Thèses sur le sujet « Qualità normativa »

O Brasil continua se destacando como um dos maiores produtores de carne de frango do mundo, ocupando a liderança no ranking mundial de exportadores de carne de aves, o que torna o segmento cada vez mais competitivo e os consumidores cada vez mais exigentes e rigorosos no que diz respeito à qualidade e controle para evitar qualquer tipo de fraude. Com o intuito de coibir a prática das fraudes e desvios de qualquer natureza, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) através do Departamento de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (DIPOA) propôs através da implantação dos Programas de Autocontrole, o Programa de Prevenção e Controle da Adição de Água aos Produtos – PPCAAP. Este Programa deu origem a novas legislações específicas para avaliar o teor de umidade em cortes de frango, uma vez que a legislação anterior contemplava apenas o controle em carcaças através do Método de gotejamento (Dripping Test). A legislação não é clara no que diz respeito ao método oficial utilizado para estabelecer os parâmetros para avaliação do teor de água em cortes de frango e existe uma preocupação muito grande das empresas em conseguir padronizar os processos produtivos, a fim de evitar que os desvios de processo possam levar a erros e prejudicar a confiabilidade da empresa e de seus produtos, sendo necessário que estes parâmetros sejam revistos para a padronização do teste. Com esta finalidade, este trabalho objetiva o estudo aprofundado da legislação, bem como a interpretação dos dados e dos resultados obtidos. Para este experimento foram utilizadas 81 amostras de peito de frango, das quais 41 estavam sem ossos e sem a pele e 40 amostras com ossos e pele. Em todas as amostras foram analisados os teores de umidade e de proteínas, bem como a relação umidade/proteína. Foi possível observar que nas amostras de peito sem ossos e sem pele os resultados foram satisfatórios e permanecem dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação, enquanto que nas amostras de peito com osso e pele, embora os resultados obtidos encontram-se dentro dos limites de intervalo de confiança desta amostragem, os valores obtidos para umidade obedecem uma curva normal, enquanto que os valores obtidos para proteínas já não o fazem, fato este, que pode estar relacionado com a moagem dos ossos juntamente com a carne no momento da análise, elevando os teores de proteína nas amostras. Desta forma, conclui-se que se faz necessária uma revisão da Instrução Normativa 32/2010 para melhor descrição da metodologia para quantificação de proteínas e umidade mais especificamente no que diz respeito ao tipo de material utilizado e a forma detalhada de como a amostra deverá ser processada para posterior análise.
Brazil remains notable as one of the largest producers of poultry in the world, even taking the lead in the global ranking of exporters of poultry meat, which makes the increasingly competitive segment and increasingly demanding consumers and stringent with regard to quality control and to avoid any kind of fraud. In order to curb the practice of fraud and misappropriation of any kind, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) through the Department of Inspection of Animal Products (DIPOA) proposed through the implementation of Self-Control Program, the Program Prevention and Control of Water Addition to Products - PPCAAP. This program gave rise to new specific legislation to assess the moisture content in chicken cuts, since previous legislation contemplated only control carcasses through the drip method (Dripping Test). The law is unclear with regard to the official method used to establish the parameters for evaluation of the total water content contained in chicken cuts and there is a great concern that the enterprises can standardize processes in order to prevent process deviations can lead to errors and harm the reliability of the company and its products, it is necessary that these be reviewed and may be the standardization of the test. To this end, this work aims to further study of legislation and the interpretation of data and results. 81 samples of chicken breast, of which 41 were boneless and without skin and 40 with bone and skin samples were used for this experiment. In all samples the moisture and protein, as well as moisture / protein ratio were analyzed. After completion of the experiment and statistical analysis it was observed that the samples of breast boneless and skinless results were satisfactory and remain within the limits established by law, while the samples of breast with bone and skin, although the results obtained are within the limits of the confidence interval for this sampling, the values obtained for normal humidity satisfy the curve, while the values obtained for proteins do not have, a fact which can be related to the bone milling with meat, increasing the protein content in the samples. Thus, it is concluded that a review of Instruction 32/2010 for a description of the methodology for quantification of proteins, and more specifically humidity with respect to the type of material used and the detailed shape of the specimen as it is necessary to be processed for further analysis.

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The objective was to evaluate the milk quality coming from Region Northwest Rio Grande Sul, under different technology levels, from October 2007 to September 2010, at different seasons. The variables were fat, protein, lactose, total solids, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) of milk. Data were analyzed using mixed model with repeated measure data, having the effect of fixed production system, years and seasons, and random effect dairy farm designated in each production system. The results were compared with the standard required by Normative Instruction 51 (NI 51) of 18 September 2002 (Minisério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento). There were significant differences between the systems of production for fat and total bacterial count milk, with higher values in non specialized system. All variables were influenced by season, featuring in the autumn, fat, protein, total solids and higher TBC. The lactose content was influenced by the production system, presenting the most specialized and smaller in the not specialized, and the season, being higher in winter and lower in autumn. There was a high percentage of samples in disagreement with the NI 51 to TBC and SCC, especially those belonging to dairy farm partially and not specialized.
Foi avaliada a qualidade do leite oriundo da Mesorregião Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, sob distintos níveis tecnológicos, no período de outubro de 2007 a setembro de 2010, nas diferentes estações do ano. As variáveis analisadas foram gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT) do leite. Os dados foram analisados por meio de modelo misto com medida repetida no tempo, tendo como efeito fixo os sistemas de produção, anos e estações do ano, e efeito aleatório a unidade produtora de leite (UPL) designada em cada sistema de produção. Os resultados foram comparados com o padrão exigido pela Instrução Normativa 51 (IN 51) de 18 de setembro de 2002 (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento). Observou-se diferenças significativas entre os sistemas de produção para os teores de gordura e contagem bacteriana total do leite, com valores superiores no sistema não especializado. Todas as variáveis tiveram influência da estação do ano, apresentando, no outono, teor de gordura, proteína, sólidos totais maior e CBT menor. O teor de lactose foi influenciado pelo sistema de produção, apresentando-se maior no especializado e menor no não especializado, assim como pela estação do ano, sendo maior no inverno e menor no outono. Observou-se uma porcentagem alta de amostras em desacordo com a IN 51, para CBT e CCS, principalmente as pertencentes a UPL`s do sistema semi e não especializado.

The aim of this study was to evaluate employee commitment to achieve the primary objective, which was to evaluate employee commitment towards product and process quality. Employees who are engaged in their work and committed to their organisations give companies crucial competitive advantages – including higher productivity, better quality products and lower employee turnover. A thorough literature study was conducted by using the views of different authors and combining them. The concept of quality was defined by making use of the five quality gurus; Deming, Juran, Feigenbaum, Crosby and Ishikawa. The fourteen principles of quality, developed by Deming, were presented in Table 2.1. These principles had the goal of increased productivity, with less rework, less waste of manpower and material resources, resulting in a reduction of costs, to in turn give the organisation greater market share and ultimately better competitive position, by improving the overall quality of an organisation’s work processes. The concept of employee and organisational commitment was defined, and from this study it is evident that employee commitment towards the company is positive and therefore should have a positive effect on their operating environment. The product process flow for this manufacturing concern were discussed to give an overall view of the production processes used in this organisation. An empirical study was completed using a questionnaire survey to determine employee commitment at a manufacturing concern in Gauteng. The questionnaire used for this study was designed to focus on commitment towards internal quality only, to specifically evaluate employee perspective towards product quality, as well as the commitment towards the organisation. Analysis of the responses showed the questionnaire to be reliable and valid. Respondents indicated that they are committed towards the organisation in general across all constructs, but a lack in management trust was a predominant sentiment. The quantitative analysis showed that after a factor analysis was done on the two sections of the questionnaire, four factors for each section were considered as meaningful. These factors were: Affinity, quality awareness, autonomy and corporate image (employee commitment - section B) and employee commitment, task performance, job satisfaction and contextual performance (company relationship – section C). This indicated strong employee commitment towards the organisation. The qualitative results had four areas that all respondents felt needed some attention, and loaded negative towards the organisation. These were HR (trust in management, competency, communication and company culture), skills development, employee development and BBBEE. Thus, drawing conclusions from quantitative results alone could give a company a false sense of employee commitment towards the company and therefore overlook the importance of the roles that employees play in executing strategic plans. Conclusions regarding the findings of the research study were presented and recommendations for this organisation were made. These recommendations are merely a guideline that correlates directly to the empirical analysis made. The research study was evaluated against the primary and secondary objectives with the conclusion that both were achieved.
Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Objective. The aim of this study was to develop and establish norms for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) for Xhosa speaking adults with a grade 11 or 12 qualification obtained from a previously disadvantaged educational background in the Eastern Cape. Method. The sampleconsisted of a non-clinical group of South African Eastern Cape Xhosa speaking adults (N = 40), aged 19-40, with Grade 11 or 12 level of education received in former Department of Education and Training (DET) schools. Independent t-test analyses were used to compare test performance ofmale and female research subjects; to compare young adults versus older adult age categories and to compare performance between rural and urban research subjects. In addition, differences between the SA RAVLT norms imitative from this study compared to the Australian standardisation on the young adult category was measured. Results. The findings revealed no statistical significant influence of age; sex or rural and urban schooling among the disadvantaged population of the Eastern Cape on RAVLT performance. Additionally, differences on test performance between research-subjects from South Africa compared to Australian research subjects was evident with Australian research subjects performing better on all the sub-components of the RAVLT measure. Conclusions. It is concluded that clinicians will be able to use the RAVLT with more confidence with this educationally disadvantaged Xhosa speaking population. These RAVLT normative data should not be generalised to other languages; other race groups, or other age categories of individuals other than the ones represented in this study.

Abstract In recent years, a number of studies in the realm of Indoor Environmental Quality have been set to better understand occupants’ perception and behaviour phaenomena. Differences in people’s perception of the indoor environment, personal preferences with regard to the air quality, thermal and visual comfort, as well as physiological, psychological, cultural, economic and sociological aspects could have a relevant impact on the building energy performance. At the same time, indoor environmental conditions could considerably affect health, productivity and comfort of people. Due to the dual nature of this problem, on one hand a recent increase in efforts toward developing dependable models of occupants’ presence and interactions with building control systems has been observed; on the other hand, more strictly regulations have been introduced and new standards have been developed in order to ensure an even higher quality of indoor environmental conditions. However, due to the complexity of multiple interacting factors, there is a lack of knowledge focusing on a holistic comprehension of users’ sensation and behaviour. The present contribution undertakes an empirically-based study in the area of Indoor Environmental Quality and represents an attempt to provide an additional contribution in the fields of humans’ perception and adaptiveness. For this purpose, two significantly different building typologies were investigated: the first one is a mechanically cooled and heated classroom at the University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, with “passive” occupants and a short-term monitoring and surveys; the second one is a naturally ventilated office area at the Vienna University of Technology, with “active” occupants and a long-term high-resolution monitoring. Starting from raw data, comparisons and structured analysis were carried out. This allowed for objective and subjective assessments of the indoor environmental conditions across different seasons (summer and winter periods), occupants’ conditions (steady state or transient) and system operations (ventilation system on/off). The results generally shed light on the complexity in the evaluation of the indoor environmental conditions related to inhabitants’ comfort perception in buildings. The main critical issue lies in the “noise” generated by the simultaneous presence of a large set of possible factors influencing users’ perception and behaviour. As a consequence of the subjective nature of human perception, the generated occupants’ behaviours are not easy to predict. Despite it is anything but trivial to identify unambiguous and clear “signals” of individual causal factors, it is hard to quantify their “weight” and relative importance. Even under deeply different boundary conditions (conditioned building versus naturally ventilated building, mediterranean versus continental climate, pronounced differences in the cultural, social and economic backgrounds of occupants), the obtained results mainly reveal consistent common outcomes and allowed for some general considerations: the higher the hygro-thermal comfort satisfaction, the higher the Indoor Air Quality perceived. As a Abstract iv consequence, a limited awareness in the perception of the real Indoor Air Quality, expressed in terms of air exchange rate and conventionally represented by the carbon dioxide concentration, has been observed, especially when the overall indoor environmental conditions were perceived as comfortable. This bias related to the human subjective perception represents a significant matter, not only in terms of comfort evaluation and control-action behaviours, but also in terms of effects on occupants’ health and well-being and the risks connected to the long-exposure to indoor air pollution. Future research in this scientific area are mainly related to the development of more reliable occupancy-related models for building applications and simulations, based on the improvement of a more comprehensive understanding of humans’ perception and behaviour phaenomena. The further broadening of knowledge in this field, coupled with the development of more accurate regulations and standards focused on the rational use of energy, represents an important challenge in the context of the future sustainable development.

O presente trabalho identifica, caracteriza e analisa os requisitos normativos para o desenvolvimento e a implementação de um sistema de gestão da qualidade em instalações e atividades nucleares brasileiras. Os requisitos estabelecidos nas normas IAEA GS-R-3, IAEA GS-G-3.1, IAEA DS 349, NBR ISO 9001:2000 e CNEN-NN-1.16 são analisados criticamente. Uma matriz de correspondência entre as normas aplicáveis é apresentada e são identificados os tópicos relacionados entre elas. As normas IAEA GS-R- 3, IAEA GS-G-3.1 e IAEA DS 349 definem requisitos genéricos para estabelecer, implementar, avaliar e melhorar continuamente um sistema integrado de gestão em instalações e atividades nucleares nos países membros da IAEA. A NBR ISO 9001:2000 estabelece requisitos genéricos para a implementação de um sistema de gestão da qualidade em organizações de todos os tipos. A norma CNEN-NN-1.16 estabelece os requisitos regulamentares para sistemas e programas de garantia da qualidade de instalações nucleares, para o licenciamento e operação destas instalações no Brasil. A norma IAEA GS-R-3 que substitui o código IAEA 50-C-Q introduz o conceito de \"Sistema Integrado de Gestão\" para a área nuclear, em preferência aos conceitos de \"Garantia da Qualidade\" e \"Gestão da Qualidade\". Esta nova abordagem acompanha a tendência atual de incorporar requisitos de segurança, saúde, meio ambiente, proteção física, qualidade, econômicos e outros em um único sistema de gestão. Exemplos de sistemas de gestão da qualidade implementados por organizações nucleares brasileiras e por organizações nucleares de outros países são analisados e considerados na discussão dos resultados do trabalho.
The present work identifies, characterizes and analyses the normative requirements for the development and implementation of quality management systems in Brazilian nuclear installations and activities. The requirements established in standards IAEA GS-R-3, IAEA GS-G-3.1, IAEA DS 349, NBR ISO 9001:2000 e CNEN-NN-1.16 are critically analyzed. A correlation matrix of the applicable standards is presented and the related topics among them are identified. The standards IAEA GS-R-3, IAEA GS-G-3.1 and IAEA DS 349 define general requirements for establishing, implementing, assessing and continually improving an integrated management system in nuclear installations and activities, in IAEA member countries. The standard NBR ISO 9001:2000 establishes general requirements for the implementation of a quality management system in all kinds of organizations. The standard CNEN NN-1.16 establishes the regulating requirements for the quality assurance systems and programs of nuclear installations, for licensing and authorization for operation of these installations in Brazil. The standard IAEA GS-R-3 that replaces the code IAEA 50-C-Q introduces the concept of \"Integrated Management System\" for the nuclear area, in preference to the concepts of \"Quality Assurance\" and \"Quality Management\". This new approach is aligned with the current tendency incorporating requirements of quality, safety, health, environment, security, economics and other in a unique management system. Examples of quality management systems implemented by Brazilian nuclear organizations and by nuclear organizations outside Brazil are analyzed and considered in the discussion of results.

La thèse analyse le processus de genèse et d'institutionnalisation de la démarche HQE, ainsi que ses effets performatifs sur les marchés et les systèmes d'acteurs dans le secteur de la construction en France.La démarche HQE a été initiée en 1992, par le Plan Construction et Architecture (PCA), placé sous l'autorité du Ministère de l'Équipement et du Logement, avec la création d'un collège d'experts sur le thème de la qualité environnementale (QE) des bâtiments. Sur la base des travaux du PCA, une association HQE est créée en octobre 1996 et le premier référentiel officiel de la démarche HQE est publié en novembre 1997. Il établit sous la forme de 14 cibles les principales caractéristiques qui permettent de limiter les impacts d'une opération de construction sur l'environnement extérieur, tout en préservant le confort et la santé des habitants à l'intérieur des bâtiments. Ce premier référentiel est traduit en décembre 2004, en norme officielle par un comité de l'Agence Française de Normalisation (AFNOR) puis, en février 2005, en référentiel privé de certification, spécifié pour les bâtiments tertiaires, par le Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB).A travers l'étude historique de la trajectoire de la démarche HQE, la thèse rend compte de l'importante hybridation qui caractérise la " carrière " des dispositifs de normalisation technique. D'un problème public (Gusfield 1981) mis à l'agenda politique (Cobb & Elder 1972) par les autorités publiques au début des années 1990, la QE des bâtiments fait l'objet d'un travail de traduction (Callon 1986) et d'appropriation (Gusfield 1989) par un collège d'experts. La constitution d'un monde social commun (Strauss 1992) et d'une représentation commune (Fligstein 1997), suite à la création de l'association HQE et la publication du premier référentiel officiel, permet à la démarche HQE de s'imposer progressivement auprès des acteurs politiques, sociaux et économiques comme le standard français de la QE des bâtiments. Alors que le modèle économique du bâtiment est centré sur la concurrence par les prix, les " concepteurs " de la démarche HQE, en faisant la promesse aux professionnels (van Lente 1993, van Lente & Rip 1998) d'établir une économie de la qualité (Karpik 1989, 1995), parviennent à leur faire accepter la traduction du standard de la démarche HQE en norme française (NF) homologuée et en référentiel privé de certification.L'analyse met en exergue l'emprise exercée, par un collège d'experts, sur la fabrique de la normalisation technique ainsi que les tensions entre acteurs et professionnels autour de la transformation de l'architecture marchande du bâtiment (Fligstein 2001). L'étude de la démarche HQE montre ainsi le rôle politique joué par les collèges d'experts (Olshon 1993) qui, en participant à la création de nouveaux domaines de compétences et de règles marchandes, performent les modèles économiques (Callon 1998), que ce soit par l'instauration d'une économie de la qualité (Karpik 1989 & 1995, Musselin 1996), l'évolution des dispositifs collectifs de calcul et des business models (Callon & Muniesa 2003, Barrey 2006) la mise en place d'un marché de la prescription (Hatchuel 1995) ou encore, en reconfigurant les juridictions au sein des écologies professionnelles (Abbott 1988).

1) Hipótesis Evidenciar que estudiando la evolución de las exigencias de calidad requeridas para la solicitud de autorización de un medicamento, según la documentación oficial publicada y diversas publicaciones o documentos coetáneos, se puede describir cómo ha evolucionado la calidad de los medicamentos. 2) Objetivos Como objetivo principal estudiar la evolución a lo largo del tiempo de los requerimientos de calidad para los expedientes de solicitud de autorización de los medicamentos y su relación con la calidad de los mismos. Como objetivo secundario evidenciar la influencia de circunstancias excepcionales de la propia sociedad, o comportamientos inesperados de algún medicamento. 3) Metodología Análisis de la legislación publicada en España referente al Registro Farmacéutico desde 1850, comparando las referencias a la calidad de cada documento con las de la legislación inmediatamente anterior destacando lo que representa un avance. Consulta de revistas y documentos no publicados. Discusión de la evolución de la calidad relacionándola con el contexto político-social del país. El trabajo se ha estructurado en cuatro partes marcadas por hechos que han comportado cambios en los procedimientos de registro. Como final se aporta una aproximación al futuro inmediato. 4) Resultados y conclusiones Primera parte: Hasta 1855 no se podía hablar de medicamentos sino de remedios secretos. La Ley de 28 de Noviembre de 1855 estableció la obligación de declarar los remedios a la Autoridad Sanitaria. El Real Decreto de 1919 estableció el Registro Farmacéutico y la asignación del número de registro. El Real Decreto de 1924 lo actualizó sin avanzar en la calidad. Entre 1924 y 1944 de produjo un estancamiento tanto en normativa como en calidad, debido a la guerra civil y al bloqueo internacional. La Ley de Bases de 1944 anunciaba una reforma que aún tardó en producirse. Segunda parte: El Decreto 2464/1963, representó un gran avance en las exigencias de calidad para el registro introduciendo cambios tanto en la forma como en el fondo. Entre este Decreto y la Orden 12 de agosto se concretaron muchas exigencias de calidad. Diez años después el Decreto 1416/1973 introdujo de nuevo grandes cambios. Al final del periodo, la Ley 25/90 del medicamento introdujo nuevos conceptos como Garantía y los avales de un experto. Tercera parte: En un período de 4 o 5 años, se sucedieron grandes avances. Se produjo la integración en la Comunidad Europea, lo que implicó muchos cambios regulatorios y de procedimiento difíciles de asumir. La adaptación a la legislación comunitaria se produjo a través del Real Decreto 1564/1992 y, especialmente, el Real Decreto 767/1993. Cuarta parte: No es un período de cambios bruscos sino que los cambios son los que se van produciendo en toda la Comunidad Europea entre ellos la creación de la Agencia Europea para la Evaluación de Medicamentos. En cuanto al procedimiento se produce la aparición en el año 2000, de la directriz ICH M4, Documento Técnico Común (CTD) que cambia la organización del expediente. Como epílogo se intenta describir hacia adonde pueden dirigirse los cambios en un futuro próximo. 5) Conclusiones El estudio de la legislación relativa al registro de medicamentos desde el punto de vista de los requerimientos de calidad, permite evidenciar la evolución de la propia calidad del medicamento. La legislación y paralelamente la calidad del medicamento han evolucionado en España con una alternancia de períodos muy fructíferos con otros de total inactividad. Algunos hechos fortuitos y totalmente inesperados han tenido una influencia considerable tanto positiva como negativa en la evolución de la calidad. Los expedientes de registro son un elemento de referencia fundamental para conocer la calidad de un medicamento en un momento determinado.
“Evolution of the quality of medicinal products industrially manufactured in Spain based on regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical registration. Since 1850 to the current situation”. 1) Hypothesis To demonstrate that by studying the evolution of quality requirements for the application for authorization of a medicinal product, according to the official documents and several contemporary publications or documents it is possible to describe the evolution of medicines quality. 2) Objectives The main objective is to study the evolution of quality requirements in the application files for authorization of medicinal products as well as the relationship with their quality. A secondary objective is to highlight the influence of exceptional circumstances due to socio-political context or unexpected behaviour of a medicinal product on the quality. 3) Methodology Analysis of the legislation published in Spain concerning the Pharmaceutical Registration since 1850, comparing the references to the quality in each document with those in the immediately previous legislation and highlighting all aspects that represent progress. Search in journals and unpublished documents. Discuss about the evolution of the medicinal products quality taking into account the socio-political context of the country. This memory is structured in four parts marked by events that involved changes in registration procedures. As a final approach, some considerations about the near future are provided. 4) Results and Discussion Part One: Until 1855 there were no medicines only secret remedies. The Law of November 28, 1855 set the obligation to declare all remedies to the Health Authority. The Royal Decree of 1919 created the Pharmaceutical Registration and assigned a registration number to each product. The Royal Decree of 1924 updated it without any progress in quality. Between 1924 and 1944 due to Civil War and the international blockade there was a stagnation period in regulations as well as in quality. The Law of 1944 announced a reform but still took a while in coming. Part Two: The Decree 2464/1963 represented a breakthrough in the quality requirements for registration through changes in form and substance. Between this Decree and the Order of August 12 many quality requirements were implemented. Ten years later the Decree 1416/1973 introduced major changes again. At the end of the period, the Medicines Law 25/90 introduced new concepts as quality assurance and expert reports. Part Three: In a four- or five-year period, significant advances occurred. The integration into the European Community took place and that involved many regulatory and procedural changes difficult to assume. The adaptation to EU legislation came through the Royal Decree 1564/1992 and, especially, Royal Decree 767/1993. Part Four: There are no sudden changes in this period but changes that occur throughout the European Community including the creation of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. As for the procedure, in 2000 the ICH M4 Guideline, Common Technical Document (CTD) occurred, changing the organization of the file. As an epilogue, an attempt is made to describe the direction that changes can take in the near future. 5) Conclusions The study of the legislation on the registration of medicinal products from the perspective of quality requirements makes evident the evolution of the quality of the product itself. Legislation and medicinal products quality in parallel, evolved in Spain alternating very fruitful periods with others of total inactivity. Some totally unexpected and unforeseen events had a considerable influence both positive and negative on quality evolution. Registration files are an essential reference to determine the quality of a medicinal product at a given time.

Les droits du patient sont de plus en plus fréquemment évoqués par les institutions de l’Union, ce qui peut surprendre tant ce sujet est éloigné des préoccupations initiales des Communautés. À défaut de compétence juridique spécifique, ce sont à la fois la voie des droits fondamentaux et celle du marché intérieur qui ont été exploitées. L’intérêt pour ce domaine est tel qu’il existe désormais un véritable foisonnement normatif (composé tant de sources déclaratoires qu’obligatoires) affectant l’accessibilité et l’intelligibilité. La réflexion conduit donc à proposer une codification visant à simplifier la lisibilité des droits du patient reconnus par le droit de l’Union. La théorie des droits fondamentaux permet par ailleurs de déterminer si les prérogatives reconnues constituent ou non de véritables droits subjectifs. Cet intérêt pour les droits du patient contribue à l’effectivité de leur protection. Toutefois, en raison de la répartition des compétences entre l’Union et les États membres, apparaît un double niveau d’effectivité : la dimension transfrontalière des soins est particulièrement propice à la réalité des droits consubstantiels à cette situation, tandis que l’effectivité est plus nuancée pour ceux sans lien spécifique avec la mobilité. La réflexion s’est alors orientée vers la question du perfectionnement de l’effectivité, dont les perspectives sont plus ou moins positives selon la nature de l’obligation que les droits font naître pour leurs destinataires. Cette analyse conduit in fine à une réflexion sur l’existence d’un statut juridique du patient en droit de l’Union et à des propositions destinées à renforcer la place du patient et le respect de ses droits
Patients and their rights have been increasingly talked about within EU institutions, which may surprise as this subject is so remote from the Communities’ original focus. In the absence of specific legal competence, both fundamental rights and the internal market have been tapped into by EU institutions. There is so much interest in this field that there now exists a real profusion of norms (consisting of both soft and hard law sources) impacting upon the accessibility and intelligibility. Our analysis eventually offers a codification whose ambition is to make patients’ rights as recognised by EU legislation more readable. Moreover, resorting to the theory of fundamental rights enable us to ascertain whether or not recognised prerogatives constitute real individual rights. The interest in patients’ rights contributes to the effectiveness of their protection all over the EU. However, on account of the distribution of competences between the Union and member states, effectiveness actually operates on two levels : the cross-border dimension of healthcare is particularly favourable to the reality of rights inherent to this situation while effectiveness is not so straightforward for those who have no specific links with mobility. In light of this, research has turned towards the question of improving effectiveness whose prospects are more or less fruitful depending on the nature of the obligation which rights give rise to for those they are aimed at. All in all, this analys entails consideration of the existence of a legal status for patients and proposals intended to further reinforce the place of patients and, therefore, the safeguarding of his rights

Afin de répondre aux enjeux environnementaux actuels, l’économie circulaire ambitionne de découpler la croissance économique de la consommation de ressources. Pour y arriver, elle se base sur la volonté d’accroitre l’efficience de ces ressources en s’appuyant, entre autre, sur l’allongement de la durée de vie des produits. Seule réserve, la notion de durée de vie est à la fois liée au produit et au consommateur et pour cette raison, elle est particulièrement complexe à appréhender, à définir et à évaluer.Par ces travaux nous souhaitons donc contribuer aux réflexions qui portent sur la durée de vie et en particulier sur celle des produits textiles. Pour cela, nous avons construit des indicateurs comme aide à la décision, ils permettent de répondre aux problématiques suivantes : l’estimation de la durée de vie, l’identification des paramètres d’écoconception et l’évaluation du bénéfice de l’allongement de la durée de vie.Le modèle d’estimation de la durée de vie proposé, dénommé « Qualité Orientée Consommateur » (QOC), s’inspire de la définition de durée normative proposée par l’ADEME. Il s’appuie en effet sur des données objectives et retranscrit la capacité des produits à résister au vieillissement. Aussi, afin de faire concorder ce score avec la durée de vie, nous avons pris le consommateur en compte en s’intéressant notamment à sa perception vis-à-vis de l’usure.S’intégrant dans la démarche d’écoconception et d’économie circulaire, nous souhaitions nous servir de la connaissance du consommateur pour adapter la fabrication des produits. Nous avons donc associé le score QOC aux caractéristiques des produits dans une analyse de données afin d’identifier les paramètres influents, ainsi connus nous pouvons dégager des recommandations de fabrication.Enfin, nous avons mis ce modèle en œuvre au cas des T-shirts et avons vérifié l’adéquation du score QOC par rapport à une durée de vie « réelle », durée que nous avons intégrée dans des scénarios d’analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) afin de quantifier l’intérêt des produits de plus longues durées de vie. L’ACV offrant un angle statique, nous avons proposé de nouveaux points de vue plus dynamiques : en observant l’évolution des impacts dans le temps, nous sommes effectivement en mesure de quantifier l’influence de la durée de vie d’une part et d’évaluer la cohérence d’une chaine de fabrication par rapport à la qualité produite d’autre part
To meet current environmental challenges, the circular economy aims to separate economic growth from resource consumption. To do so, it relies on levers to increase resources efficiency, such as lifespan extension. However, since lifespan is related to both the product and the consumer, it is highly complex to define and evaluate.Through this thesis, we wish to contribute to the reflections on lifespan and on that of textile products in particular. We thus provided indicators such as a multi-criteria decision-making model that helps to address the following issues: to better estimate lifespan, to identify eco-design parameters and to evaluate the lifespan extension benefits.The proposed lifespan estimation model, called “Consumer-Oriented Quality” (COQ), is inspired by the definition of normative duration given by the French environmental agency ADEME and primarly relies on objective data which reflects the ability of products to resist ageing. But to obtain a more precise model of lifespan, we have also taken the consumer into account, focusing on their wear and tear perception.As part of the eco-design and circular economy approach, we wanted to benefit from our knowledge of the consumer to adjust product manufacturing. We therefore combined the COQ score with the product characteristics in a data analysis and identified the relevant parameters, so we could draw up manufacturing recommendations.Finally, we implemented our model for T-shirts to check its consistency with respect to a “real” lifespan. This lifespan was integrated into life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the benefits of having products with longer lifespans. Since LCA provides a static angle, we have proposed new and more dynamic points of view by observing the impacts’ evolution over time. This enable us to quantify the influence of lifespan and to evaluate the consistency of a production line with the quality produced

The goals of this thesis are to evaluate quality of life (QoL) in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in relation to population normative data, to construct a preference-weighted index (utility) from a disease-specific QoL measure and to assess it in a clinical context.

The study included samples from the general population and patients with GHD from four European populations: England & Wales, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. The country-specific patient cohorts were retrieved from KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database).

A questionnaire was developed that contained items from existing QoL questionnaires including, among others, Quality of Life Assessment in Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults (QoL-AGHDA) and the EQ-5D. The QoL-AGHDA is a disease-specific measure for use in adults with GHD. The EQ-5D is a generic instrument which describes health states for which country-specific preference-based weights are available. Thus, it was possible to generate preference-weighted indices (utilities) based on data generated by both instruments.

This thesis reports QoL-AGHDA normative values for the populations of England & Wales, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden, and confirms the extent of QoL impairment in patients with GHD in comparison with the general population. Long-term GH replacement resulted in sustained improvements in overall QoL towards normative country-specific values, as well in most of the dimensions that were impaired before treatment.

For use in health economic evaluations, models for generating utilities (QoL-AGHDA_utility) from QoL-AGHDA were developed. It is believed that these models may facilitate medical decision making, given that they provide a tool for obtaining utilities in the absence of directly collected preference-weighted indices.

QoL-AGHDA_utility effectively monitored treatment effects in patients with GHD. Moreover, this study confirmed a QoL-AGHDA_utility deficit before treatment and a gain after starting GH replacement.

The novel aspect of the present approach was to apply preference-weighted indices derived from a disease-specific measure to assess QoL in the clinical context, together with patient demographic and clinical characteristics. The robustness of this analysis is reinforced by the fact that utilities in both general and patient populations were generated using the same methodology.

L'estudi és un diagnòstic de la situació actual de l'educació física a la ciutat de Barcelona amb una doble finalitat: d'una banda, proporcionar una eina per avaluar la qualitat de l'àrea d'educació física i, d'una altra obrir camins per a futures recerques en educació física. La pregunta de la investigació "Quina és la qualitat de l'àrea educació física als centres docents d'ESO a la ciutat de Barcelona?" és una pregunta de tipus descriptiu perquè pretén donar compte de les variables que determinaran la qualitat de l'àrea d'educació física dels centres d'ESO de la ciutat. Barcelona és una ciutat suficientment representativa de les diferents categories d'àrees d'educació física amb les quals ens podem trobar: districtes diversos, centres d'una sola línia, centres grans, centres amb dependències jurídiques diferents (privats, públics, etc.), centres on a més es cursen cicles formatius relacionats amb l'activitat física i l'esport, centres amb moltes instal·lacions o sense instal·lacions esportives, centres amb departament d'educació física o sense departament...
La tesi té doncs, com a objectiu principal, col·laborar en la recerca d'indicadors clau per valorar la qualitat de l'àrea d'educació física en l'etapa preactiva, és a dir abans de la interacció directa amb l'alumnat. A partir de la revisió bibliogràfica realitzada en l'estat de la qüestió al voltant de tres eixos fonamentals: qualitat, educació i àrea d'educació física, s'ha establert el marc teòric de la recerca. Així, s'han establert cinc nivells de qualitat, des d'un primer nivell de "qualitat normativa" determinat per decisions preses per l'administració educativa, fins arribar a un cinquè nivell de "qualitat operativa" en el qual el professorat de l'àrea es converteix en el protagonista de canvis que afavoreixin la millora. S'han seleccionat els indicadors agrupats en tres dimensions: entrada (context), procés (acció educativa) i sortida (resultats). Mitjançant entrevistes demoscòpiques als caps de departament de 198 centres de secundària -d'un total de 227 que durant el curs 2002-2003 formaven l'univers de centres que impartien l'ESO a la ciutat de Barcelona- i utilitzant com a instrument d'observació un qüestionari format per 59 preguntes, es va procedir a recollir la informació de cada indicador. La recollida de les dades i la posterior introducció al programa estadístic SPSS va permetre l'anàlisi estadística. Fins aquí una primera aproximació als resultats finals, més aviat descriptius, de la situació de l'àrea d'educació física a la ciutat. D'aquesta primera part de l'estudi es deriva la tria dels indicadors de qualitat de l'àrea d'educació física. La recerca culmina amb el disseny d'un instrument d'autoavaluació de la qualitat de l'àrea d'educació física (AQUAEF) perquè cada centre pugui detectar els punts forts de la seva àrea que val la pena que mantingui, així com els punts febles en els quals cal una millora. Una eina d'aquestes característiques facilitarà l'anàlisi des del professorat de l'àrea motivat per la millora continua de l'educació física.
The study is a diagnosis of the present situation of the physical education to the Barcelona city with one double purpose: on the one hand, to provide a tool to evaluate the quality of the physical education area and, by another one to open future lines of investigation in physical education. The thesis has then, like principal objective, to collaborate in the indicating search of key to value the quality of the physical education area in the pre active phase, it's to say before the direct interaction with the pupils. From the bibliographical revision made in the state of the question around three fundamental axes: quality, education and physical education area, the theoretical frame of the investigation has settled down. The indicators grouped in three dimensions have been selected: entrance (context), process (educative action) and exit (results). By means of interviews to the heads of department of 198 centers of secondary - of a total of 227 that during course 2002-2003 formed the universe of centers that distributed the stage of obligatory secondary education in Barcelona city and using as observation instrument a questionnaire formed by 59 questions, were come to collect of each indicator. The thesis culminates with the design of evaluation instrument of the quality of physical education area (AQUAEF), a tool that will facilitate the analysis on the part of the teaching staff of the area motivated by the improvement continues of the physical education.
El estudio es un diagnóstico de la situación actual de la educación física a la ciudad de Barcelona con una doble finalidad: por un lado, proporcionar una herramienta para evaluar la calidad del área de educación física y, por otro abrir líneas de investigación futuras en educación física. La tesis tiene pues, como objetivo principal, colaborar en la búsqueda de indicadores clave para valorar la calidad del área de educación física en la fase preactiva, es decir antes de la interacción directa con el alumnado. A partir de la revisión bibliográfica realizada en el estado de la cuestión alrededor de tres ejes fundamentales: calidad, educación y área de educación física, se ha establecido el marco teórico de la investigación. Se han seleccionado los indicadores agrupados en tres dimensiones: entrada (contexto), proceso (acción educativa) y salida (resultados). Mediante entrevistas demoscópicas a los jefes de departamento de 198 centros de secundaria -de un total de 227 que durante el curso 2002-2003 formaban el universo de centros que impartían la etapa de ESO en la ciudad de Barcelona- y utilizando como instrumento de observación un cuestionario formado por 59 preguntas, se procedió a recoger la información de cada indicador. La tesis culmina con el diseño de un instrumento de auto evaluación de la calidad del área de educación física (AQUAEF), una herramienta que facilitará el análisis por parte del profesorado del área motivado por la mejora continúa de la educación física.

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We present a brief historical background of the administrative discretion, from its beginning until its insertion at the modern State, under the rule of law. Afterwards, we will discuss the administrative function in accordance with constitutional principles and its system. We examine the doctrine of Brazilian and foreign jurists in search of different ways to understand the administrative discretion. In view of Brazilian law, we visit the competence to use such discretion. We expose two different and opposite doctrines regarding the extension and depth admitted to issue regulatory rules by the administrator under the Brazilian law. We analyze the concepts of quality and its various aspects. Based on the doctrinaire lessons, we observe the use of discretion by ANATEL (Telecommunication Agency) at the definition of quality standards and measurement criteria related to fixed and mobile telephone
Apresentamos, inicialmente, um breve desenvolvimento histórico do instituto da discricionariedade administrativa, do seu advento até sua inserção nos contornos atuais do Estado de Direito. Na seqüência, tratamos da função administrativa do Estado, em subordinação a princípios constitucionais, que lhe demarcam um regime jurídico peculiar. Examinamos, então, a doutrina de alguns juristas brasileiros e estrangeiros, em busca de diferentes formas de entender a discricionariedade administrativa. Visitamos o tema da competência para exercer esse poder discricionário, já voltando os olhares para as disposições do direito positivo brasileiro. Apresentamos duas grandes correntes doutrinárias, que se antagonizam, a respeito da extensão e da profundidade admitidas na edição de normas de regulação pelo Administrador brasileiro, sob as luzes do ordenamento pátrio. Analisaremos então o tema da qualidade propriamente dita, com seus múltiplos contornos. Por fim, com base nas explanações doutrinárias, observaremos o uso da discricionariedade administrativa pela Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações, na definição de metas e ferramentas para aferição de qualidade das telefonias fixa e móvel

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
In this work, the goal was to evaluate the physic-chemical and microbiological quality of uncooked milk stored in common tanks of three municipalities in the state of Paraiba, and verify the sanitary conditions of manufacturing establishments and their tanks, checking if they have been met in the requirements of Brazilian laws. The evaluation of community tanks and easy access properties were based on the application of checklists, containing 38 -57questions, respectively. Afterward, milk samples were submitted to be stored during the reception in the tanks, the determination of temperature and testing alizarol and acidity. Also, milk samples were collected from properties that participated in the checklist to perform the analysis of fat, protein, lactose and non fat solids. Based on the checklist, the tanks were classified as Grade I and Grade II and the properties in the grade II, requiring improvements to suit the necessities, except the property P1of the tank II, classified as Grade I. The most of the samples were received with temperatures above 30 °C and was observed by means of the acidity, the high proportion of sour milk in a tank, and alkaline milk in the tanks 2 and 3. In alizarol test, the results showed an alkaline reaction (purple) in the tank I, in the tanks 2 and 3, the samples were inside the standard, with a predominance of red brick, as milk with normal responses. About the nutrients like fat, protein and lactose were all appropriate. The ESD 29,6% of the 27 samples was low of the minimum required. The CPP ranged from 1,2 x106 to 1,1x107 UFC/ml, all samples were above the standard allowed 7,5x105. The NMP of some samples had values above 10³ MPN / mL. The CCS ranged to1,0x103 to 8,5x103 CS/mL, all samples were within the standard. The result of the calculation of S.aureus ranged from 2,5 x10³ to 2,5x10³ UFC/ mL. The results showed that, in general, the raw milk samples were within the parameters recommended by the legislation; however, are necessary improvements in hygiene and sanitary treatment of animals before, during and after milking so will happen a reduction in the CPP.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica do leite cru recebido em tanques comunitários de três municípios do Estado da Paraíba, bem como verificar as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos estabelecimentos produtores e seus respectivos tanques, verificando se estavam sendo atendidas as exigências previstas na legislação brasileira. A avaliação dos tanques comunitários e das propriedades foi baseada na aplicação de listas de verificação contendo 38 e 57 questões, respectivamente. Posteriormente, amostras do leite foram submetidas, durante a recepção à determinação de temperatura e aos testes de alizarol e acidez pelo método de ºDornic. Ainda, foram coletadas amostras do leite das propriedades que participaram da lista de verificação para realização das análises de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos não gordurosos. Com base na lista de verificação, os tanques foram classificados como Grau I e Grau II e as propriedades como Grau II, necessitando de melhorias para adequar-se. A maioria das amostras foi recebida com temperatura acima de 30 ºC, tendo sido observado por meio do teste de acidez, predominância de leite ácido no tanque 1 e leite alcalino nos tanques 2 e 3. No teste do alizarol, os resultados obtidos indicaram reação alcalino (violeta) no tanque 1, nos tanques 2 e 3, as amostras estavam dentro do padrão, com predominância da cor vermelho tijolo, considerado leite com resposta normal. Com relação aos componentes: gordura, proteína e lactose todos estavam dentro do padrão. Os sólidos não gordurosos, das 27 amostras analisadas, 29,6% estavam abaixo do mínimo exigido. A contagem de bactéria padrão variou de 1,2x106 a 1,1x107 UFC/mL, indicando que todas as amostras estavam acima do padrão permitido 7,5x105. O número mais provável de coliformes em algumas amostras apresentou valores acima de 103 NMP/mL. A contagem de células somáticas variou 1,0x103 a 8,5x103 CS/mL, todas as amostras estavam dentro do padrão. O resultado da contagem de Staphylococcus aureus variou de 2,5x103 a 2,5x105 UFC/mL. Os resultados evidenciaram que melhorias no manejo higiênico-sanitário dos animais antes, durante e após a ordenha são necessários para que ocorra uma redução na contagem bacteriana.

Кваліфікаційна робота магістра становить 108 сторінок, в тому числі один малюнок, чотири таблиці, бібліографії з 99 джерела на п'яти сторінках. Мета роботи полягає в нормативному забезпеченні випуску продукції ТОВ «Гуала Кложерс Україна» - плівка багатошарова на основі поліетилену шляхом розробки технічних умов. Для досягнення поставленої мети вирішені наступні приватні задачі. 1. Дослідити ринок виробництва кормів для домашніх тварин. 2. Дослідити вимог до упаковки товарів. 3. Розробка технічних умов на упаковку для кормів. Об’єктом дослідження є упаковка для кормів, що виготовляється на ТОВ «Гуала Кложерс Україна». Предметом дослідження є нормативне забезпечення виробництва упаковки для кормів, яка виготовляється на ТОВ «Гуала Кложерс Україна». Наукова новизна роботи. В роботі отримало подальший застосування методів стандартизації та технічного регулювання в частині використання для розробки нормативного забезпечення випуску плівки багатошарової на основі поліетилену, виробленої на ТОВ «Гуала Кложерс Україна». Практична значення отриманих результатів. В роботі розроблено проект технічних умов «Плівка багатошарова на основі поліетилену» ТУ У 25.2-14022407-008: 201_ для упаковки кормів для домашінх тварин, виробленої на ТОВ «Гуала Кложерс Україна».
Квалификационная работа магистра составляет 108 страниц, в том числе один рисунок, четыре таблицы, библиографии из 99 источника на пяти страницах. Цель работы состоит в нормативном обеспечении выпуска продукции ООО «Гуала Кложерс Украина» - пленка многослойная на основе полиэтилена путем разработки технических условий. Для достижения поставленной цели решены следующие частные задачи. 1. Исследовать рынок производства кормов для домашних животных. 2. Исследовать требований к упаковке товаров. 3. Разработка технических условий на упаковку для кормов. Объектом исследования является упаковка для кормов, изготавливаемая на ООО «Гуала Кложерс Украина». Предметом исследования являются нормативное обеспечение производства упаковки для кормов, которая изготавливается на ООО «Гуала Кложерс Украина». Научная новизна работы. В работе получило дальнейшее применение методов стандартизации и технического регулирования в части использования для разработки нормативного обеспечения выпуска пленки многослойной на основе полиэтилена, производимой на ООО «Гуала Кложерс Украина». Практическая значение полученных результатов. В работе разработан проект технических условий «Пленка многослойная на основе полиэтилена» ТУ У 25.2-14022407-008:201_ для упаковки кормов для домашинх животных, производимой на ООО «Гуала Кложерс Украина».
The master's qualification work is 108 pages, including one drawing, four tables, bibliographies from 99 sources on five pages. The purpose of the work is to ensure the regulatory output of LLC Guala Klogers Ukraine - a multilayer film based on polyethylene through the development of technical conditions. To achieve this goal solved the following particular problems. 1. Investigate the pet food market. 2. Investigate the requirements for the packaging of goods. 3. Development of packaging specifications for feed. The object of the study is the packaging for feed, manufactured by LLC "Guala Klogers Ukraine". The subject of the research is the regulatory support for the production of packaging for feed, which is manufactured at Guala Klozhers Ukraine LLC. Scientific novelty of the work. The work has received further application of methods of standardization and technical regulation in terms of use for the development of regulatory support for the production of multilayer films based on polyethylene produced by LLC Guala Klogers Ukraine. The practical significance of the results. A draft technical specification “Multilayer film based on polyethylene” was developed in accordance with TU U 25.2-14022407-008: 201_ for the packaging of feed for domestic animals produced by Guala Klogers Ukraine LLC.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The largest shelf life of industrialized milk is critical for the lactic supply chain, highlighting its quality both microbiological and physical chemistry, as well as its sensory aspects and its evolution during storage, especially UHT milk by offering significantly long time of storage. This study aims to evaluate the microbiological quality, physicochemical and proteolytic of milk coming from the process of fast pasteurization and UHT and its behavior during shelf life. For this study pasteurized milk samples were collected (1 dairy) and three of UHT milk (dairy 2). The microbiological analysis involved eight bacterial groups (aerobic mesophilic, total psychrotrophic, fecal coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp.) and have been made on raw milk, pasteurizer, and three shelf times in duplicate. The physico-chemical and proteolytic analyzes were made in the raw milk and in five different storage times. After pasteurization all samples remained within the limits stipulated by law for all microorganisms studied, however, the aerobic counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic, dairy 1, 5 and 10 days did not differ statistically from raw milk, and the sample bottled referring to the day of collection resembles statistically with milk after pasteurization. All samples showed absence of microbial inhibitors. It was observed increase in casein macropeptide (CMP) levels in stored UHT milk, exceeding the given limit for direct consumption after 30 days of storage. The sedimentation mass also increased as the storage time increased. These results demonstrate that even though the pasteurized milk and UHT are within the required microbiological standards, the raw milk is still at high microbiological values. As same as UHT milk raw and initially present low concentrations of CMP, the content thereof gradually increases along the shelf life, probably because of proteases psychrotrophic bacteria
O maior tempo de prateleira do leite industrializado é fundamental para a cadeia produtiva láctica, destacando-se sua qualidade tanto microbiológica como físico-química, além de seus aspectos sensoriais e sua evolução durante o armazenamento, em especial o leite UAT, por ofertar tempos significativamente longos de armazenamento. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica, físico-química e proteolítica do leite advindo do processo de pasteurização rápida e da UAT e seu comportamento durante a vida de prateleira. Para a realização deste estudo, foram feitas coletas de leite pasteurizado (laticínio 1) e três de leite UAT (laticínio 2). As análises microbiológicas envolveram oito grupos bacterianos (aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp.) e foram feitas no leite cru, pasteurizador e três tempos de prateleira, em duplicata. Já as análises físico-químicas e proteolíticas foram feitas, além do leite cru, em cinco tempos diferentes de estocagem. Após a pasteurização, todas as amostras se mantiveram dentro dos limites estipulados pelas legislações, para todos os microrganismos estudados. No entanto, nas contagens de aeróbios mesófilos e psicrotróficos, laticínio 1, com 5 e 10 dias não diferiram estatisticamente do leite cru, e a amostra envasada referente ao dia da coleta assemelha-se estatisticamente com o leite logo após a pasteurização. Todas as amostras analisadas apresentaram ausência de inibidores microbianos. Observou-se acréscimo dos níveis de caseínomacropeptídeo (CMP) no leite UAT estocado, ultrapassando o limite determinado para consumo direto aos 30 dias de estocagem. A massa de sedimentação também foi crescente conforme o tempo de estocagem. Estes resultados demonstram que mesmo que o leite pasteurizado e UAT estejam dentro dos padrões microbiológicos exigidos, o leite cru ainda encontra-se com valores microbiológicos elevados. Desse modo, mesmo o leite cru e UAT tendo inicialmente apresentado baixas concentrações de CMP, o teor deste aumentou progressivamente ao longo da vida de prateleira, provavelmente em função das proteases de bactérias psicrotróficas

Na União Europeia (UE), a obrigatoriedade de aplicação de normas internacionais de contabilidade (IFRS) a contas consolidadas de entidades com valores mobiliários admitidos à negociação em mercados regulamentados, desde 2005, deu um novo impulso ao processo de harmonização, fazendo com que os diferentes Estados-Membros replicassem as IFRS nos seus normativos locais. Este processo desencadeou diversos estudos sobre a qualidade relativa e a comparabilidade entre as IFRS e as normas locais. Em Espanha verificou-se, inicialmente, uma aproximação do normativo local às IFRS, em sintonia com o processo de harmonização contabilística em curso na UE. Porém, na sequência da Diretiva 2013/34/UE, verificaram-se, em 2016, alterações ao plano de contas Espanhol, designadamente na área dos ativos intangíveis e goodwill que levaram a um afastamento entre aqueles dois normativos. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta dissertação consiste em estudar empiricamente eventuais diferenças na qualidade da informação financeira produzida segundo IFRS ou normas locais, antes e depois de 2016, através da comparação de empresas cotadas no mercado principal regulamentado de Madrid, que utilizam IFRS, e entidades cotadas no Mercado Alternativo Bursátil, que utilizam normas locais, com base nos atributos geralmente utilizados na literatura para avaliar a qualidade da informação financeira: relevância; tempestividade; valor preditivo; e qualidade dos accruals. As evidências divergem consoante o atributo, sendo que existem diferenças significativas entre os dois normativos em todos os casos, com exceção da tempestividade.
In the European Union (EU), an obligation to apply International Accounting Standards (IFRS) for consolidated accounts of securities holders admitted to trading on regulated markets since 2005 led to a new step on the harmonization process, making different Member States replicate IFRS in their local regulations. This process has triggered several studies on the relative quality and comparability between IFRS and local standards. In Spain, initially, there was an approximation of local regulations to IFRS, in line with the ongoing EU accounting harmonization process. However, following Directive 2013/34/EU, there were changes in the Spanish chart of accounts in 2016, notably in the area of intangible assets and goodwill which led to a departure between those two standards. In this context, the objective of this dissertation is to empirically study possible differences in the quality of financial information produced under IFRS or local standards, before and after 2016, by comparing companies listed in the regulated main market in Madrid, using IFRS, and entities listed on the Alternative Stock Market, which use local standards, based on the attributes generally used in the literature to assess the quality of financial information: relevance; timeliness; predictive value; and quality of accruals. Evidence shows different conclusions depending on the financial information attribute. There are significant differences between the two standards in terms of all the attributes instead of in terms of timeliness.

The diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the qualitative level of furniture available on the Czech market in the context of quality labels. The most important mark of quality for the section of furniture is a brand of Czech quality, furniture, which is a central issue for this work. Introduction of thesis is dedicated to the theoretical analysis to ensure a closer acquaintance with the true issue. Continuing practical part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of the quality of the furniture present on the Czech market, which was carried out by means of questionnaires. Addressed were primarily manufacturers of furniture, who do not possess the marks, and consumers. For obtaining the third were referred to research supplemented by the investigation carried out by the technical services of accredited for the testing of furniture. The outputs obtained from the questionnaires were linked in the form of a synthesis of the data which describes the current situation in the section of furniture on the Czech market. After analytic-synthetic part followed the discussion, which was created with the use of study Furniture 2010 published by INCOMA GfK. The last part of the work is result, which was primarily intended to confirm or refute the hypothesis set out, where applicable, to the summary of the most important knowledge related to the quality of the furniture on the Czech market.

碩士
國立屏東大學
國際貿易學系碩士班
105
In spite of the popularity of mobile shopping, extant research on consumer impulsiveness and urge to impulse buying is limited. This study examined the relationship among mobile shopping platforms, flow, consumer impulsiveness, normative evaluation and urge to impulsive buying. 　　Through questionnaire survey, this study collected 274 valid responses who have ever experienced mobile shopping to test the hypotheses by SmartPLS 2.0. 　　The result of PLS (partial least squares) showed that: (1) website quality has a positive impact on consumer’s flow; (2) consumer’s flow has a positive impact on consumer impulses; (3) consumer impulse and normative evaluation have a positive impact on the urgency of buying; (4) the quality of the website has no obvious positive impact to the urgency of buying; (5) the consumer's flow has no obvious positive impact to the urgency of buying; (6) consumer impulse has no obvious positive impact to normative evaluation. The findings provide several significant implications and suggestions for marketing strategy and managerial practice.

碩士
國立成功大學
高階管理碩士在職專班
95
Taiwan’s major financial institutions and automobile companies vied with one another to enter the passenger car leasing business after the Ministry of Communications and Transportation on May 7, 2003 put C-class passenger cars and compact cargo trucks on the list of automobile leasing that, at the time, included only A- and B-class passenger cars and the Ministry again revised the rule on Aug. 30, 2004 relieving leasing companies of the obligation to acquire parking spaces for cars leased for more than one year. The new measure increased competition among the leasing companies. It became critical for them to create greater market value through service innovation. This paper studies service innovation, normative evaluation, service quality and customer satisfaction to gain a better understanding of the evaluation and indicators of service innovation and other aspects of the car leasing business. It is expected that the research results will serve as a basis for the auto leasing companies to prepare comprehensive innovation and customer satisfaction guidelines. The study, we issued 500 copies of questionnaires and retrieved 341 copies including 275 effective ones, and it attempts to explain the structural framework by establishing evaluation indicators through five analytical processes involving descriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability analysis, multiple regression analysis and linear structure relation （LISREL） analysis. Based on the experiential results of comparing the statistics and analyses, the paper concludes: 1. Service innovation is attractive. It has a positive influence on normative evaluation. 2. Stable service quality, which boosts a company’s caring image, has a positive impact on customer satisfaction. 3. THE BETTER SERVICE INNOVATION MEETS CUSTOMER NEEDS, THE MORE POSITIVELY IT WILL INFLUENCE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION. 4. Customers’ rational purchasing behavior that agrees with the normative evaluation will have a positive impact on service quality and customer satisfaction. 5. Stable and quality service will have a positive impact on customer satisfaction. 6. The more a company’s service innovation meets its own requirements of normative evaluation, the more positively such innovation will affect customer satisfaction. 7. Comprehensive service innovation as well as stable and quality service will have a positive impact on customer satisfaction. 8. The more closely customers link normative evaluation to their experience of service quality, the more positively it will affect customer satisfaction.

With the aging of society and increased longevity, understanding the factors that contribute to declines in quality of life and mood, such as normative health declines and cognitive declines is progressively more important. Past research has consistently demonstrated that cognitive skills decline with age; specifically, a major change associated with normative aging is a decline in executive functions (Phillips & Henry, 2008). Past research has focused on investigating how abnormal declines in cognitive and executive functioning have impacted the self and others; however a relatively unexplored issue is examining how individual differences in normative age-related changes in cognitive functioning impact the self and others. The first purpose of the current study was to investigate normative age-related differences in executive functioning skills and how these individual differences impact individuals and their marital partners. The second purpose of the current study was to investigate whether executive functioning skills in particular, rather than other domains of cognitive skills thought to be separate from executive functioning, predicted poor quality of life and mood in self and partner. Participants were 91 heterosexual couples 55 years and above who were married or cohabiting. They completed measures of quality of life and mood in addition to a variety of cognitive tasks and executive functioning tasks measuring their inhibition, working memory and task switching abilities. We found that lower executive functioning skills in one partner significantly predicted lower levels of quality of life in the other partner (partner effect). However, we found that there was no significant relationship between those with lower levels of executive functioning and one’s own ratings of quality of life (actor effect). Conversely, when investigating the impact of executive functioning on mood we found that lower levels of executive functioning resulted in lower ratings of mood for the same partner (actor effect). However, lower levels of executive functioning in one partner did not predict lower levels of mood in the other partner (partner effect). In no instance was general cognition, as assessed using tasks of language, visuospatial ability, and short-term memory, related to partner or actor effects for either outcome measure. Implications of these findings are discussed.

This study evaluated anticipated changes to quality of life (QoL) from a reduction in private vehicle use, and the impact of social normative information on willingness to change transportation behaviour. Staff and students at the University of Victoria completed transport journals for a month, and participants in the low or high social norm condition received divergent information about the percentage of others who had switched to sustainable commuting. Unexpectedly, message content did not predict behavioural change, but mere receipt of a message, versus the control condition, did predict change. The results suggest that sustainable transport campaigns should highlight others‟ cooperation, regardless of their rate of cooperation, and target commuting behavior. Also, participants expected decreases to individually relevant QoL items and improvements to collectively relevant QoL items under a hypothetical reduction in private vehicle use. The findings may be employed by policy-makers to increase acceptance of transportation policies.

Esta dissertação visa compreender como é que a complexidade das International Accounting Standards (IAS)/International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) e as constantes alterações que estas normas têm sofrido ao longo dos anos, afetam a sua qualidade e os objetivos delineados pelo seu emissor, o International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Para tal, realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas a representantes de associações/ordens profissionais de contabilidade europeias. Contribui assim para a literatura com um estudo qualitativo sobre as consequências da complexidade e das alterações das normas, na sua aplicação e no cumprimento dos seus objetivos enquanto ferramenta contabilística, obtendo para tal a perceção atual de profissionais e académicos que lidam diretamente com este normativo. Os resultados sugerem que as IAS/IFRS estão a ficar cada vez mais baseadas em regras e complexas, e que esta complexidade afeta negativamente a sua qualidade. Contudo este efeito negativo é mitigado por um elevado nível de investimento e preparação, por parte das entidades e dos profissionais da área. As revisões e reformas das normas, apesar de necessárias à sua aplicação e no cumprimento dos seus objetivos, contribuem para este impacto negativo, principalmente pelo volume e frequência com que ocorrem.
This dissertation aims to understand how the complexity of the International Accounting Standards (IAS)/International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and the several changes that these standards have undergone over the years, affect their quality and the objectives outlined by their issuer, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of professional accounting associations/orders from Europe. It contributes to the literature with a qualitative study about the consequences of the complexity and changes in international standards, on their application and fulfilment of their objectives as an accounting tool, obtaining for this purpose the current perception of professionals and academics who deal directly with these standards. The results suggest that IAS/IFRS are becoming increasingly rules-based and complex and that this complexity negatively affects their quality. However, this negative effect is mitigated by a high level of investment and preparation by entities and professionals in the field. Revisions and amendments of the standards, although necessary for their application and to meet their objectives, contribute to this negative impact, mainly due to the volume and frequency with which they occur.

Ao longo dos tempos, os stakeholders têm demonstrado uma crescente preocupação com as políticas ambientais praticadas pelas empresas. Neste sentido, tem-se vindo a apelar a um aumento da informação ambiental relatada de forma voluntária, mostrando alguma preocupação em espelhar o quê, quanto, quando e como se divulga, para além das divulgações exigidas obrigatoriamente por diferentes normativos. Este estudo pretende identificar factores que influenciam a qualidade da informação divulgada, através de medidas de associação entre os determinantes e um índice de qualidade ambiental, especialmente construído para este efeito. A amostra abrange empresas portuguesas com valores mobiliários admitidos à negociação em mercado regulamentado nacional e que tenham títulos de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa (TEGEE) emitidos nos períodos de 2005-2007 e 2008-2012. O período em análise neste estudo engloba os anos de 2004 a 2009. Na ausência do normativo internacional sobre matérias ambientais, verificou-se que as empresas nem sempre optaram por seguir os normativos ambientais emanados pelo sistema contabilístico nacional, tendo algumas criado políticas contabilísticas internas. Os resultados do estudo empírico evidenciam que a concentração da titularidade do capital, a dimensão da empresa, a condição financeira, a pressão dos media, bem como, a divulgação da informação de carácter ambiental de acordo com os normativos contabilísticos, determinam a qualidade da informação relatada. Os resultados demonstram ainda houve um incremento do nível da qualidade ambiental, após 2006. Uma das possíveis explicações é a consistência para com a teoria institucional (que suporta a rotina como um factor explicativo).
Over time, stakeholders have shown a growing concern for the environmental policies by companies. In this sense, there has been an increasing call for environmental information voluntarily reported, showing some concern to understand what, when and how to disclose, in addition to the mandatory disclosures required by different standards. This study aims to identify factors that influence the quality of information disclosed by measures of association between determinants and an index of environmental quality, specially built for this purpose. The sample covers Portuguese companies with securities admitted to trading on a regulated market and which have National Securities Issue of Greenhouse Gases (TEGEE) issued during the periods 2005-2007 and 2008-2012. The period under analysis in this study covers the years 2004 to 2009. In the absence of international rules on environmental matters, it was found that companies do not always chose the following environmental standards issued by the national accounting system and has created some internal accounting policies. The results of the empirical research evidence that concentration of ownership of capital, firm size, financial condition, the pressure of the media, as well as the dissemination of environmental information in accordance with the accounting standards, determine the quality of information reported. The results also show there was an increase in the level of environmental quality, after 2006. One possible explanation for is consistency with the institutional theory (which supports routine as an explanatory factor).

碩士
中國科技大學
企業管理系碩士在職專班
105
Aging population and low fertility have changed the population structure in Taiwan. The government has fully promoted the policy of long-term care for facing the aging society coming. At the same time, the quality of institutional care services under the policy of long-term is related to the release of family labor force to the workplace productivity. It is obviously significant impact on the long-term development in our country. In different types of care services, the Veterans elderly whom need the long-term care resources most are rapidly increasing. The quality of care services of Veteran elderly provided by the Veteran home are related to social harmony, economic development and overall national defense. This study aims to explore the relationship among service innovation, normative evaluation, service quality, and customer satisfaction in the Veteran Home curing model in Taiwan. The collection of sample data was from the paper questionnaire. The research targets were Veterans who living in the north, middle and south of Veteran Home. Based on the statistical analysis of 532 effective questionnaires, the research results show as: 1. The service innovation has a positive and significant impact effect on Service quality. 2. The service innovation has a positive and significant impact on Normative evaluation. 3. The service innovation has a positive and significant impact effect on Customer satisfaction. 4. The quality of service has a positive and significant impact effect on Customer satisfaction. 5. The normative evaluation has a positive and significant impact on service quality. Other related results were screened by analysis: 1. The Veterans Home can provide pleasant considerate service. 2. The Veterans Home can display enthusiastic assistance and provide reliable and trustworthy service. 3. The Veterans living in Veterans Home are biased in the rational behavior mode. According to the above results, the following suggestions are proposed: 1. Response to the external competition, the Veteran home should keep service innovation with the differentiation strategies to meet the needs of the individual. 2. To introduce connect the social useful resources, stabilize the emotions of the caregivers, and postpone the aging. Let the Veteran home can reduce the cost of care and improve the quality of service. 3. To establish a new mode of integrated service innovation with the resources sharing thinking, as a reference to the policy of long-term and the strategy of industry development competition.