Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Pulling test »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Pulling test"
1
Son, Mark P. « BOLTS PULLING TEST. REVERSER FOR BOLTS TESTING ». International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 14, no 3 (28 septembre 2018) : 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2018-14-3-136-141.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article describes developed device for performing pulling tests of bolts, including high-strength. Principle of reverser operation is change of sign of applied load – compression of press causes stretching of a bolt. Advantages of presented reverser are: reliability, mobility, small size, economical operation and simpleness. Reverser designs permit to perform bolt tests at any hydraulic press. Using the developed device, deformation diagrams were obtained for bolts of different strength class 8.8 steel 40Kh and 20G2R and 10.9 steel 40Kh. These diagrams may serve as basis for numerical modeling of bolts in software packages, and also manual calculation of yielding. Tests revealed a number of advantages of bolts made of steel 20G2R over 40Kh, due to which application of bolts made of steel 20G2R is recommended in assemblies of any level of responsibility.
2
Gaycken, Jana, Drew J. Picken, Thomas W. Pike, Oliver H. P. Burman et Anna Wilkinson. « Mechanisms underlying string-pulling behaviour in green-winged macaws ». Behaviour 156, no 5-8 (2019) : 619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003520.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The string-pulling test is a classic test of physical cognition which is thought to examine an animal’s understanding of means-end comprehension, but may also result from trial and error learning. Here, we presented Green-winged macaws (Ara chloroptera) with a standard pull-up, and an alternative, pull-down, string pulling test to better understand the processes involved. Birds were divided into two groups: the experimental group were presented with the classic pull-up test and, upon completion, with the pull-down test, while the control group were only presented with the pull-down test. Six experimental birds solved the pull-up test, although none successfully completed the pull-down test; however, birds from the experimental group made significantly more pull-down actions than those from the control group. Together with previous findings on string-pulling behaviour in green-winged macaws, the results from the present study suggest that string-pulling behaviour in this species does not involve means-end understanding.
3
Symons, Digby D., Jialiang Chen et Padraig Alton. « Calculation of optimal jaw geometry for an electronic bond pull test ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C : Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no 11 (13 novembre 2013) : 1847–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213511963.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A bond pull test is used to determine the strength of the bond of an electronic interconnect to a circuit board. A standard test consists of clamping and pulling the interconnect with a pair of microscopic jaws. In a successful test, the maximum pulling force registered by the jaws will be the failure load of the interconnect to circuit board bond. However, if the interconnect itself deforms before the bond has failed, then this would constitute an unsuccessful test. This paper reports on a theoretical analysis of the optimal geometry for gripping of a cylindrical interconnect. Upper and lower-bound plasticity models have been used to determine the jaw proportions that will maximize the load for the deformation of the interconnect and that should, therefore, be most likely to allow successful measurement of the bond strength. This theoretical analysis is compared to 2D and 3D non-linear finite element calculations. The 2D finite element models are axi-symmetric approximations of a pull test on a cylindrical interconnect. 3D finite element models take into account the actual jaw geometry and allow simulation of both clamping and pulling stages. The maximum calculated pull forces for both 2D and 3D simulations are in good agreement with the plasticity theory. Preliminary validation of the theory and finite element results has been accomplished through experimental clamping and pulling tests on cylindrical metal rods.
4
Alsayed, Abdallah, Raja Kamil, Hafiz Ramli et Azizan As’arry. « An Automated Data Acquisition System for Pinch Grip Assessment Based on Fugl Meyer Protocol : A Feasibility Study ». Applied Sciences 10, no 10 (15 mai 2020) : 3436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103436.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Upper Extremity Fugl Meyer Assessment (UE-FMA) is the most comprehensive assessment for pinch impairment after stroke. The pinch test of UE-FMA is manually performed by pulling a pincer object away from the patient’s fingers while providing a visual observation that results in a subjective assessment. In this study, an automated data acquisition system that consists of a linear electric actuator applying automatic pulling to the customized pincer object held by the volunteer was developed. The pinch force was measured such that a strain gauge was placed on the pincer object while pulling force was measured using pulling force load cell connected in between the linear electric actuator and customized pincer object. The pincer object’s slip onset was detected using a displacement slip sensor. The mean pinch and pulling force values at the slip onset were 12.17 and 6.25 N for right hands, while mean pinch and pulling force values were 11.67 and 5.92 N for left hands of 50 healthy volunteers, respectively. Based on the paired t-test, there is no significant difference between right and left hands. The automated data acquisition system can objectively apply a pulling force, detect the slip onset, and measure the pinch and pulling forces.
5
Yi, Cannan, Huali Zuo, Caijun Zhao, Kai-Way Li, Hong Hu, Fan Tang et Tong Long. « Fatigue and Recovery of Muscles for Pulling Tasks ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no 22 (17 novembre 2022) : 15159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215159.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Manual materials handling (MMH) contributes to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the workplace. The development and recovery of muscle fatigue are essential in work/rest arrangements for MMH tasks. A pulling experiment, including a muscle fatigue test and a muscle fatigue recovery test, was conducted. In the muscle fatigue test, the participant performed a pulling task on a treadmill with a walking velocity of 1 km/h until they could no longer do so. The load was either 30 or 45 kg. The maximum endurance time (MET) was recorded. The pull strength (PS) of the participant both before and after the pulling task was measured. The subjective ratings of muscle fatigue after the pulling task were recorded. In the muscle fatigue recovery test, the participant took a rest after performing the pulling task. The participants reported their subjective ratings of muscle fatigue on the CR-10 scale after taking a rest for a time period t, where t = 1, 2,…, 6 min. The PS of the participant was then measured again. It was found that the load significantly affected the MET for pulling tasks. The load was insignificant to the decrease of the PS, but was significant to the decrease rate (PS decrease per min) of the PS. The PS decrease rate for the 45 kg condition (30.8 ± 16.5 N/min) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the 30 kg condition (15.4 ± 5.5 N/min). The recovery time significantly affected the PS and CR-10. Two MET models were established to explore the development of muscle fatigue in pulling tasks. A PS model was constructed to describe the recovery of muscle force. A CR-10 model was proposed to show the subjective ratings of recovery. These models are beneficial for determining the work/rest allowance for pulling tasks.
6
Ponce, Suomi, José Bico et Benoît Roman. « Effect of friction on the peeling test at zero-degrees ». Soft Matter 11, no 48 (2015) : 9281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm01203a.
Texte intégral
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Nagesh, L., et HV Amith. « Effect of Oil Pulling on Plaque and Gingivitis ». Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 1, no 1 (janvier 2007) : 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-1-1-12.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT Oil pulling is an age-old process mentioned in Charaka Samhita and Sushratha's Arthashastra. This study was conducted to assess the effect of oil pulling on Plaque and Gingivitis. Objectives (1) To assess the effect of oil pulling on plaque and gingivitis. (2) To monitor its safety on oral soft and hard tissues. Methodology 10 subjects performed Oil Pulling along with their other oral hygiene measures for 45 days, using Refined Sunflower Oil. Their Plaque and gingival scores were assessed periodocally by modified PHP and Gingival indices. The results were subjected to t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results The reduction in plaque and gingival scores from baseline to 45 days were 0.81+-_0.41 (P<0.01) and 0.39+_0.17 (P<0.01) respectively. The differences were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion Oil pulling is having dental benefits. Hence this holds a chance to be added to other oral hygiene measures.
8
Liu, Wen Bai, Long Zhao et Ning Jia. « The Numerical Simulation of Bearing Capacity of Pile-Bucket Foundation under Combined Loading of Up-Pull and Horizontal Force ». Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (mai 2011) : 2171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.2171.
Texte intégralRésumé :
By using ABAQUS software to conduct numerical simulation and model test of pile-bucket under mono-loading of up-pulling force and horizontal force, then make comparison of both results to testify the accuracy of finite calculation model. Then by numerical simulation to study bearing capacity of pile-bucket foundation under combined loading of up-pull and horizontal force. The result shows the pile-bucket foundation horizontal displacement will increase with the increase of up-pulling force at the limit horizontal load, and the horizontal displacement becomes more obvious as the up-pulling load increasing if providing greater horizontal loading force. Before the up-pulling force reaches the limit, horizontal load will not affect up-pulling displacement; after the up-pulling force reaches the limit, the horizontal load can slightly reduce the up-pulling displacement of pile top. The effect of up-pulling load increase on horizontal displacement is obvious for pile depth in soil at 0~15m, but very tiny for pile body with buried depth over 15m.
9
Pongrácz, Péter, Petra Bánhegyi et Ádám Miklósi. « When rank counts — dominant dogs learn better from a human demonstrator in a two-action test ». Behaviour 149, no 1 (2012) : 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853912x629148.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractDogs can learn effectively from a human demonstrator in detour tests as well as in different kinds of manipulative tasks. In this experiment we used a novel two-action device from which the target object (a ball) was obtained by tilting a tube either by pulling a rope attached to the end of the tube, or by directly pushing the end of the tube. Tube tilting was relatively easy for naïve companion dogs; therefore, the effect of the human demonstration aimed to alter or increase the dogs’ initial preference for tube pushing (according to the behaviour shown by naïve dogs in the absence of a human demonstrator). Our results have shown that subjects preferred the demonstrated action in the two-action test. After having witnessed the tube pushing demonstration, dogs performed significantly more tube pushing than the dogs in the rope pulling demonstration group. In contrast, dogs that observed the rope pulling demonstration, performed significantly more similar actions than the subjects of the other demonstration group. The ratio of rope pulling was significantly higher in the rope pulling demonstration group, than in the No Demo (control) group. The overall success of solving the task was also influenced by the social rank of the dog among its conspecific companions at home. Independently of the type of demonstration, dominant dogs solved the task significantly more often than the subordinate dogs did. There was no such difference in the No Demo group. This experiment has shown that a simple two-action device that does not require excessive pre-training, can be suitable for testing social learning in dogs. However, effects of social rank should be taken into account when social learning in dogs is being studied and tested, because dominant and subordinate dogs perform differently after observing a demonstrator.
10
Jin, Qing Ping, Zu Jia Zheng, Bin Qiang Dou et Xue Wen Lei. « FBG Sensor Application for GFRP Soil Nailing Pull-Out Test ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (décembre 2013) : 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.539.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The mechanical performance of GFRP soil nailing in the supporting structure is an important and difficult problem. By implanting the fiber bragg grating sensor (FBG) into GFRP soil nailing, pull-out tests were done on filed,and stress rules of soil nailing bar were determined.The more reasonable and effective force data of soil nailings were also gathered through FBG senor.Test results show that the tension of soil nailing gradually adds with external pulling force, the variation of tension is divided into two stages, the total pulling force is within 50kN, growing linearly with about 2.5% rate ,after that, its growth rate is approximately 50% to 60%. After the force exceed a certain value, the load is transmitted backward.FBG sensing technology overcomes the failure problem of traditional strain sensor,is a precise measurement method.
Thèses sur le sujet "Pulling test"
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SALA, CRISTIAN. « TREE STABILITY ANALYSIS : EXPERIMENTAL PULLING TESTS AND ANALYTICAL INTERPRETATION ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/325901.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Negli ultimi anni la società ha aumentato la considerazione dell'importanza del verde per la tutela del pianeta e per la salute delle persone. Nelle aree urbane, in particolare, la presenza di alberi aumenta notevolmente la qualità della vita dei cittadini sotto vari aspetti, ad esempio aumentando l'ombreggiamento e abbassando le temperature estive, riducendo gli inquinanti nell'aria, diminuendo lo stress e migliorando l'umore delle persone, ecc.
Tuttavia, gli alberi possono subire rotture biomeccaniche per ragioni meteorologiche, fitopatologiche e antropiche, provocando notevoli danni a cose e persone. Esistono, quindi, diversi metodi per valutare la stabilità degli alberi che possono consentire di prevederne la caduta ed evitare possibili danni, ma la materia è molto complessa e, allo stato attuale delle conoscenze, queste tipologie di valutazioni presentano alcuni limiti.
Negli ultimi anni il metodo principale utilizzato per valutare la stabilità delle radici di un albero è il SIM - Static Integrated Method (pulling test), perché spesso è l'unico conosciuto e attualmente non esistono altri metodi alternativi con la stessa affidabilità e ripetibilità, sebbene questo abbia alcune limitazioni, così come gli altri metodi.
Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato, quindi, quello di cercare di migliorare il metodo di valutazione della stabilità radicale degli alberi, avvalendosi dell'esperienza lavorativa della società Agro Service, specializzata nella valutazione della stabilità degli alberi per clienti pubblici e privati.
Innanzitutto, per migliorare la valutazione della stabilità radicale è necessario osservare diverse prove di trazione (pulling test) e analizzarne i risultati. Quindi, con la collaborazione della società Agro Service, dall'anno 2017 al 2020 sono state effettuate quasi cento prove di trazione da utilizzare per questa ricerca. In questo lasso di tempo sono state realizzate altre prove di trazione, ma i relativi risultati non sono stati presi in considerazione per questo studio perché la qualità dei dati non era sufficientemente elevata.
Tutte le prove di trazione sono state eseguite con strumenti FAKOPP, che hanno permesso di raccogliere più punti della curva di ribaltamento in rapporto fra la rotazione della zolla radicale e la forza applicata. Dopo la normale fase di trazione fino alla rotazione di 0,2 °, come previsto dal metodo SIM, alcune prove sono state registrate anche nella successiva fase di scarico, per analizzare il comportamento del sistema albero-radici-suolo.
Nelle 11 diverse località in cui vengono effettuati i test in Lombardia e Liguria, sono stati prelevati 18 campioni di terreno per conoscere la granulometria di questi siti e la sua possibile influenza nell'ottenimento dei risultati delle prove.
Dall'osservazione delle caratteristiche dei dati dei test di trazione e delle anomalie matematiche del metodo tradizionale, è stata proposta criticamente un'equazione interpretativa più generale rispetto al classico approccio di Wessolly, al fine di migliorare la valutazione della stabilità radicale degli alberi, aumentando così la sicurezza nei luoghi pubblici e la possibilità di preservare gli alberi monumentali.
Successivamente questa nuova equazione proposta è stata validata da alcuni test di trazione sperimentali, consistenti in prove in scala reale, sia tradizionali sia fino allo sradicamento dell'albero, e prove in scala ridotta.
Infine viene riportato un lavoro sull'incremento della sicurezza di un albero con un approccio deterministico, svolto dallo stesso gruppo di lavoro di questo studio. Nonostante questo approccio possa essere riproposto solo per alberi di particolare pregio, ovvero alberi monumentali, per la sua complessità e per i suoi costi eccessivi, questo lavoro è risultato importante per iniziare ad approfondire il problema della stabilità degli alberi e per iniziare a sviluppare i successivi studi esposti in questa tesi.In recent years, society has increased the consideration of the importance of green areas for the protection of the planet and the health of people. In urban areas, in particular, the presence of trees significantly increases the quality of life of citizens under various aspects, i.e. greater shading and reduction of summer temperatures, reduction of pollutants in the air, reduction of stress and improvement of people's mood, etc. However, trees can suffer biomechanical breakages for meteorological, phytopathological and anthropic reasons, causing considerable damage to things and people. There are, therefore, different methods for evaluating the stability of trees that can make it possible to predict their fall and avoid damage, but the matter is very complex and, in the current state of knowledge, these evaluations have some limitations. In the last years the main method used to value the root stability of a tree is the SIM – Static Integrated Method (pulling test), because it’s often the only one known and currently there’re not other alternative methods with the same reliability and repeatability, although it has some limitations as other methods. The purpose of this work was, therefore, to try to improve the method of evaluating the root stability of trees, taking advantage of the work experience of the Agro Service society, specialized in tree stability evaluation for public and private customers. First of all, to improve root stability evaluation is necessary to observe several pulling tests and analyze their results. So, with the cooperation of Agro Service society, almost one hundred pulling tests are carried out since year 2017 to 2020 to be used for this research. More other pulling tests are carried out in this time frame, but relative results are not considered for this study because the data quality isn’t enough high. All the pulling tests are performed with FAKOPP instruments, that allowed to collect several points of the fitting overturning curve between root plate rotation and applied force. After the ordinary pulling phase until the rotation of 0,2°, as expected by the SIM, some of them are also recorded during the following unload phase, to analyze the behavior of tree-roots-soil system. In the 11 different places where tests are carried out around Lombardy and Liguria regions, 18 soil samples are picked up to know the granulometry of these sites and its possible influence in pulling test results. By the observation of the pulling tests data features and the mathematical anomalies of the ordinary method, a more general interpretative equation has been proposed critically compared to the classical Wessolly approach, in order to improve the evaluation of the root stability of the trees, increasing the public safety and the possibility to preserve monumental trees. So this new proposed equation has been validated by some experimental pulling tests, consisting in real scale tests, traditional ones and until failure of the tree, and scale tests. Finally, a work on increasing the safety of a tree with a deterministic approach is reported, wich was carried out by the same working group of this study. In spite of this approach can only be re-proposed for trees of particular value, i.e. monumental trees, due to its complexity and its excessive costs, this work was important to begin to deepen the topic of tree stability and from it we started to develop the following studies exposed in this thesis.
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Smuts, Sonia. « A Rorschach study of fifteen women with trichotillomania ». Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2002. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03072005-121028.
Texte intégral
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FENZA, GIACOMO. « Experimental and numerical investigations to assess the behaviour of a buried pipeline in areas with high geological instability ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266778.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Ground displacements such as landslides, fault movements, soil liquefaction which may be
caused by seismic activity are one of the most dangerous phenomena that can involve buried
pipelines, e.g. for oil and gas transportation, or water and sewage. This aspect is currently
an important part of research and a challenge for lifelines owners that are interested
in prevent or limit pipeline damages.
Within the framework of GIPIPE1 research program (SAFETY OF BURIED STEEL
PIPELINES UNDER GROUND-INDUCED DEFORMATIONS) new full-scale facilities
have been developed and adopted in order to investigate pipe-soil interaction mechanism
(in particular sand and 8” 5/8 X65 steel pipes). The new experimental facilities have been
designed to perform two groups of tests: simple interaction tests (axial pullout and transversal
pullout test) and complex interaction tests (reproducing a pipeline crossing landslide).
A system of steel containers (stationary and fixed) in which pipe samples are buried
within the sand, have been assembled. Numerical analyses have been performed using
strength parameters of sand and steel obtained from laboratory testing and subsequently
validated by means full-scale experimental results.
The outcomes of the experimental activity showed some differences in soil reaction on
pipe by increasing the relative density of soil filling and using a smoother coating.
Moreover peak soil resistances estimated with equations suggested by ASCE guidelines [4]
cannot predict satisfactory measured axial and lateral soil reactions. This is a confirmation
of previous studies in which was evidenced the effect of soil dilation in the annular soil
zone around the pipe during axial relative movement between pipe and soil causes an increase
of the normal stress at pipe soil interface, in particular the horizontal direction is
significantly constrained by the surrounding soil mass leading to an higher increase in lateral
soil stress in this direction respect to the vertical direction. Therefore this phenomenon
leads to a lateral earth pressure coefficient K which is greater than K0 (coefficient of pressure
at rest) as suggested in the ASCE guidelines [4], therefore for a better estimation of
soil response using that equation it is suggested to measure the ratio between horizontal
stress and the vertical stress during a full-scale axial pullout test.
Pipes submitted to lateral soil displacement with a constrained uplifting show as expected a
greater soil reaction than that estimated by ASCE [4] and PRCI [20].
As far as the landslide/fault test are concerned, the maximum soil relative density (Dr)
achieved during experimental tests performed in this study was around 40%. This level of
density led to a low stiffness of soil mass hence a limited global deformation of a 24 m
embedded pipe during landslide/fault tests in which one caisson was moved up to 4 m respect
to the initial position. These experimental findings confirm that sand with a low value
of maximum achievable density may prevent from high loads developing on pipelines,
in contrast to native soil which can apply higher loads.
Numerical analyses and their validation gave us a suitable instrument to estimate the pipe
soil response for large ground displacements phenomena.
4
Larson, Christine M. « Construction and Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Trichotillomania Distress : The Hairpulling Distress and Impairment Scale (HDIS) ». Connect to Online Resource-OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1184697559.
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Alvey, Alexis A. « Efficacy and Effect of Tree Stabilization Systems On Landscape Tree Growth and Establishment ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33160.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Various forms of staking, guying, and root ball anchoring are used to prevent post-transplant tree destabilization in the landscape, but little scientific evidence exists to support this practice. This experiment tested the efficacy of three generic tree stabilization systems (TSS) and their effect on tree growth and establishment. In spring 2006, 48 balled and burlapped, 6.4 cm (2.5 inch) diameter, white ash (Fraxinus americana L. â Autumn Purpleâ ) were transplanted to a field site in Blacksburg, VA. At planting, one of four TSS treatments (staking, guying, root ball anchoring, or non-stabilized) was installed on each tree. After five weeks, tree pulling tests were conducted on 24 trees to simulate a strong wind load using a cable winch mounted to a skid-steer loader. After one growing season, change in tree height, trunk diameter, and trunk taper were compared among the 24 remaining trees. Soil cores were taken and the length, diameter, and dry weight of roots within the cores were analyzed. TSS were then removed and tree pulling tests were conducted using the same method.
The five week tests showed that destabilization was significantly greater for non-stabilized trees (mean of 16 degrees from vertical) than for trees with TSS (all means less than 3 degrees from vertical). Yet after one growing season, there were no significant differences among any treatments in tree stability. We conclude that in locations with high wind speeds, TSS may be necessary for trees similar to those in our study, but only for a very short period of time.
Results also indicated that staking, guying, and root ball anchoring were equally effective, very robust, very durable, caused no tree injuries, and did not impact tree growth or establishment after one growing season. Practical considerations may therefore play a more important role when choosing which TSS to use. Although the time required for TSS installation was similar for each system, staking was more than twice as expensive as guying or root ball anchoring.
Master of Science
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Danel, Samara. « Cognition physique chez l’oiseau : général ou adapté ? » Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2007/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La cognition physique correspond à l’ensemble des connaissances que nous possédons sur les objets inanimés qui nous entourent, et à leurs relations avec l’environnement. Selon l’hypothèse de l’intelligence sociale générale, la cognition physique se serait développée tel un continuum (à l’instar de tous les autres domaines cognitifs), chez les espèces vivant au sein de groupes sociaux complexes. A l’inverse, l’hypothèse de l’intelligence sociale adaptée suppose que le fait d’interagir avec des congénères a permis de développer des capacités cognitives supérieures, mais spécifiques, du domaine social. Bien que les recherches relatives à l’évolution de la cognition physique se soient d’abord focalisées sur les primates, nous savons aujourd’hui que certains oiseaux sont capables d’interagir de manière complexe avec leur monde physique, en utilisant et en fabriquant des outils (p. ex., voir Article 1). Néanmoins, de nombreuses familles aviaires restent à ce jour non étudiées, laissant ce débat en suspens. L’objectif général de ce travail de recherche est de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des facteurs responsables de l’évolution de la cognition, grâce à l’apport théorique de l’hypothèse de l’intelligence sociale suivant son aspect général et adapté. Quatre espèces, jusqu’alors inconnues sur le plan cognitif, ont été sélectionnées suivant leur degré de socialité mais également la spécificité de leur écologie. Ce dernier facteur, trop souvent ignoré en biologie du comportement, est crucial pour apprécier le comportement dans son ensemble. Nous avons ainsi estimé la faculté des sujets, à savoir des pélicans blancs Pelecanus onocrotalus (sociaux) et des euplectes vorabés Euplectes afer afer (grégaires), à reproduire le comportement d’un congénère (domaine social) grâce à un test d’apprentissage social (Articles 2 part I & 3). Nous avons ensuite évalué leur capacité à se servir d’un objet pour obtenir une récompense alimentaire hors de portée (domaine physique), grâce à un test d’utilisation d’outils (Articles 2 part II & 4). Bien que les pélicans fussent capables de résoudre rapidement la tâche d’apprentissage social, ils ne réussirent pas à utiliser spontanément des outils (cf. discussion Article 2 part II). A l’instar du pélican, l’euplecte imita le comportement d’un congénère. Néanmoins, il échoua à utiliser des outils dans le contexte du fourragement, malgré le fait que cet oiseau utilise et fabrique des outils de manière complexe pour construire son nid.A défaut d’avoir pu étudier l’apprentissage social et l’utilisation d’outils chez deux autres espèces sociales, les calaos terrestres Bucorvus et les toucans Ramphastidae, cette recherche consistait également à administrer un paradigme permettant d’apprécier le domaine physique : le test de la ficelle (Articles 5 & 6, respectivement). La tâche impliquait de tirer sur une ficelle afin d’obtenir une récompense alimentaire accrochée à son extrémité. Les calaos terrestres échouèrent à tirer sur la ficelle dans la configuration verticale, mais réussirent rapidement la tâche dans diverses conditions de la configuration horizontale. Chez les toucans, cependant, un seul sujet réussit le test dans sa configuration verticale. Les résultats obtenus nous permettent de réfuter l’hypothèse de l’intelligence sociale dans son aspect général. En effet, aucun lien ne semble se dessiner entre le domaine social et physique chez les quatre espèces aviaires étudiées. Bien que l’hypothèse de l’intelligence sociale soit soutenue depuis plus de quatre décennies, une théorie unitaire est requise. Dans ce cadre, un nouveau modèle d’évolution cognitive, permettant d’évaluer l’importance de l’intelligence générale chez une espèce donnée, pourrait s’avérer particulièrement prometteurPhysical cognition is defined as the knowledge that we possess about the inanimate objects surrounding us, and their relation with the environment. According to the general social intelligence hypothesis, physical cognition would have developed as a continuum (like all the other cognitive domains), in species living in complex social groups. By contrast, the adapted social intelligence hypothesis assumes that interacting with conspecifics has allowed development of superior, but specific, cognitive capacities related to the social realm. Although research on the evolution of cognition first focused on primates, we now know that some avian species are capable of interacting with their physical world in a complex way by using and manufacturing tools (e.g., Article 1). However, to date, various bird families are still unstudied, leaving open this debate. The general goal of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the factors acting on the evolution of cognition, thanks to the theoretical input of the social intelligence hypothesis according to its general and adapted aspect. Four species that had never been studied in cognitive studies before were selected according to their degree of sociality but also according to the specificity of their ecology. This latter factor has been largely ignored in behavioural biology, although it is crucial for a more holistic comprehension of the behaviour. This work aimed to assess the ability of two avian species, great white pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus (social birds) and yellow-crowned bishops Euplectes afer afer (gregarious birds), to imitate the behaviour of a trained conspecific (social domain) with a social learning task (Articles 2 part I & 3, respectively). Subsequently, we have studied heir ability to use an object in order to get an out-of-reach food reward (physical domain) with a tool use task (Articles 2 part II & 4). Although pelicans were capable of rapidly solving the social learning task, they did not succeed in using tools spontaneously (cf. discussion Article 2 part II). The bishops were able to imitate the behaviour of a conspecific, however they were not capable of using tools in the foraging context, although these birds are well known to use and manufacture tools in quite a complex way in order to build their nests. We have also administrated to two other avian social species, ground-hornbills Bucorvus and toucans Ramphastidae, an experimental paradigm to assess cognition in the physical domain: the string-pulling test (Articles 5 & 6, respectively). The task involved pulling on a string in order to obtain a food reward attached to its extremity. Ground-hornbills failed to pull on the string in the vertical configuration, but rapidly solved the task in various conditions within the horizontal configuration. In toucans, however, only one subject succeeded in the vertical configuration. These results allow us to refute the social intelligence hypothesis in its general aspect. Indeed, no link seems to be drawn between the social and the physical domains in the four species studied. Although the social intelligence hypothesis is supported since decades, a unitary theory is required. A new model of cognitive evolution, that allows assessing the importance of general intelligence in species, may be particularly promising
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Giambastiani, Yamuna. « ENG : Indirect and non-destructive multidisciplinary tree root distribution analysis ITA : Approccio multidisciplinare per l’analisi della distribuzione radicale delle piante con metodologie indirette e non distruttive ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1130465.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this thesis is to develop indirect and non-invasive methodologies for the tree root distribution analysis, with a multidisciplinary approach. Slope stability study needs the quantification of the root distribution. Current techniques carries out direct measurements on the root system by digging, uprooting and other invasive, non-replicable and onerous techniques. The methodologies, applied in this study, come from geophysics (I) and biomechanics (II). With the first approach, the geoelectric method is applied, in order to quantify the soil resistivity, in relation to water content. By this methodology a electrical resistivity tomography of a soil profile is obtained, which has been elaborated to evaluate the variation of the resistivity in relation to the presence of plant roots. With the second approach, controlled pulling tests on trees of different sizes and different species are performed, in order to build a new mathematical model for assessing the safety factor of a plant, subject to an external force such as wind. Thanks to the model, it is possible to evaluate the root system effect, in terms of stabilizing moment, depending on the soil characteristics. The results obtained show that both methodologies are able to provide important information about the root distribution of plants. In addition, the techniques and models developed with this study can provide innovative tools in other areas of research, for example for assessing plant stability and developing innovative bioengineering works.
Livres sur le sujet "Pulling test"
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E, Kosten Susan, et United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., dir. Test equipment data package for the KC-135 Fiber Pulling Apparatus. [Washington, DC ? : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. et IEEE Power Engineering Society. Insulated Conductors Committee., dir. IEEE standard tests for determining compatibility of cable-pulling lubricants with wire and cable. New York, NY : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1996.
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Test Equipment Data Package for the Kc-135 Fiber Pulling Apparatus. Independently Published, 2018.
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Craig, Dave. Test-Taking Savvy : Pulling the Answers from Your Noggin ! (Therapeutic Cartoons for Kids Series). Paperbacks for Educators, 2006.
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Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE Standard Tests for Determining Compatibility of Cable-Pulling Lubricants with Wire And..... Institute of Electrical & Electronics Enginee, 1997.
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Comparison of cranking versus pulling arm ergometry for elicitation of maximal oxygen consumption in female Nordic skiers. 1986.
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Comparison of cranking versus pulling arm ergometry for elicitation of maximal oxygen consumption in female Nordic skiers. 1986.
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Comparison of cranking versus pulling arm ergometry for elicitation of maximal oxygen consumption in female Nordic skiers. 1986.
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Foresman, Scott. READING 2007 LEVELED READER 6-PACK GRADE K UNIT 6 LESSON 5 ADVANCED PULLING UP THE TENT. Scott Foresman, 2005.
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Zydroń, Tymoteusz. Wpływ systemów korzeniowych wybranych gatunków drzew na przyrost wytrzymałości gruntu na ścinanie. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-46-5.
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The aim of the paper was to determine the influence of root systems of chosen tree species found in the Polish Flysch Carpathians on the increase of soil shear strength (root cohesion) in terms of slope stability. The paper's goal was achieved through comprehensive tests on root systems of eight relatively common in the Polish Flysch Carpathians tree species. The tests that were carried out included field work, laboratory work and analytical calculations. As part of the field work, the root area ratio (A IA) of the roots was determined using the method of profiling the walls of the trench at a distance of about 1.0 m from the tree trunk. The width of the. trenches was about 1.0 m, and their depth depended on the ground conditions and ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 m below the ground level. After preparing the walls of the trench, the profile was divided into vertical layers with a height of 0.1 m, within which root diameters were measured. Roots with diameters from 1 to 10 mm were taken into consideration in root area ratio calculations in accordance with the generally accepted methodology for this type of tests. These measurements were made in Biegnik (silver fir), Ropica Polska (silver birch, black locust) and Szymbark (silver birch, European beech, European hornbeam, silver fir, sycamore maple, Scots pine, European spruce) located near Gorlice (The Low Beskids) in areas with unplanned forest management. In case of each tested tree species the samples of roots were taken, transported to the laboratory and then saturated with water for at least one day. Before testing the samples were obtained from the water and stretched in a. tensile testing machine in order to determine their tensile strength and flexibility. In general, over 2200 root samples were tested. The results of tests on root area ratio of root systems and their tensile strength were used to determine the value of increase in shear strength of the soils, called root cohesion. To this purpose a classic Wu-Waldron calculation model was used as well as two types of bundle models, the so called static model (Fiber Bundle Model — FIRM, FBM2, FBM3) and the deformation model (Root Bundle Model— RBM1, RBM2, mRBM1) that differ in terms of the assumptions concerning the way the tensile force is distributed to the roots as well as the range of parameters taken into account during calculations. The stability analysis of 8 landslides in forest areas of Cicikowicleie and Wignickie Foothills was a form of verification of relevance of the obtained calculation results. The results of tests on root area ratio in the profile showed that, as expected, the number of roots in the soil profile and their ApIA values are very variable. It was shown that the values of the root area ratio of the tested tree species with a diameter 1-10 ram are a maximum of 0.8% close to the surface of the ground and they decrease along with the depth reaching the values at least one order of magnitude lower than close to the surface at the depth 0.5-1.0 m below the ground level. Average values of the root area ratio within the soil profile were from 0.05 to 0.13% adequately for Scots pine and European beech. The measured values of the root area ratio are relatively low in relation to the values of this parameter given in literature, which is probably connected with great cohesiveness of the soils and the fact that there were a lot of rock fragments in the soil, where the tests were carried out. Calculation results of the Gale-Grigal function indicate that a distribution of roots in the soil profile is similar for the tested species, apart from the silver fir from Bie§nik and European hornbeam. Considering the number of roots, their distribution in the soil profile and the root area ratio it appears that — considering slope stability — the root systems of European beech and black locust are the most optimal, which coincides with tests results given in literature. The results of tensile strength tests showed that the roots of the tested tree species have different tensile strength. The roots of European beech and European hornbeam had high tensile strength, whereas the roots of conifers and silver birch in deciduous trees — low. The analysis of test results also showed that the roots of the studied tree species are characterized by high variability of mechanical properties. The values Of shear strength increase are mainly related to the number and size (diameter) of the roots in the soil profile as well as their tensile strength and pullout resistance, although they can also result from the used calculation method (calculation model). The tests showed that the distribution of roots in the soil and their tensile strength are characterized by large variability, which allows the conclusion that using typical geotechnical calculations, which take into consideration the role of root systems is exposed to a high risk of overestimating their influence on the soil reinforcement. hence, while determining or assuming the increase in shear strength of soil reinforced with roots (root cohesion) for design calculations, a conservative (careful) approach that includes the most unfavourable values of this parameter should be used. Tests showed that the values of shear strength increase of the soil reinforced with roots calculated using Wu-Waldron model in extreme cases are three times higher than the values calculated using bundle models. In general, the most conservative calculation results of the shear strength increase were obtained using deformation bundle models: RBM2 (RBMw) or mRBM1. RBM2 model considers the variability of strength characteristics of soils described by Weibull survival function and in most cases gives the lowest values of the shear strength increase, which usually constitute 50% of the values of shear strength increase determined using classic Wu-Waldron model. Whereas the second model (mRBM1.) considers averaged values of roots strength parameters as well as the possibility that two main mechanism of destruction of a root bundle - rupture and pulling out - can occur at the same. time. The values of shear strength increase calculated using this model were the lowest in case of beech and hornbeam roots, which had high tensile strength. It indicates that in the surface part of the profile (down to 0.2 m below the ground level), primarily in case of deciduous trees, the main mechanism of failure of the root bundle will be pulling out. However, this model requires the knowledge of a much greater number of geometrical parameters of roots and geotechnical parameters of soil, and additionally it is very sensitive to input data. Therefore, it seems practical to use the RBM2 model to assess the influence of roots on the soil shear strength increase, and in order to obtain safe results of calculations in the surface part of the profile, the Weibull shape coefficient equal to 1.0 can be assumed. On the other hand, the Wu-Waldron model can be used for the initial assessment of the shear strength increase of soil reinforced with roots in the situation, where the deformation properties of the root system and its interaction with the soil are not considered, although the values of the shear strength increase calculated using this model should be corrected and reduced by half. Test results indicate that in terms of slope stability the root systems of beech and hornbeam have the most favourable properties - their maximum effect of soil reinforcement in the profile to the depth of 0.5 m does not usually exceed 30 kPa, and to the depth of 1 m - 20 kPa. The root systems of conifers have the least impact on the slope reinforcement, usually increasing the soil shear strength by less than 5 kPa. These values coincide to a large extent with the range of shear strength increase obtained from the direct shear test as well as results of stability analysis given in literature and carried out as part of this work. The analysis of the literature indicates that the methods of measuring tree's root systems as well as their interpretation are very different, which often limits the possibilities of comparing test results. This indicates the need to systematize this type of tests and for this purpose a root distribution model (RDM) can be used, which can be integrated with any deformation bundle model (RBM). A combination of these two calculation models allows the range of soil reinforcement around trees to be determined and this information might be used in practice, while planning bioengineering procedures in areas exposed to surface mass movements. The functionality of this solution can be increased by considering the dynamics of plant develop¬ment in the calculations. This, however, requires conducting this type of research in order to obtain more data.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Pulling test"
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« pulling test ». Dans Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 1057. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_164330.
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« pile pulling test ». Dans Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 999. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_161696.
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« anchor pulling(-out) test ». Dans Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 47. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_11832.
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Grundy, Pamela. « Pulling Apart ». Dans Color and Character. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469636078.003.0006.
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Covers the rise of Ronald Reagan and a more conservative, individualistic approach to government and society that would have far-reaching effects on Charlotte schools.Explores persisting obstacles to racial advancement, including shifts in job markets, housing patterns and political priorities that perpetuated income and homeownership gaps into the 1980s and 1990s, and sharpened distinctions between struggling central-city neighborhoods and increasingly prosperous suburban communities. Traces the national shift in education priorities from promoting integration to a concern with test scores and an interest in "choice," which led Charlotte's business leaders to promote a desegregation plan focused around magnet schools instead of race-based busing. Examines growing concerns about the performance of African American students in desegregated schools, and about the challenges faced by young black men in urban neighborhoods. Follows the Capacchione lawsuit, which challenged the use of race in student assignment and brought an end to Charlotte's busing plan.
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Moreno, Ramón, Manuel Graña et Kurosh Madani. « A Robust Color Watershed Transformation and Image Segmentation Defined on RGB Spherical Coordinates ». Dans Robotic Vision, 112–28. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2672-0.ch007.
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The representation of the RGB color space points in spherical coordinates allows to retain the chromatic components of image pixel colors, pulling apart easily the intensity component. This representation allows the definition of a chromatic distance and a hybrid gradient with good properties of perceptual color constancy. In this chapter, the authors present a watershed based image segmentation method using this hybrid gradient. Oversegmentation is solved by applying a region merging strategy based on the chromatic distance defined on the spherical coordinate representation. The chapter shows the robustness and performance of the approach on well known test images and the Berkeley benchmarking image database and on images taken with a NAO robot.
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« 41 Pulling Apollo Apart ». Dans The Layers of the Text, 824–49. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110747577-041.
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Kraus, Elizabeth M. « God and the World ». Dans The Metaphysics of Experience, 168–84. Fordham University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823217953.003.0007.
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This chapter analyzes Part V of Process and Reality (PR). Here, Alfred North Whitehead returns in a moment of generalization to what has been the underlying theme of PR: the reconciliation of the primordial oppositions given in and for experience—the one and the many, order and creativity, permanence and change, now as subsumed in the foundational dialectic of God and the world. It is no longer necessary to plumb the obscurities of the text, for Whitehead speaks lyrically and directly, pulling aside the curtain for a moment to enable the reader to catch a glimpse of the massive simplicity of his cosmological vision. It is indeed only a glimpse, the preface to the theological counterpart of process cosmology, a beginning not an end.
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Coffey, John. « The Bible and Theology ». Dans The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume I, 375–408. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702238.003.0018.
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To understand Dissent, one must understand the role of the Bible in Protestant religious culture and theology. This chapter begins by depicting a biblical age, one marked by intensive biblical scholarship and mass circulation of the vernacular Bible. It then considers the biblically grounded theologies of the Dissenters, and their relation to the wider Reformed tradition. It argues that doctrinal disputes often cut across ecclesiastical lines. Although most Dissenters were wedded to Reformed orthodoxy, radical Dissenters presented powerful challenges to Reformed teaching on Scripture, the Trinity, predestination, and the moral law. Finally, the chapter turns to the shared quest for a biblical ecclesiology. While the practice of biblical study exercised a centripetal force, pulling Protestants together around their sacred text, it also had a centrifugal effect, throwing them outwards into rival factions. Dissenters would accuse each other, not just conformists, of being insufficiently biblical. Scripture provided them with a common reference point, a common language, and thus a powerful sense of affinity. Yet at the same time, Scripture was a textual battleground.
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Zhang, Weigang, Changming Xie, Xi Wei et Min Ge. « C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC Composite Derived from Polymeric Precursor Infiltration and Pyrolysis ». Dans MAX Phases and Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Extreme Environments, 435–59. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4066-5.ch014.
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Part II. Mechanical and ablation properties of the 2D C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composites with a fiber volume fraction of 17.6%, fabricated by infiltration and co-pyrolysis of blended polymeric precursors, were studied in this Part II. Flexural strength and fracture toughness of the composites were found to be influenced strongly by the thickness of the deposited pyrolytic carbon interphase, a composite with the pyrolytic carbon volume fraction of 22.3% exhibits improved bending strength and fracture toughness of 127.9 MPa and 6.23 MPa·m1/2, respectively. The pseudo-plastic strain to failure of the composite is ascribed to sliding of the interphase and pulling out of carbon fibers from the brittle ceramics matrix. Ablation properties of the composite were investigated with a plasma torch and arc-heated wind tunnel tests at temperatures above 1800~2200°C. The composite exhibits very low ablation rates of 0.18×10-3 mm/s at 1800°C and 0.37×10-3 mm/s at 2000°C in the plasma torch after 1000s testing, as compared to a similar rate of 0.30×10-3 mm/s in the wind tunnel at 1900°C after 600s testing. Ablation rates increase with increasing of temperatures from 1800 to 2200°C. The maximum ablation rate is only 1.67×10-3 mm/s in a plasma torch at 2200°C for 1000s, decreased by 71.0% as compared with the C/C-SiC composite with the same fiber and interphase contents. The 2D C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composite simultaneously showed excellent thermal shock resistance, on account of no cracks on the surface and breakage of the material being detected after these abrupt temperature increasing and long time ablations. The heating-up rate at the center of the composite specimen was found as high as above 30K/s in the plasma torch tests. Excellent ablation and thermal shock resistances of the composite can be attributed to its architecture of carbon fiber and interphase, as well as its matrix microstructures characterized by nano sized dispersions of ZrB2-Zr-SiC phases inherent formed by co-pyrolysis of three polymeric precursors. These meso- and microstructures make the composites possess very small and steady coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) around 1.5~2.5×10-6/K and high thermal conductivities around 10~14 W/mK (which increases with increasing of temperature) from room temperature to 1300°C, respectively. Surface products and cross sectional morphologies of the composite after the ablation tests were also investigated using SEM and XRD, it was found that a homogeneous distributed and continuous glass layer composing of ZrO2-SiO2 with zirconia as a skeleton was in-situ formed. These special features of coating benefits from the merits of matrix microstructures, and inhibits the inward diffusion of oxygen and protects the composite from further oxidation and spalled off by strong gas fluid.
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Miller, Mary. « Museums ». Dans A Field Guide for Science Writers. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195174991.003.0050.
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Science writers at a museum, zoo, or aquarium are in a powerful position. We provide the first line of information that visitors receive about the place. The reading public comes eager to be inspired or entertained and maybe learn something about science and nature in the process. One of the most important jobs for a museum science writer is producing the text that accompanies exhibits. Exhibit writing was once the province of scientists or specialist curators, who felt no guilt about putting up dense technical prose for the visitor to either plod through or ignore. As long as the label didn't misidentify a dinosaur or a physical law of nature, all was well. Thankfully, the last 20 years have seen an evolution in museum exhibit writing. Curators and museum directors began to take pity on the visitor and started hiring professional writers to make the museum experience less mystifying. Museum developers have become aware they are not talking to themselves, but to an audience that might need some help understanding the physics exhibit, stuffed animal, or strange deep-sea jellyfish swimming in front of their eyes. It can be a challenge, especially at a museum like the Exploratorium, where successful interactive exhibits must be both operated and understood by the visitor. Few writers have so many functions to serve in so few words. A title and a tag line might call on the kinds of skills an advertising copywriter has, pulling people in before they know what they're going to be doing. Then a set of instructions helps a visitor build, experience, or do something that may or may not “work.” After that, you get to be a narrative science writer, explaining what just happened and why, translating, for instance, from the point of view of a biologist, physicist, or exhibit builder. Next, you might turn into a social commentator or a science historian, connecting the experience to the real world or pointing out the exhibit's historical significance. All in no more than 100 words, shorter than this paragraph. It's a tough job, but it can be rewarding when all the pieces come together.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Pulling test"
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Lei, Fan. « Pile Pulling Test and Numerical Analysis of Pile-soil Interaction ». Dans 2021 7th International Conference on Hydraulic and Civil Engineering & Smart Water Conservancy and Intelligent Disaster Reduction Forum (ICHCE & SWIDR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichceswidr54323.2021.9656408.
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Feliu, Rodrigo, Philip McHardy et Kyle Wiesenborn. « New Method to Enable Jarring and Combine Straight-Pulling in Highly Deviated Wells ». Dans SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209000-ms.
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Abstract An advanced jarring method was developed for deviated wells where conventional jarring is not possible. Comparing the results of jarring impact with this new method to jarring impact with conventional methods showed similar effectiveness. Rather than relying on gravity or energy stored in the cable (slickline or e-line), a high-performance, fully adjustable spring jar uses an accelerator to provide consistent energy storage and delivery during the jarring operation. However, this cannot be used in highly deviated wells because there may not be enough cable pull to energize the accelerator and perform an effective jarring event. To enable this, a wireline linear actuator can be used to pull and energize the accelerator and fire the jar effectively. In addition, having a jar and a linear actuator combined on the same run can allow for a more efficient fishing strategy by combining jarring and a straight pull or push. To prove the feasibility of this method, a system integration test was performed in which the linear actuator was used to fire the high-performance jar through an accelerator. In this test, the jarring force and the acceleration of the fish (the element being jarred) was measured and compared to standard jarring without the linear actuator. The measurements showed that it does not make a difference whether the jar is fired by the cable or by the linear actuator; the same force and acceleration (i.e., shock level) was imparted. This means that the linear actuator can be used to fire the jar without losing effectiveness. To achieve maximum efficiency, jarring and straight-pulling can be combined in the same run during which the two can be alternated to maximize results. This method is novel because it enables jarring in highly deviated wells and allows for jarring and straight-pulling on the same run, creating a more comprehensive fishing strategy.
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Song, Fubin, et S. W. Ricky Lee. « Effect of Solder Mask Thickness on Shear and Pull Tests of Lead-Free Solder Balls ». Dans ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13328.
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The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of solder mask thickness on the solder ball shear test. Compared to the ball pull test, less brittle failures were found in the ball shear test. This is most likely caused by the support of solder mask. So far there is not publication reporting the effect of solder mask in detail. In this paper, specimens with various thicknesses of solder mask were fabricated and a series of ball shear tests were conducted. Cold ball pull (CBP) tests were performed as well for parallel studies. The attachment strength of solder balls under multiple reflows was evaluated as an index for comparison. The test results indicate that, in ball shear tests, brittle failures can be identified more easily in specimens with thinner solder mask after multiple reflows, especially for tests with higher shear speed and more reflows. No obvious effect of solder mask thickness on the ball pull test was found, regardless of different pulling speeds and multiple reflows.
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Rivera, Monica, Whasil Lee, Piotr E. Marszalek, Daniel G. Cole et Robert L. Clark. « Aligning Molecular Attachment Sites in Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy Measurements ». Dans ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-50019.
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In atomic force microscopy (AFM) -based single molecule force spectroscopy, it is assumed that the pulling angle is negligible and that the force applied to the molecule is equivalent to the force measured by the instrument. Although this assumption may hold for flexible, compact molecules, studies have shown that it may not be appropriate for fairly rigid molecules, where measured forces can be a fraction of the actual values experienced by the molecule. Previously, we have proposed a method to align a molecule’s substrate and cantilever attachment sites and tested it in a simulated environment. Here we continue our work and test the alignment program in an experimental environment. In this paper we demonstrate that circling-induced force fluctuations are the result of stretching and relaxing a tethered molecule and we present the results of an alignment trial. Combined, these preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of the alignment program and are a promising step towards correcting pulling geometry errors in single molecule force spectroscopy studies.
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Tsai, Jr-Hung, et Liwei Lin. « Micro-to-Macro Fluidic Interconnectors With an Integrated Polymer Sealant ». Dans ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1125.
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Abstract Micro-to-macro fluidic interconnectors with integrated polymer sealants have been successfully demonstrated. Two types of sealing processes, discrete and integrated, have been developed as the post fabrication processes to build interconnectors for microfluidic systems. In the demonstrating examples, capillary tubes of 320μm in outer diameter have been connected to a microfluidic system with microchannels of 100μm wide, 20μm deep and 800μm long by using Mylar (a polyester film by DuPont) as the sealant. The interconnection was completed on fluidic ports of 350μm in diameter. Both leakage and pull-out tests have been conducted to prove functionalities and to characterize performances of the interconnectors. The pressure test result indicates that no leakage is observed up to 190KPa. The pull-out test results show 100% survival rate under a 2 Newton pulling force.
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Momanyi, Edward M., Timothy J. Roemer, Brad L. Kinsey et Yannis P. Korkolis. « Experimental Investigation of Key Process Parameters During Continuous-Bending-Under-Tension of AA6022-T4 ». Dans ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-3045.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Continuous-Bending-Under-Tension (CBT) is an experimental technique that has been shown to increase elongation-to-fracture by over 100% in aluminum alloys and over 300% in steel as compared to uniaxial tensile tests [1]. This procedure is a modified form of a tensile test in which a specimen experiences 3 point plastic bending, induced by traversing 3 rollers back and forth over the gauge length, while simultaneously being pulled in tension. This process is able to delay the occurrence of necking in pure tension by suppressing the instability. Thus, significantly more elongation is achieved in the specimen prior to fracture. In this paper, an experimental investigation of key process parameters, i.e., bending depth and pulling speed, during CBT testing of AA6022-T4 is presented. The load cycle during a CBT test will also be discussed along with the strain induced throughout the gauge length.
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Michael Heaney, Francis, Matthew L. Lee et Sudhir Gupta. « New Torque Balancing Algorithm Improves Pulling Force and Speed With Wireline Electro-Mechanical Tractor ». Dans SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209010-ms.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The electro-mechanical eline tractor introduced in 2019 (Lee et al. 2019) has completed over 120 jobs. As discussed in the paper, one of the unique technology drivers was high tractoring speed to improve intervention efficiency. The tractor has several runs where the average rate exceeded 100 feet per minute and one job at 115 feet per minute over a 2900 ft lateral section. An additional attribute was the surface readout (SRO) telemetry and sensor data that proved invaluable in assessing tool performance, and specifically downhole tractor traction. Initial deployment of the electro-hydraulic eline tractor uses an active traction control system primarily based on wheel speed. During the evaluation of the SRO data, including wheel torque, wheel speed, downhole tension, relative bearing, inclination, and CCL, it was apparent that the variance in the wheel torques values was higher on longer lateral sections expected. This inconsistency in torque was unexpected and suggested possible wheel slippage. The CCL helped confirm that the tractor wasn't traveling the expected distance between casing joints and supported a wheel slippage scenario. Interestingly, monitoring the winch operation and reducing the hold back line tension, muted wheel slippage on several runs. Unfortunately, it was not a consistent control as it was both well trajectory and winch operator dependent. Even a qualified winch operator's attention to detail can wane on long lateral sections, which can cause wheel slip. Noting the ladder would be a challenging key performance measurement to accurately control an engineered solution was developed to improve tractor traction. Armed with a large sensor data suite from previous runs, engineers adopted a completely new active feedback traction control system. The new philosophy undertaken provides a weighting measure for wheel speed and torque, downhole tension, and the electrical power drawn by each tractor section. The DC motors used on the electro-mechanical tractor have individual programmable high-speed motor controllers allowing for a precise feedback loop called"GripPro." Test track results showed this new traction algorithm not only minimized wheel slippage but improved the power-sharing equalization, which allowed for continuous downhole tractor force to be increased by 25%. SRO field data highlighted a much smoother deployment with both speed and torque laying over on all wheels and no large power swings when the tractor encountered sections of increased downhole force due to a dog leg change. On the longer laterals, the symmetry of speed & torque allowed the tractor to travel without increased power demands and offered a satisfactory deployment even when the winch operator wasn't consistent while running in the lateral section.
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Boyne, D., J. Goertz et D. Parsons. « Test and Failure Analysis Implications of a Novel Inter-Bit Dependency in a Non-Volatile Memory ». Dans ISTFA 1997. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1997p0025.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Failure analysis of non-volatile memory arrays can be complicated by the history of bits elsewhere in the array. This generally is in contrast to volatile memories, in which the state of all bits can quickly be reset by over-writing the bits, or by simply removing power from the array. On one of our products, EEPROM bits failed to program if certain patterns of bits were programmed elsewhere in the EEPROM array. During programming, high voltages (>18 volts) are present within the EEPROM array. Such voltage levels caused a narrow field oxide region to break down, thereby pulling down the programming voltage and preventing the successful programming of EEPROM transistors. What complicated the analysis, however, was that the breakdown only occurs if a checkerboard pattern is being programmed in one part of the array, while specific other EEPROM bits had previously been programmed elsewhere in the array. Until the failure mechanism was well understood, electrical screens were difficult to implement, because they typically do not account for complicated interactions between bits. This is especially true for nonvolatile memories, for which test time costs often prohibit the use of complicated test patterns with improved test coverage. This paper reviews the failure analysis, and proceeds to highlight the importance of knowing the contents of nonvolatile arrays prior to performing either failure analysis or automated testing on such an array. The case study therefore applies to both test and failure analysis engineers.
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McDonald, Joseph, Brian Nelson, Brian Olson, Michael E. Iden, Steven G. Fritz et Randell L. Honc. « Locomotive Exhaust Temperatures During High Altitude Tunnel Operation in Donner Pass ». Dans ASME 2008 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2008-1625.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Locomotives in heavy-haul service at high altitude and within unventilated tunnels operate under some of the most extreme conditions encountered in the U.S. with regard to high ambient temperatures and high locomotive exhaust temperatures. Consideration of such conditions is crucial to the design of future catalytic emission control systems for locomotives. Field testing was conducted on two locomotives certified to U.S. Federal Tier 2 locomotive emissions standards operating as part of a four-locomotive consist pulling a heavy-freight train west-bound through the Donner Pass Region in late August 2007. The highest post-turbine exhaust temperatures observed over the entire test route occurred within Union Pacific Tunnel 41 — an approximately two-mile-long, unventilated tunnel located near Norden, California. Engine protection measures within the electronic locomotive and engine management systems of both locomotives limited the peak exhaust temperatures encountered during the tests to less than 560°C.
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Cunningham, Andrew, et Brian D. Jensen. « Simulation of a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System for Generating Electrical Power From Pressurized Gas ». Dans ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97923.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This paper presents a novel approach to energy scavenging for a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) device to convert the energy stored in pressurized gas into electrical power. The proposed design uses input pressure to move a piston and magnet through a set of coils while pulling on another mass through non-linear springs to open and close the input air valve. The model demonstrates that the design is capable of staying in motion with continual input pressure (up to at least a time stamp of 1 second), and that an average power output of 9.47 μW over 5 ms can be achieved. We suggest that further research be done to optimize the design parameters and that the optimized design be used to the test the system.