate that while there is an organisational visibility of gender inequality, there is an organisational invisibility of ethnic discrimination. These differences influence the ways in which organisational criticism takes place and inequalities are challenged. Female Swedish identified doctors acted collectively to challenge organisations that they considered male-dominated, while doctors with experience of migration (both female and male) placed more responsibility on themselves and established individual strategies such as working more or des-identification. However, they confronted the organisation by naming ethnic discrimination in a context of organisational silence. Research limitations/implications – The paper does not explore the different forms of racism (islamophobia, racism against blacks, anti-Semitism). In addition, further research is needed to understand how these various forms of racism shape workplaces in Sweden. Originality/value – The paper offers new insights into the difference/similarities between how processes of ethnic and gender discrimination are experienced among employees within high-status professions. The value of the paper lies in its special focus on how forms of resistance are affected by the frames of the organisation. The findings stress the importance of intersectional analyses to understand the complex patterns of resistance and consent emerging within organisations.
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Costa, Daniele da Silva, Rayane Corrêa Pantoja et Waldir Ferreira de Abreu. « Relações etnico-racias : o pensamento decolonial e a prática pedagógica para uma educação antirracista ». Revista Educação e Emancipação 14, no 1 (29 mars 2021) : 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2358-4319.v14n1p111-138.
Texte intégralRésumé :
O objetivo deste texto é refletir sobre as relações etnico-raciais a partir do pensamento e prática pedagógica decolonizadora no enfrentamento do racismo. Tomamos como questões de pesquisa algumas inquietações: De que forma o negro (a) é representado historicamente no contexto brasileiro? Como as discussões contra o racismo estão presentes no campo educacional? Em que amplitude as questões de racismo e do antirracismo no âmbito da história da educação no Brasil caminham para o pensamento decolonial? A metodologia adotada para esta discussão, volta-se a revisão bibliográfica e análise documental em Análise de Conteúdo (AC) proposto por Bardin (2006, 2011). Uma das conclusões que este estudo levantou é o apontamento da necessidade de reflexões conjuntas para a prática pedagógica decolonial e a partir disto os efeitos que o racismo provoca na identidade étnico-racial dos sujeitos sociais presentes na escola possam ser colocados em prática para uma educação antirracista.Palavras-chave: Educação antirracista. Prática pedagógica. Decolonial.Ethnic-racial relationships: decolonial thought and pedagogical practice for anti-racist education ABSTRACT The purpose of this text is to reflect on ethnic-racial relations based on decolonizing pedagogical thinking and practice in the fight against racism. We take as concerns research questions some concerns: How is the black person (a) historically represented in the Brazilian context? How are discussions against racism present in the educational field? To what extent do the issues of racism and anti-racism within the scope of the history of education in Brazil move towards decolonial thinking? The methodology adopted for this discussion, turns to bibliographic review and document analysis in Content Analysis (CA) proposed by Bardin (2006, 2011). One of the conclusions raised by this study is the need for joint reflections for decolonial pedagogical practice and from this the effects that racism causes on the ethnic-racial identity of social subjects present at school can be put into practice for an anti-racist education.Keywords: Anti-racist education. Pedagogical practice. DecoloniallRelaciones etnico-raciales: pensamiento descolonial y práctica pedagógica para la educación antirracistaRESUMENEl objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar sobre las relaciones étnico-raciales desde el pensamiento y la práctica pedagógica decolonizadora en la lucha contra el racismo. Tomar como preguntas de investigación algunas preocupaciones: ¿En qué forma el negro (A) está representado históricamente en el contexto brasileño? Como los debates contra el racismo están presentes en el campo educativo? A medida que los problemas de racismo y de antirracismo dentro de la historia de la educación en Brasil ir al pensamiento descolonial? La metodología adoptada para la discusión, se remonta a la revisión de la literatura y el análisis documental en análisis de contenido (AC) propuesto por Bardin (2006, 2011). Una de las conclusiones que de este estudio se ha planteado es la Accommodator la necesidad de reflexión conjunta para la práctica pedagógica y decolonial desde este racismo los efectos que provoca en la identidad étnica racial- de los sujetos sociales presentes en la escuela se pueden poner en práctica para una educación antirracista.Palabras clave: Educación anti-raista. Práctica pedagógica. Decolonial.
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Dr. Goodey, Jo. « Examining the ‘White Racist/black Victim’ Stereotype ». International Review of Victimology 5, no 3-4 (mai 1998) : 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809800500403.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The paper discusses the complex reality of the ‘white racist/black victim’ stereotype using findings from the author's research on the impact of race and racism on boys' fear of crime. The research was undertaken in the north of England among boys and young men of white, Asian and Afro-Caribbean origin. A different range of inter-racial hostilities to those expected were unearthed during the course of the research, requiring a reappraisal of the ‘white racist/black victim’ stereotype. Evidence supported the emergence of a ‘new’ Asian male assertiveness which was frequently translated into aggression towards other racial groups. A central question discussed in the paper is whether inter-racial aggression by young Asian males can be framed in the context of ‘racism’. The contentiousness of this question is framed with regard to debates surrounding Islamophobia, power and powerlessness, and masculinity. In conclusion, any suggestion of Asian ‘racism’ is contextualised against the more powerful and extensive nature of white racism.