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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Pump and probe techniques »

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Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 11 mars 2023

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1

Yuan, Chao, Riley Hanus et Samuel Graham. « A review of thermoreflectance techniques for characterizing wide bandgap semiconductors’ thermal properties and devices’ temperatures ». Journal of Applied Physics 132, n^o 22 (14 décembre 2022) : 220701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0122200.

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Thermoreflectance-based techniques, such as pump–probe thermoreflectance (pump–probe TR) and thermoreflectance thermal imaging (TTI), have emerged as the powerful and versatile tools for the characterization of wide bandgap (WBG) and ultrawide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductor thermal transport properties and device temperatures, respectively. This Review begins with the basic principles and standard implementations of pump–probe TR and TTI techniques, illustrating that when analyzing WBG and UWBG materials or devices with pump–probe TR or TTI, a metal thin-film layer is often required. Due to the transparency of the semiconductor layers to light sources with sub-bandgap energies, these measurements directly on semiconductors with bandgaps larger than 3 eV remain challenging. This Review then summarizes the general applications of pump–probe TR and TTI techniques for characterizing WBG and UWBG materials and devices where thin metals are utilized, followed by introducing more advanced approaches to conventional pump–probe TR and TTI methods, which achieve the direct characterizations of thermal properties on GaN-based materials and the channel temperature on GaN-based devices without the use of thin-film metals. Discussions on these techniques show that they provide more accurate results and rapid feedback and would ideally be used as a monitoring tool during manufacturing. Finally, this Review concludes with a summary that discusses the current limitations and proposes some directions for future development.

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Nango, Eriko, Minoru Kubo, Kensuke Tono et So Iwata. « Pump-Probe Time-Resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at SACLA : Current Status and Data Collection Strategies ». Applied Sciences 9, n^o 24 (14 décembre 2019) : 5505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245505.

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Structural information on protein dynamics is a critical factor in fully understanding the protein functions. Pump-probe time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) is a recently established technique for visualizing the structural changes or reactions in proteins that are at work with high spatial and temporal resolution. In the pump-probe method, protein microcrystals are continuously delivered from an injector and exposed to an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulse after a trigger to initiate a reaction, such as light, chemicals, temperature, and electric field, which affords the structural snapshots of intermediates that occur in the protein. We are in the process of developing the device and techniques for pump-probe TR-SFX while using XFEL produced at SPring-8 Angstrom Compact Free-Electron Laser (SACLA). In this paper, we described our current development details and data collection strategies for the optical pump X-ray probe TR-SFX experiment at SACLA and then reported the techniques of in crystallo TR spectroscopy, which is useful in clarifying the nature of reaction that takes place in crystals in advance.

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Godfrey, T. J., Hui Yu, Michael S. Biddle et Susanne Ullrich. « A wavelength dependent investigation of the indole photophysics via ionization and fragmentation pump–probe spectroscopies ». Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, n^o 38 (2015) : 25197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp02975a.

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Using a variety of gas-phase pump–probe spectroscopic techniques, this work investigates indole excited-state relaxation dynamics at several pump wavelengths with a particular focus on ¹πσ*-state involvement.

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Schmidhammer, U., S. Roth, E. Riedle, A. A. Tishkov et H. Mayr. « Compact laser flash photolysis techniques compatible with ultrafast pump-probe setups ». Review of Scientific Instruments 76, n^o 9 (septembre 2005) : 093111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2047828.

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Callegaro, L., et E. Puppin. « Pump and Probe Techniques for Spin–Lattice Thermalization Measurements. Thermal Requirements ». physica status solidi (b) 185, n^o 2 (1 octobre 1994) : 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221850219.

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Christian, J. F., B. Broers, J. H. Hoogenraad, W. J. van der Zande et L. D. Noordam. « Rubidium electronic wavepackets probed by a phase-sensitive pump-probe technique ». Optics Communications 103, n^o 1-2 (novembre 1993) : 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(93)90646-m.

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Minitti, Michael P., Joseph S. Robinson, Ryan N. Coffee, Steve Edstrom, Sasha Gilevich, James M. Glownia, Eduardo Granados et al. « Optical laser systems at the Linac Coherent Light Source ». Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 22, n^o 3 (22 avril 2015) : 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577515006244.

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Ultrafast optical lasers play an essential role in exploiting the unique capabilities of recently commissioned X-ray free-electron laser facilities such as the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Pump–probe experimental techniques reveal ultrafast dynamics in atomic and molecular processes and reveal new insights in chemistry, biology, material science and high-energy-density physics. This manuscript describes the laser systems and experimental methods that enable cutting-edge optical laser/X-ray pump–probe experiments to be performed at LCLS.

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Chen Cong, Liang Pan, Hu Rong-Rong, Jia Tian-Qing, Sun Zhen-Rong et Feng Dong-Hai. « Pump-orientation-probe technique and its applications ». Acta Physica Sinica 67, n^o 9 (2018) : 097201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.67.20180244.

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Zhong, Haoyuan, Changhua Bao, Tianyun Lin, Shaohua Zhou et Shuyun Zhou. « A newly designed femtosecond KBe₂BO₃F₂ device with pulse duration down to 55 fs for time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy ». Review of Scientific Instruments 93, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2022) : 113910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0106864.

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Developing a widely tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) source with a sub-100 fs pulse duration is critical for ultrafast pump–probe techniques such as time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TrARPES). While a tunable probe source with a photon energy of 5.3–7.0 eV has been recently implemented for TrARPES by using a KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) device, the time resolution of 280–320 fs is still not ideal, which is mainly limited by the duration of the VUV probe pulse generated by the KBBF device. Here, by designing a new KBBF device, which is specially optimized for fs applications, an optimum pulse duration of 55 fs is obtained after systematic diagnostics and optimization. More importantly, a high time resolution of 81–95 fs is achieved for TrARPES measurements covering the probe photon energy range of 5.3–7.0 eV, making it particularly useful for investigating the ultrafast dynamics of quantum materials. Our work extends the application of the KBBF device to ultrafast pump–probe techniques with the advantages of both a widely tunable VUV source and ultimate time resolution.

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Glownia, James M., Karl Gumerlock, Henrik T. Lemke, Takahiro Sato, Diling Zhu et Matthieu Chollet. « Pump–probe experimental methodology at the Linac Coherent Light Source ». Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, n^o 3 (26 avril 2019) : 685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751900225x.

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Experimental methods that use free-electron laser (FEL) sources that can deliver short X-ray pulses below a 10 fs pulse duration and traditional optical lasers are ideal tools for pump–probe experiments. However, these new methods also come with a unique set of challenges, such as how to accurately determine temporal overlap between two sources at the femtosecond scale and how to correct for the pulse-to-pulse beam property fluctuations of the FEL light derived from the self-amplified spontaneous emission process. Over the past several years of performing pump–probe experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), new methods and tools have been developed to improve the ways experimental timing is measured, monitored and scanned. The aim of this article is to present an overview of the most commonly used techniques at LCLS to perform pump–probe-type experiments.

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Balerna, Antonella, Samanta Bartocci, Giovanni Batignani, Alessandro Cianchi, Enrica Chiadroni, Marcello Coreno, Antonio Cricenti et al. « The Potential of EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB for Radiation Based Techniques ». Condensed Matter 4, n^o 1 (7 mars 2019) : 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat4010030.

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A proposal for building a Free Electron Laser, EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB, at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, is at present under consideration. This FEL facility will provide a unique combination of a high brightness GeV-range electron beam generated in a X-band RF linac, a 0.5 PW-class laser system and the first FEL source driven by a plasma accelerator. The FEL will produce ultra-bright pulses, with up to 10 12 photons/pulse, femtosecond timescale and wavelength down to 3 nm, which lies in the so called “water window”. The experimental activity will be focused on the realization of a plasma driven short wavelength FEL able to provide high-quality photons for a user beamline. In this paper, we describe the main classes of experiments that will be performed at the facility, including coherent diffraction imaging, soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering and photofragmentation measurements. These techniques will allow studying a variety of samples, both biological and inorganic, providing information about their structure and dynamical behavior. In this context, the possibility of inducing changes in samples via pump pulses leading to the stimulation of chemical reactions or the generation of coherent excitations would tremendously benefit from pulses in the soft X-ray region. High power synchronized optical lasers and a TeraHertz radiation source will indeed be made available for THz and pump–probe experiments and a split-and-delay station will allow performing XUV-XUV pump–probe experiments.

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Yu, Jin, Warren S. Warren et Martin C. Fischer. « Visualization of vermilion degradation using pump-probe microscopy ». Science Advances 5, n^o 6 (juin 2019) : eaaw3136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw3136.

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Here, we demonstrate the use of pump-probe microscopy for high-resolution studies of vermilion degradation. Vermilion (mostly α-HgS), an important red pigment used in historical paintings, blackens over time, and metallic Hg and β-HgS have been implicated as possible degradation products. Conventional analysis techniques have trouble differentiating α- and β-HgS with sufficiently high spatial resolution. However, pump-probe microscopy can differentiate metallic mercury, α- and β-HgS, and map each distribution on the microscopic scale. We studied artificial degradation of α-HgS; femtosecond-pulsed laser irradiation induces an irreversible phase shift of α- to β-HgS, in which the initial presence of β-HgS grains can increase the rate of conversion in their vicinity. Continuous ultraviolet exposure instead generates both liquid Hg and β-HgS, with a conversion rate that increases with elevated temperatures. Last, we reveal the presence of β-HgS as a natural degradation product in discolored vermilion layers in a 14th century Italian painting.

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Scherer, N. F., J. W. Perry, F. E. Doany et Ahmed H. Zewail. « Ultrafast molecular relaxation of isolated stilbene : measurements by picosecond pump-probe techniques ». Journal of Physical Chemistry 89, n^o 6 (mars 1985) : 894–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100252a004.

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Zanuto, Vitor S., Otávio A. Capeloto, Marcelo Sandrini, Luis C. Malacarne, Nelson G. C. Astrath et Stephen E. Bialkowski. « Analysis of the Thermo-Reflectivity Coefficient Influence Using Photothermal Pump–Probe Techniques ». Applied Spectroscopy 71, n^o 5 (18 novembre 2016) : 970–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816662888.

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Recent improvements in the modeling of photo-induced thermo–optical–mechanical effects have broadened the application of photothermal techniques to a large class of solids and fluids. During laser excitation, changes in optical reflectivity due to temperature variation may affect the photothermal signal. In this study, the influence of the reflectivity change due to heating is analyzed for two pump–probe photothermal techniques, thermal lens and thermal mirror. A linear equation for the temperature dependence of the reflectivity is derived, and the solution is tested using optical properties of semi-transparent and opaque materials. For semi-transparent materials, the influence of the reflectivity change in photothermal signals is less than 0.01%, while for opaque materials it is lower than 3%.

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Cricenti, Antonio, Stefano Colonna, Ernesto Placidi, Marco Luce, Jingbo Qi, Norman H. Tolk et Giorgio Margaritondo. « Optical techniques for pump-probe magnetic measurements and nanoimaging of biological samples ». Rendiconti Lincei 22, S1 (13 octobre 2011) : 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-011-0148-y.

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Krishna, Narra Vamsi, Varun Kumar Singh, Debasis Swain, Soma Venugopal Rao et Lingamallu Giribabu. « Optical, electrochemical, third order nonlinear optical, and excited state dynamics studies of bis(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl-zinc phthalocyanine ». RSC Advances 5, n^o 27 (2015) : 20810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra14390f.

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Synthesis and characterisation of a Zn phthalocyanine substituted with bis(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at peripheral positions by absorption, fluorescence and electrochemical techniques. Excited state dynamics were investigated by fs degenerate pump–probe spectroscopy.

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Kinigstein, Eli Diego, Christopher Otolski, Guy Jennings, Gilles Doumy, Donald A. Walko, Xiaobing Zuo, Jinghua Guo, Anne Marie March et Xiaoyi Zhang. « Asynchronous x-ray multiprobe data acquisition for x-ray transient absorption spectroscopy ». Review of Scientific Instruments 94, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2023) : 014714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0100596.

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Laser pump X-ray Transient Absorption (XTA) spectroscopy offers unique insights into photochemical and photophysical phenomena. X-ray Multiprobe data acquisition (XMP DAQ) is a technique that acquires XTA spectra at thousands of pump-probe time delays in a single measurement, producing highly self-consistent XTA spectral dynamics. In this work, we report two new XTA data acquisition techniques that leverage the high performance of XMP DAQ in combination with High Repetition Rate (HRR) laser excitation: HRR-XMP and Asynchronous X-ray Multiprobe (AXMP). HRR-XMP uses a laser repetition rate up to 200 times higher than previous implementations of XMP DAQ and proportionally increases the data collection efficiency at each time delay. This allows HRR-XMP to acquire more high-quality XTA data in less time. AXMP uses a frequency mismatch between the laser and x-ray pulses to acquire XTA data at a flexibly defined set of pump-probe time delays with a spacing down to a few picoseconds. AXMP introduces a novel pump-probe synchronization concept that acquires data in clusters of time delays. The temporally inhomogeneous distribution of acquired data improves the attainable signal statistics at early times, making the AXMP synchronization concept useful for measuring sub-nanosecond dynamics with photon-starved techniques like XTA. In this paper, we demonstrate HRR-XMP and AXMP by measuring the laser-induced spectral dynamics of dilute aqueous solutions of Fe(CN)64− and [FeII(bpy)3]2+ (bpy: 2,2′-bipyridine), respectively.

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Terzi, M., L. Chehami, M. Farin, E. Moulin, V. Aleshin, N. Smagin, J. de Rosny et F. Benmeddour. « Pump-probe localization technique of varying solid contacts ». Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 149, n^o 5 (mai 2021) : 2943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0004820.

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Garming, Mathijs W. H., I. Gerward C. Weppelman, Martin Lee, Thijs Stavenga et Jacob P. Hoogenboom. « Ultrafast scanning electron microscopy with sub-micrometer optical pump resolution ». Applied Physics Reviews 9, n^o 2 (juin 2022) : 021418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0085597.

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Ultrafast scanning electron microscopy images carrier dynamics and carrier induced surface voltages using a laser pump electron probe scheme, potentially surpassing all-optical techniques in probe resolution and surface sensitivity. Current implementations have left a four order of magnitude gap between optical pump and electron probe resolution, which particularly hampers spatial resolution in the investigation of carrier induced local surface photovoltages. Here, we present a system capable of focusing the laser using an inverted optical microscope built into an ultrafast scanning electron microscopy setup to enable high numerical aperture pulsed optical excitation in conjunction with ultrafast electron beam probing. We demonstrate an order of magnitude improvement in optical pump resolution, bringing this to sub-micrometer length scales. We further show that temporal laser pump resolution can be maintained inside the scanning electron microscope by pre-compensating dispersion induced by the components required to bring the beam into the vacuum chamber and to a tight focus. We illustrate our approach using molybdenum disulfide, a two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide, where we measure ultrafast carrier relaxation rates and induced negative surface potentials between different flakes selected with the scanning electron microscope as well as on defined positions within a single flake.

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Ščajev, Patrik, Kęstutis Jarašiūnas et Jacob Leach. « Carrier recombination processes in Fe-doped GaN studied by optical pump–probe techniques ». Journal of Applied Physics 127, n^o 24 (28 juin 2020) : 245705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0009258.

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Ma, Guohong, Jun He, Chiang-Huen Kang et Sing-Hai Tang. « Excited state dynamics studies of iron(III) phthalocyanine using femtosecond pump–probe techniques ». Chemical Physics Letters 370, n^o 1-2 (mars 2003) : 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00130-1.

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Green, F., G. Hancock, A. J. Orr-Ewing, M. Brouard, S. P. Duxon, P. A. Enriquez, R. Sayos et J. P. Simons. « Measurements of vector correlations in bimolecular reactions by laser-pump and probe techniques ». Chemical Physics Letters 182, n^o 6 (août 1991) : 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(91)90126-t.

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Tadjeddine, A., A. Peremans, A. Le Rille, W. Q. Zheng, J. M. Ortéga, F. Glotin, R. Prazeres et al. « Spectroscopic Techniques using Synchrotron Radiation and Free-Electron and Conventional Lasers ». Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, n^o 3 (1 mai 1998) : 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597015392.

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Considerable progress in the investigation of the electronic and vibrational properties of atoms, molecules, materials, surfaces and interfaces has been achieved by combining different photon sources of complementary characteristics. In this paper some experimental results obtained recently at LURE by using two synchronized sources, such as the IR free-electron laser (FEL) CLIO, the VUV storage ring FEL, synchrotron radiation and table lasers, are presented. Using CLIO synchronized with a YAG laser allows the investigation of the vibrational properties of adsorbed species by the non-linear optical technique of visible–IR sum (difference) frequency generation, as shown for the adsorption of hydrogen on platinum in the electrochemical environment. The second result reported here relates to the study of the intersubband stimulated emission in GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wells by pump-probe experiments using the two-colour configuration of CLIO. The combination of a mode-locked Ar+ laser and synchrotron radiation has been used for investigations in a pump-probe arrangement of the ionization of Xe atoms via the resonant state Xe* 5p 55d [3/2]1. The final example is a time-resolved core-level spectroscopy study of photoexcited Si(111) 2 × 1 surfaces by using a combination of the naturally synchronized UV storage ring laser and synchrotron radiation.

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Aubriet, Valentin, Kristell Courouble, Olivier Bardagot, Renaud Demadrille, Łukasz Borowik et Benjamin Grévin. « Hidden surface photovoltages revealed by pump probe KPFM ». Nanotechnology 33, n^o 22 (8 mars 2022) : 225401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac5542.

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Abstract In this work, we use pump-probe Kelvin probe force microscopy (pp-KPFM) in combination with non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) under ultrahigh vacuum, to investigate the nature of the light-induced surface potential dynamics in alumina-passivated crystalline silicon, and in an organic bulk heterojunction thin film based on the PTB7-PC71BM tandem. In both cases, we demonstrate that it is possible to identify and separate the contributions of two different kinds of photo-induced charge distributions that give rise to potential shifts with opposite polarities, each characterized by different dynamics. The data acquired on the passivated crystalline silicon are shown to be fully consistent with the band-bending at the silicon-oxide interface, and with electron trapping processes in acceptors states and in the passivation layer. The full sequence of events that follow the electron–hole generation can be observed on the pp-KPFM curves, i.e. the carriers spatial separation and hole accumulation in the space charge area, the electron trapping, the electron–hole recombination, and finally the electron trap-release. Two dimensional dynamical maps of the organic blend photo-response are obtained by recording the pump-probe KPFM curves in data cube mode, and by implementing a specific batch processing protocol. Sample areas displaying an extra positive SPV component characterized by decay time-constants of a few tens of microseconds are thus revealed, and are tentatively attributed to specific interfaces formed between a polymer-enriched skin layer and recessed acceptor aggregates. Decay time constant images of the negative SPV component confirm that the acceptor clusters act as electron-trapping centres. Whatever the photovoltaic technology, our results exemplify how some of the SPV components may remain completely hidden to conventional SPV imaging by KPFM, with possible consequences in terms of photo-response misinterpretation. This work furthermore highlights the need of implementing time-resolved techniques that can provide a quantitative measurement of the time-resolved potential.

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Long Yong-Bing, Zhang Jian et Wang Guo-Ping. « Femtosecond pump-probe technique assisted by surface plasmon resonance ». Acta Physica Sinica 58, n^o 11 (2009) : 7722. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.58.7722.

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Aden, M., M. Alunovic et E. W. Kreutz. « Pump and probe technique on excimer laser-induced plasmas ». Applied Surface Science 109-110 (février 1997) : 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(96)00743-x.

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Guerra, M., A. Taouri, A. O. Marcano, H. Cabrera et M. Sylla. « Measurement of Nonlinear Absorption Coefficients of Organic Materials by Mode-Mismatched Z-scan Thermal Lensing Technique ». Applied Spectroscopy 61, n^o 10 (octobre 2007) : 1128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370207782217716.

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We evaluate a new pump–probe mode-mismatched thermal lens (TL) scheme for the measurement of nonlinear absorption in nitrobenzene, benzene, and chloroform. In this new scheme the pump beam is focused in the presence of a collimated probe beam. Values of the nonlinear absorption coefficients of the materials studied for the wavelength of 532 nm are reported, and we compare the proposed technique with the well-known open Z-scan method.

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Liaugaudas, Gediminas, Donatas Dargis, Pawel Kwasnicki, Hervé Peyre, Roxana Arvinte, Sandrine Juillaguet, Marcin Zielinski et Kęstutis Jarašiūnas. « Optical Characterization of p-Type 4H-SiC Epilayers ». Materials Science Forum 821-823 (juin 2015) : 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.821-823.249.

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A series of aluminium doped (from 2×1016to 8×1019cm-3) 4H-SiC epitaxial layers were mainly studied by Low Temperature Photoluminescence and time-resolved optical pump-probe techniques to determine the concentration of aluminium, its activation ratio, the doping related carrier lifetime, hole mobility and excess carrier diffusion length.

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WOGGON, U., O. WIND, V. SPERLING, M. PORTUNÉ et C. KLINGSHIRN. « NONLINEAR AND ELECTRO-OPTIC PROPERTIES OF II-VI SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS IN POLYMER AND GLASS MATRICES ». Surface Review and Letters 03, n^o 01 (février 1996) : 1089–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x96001947.

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In the present contribution a short overview will be given on the influence of growth parameters, matrix, and interface properties on the nonlinear and electro-optical behavior of II–VI quantum dots. The experimental techniques comprise standard experiments as pump-and-probe spectroscopy and degenerate four-wave-mixing as well as electric-field-induced absorption modulation.

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Osawa, Hitoshi, Takuo Ohkochi, Masami Fujisawa, Shigeru Kimura et Toyohiko Kinoshita. « Development of optical choppers for time-resolved measurements at soft X-ray synchrotron radiation beamlines ». Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 24, n^o 3 (20 mars 2017) : 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577517002399.

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Two types of optical choppers for time-resolved measurements at synchrotron radiation soft X-ray beamlines have been developed. One type uses an air-spindle-type rotation mechanism with a two-stage differential pumping system to maintain the ultra-high vacuum of the X-ray beamline, and the other uses a magnetic bearing. Both can be installed at the soft X-ray beamlines at SPring-8, greatly improving the accessibility of pump-and-probe spectroscopy. The combination of X-ray chopper and pump-and-probe photoemission electron microscope at SPring-8 provides drastic improvements in signal-to-noise ratio and resolution compared with techniques using high-voltage gating of channel plate detectors. The choppers have the capability to be used not only at synchrotron radiation facilities but also at other types of soft X-ray and VUV beamlines.

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Lee, C. L. D., et K. C. Hewitt. « First demonstration of surface enhanced-stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SE-SRS) using low-power CW sources ». Faraday Discussions 205 (2017) : 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00137a.

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Using commercially available nanoparticles, continuous wave Surface-Enhanced Stimulated Raman spectroscopy (CW SE-SRS) is demonstrated for the first time using two Ti:Sapphire lasers producing a pump beam (785 nm, 100 mW) and appropriately varying probe/Stokes beams (860–870 nm, 120 mW). The Ti-Sapphire lasers are co-pumped by a 10 W low noise 532 nm Spectra Physics Millennia laser. Pulsed SE-SRS is also demonstrated using a Coherent Chameleon Ultra laser for the Stokes/probe (863–871 nm) beam and a Coherent Ultra II as the pump laser (785 nm). In both cases lock-in techniques are used to extract the small signal (1 in 10⁹) successfully. These experiments convincingly demonstrate that SRS with CW sources is possible using appropriate nanoparticles, and this realization creates opportunities for a wider range of stimulated Raman spectroscopy applications.

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Moazzezi, Mojtaba, Yuba Pudel, Meg Mahat, Arup Neogi et Yuri Rostovtsev. « Observation of plasmonically induced transparency by the pump-probe technique ». European Physical Journal Special Topics 230, n^o 4 (21 mai 2021) : 951–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-021-00076-2.

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Sun, C. K., B. Golubovic, H. K. Choi, C. A. Wang et J. G. Fujimoto. « Heterodyne nondegenerate pump–probe measurement technique for guided-wave devices ». Optics Letters 20, n^o 2 (15 janvier 1995) : 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.20.000210.

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Jones, Morgan E., S. Fearn, R. Winter, A. Lennie, J. Parker, S. Thompson et C. Tang. « Strain characterisation in nanocrystalline ceramics : the laser pump-probe technique ». Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 69, a1 (25 août 2013) : s566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s010876731309510x.

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Jones, M. E., S. Fearn, R. Winter, A. Lennie, J. Parker, S. Thompson et C. Tang. « Strain characterisation in nanocrystalline ceramics : the laser pump-probe technique ». Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 69, a1 (25 août 2013) : s168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767313098565.

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Dasgupta, K., K. G. Manohar, P. N. Bajaj, B. M. Suri, R. K. Talukdar, P. K. Chakraborti et P. R. K. Rao. « Understanding single-color multiphoton ionization spectra by pump–probe technique ». Journal of the Optical Society of America B 5, n^o 6 (1 juin 1988) : 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.5.001257.

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Weinkauf, R., L. Lehr, D. Georgiev et E. W. Schlag. « Time multiplexing : a new single shot femtosecond pump-probe technique ». Applied Physics B : Lasers and Optics 64, n^o 5 (1 mai 1997) : 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003400050208.

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Han, Yaping, Qiang Fu, Qingrun Hou et Wenzhi Wu. « Ultrafast dynamics of MnSi1.7 film studied by pump–probe technique ». Modern Physics Letters B 30, n^o 23 (30 août 2016) : 1650282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916502821.

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Manganese silicide (MnSi[Formula: see text]) semiconductor thin films with a thickness of 80 nm are prepared by magnetron sputtering deposition technology. The reflectivity change of thin film samples is studied by femtosecond (fs) pump–probe technique under different pump pulse energies and the laser pulse width is 120 fs. The results show that the transient reflectivity increases within a time-scale of about 100 fs. Then, a fast decay of reflectivity occurs in 0.6 picosecond (ps), and it is mainly due to the carrier–carrier scattering. Next, a slower decay of the reflectivity on a time-scale of dozens of ps is detected, and the Auger recombination and diffusion are the main processes. The effective mass of electron and hole in MnSi[Formula: see text] film are calculated by using the pseudo-potential plane wave method on first-principles methods. The effective mass of electron is 0.25[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] is the electron mass), while 0.13[Formula: see text] for hole. Experimental results are explained with the results of theoretical simulation.

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Donovan, Brian F., Taylor L. Gray, Adam A. Wilson et Ronald J. Warzoha. « Unwrapping a full temporal cycle in time domain thermoreflectance for enhanced measurement sensitivity in thermally insulating materials ». Review of Scientific Instruments 93, n^o 8 (1 août 2022) : 084904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089075.

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Time delayed pump–probe measurement techniques, such as Time Domain Thermoreflectance (TDTR), have opened up a wealth of opportunities for metrology at ultra-fast timescales and nanometer length scales. For nanoscale thermal transport measurements, typical thermal lifetimes used to measure thermal conductivity and thermal boundary conductance span from sub-picosecond to [Formula: see text] nanoseconds. In this work, we demonstrate a simple rearrangement and validation of a configuration that allows access to the entire 12.5 ns time delay available in the standard pulse train. By reconfiguring a traditional TDTR system so that the pump and probe arrive concurrently when the delay stage reaches its midpoint, followed by unwrapping the temporal scan, we obtain a dataset that is bounded only by the oscillator repetition rate. Sensitivity analysis along with conducted measurements shows that great increases in measurement sensitivity are available with this approach, particularly for thin films with low thermal conductivities.

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Fisher-Levine, Merlin, Rebecca Boll, Farzaneh Ziaee, Cédric Bomme, Benjamin Erk, Dimitrios Rompotis, Tatiana Marchenko, Andrei Nomerotski et Daniel Rolles. « Time-resolved ion imaging at free-electron lasers using TimepixCam ». Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 25, n^o 2 (20 février 2018) : 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577517018306.

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The application of a novel fast optical-imaging camera, TimepixCam, to molecular photoionization experiments using the velocity-map imaging technique at a free-electron laser is described. TimepixCam is a 256 × 256 pixel CMOS camera that is able to detect and time-stamp ion hits with 20 ns timing resolution, thus making it possible to record ion momentum images for all fragment ions simultaneously and avoiding the need to gate the detector on a single fragment. This allows the recording of significantly more data within a given amount of beam time and is particularly useful for pump–probe experiments, where drifts, for example, in the timing and pulse energy of the free-electron laser, severely limit the comparability of pump–probe scans for different fragments taken consecutively. In principle, this also allows ion–ion covariance or coincidence techniques to be applied to determine angular correlations between fragments.

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Xia, A. D., J. C. Zhu, L. J. Jiang, D. L. Li et X. Y. Zhang. « Energy transfer kinetics in C-phycocyanin from cyanobacterium wastiellopsis prolifica studied by pump-probe techniques ». Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 179, n^o 1 (août 1991) : 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(91)91407-4.

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Roberts, Dale M., et Terry L. Gustafson. « Time modulation techniques for picosecond to microsecond pump-probe experiments using synchronously pumped dye lasers ». Optics Communications 56, n^o 5 (janvier 1986) : 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(86)90059-3.

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TIAN, YE, FAN YANG, CHAOYU GUO et YING JIANG. « RECENT ADVANCES IN ULTRAFAST TIME-RESOLVED SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY ». Surface Review and Letters 25, Supp01 (décembre 2018) : 1841003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x18410032.

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Making smaller and faster functional devices has led to an increasing demand for a microscopic technique that allows the investigation of carrier and phonon dynamics with both high spatial and temporal resolutions. Traditional optical pump–probe methods can achieve femtosecond temporal resolution but fall short in the spatial resolution due to the diffraction limit. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), on the contrary, has realized atomic-scale spatial resolution relying on the high sensitivity of the tunneling current to the tip-sample distance. However, limited by the electronics bandwidth, STM can only push the temporal resolution to the microseconds scale, restricting its applications to probe various ultrafast dynamic processes. The combination of these two methods takes advantages of optical pump–probe techniques and highly localized tunneling currents of STM, providing one viable solution to track atomic-scale ultrafast dynamics in single molecules and low-dimensional materials. In this review, we will focus on several ultrafast time-resolved STM methods by coupling the tunneling junctions with pulsed electric waves, THz, near-infrared and visible laser. Their applications to probe the carrier dynamics, spin dynamics, and molecular motion will be highlighted. In the end, we will present an outlook on the challenges and new opportunities in this field.

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Warren, Mark, Dave Allan, Paul Raithby, Jeppe Christensen, Jose Trincao, Michelle Hamilton, Lauren Hatcher, Lynne Thomas, Arwen Pearson et Juilien Marchal. « Time-resolved Crystallographic Developments Utilising Detector Gating Techniques ». Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (5 août 2014) : C166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314098337.

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The X-ray scattering process occurs on the time scale of about 10-18 seconds; the complete data collection is in the order of hours at synchrotron sources and consequently gives a time-averaged structure of the crystalline material. Previously on beamline I19 at Diamond Light Source we have used a method which involves mechanically chopping the X-ray beam to produce a pulsed source. The pulsed X-ray beam can then be used to probe the crystal a short period after the sample has been photo-activated by a laser beam. This method can be repeated changing the period between the laser (pump) and X-ray pulse (probe) until the entire time series is obtained. Beamline I19 in collaboration with the Dynamic Structural Sciences Consortium at the Research Complex at Harwell have designed a novel strategy to collect an entire time-series (zero to 100 ms) in one data collection utilising the fast image collection time of the Pilatus detector. The 300K Pilatus detector has a readout out time of 2.7 ms and can be gated down to 200 ns. This means that we can use this gating (instead of the mechanical chopper) to obtain single crystal time-resolved structures. This technique shortens the data collection time and as the entire series is obtained from one crystal during the same data collection, this reduces decay and scaling issues.

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Gagné, M. C., P. Galarneau et S. L. Chin. « Photorefractive deflection technique using parallel and overlaping probe and pump beams ». Canadian Journal of Physics 64, n^o 9 (1 septembre 1986) : 1116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-192.

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The present work provides an experimental study of a pulsed photorefractive technique to diagnose the interior of an irradiated region. Results obtained in a mixture of SF6 and Ar are presented to illustrate the experimental technique. Three distinct areas have been studied, (i) The two beams are parallel and their optical axes are coincident (collinear). At this particular position, the probe beam suffers a defocusing effect that is used to align collinearly two laser beams with a precision of ±3 μm. (ii) The two beams are parallel but slightly off axis. In this case, the probe beam suffers a deviation that is the sole result of a rarefaction in the irradiated region followed by the normal thermal equilibration. (iii) The two beams are parallel and slightly overlapping. The probe beam suffers a deviation similar to the preceding one. Moreover, it sees an initial outward-propagating acoustic (density) wave. It is in this particular region that the acoustic perturbation appears. Finaly, the gas mixture used under our experimental conditions is a good candidate for the collinear alignment of several laser beams. The only restrictions are that the pump laser must produce a beam with a symmetrical intensity profile, the other laser beams must be continuous-wave beams, and the gas mixture must be transparent to the latter.

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Li, Shunran, Zhenghong Dai, Linda Li, Nitin P. Padture et Peijun Guo. « Time-resolved vibrational-pump visible-probe spectroscopy for thermal conductivity measurement of metal-halide perovskites ». Review of Scientific Instruments 93, n^o 5 (1 mai 2022) : 053003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083763.

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Understanding thermal transport at the microscale to the nanoscale is crucially important for a wide range of technologies ranging from device thermal management and protection systems to thermal-energy regulation and harvesting. In the past decades, non-contact optical methods, such as time-domain and frequency-domain thermoreflectance, have emerged as extremely powerful and versatile thermal metrological techniques for the measurement of material thermal conductivities. Here, we report the measurement of thermal conductivity of thin films of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3), a prototypical metal-halide perovskite, by developing a time-resolved optical technique called vibrational-pump visible-probe (VPVP) spectroscopy. The VPVP technique relies on the direct thermal excitation of MAPbI3 by femtosecond mid-infrared optical pump pulses that are wavelength-tuned to a vibrational mode of the material, after which the time dependent optical transmittance across the visible range is probed in the ns to the μs time window using a broadband pulsed laser. Using the VPVP method, we determine the thermal conductivities of MAPbI3 thin films deposited on different substrates. The transducer-free VPVP method reported here is expected to permit spectrally resolving and spatiotemporally imaging of the dynamic lattice temperature variations in organic, polymeric, and hybrid organic–inorganic semiconductors.

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TOMITA, Ayana, Shunsuke NOZAWA, Shin-ichi ADACHI, Tokushi SATO et Naoya SHIBAYAMA. « Structural Dynamics Measurements of the Biological Molecule Using Pump-Probe Technique ». Nihon Kessho Gakkaishi 56, n^o 4 (2014) : 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5940/jcrsj.56.253.

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Zeng, X., et D. L. Boiko. « Measuring excited state lifetime of Rb atoms with pump-probe technique ». Applied Physics Letters 107, n^o 9 (31 août 2015) : 094105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4929918.

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Nargelas, Saulius, Ramūnas Aleksiejūnas, Mikas Vengris et Kęstutis Jarašiūnas. « Carrier relaxation dynamics in InN investigated by femtosecond pump-probe technique ». physica status solidi (c) 7, n^o 7-8 (6 mai 2010) : 1853–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200983454.

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Coppens, Philip. « Fleeting Excited States by Synchrotron and In-House Pump-Probe Diffraction ». Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (5 août 2014) : C765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314092341.

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While the geometry of the initial state of chemical reactions is now being studied by electron diffraction methods [1] with further efforts underway at XFEL's, the properties of longer lived molecular excited states remain of crucial importance for the design of photoluminescent devices [2] and as precursors in photochemical reactions and electron transfer into semiconductor nanoparticles. Triplet lifetimes in crystals are temperature dependent, but typical in the ns-ms range. If high luminescence is of importance, the lower part of this range is preferable, for other applications longer lifetimes may be desirable. In the former case time-resolved (TR) synchrotron experimentation, preferable with Laue techniques, is the method of choice, whereas for lifetimes above about 10 µs monochromatic in-house TR methods are increasingly feasible due to the continuing increase in the brightness of commercial X-ray sources and in the efficiency of detectors. The in-house method implemented in our laboratory uses a fast mechanical shutter synchronized with up to 100 kHz high repetition-rate lasers, corresponding to a pulse separation of 10 µs, as discussed in detail in a presentation by Kaminski. A number of synchrotron [3] and in-house experiments on mono- bi- and tetra-nuclear organometallic complexes have been completed and are compared. New methods for inter-sample scaling of multi-sample data sets and for visualization of the geometrical changes increase the sensitivity of the TR methods and allow examination of geometry changes on excitation at conversion percentages of only a few %. Further details will be presented in separate presentations. Research funded by the National Science Foundation (CHE1213223). BioCARS Sector 14 at APS is supported by NIH (RR007707). The Advanced Photon Source is funded by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, (W-31-109-ENG-38).

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