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1
Hashimzade, Nigar, et Gareth D. Myles. « GROWTH AND PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ». Macroeconomic Dynamics 14, S2 (novembre 2010) : 258–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100510000374.
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The paper analyzes a multicountry extension of the Barro model of productive public expenditure. In the presence of positive infrastructural externalities between countries, the provision of infrastructure will be inefficiently low if countries do not coordinate. This provides a role for a supranational body, such as the European Union, to coordinate the policies of the individual governments. It is shown how intervention by a supranational body can raise welfare by internalizing the infrastructural externality. Infrastructural externalities increase the importance of tax policy in the growth process and distribute the benefits of taxation across countries.
2
Bourantonis, Dimitris, Sarantis Kalyvitis et Constantine Tsoutsoplides. « The European Union and Greece : Political Acceptability and Financial Transfers ». Politics 18, no 2 (mai 1998) : 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00065.
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In this paper a conceptual model is developed that relates loyalty to a community of countries to the material benefits derived from it, measured by the transfer of extra income. We argue that the extent of a country's welfare, and consequently its acceptance to participate in a community increase together with the latter's scope for influence on the former. We use the paradigm of Greece, which is one of the main recipient countries in the EU. It was found that financial transfers concerning regional policy affect in the long-run ‘the acceptance of European integration’ by the public in Greece while social policy funds appear to have short-run positive effects on public opinion.
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Menguy, Séverine. « ADVANTAGES OF FOLLOWING A GOLDEN RULE IN A MONETARY UNION ». Macroeconomic Dynamics 21, no 2 (13 octobre 2015) : 279–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100515000462.
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The European sovereign debt crisis has revived the debate about appropriate fiscal rules in the European Economic and Monetary Union. Whereas the Stability and Growth Pact and the Fiscal Compact make no distinction between public consumption and investment expenditure, the aim of the current paper is to analyze the implications of the adoption of the Golden rule in a monetary union, distinguishing between the two types of public expenditure. With the help of a macroeconomic model, we show that introducing a Golden rule and smoothing public investment expenditure would be welfare-improving, and mostly for countries where taxation rates and the productivity of public investment are highest, and for the most closed countries. It would also be the most beneficial for countries where the monetary transmission parameter, the propensity to consume, and the price elasticity of supply are weakest, whereas supply-side distortions are the strongest.
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Sánchez, Angeles, et María Navarro. « Public Policies of Welfare State and Child Poverty in the European Union ». Sustainability 13, no 5 (3 mars 2021) : 2725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052725.
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Combating child poverty is desirable to ensure equality of opportunities across children, as well as fostering the sustainability of the societal well-being for future generations. This paper focuses on the study of child poverty in the 28 Member States of the European Union over the period 2008–2018. We analyse the relationship between child poverty and government social expenditure by controlling it with tax structure (ratio direct taxes over indirect taxes), economic growth and socio-demographic characteristics. For that, we rely on panel data methodology. This paper has verified that the effectiveness of the government social spending programmes to reduce child poverty also depends on the progressiveness of the country’s tax structure. Government spending on health and education programmes could be more effective in reducing child poverty in Member States with less progressive tax structure, provided they reached the average level of public spending for the whole of the European Union. By contrast, a positive relationship between child poverty and government social protection spending regardless of the tax structure of countries was found. In this case, the underlying forces that lead to less effectiveness of social protection programmes are also stronger in the less progressive Member States.
5
Radford, M. « Informed debate : the contribution of animal welfare science to the development of public policy ». Animal Welfare 13, S1 (février 2004) : S171—S174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600014548.
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AbstractThe development of animal welfare science has had a fundamental influence on the development of public policy towards the treatment of animals, not only in individual countries such as the United Kingdom, but also within the institutions of the European Union. This has led to a new a body of legislation which is intended to promote welfare and to complement the traditional prohibition on causing cruelty. If this process is to continue, however, it is important that conducting research should not be regarded as the sole function of animal welfare scientists. It is essential that they are also fully engaged in ethical debate, policy formulation, regulatory mechanisms, and their enforcement.
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Wu, Jing, Ying Li et Margda Waern. « Suicide among Older People in Different European Welfare Regimes : Does Economic (in)Security Have Implications for Suicide Prevention ? » International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no 12 (8 juin 2022) : 7003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127003.
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Older adult suicide rates vary widely within Europe, and differential welfare policies might contribute to this. We studied variations in economic indicators and suicide rates of people 65+ across 28 European countries and examined the effects of these indicators on suicide rates, grouping countries according to their socio-political systems and welfare regimes. Suicide data was obtained from the WHO European Mortality Database. The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and the European Union Labour Force Survey provided data on economic indicators. Linear mixed models were applied. Suicide rates ranged from 4.22/100,000 (Cyprus) to 36.37/100,000 (Hungary). Material deprivation was related to elevated suicide rates in both genders in the pooled data set and in men but not women in the Continental and Island countries. Higher ratio of median income (65+/under 65) was associated with lower likelihood of suicide in women in the South-Eastern European countries. In the Nordic region, the 65+ employment rate was associated with a decreased likelihood of suicide in men. These factors to some extent show economic insecurity against older people, which influences the likelihood of suicide. Active labor market policies and inclusive social environment may contribute to suicide prevention in this age group.
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Holomb, Viktoriia Volodymyrivna. « AN ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES TO GDP DISTRIBUTION THROUGH PUBLIC SECTOR IN UKRAINE AND THE EU COUNTRIES ». SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA 1, no 2(10) (2017) : 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2017-1-2(10)-136-142.
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Urgency of the research. The true is that government has to become an arbiter of economic and financial relations and to achieve a balance between social welfare and economic advance. In order to succeed it should establish the most transparent, clear and fair rules of GDP distribution and follow them. The size of public sector must be enough to satisfy basic social needs of citizens. Target setting. There is no agreement among politicians and scholars about the sum of gross domestic product that should be redistributed by government. Therefore, every country determines the optimal size of the public sector independently. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Many foreign economists investigated problems of public finance. Among them are: T. Lindh, G. Olson, E. Atkinson, J. Slemrod, W. Corpi, A. Lindbek, A. Afonso, L. Shukneht. Among local scientists who study similar questions we can notice: T. Koliada, I. Lunina, T. Chernychko, D. Serebrianskii. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. For the lack of a common approach to GDP redistribution through the public sector, it is important to systematize and generalize of world experience in solving such problem. The research objective. The aim of this paper is to carry out a comparative analysis of approaches to GDP distribution through public sector in Ukraine and the European Union. The statement of basic materials. Welfare state models are described in the article. It appears that the level of GDP redistribution in Ukraine is close to European average. Structure of budget expenditures in Ukraine and in the EU is analyzed. It is proved the level of economic growth doesn’t depend on the size of public sector; it depends on operational efficiency of state authorities. Conclusions. This article provides a comparative analysis of approaches to GDP distribution through public sector in Ukraine and the European Union.
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HEISIG, JAN PAUL, BRAM LANCEE et JONAS RADL. « Ethnic inequality in retirement income : a comparative analysis of immigrant–native gaps in Western Europe ». Ageing and Society 38, no 10 (4 mai 2017) : 1963–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000332.
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ABSTRACTPrevious research unequivocally shows that immigrants are less successful in the labour market than the native-born population. However, little is known about whether ethnic inequality persists after retirement. We use data on 16 Western European countries from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC, 2004–2013) to provide the first comparative study of ethnic inequalities among the population aged 65 and older. We focus on the retirement income gap (RIG) between immigrants from non-European Union countries and relate its magnitude to country differences in welfare state arrangements. Ethnic inequality after retirement is substantial: after adjusting for key characteristics including age, education and occupational status, the average immigrant penalty across the 16 countries is 28 per cent for men and 29 per cent for women. Country-level regressions show that income gaps are smaller in countries where the pension system is more redistributive. We also find that easy access to long-term residence is associated with larger RIGs, at least for men. There is no clear evidence that immigrants’ access to social security programmes, welfare state transfers to working-age households or the strictness of employment protection legislation affect the size of the RIG.
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Kouba, Luděk, Michal Mádr, Danuše Nerudová et Petr Rozmahel. « Policy Autonomy, Coordination or Harmonization in the Persistently Heterogeneous European Union ? » DANUBE : Law and Economics Review 7, no 1 (1 mars 2016) : 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/danb-2016-0004.
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Abstract Within the context of the continuing integration process in Europe, this paper addresses the question of whether policies in the EU should head towards autonomy, coordination or harmonization. Taking the path dependence effect into account, it is the authors’ opinion that Europe has gone too far in its integration process to be able to continue with policies being fully under the competences of individual member countries. However, the habitual question still arises: does fiscal policy need to be harmonized to a level comparable to monetary policy as these two policies, necessarily, complement each other? This paper argues that it does not. There are three main arguments discussed. Firstly, the authors build on the theory of fiscal federalism. Secondly, there are significantly different regimes of welfare states and extents of social policies among European countries, which strongly determine the character of public finance. And thirdly, the tax systems across Europe are also highly divergent, with many features of continuing tax competition.
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Bello, Valeria. « Prejudice and Cuts to Public Health and Education : A Migration Crisis or a Crisis of the European Welfare State and Its Socio-Political Values ? » Societies 12, no 2 (16 mars 2022) : 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12020051.
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The past few years have witnessed the development of prejudiced attitudes in some places in Europe. Biases alike are often considered a consequence of increased migratory movements to the continent and have also been connected to a more general crisis of the European Union political project. However, societies have diversely responded to migration even in countries presenting similar economic performances and immigrant inflows. Akin different reactions have raised some important questions: is prejudice connected to a broader European crisis and what does the latter consist of? This article responds to these research questions through a multilevel analysis of 24 European countries, and shows that the percentages of migrant population alone are not associated to anti-migrant sentiments. Such a situation has instead been the case only in those countries that have concurrently experienced cuts to the two key public sectors of education and health care, which constituted the pillars of the European Welfare State and one of the cores of the European Union’s political project.
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Al-Shammari, Karrar Imad Abdulsahib. « A Review of the Halal Poultry Slaughtering from Welfare and Legal Perspectives : Analysis of Research Results ». Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no 3 (16 septembre 2021) : 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.11-27.
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The subject of halal slaughtering is one of the most widely discussed issues of animal cruelty and animal welfare in the public sphere. The discrepancy in understanding the contemporary and religious laws pertaining to animal slaughtering does not fully publicize to Islamic and Muslim majority countries especially with respect to interpreting the use of stunning in animals. The electrical stunning is the cheapest, easiest, safest, and most suitable method for slaughtering that is widespread and developed. However, stunning on head of poultry before being slaughtered is a controversial aspect among the Islamic sects due to regulations of the European Union and some other countries. The current review highlights the instructions of halal slaughtering, legal legislation, and the effect of this global practice on poultry welfare and the quality of produced meat.
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Lekka, Anastasia Chr. « How Memoranda of Understanding Have Affected EU Democratic Institutions in Southern EU Countries ». International Journal of Social Science Research 5, no 2 (10 août 2017) : 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v5i2.11692.
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The recent recession having emerged in 2007 has been the worst economic downturn since the time of Great Depression of 1929 in USA and spread across the European continent. In many European countries this led to severe sovereign debt crisis beginning in 2010 and was followed by implementation of austerity measures with significant impact on public, social and employment sector. Those tough austerity measures resulted in structural reforms of welfare and labor market especially in Southern EU countries like Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Italy representing the most prominent examples. These policies were imposed to a large extend through the so called “Troika” which was an interaction between internal EU and external Organizations, like the European Union, the European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund respectively.Citizens realize that their national economic institutions are no longer responsible for the decision making on major social and economic policies, on economic and welfare policies, on privatization and sale of public assets. Consequently, citizens tend to question if this constrained democracy deserves further support. This is enhanced by the fact that National Parliaments no longer develop policies but rather align with policies dictated by the above stated Institutions and are forced to accept such deals without asking the opinion of citizens. Nevertheless the EU intends to promote civil society participation in decision making and program policies applied. This contradiction needs to be analyzed in order to determine if there is a democratic deficit in EU member states.
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Silva, S. R., A. Lourenço, A. L. Fernades, E. LeBras, J. C. Almeida, R. B. Mestre et D. O. Monteiro. « Sow agonistic behaviour of two breeds moved from individual stalls to an outdoor park ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (avril 2007) : 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021062.
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Public concern about animal welfare has increased both legislation and consumer pressure, to introduce new technical developments in sow’s housing. In recent years, there has been increased interest in less intensive production systems for pigs, including outdoor production. The issue of sow’s housing and its relation to welfare has been investigated for sometime now (SVC, 1997; McGlone et al., 2004). Concerns over animal welfare combined with European based scientific data have led to the progressive removal of gestation stalls in several European countries, and from 2013 the use of stalls will be restricted throughout the European Union. Therefore one of the greatest challenges in swine housing management is the development of a viable alternative to stalls. In this way, we carried out a study to (1) compare the agonistic behaviour of two breeds of sows moved from individual stalls to an outdoor park, and to (2) determine the evolution of behaviour throughout four weeks of study for each breed.
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van der Wel, Kjetil A., Espen Dahl et Karsten Thielen. « Social Inequalities in “Sickness” : Does Welfare State Regime Type Make a Difference ? A Multilevel Analysis of Men and Women in 26 European Countries ». International Journal of Health Services 42, no 2 (avril 2012) : 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.42.2.f.
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In comparative studies of health inequalities, public health researchers have usually studied only disease and illness. Recent studies have also examined the sickness dimension of health, that is, the extent to which ill health is accompanied by joblessness, and how this association varies by education within different welfare contexts. This research has used either a limited number of countries or quantitative welfare state measures in studies of many countries. In this study, the authors expand on this knowledge by investigating whether a regime approach to the welfare state produces consistent results. They analyze data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC); health was measured by limiting longstanding illness (LLSI). Results show that for both men and women reporting LLSI in combination with low educational level, the probabilities of non-employment were particularly high in the Anglo-Saxon and Eastern welfare regimes, and lowest in the Scandinavian regime. For men, absolute and relative social inequalities in sickness were lowest in the Southern regime; for women, inequalities were lowest in the Scandinavian regime. The authors conclude that the Scandinavian welfare regime is more able than other regimes to protect against non-employment in the face of illness, especially for individuals with low educational level.
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Habibov, Nazim, Alena Auchynnikava, Rong Luo et Lida Fan. « Influence of interpersonal and institutional trusts on welfare state support revisited ». International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 39, no 7/8 (22 août 2019) : 644–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-04-2019-0083.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the effects of interpersonal and institutional trust on welfare state support in the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (FSU). Design/methodology/approach The authors use micro-data from two rounds of a multinational survey conducted in these countries in 2010 and 2016. The outcome variable of interest is the willingness to pay more taxes to support the welfare state. The authors define the welfare state broadly, and focus on support for three main domains of the welfare state, namely, support for the needy, public healthcare and public education. Binomial regression is used to establish influence of interpersonal and institutional trust on welfare state support. Findings The authors find that both interpersonal and institutional trust have positive influences on strengthening support for the welfare state against a number of alternative explanations for public support for the welfare state. These positive effects remain the same for all three domains under investigation, namely, helping the needy, public healthcare and public education. Furthermore, these positive effects were observed both in the relatively less developed countries of the FSU and in the more developed Eastern European countries. Moreover, the positive effects of interpersonal and institutional trust on support for the needy, public healthcare and public education were found to grow over time. Research limitations/implications The findings indicate that the benefits of nurturing social capital will likely be substantial. Decision-makers, politicians, welfare state administrators and multinational founders (e.g. the UN and World Bank) should acknowledge the role played by trust in influencing the citizenry’s support for the allocation of financial resources toward the development and maintenance of the welfare state. The findings imply that welfare state reforms could prove be more effective within a social context where levels of trust are high. Thus, special attention should be paid to initiatives aimed at developing strategies to build trust. Practical implications Social welfare reforms in post-communist transitional countries may fail without active strategies aimed at nurturing institutional trust. One way to nurture institutional trust is through making additional efforts at enhancing the levels of accountability and transparency within a society as well as through increasing citizen engagement. Another way to build increased levels of trust is to take part in a variety of initiatives in good governance put forth by multinational initiatives. Originality/value As far as the authors know, this is the first paper which studies effect of interpersonal and institutional trust on support of the welfare state using a large and diverse sample of 27 countries over the period of five years. This is the first study which focuses on post-communist countries where trust is inherently low.
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Williamson, Robert. « The International Fur Ban and Public Policy Advocacy : The Significance of Inuit Cultural Persistence ». Practicing Anthropology 21, no 1 (1 janvier 1999) : 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.21.1.q277u6q561523748.
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In mid-July of 1997 a significant event occurred when a first ministers' meeting of the European Union abrogated the legislation of the European Parliament, which, in 1989, had voted to ban importation of trapped fur products into Union countries from Canada and the United States. For eight years the representatives of the Aboriginal people and some anthropologists had worked against the implementation of this legislation, which threatened the life-way of a substantial proportion of the North American trappers, 70% of whose product is marketed in Europe. More than half of these trappers are Aboriginal in ancestry and contemporary cultural lifestyle. The marketing ban issue was heated and inflated in a manner disproportionate to the extent of North American European trade that the fur market comprises. This emotional climate was largely generated by animal rights organizations, often employing shock techniques openly anti-Aboriginal in tone. The campaigns have been conducted with growing public support all over Europe, and to some significant degree in the urban United States—but most particularly so in Great Britain. The activities of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and its fraternal groups have been well documented by George Wenzel (Animal Rights, Human Rights: Ecology, Economy and Ideology in the Canadian Arctic. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991) most notably, and also by such responsible people as the Greenlandic diplomat, ex-European Parliament Member and writer Finn Lynge.
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Saltkjel, Therese, Mari Holm Ingelsrud, Espen Dahl et Knut Halvorsen. « A fuzzy set approach to economic crisis, austerity and public health. Part I. European countries’ conformity to ideal types during the economic downturn ». Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 45, no 18_suppl (août 2017) : 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817706632.
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Aims: This is the first part of a two-part paper that takes an explorative approach to assess crisis and austerity in European countries during the Great Recession. The ultimate aim of this two-part paper is to explore the “crisis–austerity” thesis by Stuckler and Basu and assess whether it is the interplay between austerity and crisis, rather than the current economic crisis per se, that can led to deterioration in population health. In Part I of this paper we offer one way of operationalizing crisis severity and austerity. We examine countries as specific configurations of crisis and policy responses and classify European countries into “ideal types.” Methods: Cases included were 29 countries participating in the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) surveys. Based on fuzzy set methodology, we constructed two fuzzy sets, “austerity” and “severe crisis.” Austerity was measured by changes in welfare generosity; severe crisis was measured by changes in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth. Results: In the initial phase of the Great Recession, most countries faced severe crisis combined with no austerity. From 2010–2011 onward, there was a divide between countries. Some countries consistently showed signs of austerity policies (with or without severe crisis); others consistently did not. Conclusions: The fuzzy set ideal-type analysis shows that the European countries position themselves, by and large, in configurations of crisis and austerity in meaningful ways that allow us to explore the “crisis–austerity” thesis by Stuckler and Basu. This exploration is the undertaking of Part II of this paper.
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Ezanoğlu, Zeynep, et Dilek Çetin. « An Evaluation on R&D Incentive Policies in the European Union and Turkey ». Economics Literature 3, no 2 (24 avril 2022) : 34–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22440/elit.3.2.2.
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Economic growth, which is one of the main determinants of social welfare, is among the important issues in economics. It has been a subject emphasized by different schools of economics that technology and technological change are among the main sources of economic growth and development. As a result of R&D and innovation activities, qualified labor employment and production in a country will increase, thus economic growth will occur. As stated in growth theories, technological progress and innovations are considered the driving force of growth. Various economists have argued that public support for R&D through public incentives should be provided, as market failures will prevent firms from reaching the socially optimal level of R&D. Considering the contribution of R&D and innovation practices to national economies, governments provide direct and indirect support to studies in this field. Within the scope of this study, the legal and institutional situation regarding R&D incentives in Turkey has been examined and an evaluation has been made on the current status of innovation activities and R&D incentive policies of the European Union countries.
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Koster, Ferry. « Welfare state attitudes and economic integration in the European Union, 1992–2002 : a multilevel investigation across 24 countries ». Policy & ; Politics 38, no 2 (25 avril 2010) : 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557309x477965.
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Park, Sung Ho. « Between government unilateralism and corporatist bargaining : public sector pension reforms in the UK and Ireland, 2000s–2010s ». Japanese Journal of Political Science 20, no 2 (22 avril 2019) : 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109919000033.
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AbstractStudies on welfare reform in advanced European countries have identified two established paths to welfare retrenchment: government unilateralism and corporatist bargaining. This study explores a more complicated path to welfare reform, wherein governments pursue ‘non-corporatist’ bargaining by actively combining features of unilateralism and negotiation. Such a hybrid case is explained by employing an ‘insider-outsider’ framework for public policy reform. The key argument is that the presence of exclusive insiders complicates the reform process, disqualifying both unilateralism and corporatist bargaining as feasible options for benefit cuts. The author demonstrates the validity of this claim by examining three cases of public sector pension retrenchment in the UK and Ireland during the 2000s and 2010s. Defying the common expectation that benefit cuts in residual welfare states would be promoted with government unilateralism, the public sector pension reforms in the UK and Ireland exhibited more complicated features which combined governments' unilateral initiatives andad hocnegotiations with public sector unions. Future studies may build on this finding to examine hybrid reform cases in a general European context.
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Yaroshenko, I. V., et I. B. Semigulina. « Global Experience of State Support in the System of Public Management of Territorial Communities’ Development ». PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 4, no 46 (2020) : 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2020-4-19-28.
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Achieving sustainable development of the countries against the background of overcoming the problems and backwardness of some territories, reducing the disproportion of socio-economic indicators, creating conditions for the development of competitive economic environment, and achieving a high standard of living form the main directions of regional policy in many countries, including the European Union. Detailed study of the experience in the formation and implementation of regional policy, the positive examples and trends of some countries and, in particular, EU member states, that have achieved economic growth and improved the welfare of their residents, are relevant for the development of modern Ukraine and its regions during the ongoing European integration processes, socio-economic changes and the formation of Ukraine’s own national regional policy. Analysis of the uneven development of territories and the identification of the main characteristics of this asymmetry allow not only to determine the current state of disproportion in regional development potentials, but also to assess the regional policy directions aimed at eliminating the disproportion. European integration direction in Ukraine’s policy confirms the relevance of a comprehensive study of the regional policy experience in the world and the EU, in particular, especially that of the best practices of Central and Eastern Europe, the latter demonstrating stable positive changes in socio-economic development. This experience could be useful for Ukraine to form and implement its own regional policy principles of organizing regional and local development management and building up local self-government.
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Łyszczarz, Błażej. « Production Losses Associated with Alcohol-Attributable Mortality in the European Union ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no 19 (21 septembre 2019) : 3536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193536.
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The economic aspects of alcohol misuse are attracting increasing attention from policy makers and researchers but the evidence on the economic burden of this substance is hardly comparable internationally. This study aims to overcome this problem by estimating production losses (indirect costs) associated with alcohol-attributable mortality in 28 European Union (EU) countries in the year 2016. This study applies the prevalence-based top–down approach, societal perspective and human capital method to sex- and age-specific data on alcohol-related mortality at working age. The alcohol-attributable mortality data was taken from estimates based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Uniform data on labor and economic measures from the Eurostat database was used. The total production losses associated with alcohol-related deaths in the EU in 2016 were €32.1 billion. The per capita costs (share of costs in gross domestic product (GDP)) were €62.88 (0.215%) for the whole EU and ranged from €17.29 (0.062%) in Malta to €192.93 (0.875%) in Lithuania. On average, 81% of the losses were associated with male deaths and mortality among those aged 50–54 years generated the highest burden. Because alcohol is a major avoidable factor for mortality, public health community actions aimed at limiting this substance misuse might not only decrease the health burden but also contribute to the economic welfare of European societies.
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Baksay, Gergely, et Ágnes Nagy. « Sustainable Catching-Up Requires a Complete Turn in Competitiveness ». Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly 67, no 2 (2022) : 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_2_1.
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Further strengthening of competitiveness is essential for Hungary’s sustainable growth and catching up. According to the Magyar Nemzeti Bank’s approach, an economy is competitive if it utilises its available resources optimally to attain the highest possible, but at the same time sustainable, level of welfare. In the past decade, the macroeconomic conditions necessary for a turn in competitiveness have developed in Hungary, which also provided a stable basis for managing the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic. Hungary was ranked 18th in the MNB’s competitiveness ranking among the 27 countries of the European Union in 2021. The result shows that further strengthening competitiveness and the effective release of growth reserves, in particular in the areas of high-quality human capital and the digital and green transition of the economy, are essential to achieve sustainable catching-up and avoid the middle-income trap.
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Antonis, Konstantinos, Christos Bouras, Fabrizio D'Elia, Annalisa Di Vincenzo, Georgios Diles, Vasileios Kokkinos et Andreas Koskeris. « Broadband and e-Government Services in South East Europe ». International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 6, no 1 (janvier 2014) : 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2014010104.
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The European Commission acknowledging the significance of broadband for the improvement of citizen welfare and its economic benefits, has put in place targets for the diffusion of broadband to all citizens and businesses in the European Union. This manuscript comparatively assesses the current state of affairs in broadband and digital public services in selected South East Europe (SEE) countries in order to identify weaknesses and highlight strengths, and attempts to measure the impact and effectiveness of broadband on the economy. To this direction, the authors focus on evaluating the correlation between broadband and growth and employment. They also estimate the savings achieved by the usage of e-services and the potential savings that will follow their increased utilization over the next years. The analysis is followed by a number of recommendations that aim to support informed decision making. The manuscript builds on four surveys that took place during the second quarter of 2013.
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Arbatova, N. « Migrattion Threat to EU Security : Prejudices and Realities ». World Economy and International Relations 66, no 2 (2022) : 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-2-61-70.
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The article analyzes the complex interface between the phenomenon of migration and the security of the European Union and its member-states. The migration crisis in Europe, which began with the Arab Spring in 2015 and continues to this day, is truly one of the most important existential challenges for the EU. This crisis is overlapped with other fundamental problems facing the European Union, contributing to the securitization of migration and asylum issues. In the absence of an effective EU strategy in this direction, there remains the danger of radicalization of European societies and, therefore, a threat to the entire integrationist project. The process of globalization has supplemented some of the traditional functions of the state, first of all, such as protection of its territory and political independence, with new functions that are associated with the obligation to ensure economic independence, cultural identity and social stability. Securitization of migration usually has several dimensions: socio-economic problems (unemployment, the growth of the black economy, the crisis of the welfare state and the deterioration of the urban environment); the growth of securitarism in the EU member-states (when migrants are viewed as a threat to the national identity and demographic equilibrium of the host society); and political challenges as a result of the nexus between external and internal security caused by the terrorist threat. In addition to traditional challenges, there emerged a fairly new phenomenon – instrumentalization of the migration problem, namely the use of migrants by the third countries as a means of pressure on the EU member states in order to achieve certain political or economic goals. The new Pact on Migration and Asylum introduces a number of undeniably positive provisions for the European Union. Nevertheless, the document has been criticized by the EU individual countries, as well as by public and human rights organizations. This situation can be explained by the fact that in modern Europe, security interests and values are in a moral conflict with each other, which presents the main challenge to the future of the European project.
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Vanthemsche, Guy. « Unemployment Insurance in Interwar Belgium ». International Review of Social History 35, no 3 (décembre 1990) : 349–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900001004x.
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SUMMARYIn 1900, a special type of unemployment insurance was set up in Belgium: the so-called “Ghent system”, which had some influence on the development of unemployment insurance in many European countries. This particular system was characterized by the important role played by the trade-union unemployment societies. The public authorities (in Belgium, from 1920 onwards, the central government next to the towns and provinces) encouraged the affiliation of the labourers to these societies by granting different sorts of financial support to the unemployed society members and to the societies themselves. During the crisis of the 1930s, this led to an important growth of Belgian trade-union membership. On the other hand, the quantitative growth of the labour movement due to this particular organization of unemployment insurance, led to many negative sideeffects for the trade unions (administrative chaos, financial problems, loss of combativity). Moreover, the employers' organizations strongly opposed this system of unemployment insurance, because they thought it reinforced the labour movement's power in society (strengthening of union membership, influence on wage formation, obstruction of deflation policy). This article examines the heated debates waged in the labour movement itself and between this actor, the employers' organizations and the government, to solve the many important problems posed by this type of social insurance. The Belgian pre-Second World War debate concerning unemployment insurance was of great importance for the shaping of the Welfare State in Belgium, which took its present-day form in 1944.
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Kjosevski, Miroslav, Martin Nikolovski, Ksenija Ilievska, Lazo Pendovski et Vlatko Ilieski. « The three pillars of applied farm animal welfare ». Veterinarski glasnik 75, no 2 (2021) : 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl210629014k.
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There is an evident difference in the implementation level of animal welfare (AW) across the societies and countries worldwide. Although multiple factors contribute to these differences, we can summarize them into a three pillar concept, the three aspects of applied farm AW. The objective of this review is to analyse applied AW on farms from the ethical, economic and animal health aspects. Modern ethics emphasizes biocentrism against anthropocentrism, the modern ethical concept of bioethics. Additionally, beside the differences among the major ethical concepts, there is a consensus that AW deserves a respectful place. An animal?s economic value is not only limited by its material value determined by the inputs and outputs. Thus, rather than being simply considered as a ?stock-good? machine, animals are valued as a sentient beings with ?added value?, which has an impact on the final product price. Animal health and welfare are interconnected and are based on the impact of AW on health and vice versa. The implementation of higher welfare standards to farm animals is only possible if AW is accepted as part of the health of the animal. The applicability of this concept is presented through the European Union AW legislation, which is based on public opinion, economy and animal health. As a conclusion, applied AW is possible only at the level at which the three pillars are equally balanced, and the initiatives in this field should work and be focused on ethics, economics and health.
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Cristea, Mirela, Graţiela Georgiana Noja, Cecilia-Nicoleta Jurcuţ, Constantin Ştefan Ponea, Elena Sorina Caragiani et Alin Viorel Istodor. « The Interplay between Public Health, Well-Being and Population Aging in Europe : An Advanced Structural Equation Modelling and Gaussian Network Approach ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no 4 (19 février 2021) : 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042015.
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Given the COVID-19 pandemic crisis that has deeply affected the health and well-being of people worldwide, the main objective of this paper was to explore the existing relationship between health, welfare, and population aging until the pandemic burst, on the basis of two distinctive groups of European Union (EU) countries, namely, the old and the new member states. The methodological endeavor was based on two advanced econometric techniques, namely, structural equation modelling and network analysis through Gaussian graphical models, applied for each group of EU countries, analyzed during the period of 1995–2017. The main results revealed significant differentiation among the new and old EU countries as follows: public health support was found to have a positive impact on healthy aging and well-being of older people, on other social determinants, and on people’s perceived good and very good health; overall, significant influences were revealed in terms of the aging dimensions. The main implications of our findings relate to other researchers as a baseline comparison with the existing situation before the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, but also to policymakers that have to rethink the public health allocations, both in old and new EU member states, in order to endorse the aging credentials, underpinning a successful and healthy integration of the elderly within all life dimensions.
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Biden, Scott, Alan P. Ker et Stephen Duff. « Impacts of an African Swine Fever Outbreak on Ontario’s Pork Industry ». Canadian Public Policy 48, no 1 (1 mars 2022) : 11–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-042.
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African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious disease affecting domestic and wild pigs, has been spreading globally, with devastating impacts on hog markets. The European Union saw pork exports decrease by €556 million (9%) as a result of ASF outbreaks across four countries in 2014. Similarly, in 2018, when ASF was first reported in China, there was a 30% decrease in the Chinese pig inventory and in total pork production. ASF’s eventual spread to North America seems inevitable. Given Canada’s export-oriented pork industry, the economic costs and animal welfare impacts of an ASF outbreak in the Canadian hog sector could prove devastating as a result of potential border closures and large-scale animal depopulation. To estimate the impacts, we build a partial equilibrium, vertically integrated model of Ontario’s pork industry from the breeding herd through to end consumer. If an outbreak occurred in a central production region of Ontario, we estimate that Ontario’s pork industry would experience a welfare loss of C$860 million (28.1%). Conversely, if an outbreak occurred in Western Canada, the Ontario pork industry would benefit by C$198 million (6.5%). Not surprisingly, an outbreak will redistribute significant economic rents in the sector depending on where exactly the first outbreak occurs.
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Barna, Marta, et Iryna Tuchkovska. « INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY OF INCLUSIVE TOURISM ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no 4 (13 novembre 2020) : 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-4-28-34.
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The article considers the state of international tourism for people with disabilities. It has been studied that inclusive tourism area has great potential for development, as more than 15% of the world’s population can be defined as inclusive tourists. The volume of inclusive tourism market development is constantly increasing. Taking into account the world experience of development of “tourism for all” and analysis of statistics on the number of people with disabilities and socially disadvantaged people, the prospects for the development of the inclusive tourism market are determined, which is especially important given its social significance. Therefore, it has been expedient to analyze the prospects of creating an effective system of inclusive tourism. The purpose of the article is to determine the prospects for the formation of an effective system of public administration for the development of inclusive tourism on the basis of international experience in supporting the entrepreneurial activity of inclusive tourism. The authors propose a system of integrated approach to ensure effective public policy in shaping the conditions for the development of inclusive tourism and creating a barrier-free environment for tourism destinations. Harmonization of the mechanisms for improving the effectiveness of public policy in the field of inclusive tourism requires the development of an organizational mechanism for implementing the concepts of “tourism for all” with the identification of practical aspects of its implementation in accordance with international norms and standards. Given the limited state funding for tourism in Ukraine, the development of inclusive tourism cannot be highly efficient, which is primarily due to the social direction of the area. The international documents and Ukrainian normative acts and laws regulating tourist activity for people with disabilities are analyzed and studied. To create an effective system of social protection for all categories of the population, including people with disabilities, it is necessary to take into account the experience of foreign countries, where a resembling system has been operating quite successfully for a long time. From this point of view, firstly, it is necessary to consider the social protection systems that have been introduced in the countries of the European Union, where the disabilities rights movement has been launched. In the countries of the European Union, social policy and the participation of social partners in its formation have undergone significant transformations, and a fundamentally new supranational and suprastate course of social protection and welfare of citizens has emerged. As a country aspiring to join the European Union, Ukraine must take into account the best foreign experience of the world’s leading countries in the field of state policy to support persons with disabilities and its implementation. The European and world experience of adaptation of the tourism industry for people with disabilities (on the example of Slovenia, Israel, Spain and the USA) is analyzed. The problems that hinder the development of international tourism for people with disabilities in Ukraine and measures to solve them are identified.
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Tsalampouni, Aikaterini. « Health systems in the European Union and policy responses to Covid-19 : A comparative analysis between Germany, Sweden, and Greece ». Journal of Public Health Research 11, no 4 (octobre 2022) : 227990362211294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22799036221129413.
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Background: Existing health systems are a product of, and are influenced by, specific political, historical, cultural, and socio-economic traditions. Consequently, they may differ considerably across countries. The pandemic has become a turning point for our healthcare systems and at the same time has also highlighted the need to strengthen the EU’s role in coordinating health care. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the health care systems in three EU countries—Germany, Sweden, and Greece—that represent three different health care system types in Europe as well as their health policy response, to the COVID-19 pandemic. Design and methods: More analytically, the paper attempts to identify indications of interaction between heath care system types and national responses in the health crisis, using data collected from the COVID-19 Health Systems Response Monitor, the European Observatory on Health Systems and Politics as well as the OECD health system characteristics database and national health legislation. Results: The investigation revealed some common responses in all three systems. During the pandemic, in all three health care systems a new model is revealed where the private and the public sector coexist and is characterized by the dynamic state-market relationship. As a result a multilevel approach in health policy, combining national, sub-national, and supranational action is again in the foreground. Conclusions: The paper concludes by articulating some remarks regarding health policy during the pandemic, as well as the European health systems transformation and the importance of maintaining a strong welfare state in Europe.
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Tol, Richard S. J. « The Economic Effects of Climate Change ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 23, no 2 (1 avril 2009) : 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.2.29.
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I review the literature on the economic impacts of climate change, an externality that is unprecedentedly large, complex, and uncertain. Only 14 estimates of the total damage cost of climate change have been published, a research effort that is in sharp contrast to the urgency of the public debate and the proposed expenditure on greenhouse gas emission reduction. These estimates show that climate change initially improves economic welfare. However, these benefits are sunk. Impacts would be predominantly negative later in the century. Global average impacts would be comparable to the welfare loss of a few percent of income, but substantially higher in poor countries. Still, the impact of climate change over a century is comparable to economic growth over a few years. There are over 200 estimates of the marginal damage cost of carbon dioxide emissions. The uncertainty about the social cost of carbon is large and right-skewed. For a standard discount rate, the expected value is $50/tC, which is much lower than the price of carbon in the European Union but much higher than the price of carbon elsewhere. Current estimates of the damage costs of climate change are incomplete, with positive and negative biases. Most important among the missing impacts are the indirect effects of climate change on economic development; large-scale biodiversity loss; low-probability, high-impact scenarios; the impact of climate change on violent conflict; and the impacts of climate change beyond 2100. From a welfare perspective, the impact of climate change is problematic because population is endogenous, and because policy analyses should separate impatience, risk aversion, and inequity aversion between and within countries.
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Nesvat, Tetiana. « Cooperation between public authorities and non-governmental youth associations in preparing the strategic documents in the field of youth policy in EU countries ». Public administration aspects 8, no 5 (30 octobre 2020) : 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/152091.
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EU youth policy is very dynamic, but with different rates of development in each EU country. The main purpose of youth policy in the EU is to motivate and support making informed life decisions that contribute to the personal and social development of young people and the development of society as a whole. Accomplishing this goal is possible only by empowering the young citizens and their active involvement in the preparation, implementation and evaluation of the initiatives and activities efficiency that reflect the needs, interests, ideas and experiences of young people.However, in order to establish a common European civic space, it is necessary to consider the national circumstances of each EU country and the implementation of the state youth policy of each state separately.As the issue of the relationship between public authorities with various youth policy actors in the European Union remains under-explored, and a comprehensive approach to the study of European youth policy is missing, we analyzed the state of interaction between public authorities and EU youth associations on preparing the national development strategies for youth policy, such as France, Germany, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic.The aim of the article is to study the problem of interaction between government agencies and youth associations on the example of attracting young citizens in the development and implementation of regulations in some EU countries and to justify proposals for implementing the Strategy for State Youth Policy of Ukraine 2030.The article clarifies the imperfection of a comprehensive approach to the implementation of youth work in the European community. It is proposed to use the best results of cooperation between the authorities and the youth of Europe in the implementation of the guidelines for youth work in Ukraine and the use of the tool - Youth Welfare Index for monitoring the youth policy and strategy implementation. Attention is paid to the feasibility of using a two-component approach in the implementation of state youth policy, in particular in achieving the strategy, namely achieving sustainable development goals through the implementation of youth policy and the implementation of state youth policy through sustainable development goals.
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Prinos, Ioannis. « Golden Dawn, Media Representation and the Neoliberal Restructuring of Social Welfare : On the Greek Crisis and the Mobilization of Disidentifications ». Sociological Research Online 19, no 3 (septembre 2014) : 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.3431.
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Due to the economic crisis in 2008, processes of restructuring and dissolution of the social welfare state have been accelerated in the European Union, especially in the context of severe austerity measures imposed in countries with sovereign debt problems such as Greece. These neoliberal policies have increasingly sought their ‘legitimizing basis’ in discourses concerning a corrupt, ineffective and oversized public realm, while simultaneously promoting the notion of ‘welfare dependency’, insinuating an absence of moral values and proper ‘work ethic’ for the poor and disadvantaged, who are the most affected by the social state's withdrawal. Additionally, such narratives seem to have benefitted from the creation of ‘moral panic’ and the associated cultural representations of underprivileged social groups through mainstream mass media. The current article focuses on the nuances of this phenomenon in Greece, arguing that the catalyst has been the popularity of the extremist, nationalistic and anti-immigrant party of ‘Golden Dawn’. It contends that the representation of Golden Dawn's rhetoric and activism by the media, triggered processes of disidentification with poverty and the underprivileged in the mind of the average Greek; processes rooted in highly emotive sentiments of patriotism, religion and national identity, while linking such groups with the supposed deviant behaviour and ‘inferior’ traits of immigrants. Furthermore, it argues that this discourse enabled the government to ‘assault’ the ideological stance and arguments of the advocates of robust public social interventions from an advantageous position, enhancing the acceptance of its neoliberal agenda regarding public social policy in the Greek populace.
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Yerimpasheva, Aida T., Aida M. Myrzakhmetova et Dina U. Alshimbayeva. « Conjugation of the Eurasian economic union and the belt road initiative : the role and place of Kazakhstan ». R-Economy 8, no 2 (2022) : 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/recon.2022.8.2.014.
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Relevance. In mass media, the Silk Road Economic Belt and the Eurasian economic integration are considered as the driving forces behind Eurasia’s development. Nevertheless, the processes of Eurasian integration have been impeded by the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, 2020-22 have been marked by political turmoil in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) member states. Modelled on the European Union, the Eurasian Union increasingly resembles the former Soviet Union, which is a matter of concern for the member states. On the other hand, the growing democratic sentiments in the post-Soviet countries and the competition between Russia and China for influence in Eurasia make the cooperation of the EAEU and the Belt Road Initiative (BRI) more problematic. Research objective. The study examines the opportunities and challenges associated with the possible integration of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Belt Road Initiative. Methods and Data. In this paper, we used an exploratory research design relying on collecting secondary and primary qualitative data. Methodologically, the study is based on the approaches of positive and nominative economics. The qualitative research in the form of in-depth interviews helped us gain insight into the economic problems of the EAEU member states. We also analyzed the dynamics of each member country’s GDP and compared it with that of China for the period from 2012 to present. Results. The compatibility of national and transnational interests in the EAEU programs is one of the main issues that have to be addressed. There have been specified areas of the EAEU’s development, many of which reveal the Russian Federation’s dominating role in managing the Union. According to the experts we have interviewed, to implement its programs, the EAEU needs significant centralization of power. On the other hand, the unresolved social, economic, and political issues can become a significant obstacle to the integration. Conclusion. Despite the widespread belief that the BRI would bring significant welfare and trade benefits to its participants, the EAEU member countries and China first need to focus on implementing political reforms, which the social and economic agenda hinges upon.
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Israel, Sabine, et Dorothee Spannagel. « Material deprivation in the EU : A multi-level analysis on the influence of decommodification and defamilisation policies ». Acta Sociologica 62, no 2 (14 juin 2018) : 152–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699318778735.
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The central aim of this paper is identifying the existing political leeway for the reduction of deprivation levels in Europe. The links between household and individual characteristics and risks of material deprivation have been abundantly researched, but what are the political institutions that modify and possibly buffer these odds? Welfare state differences have been portrayed in depth but their association with social outcomes such as deprivation is less clear. By identifying the impact of decommodification and defamilisation policies on deprivation exposure, we seek to fill this gap. Our results, based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions 2012 to 2013 cross-sectional micro data, reveal that social programmes that cover large segments of the population and follow a needs-based approach are linked to lower odds of being materially deprived. A significant number of European cross-country differences in deprivation rates can thus be traced back to varying levels of social assistance, as well as to differences in the provision of public healthcare. Defamilisation policies are, despite increased risks for (single parent) families, not yet addressing the problem of low living standards successfully. An extension of childcare services, however, seems promising for lowering deprivation among families, particularly in countries with high levels of involuntary part-time work.
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Krutova-Soliman, Natalja, Nadezhda M. Romanenko et Ekaterina E. Shishlova. « Psychological and pedagogical conditions of integration of immigrants into the German society ». Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S2 (18 juillet 2021) : 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns2.1338.
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Among the new migration challenges of the modern world, perhaps the most acute is the issue of the integration of migrants. As a result of globalisation, events in the world are connected as communicating vessels and, the more unresolved problems in Africa or the Middle East, the stronger the desire of those in need of assistance to move to industrial countries with humane social welfare policies. In this regard, public interest in the problems of the European Union, including Germany, related to the influx of refugees through the Balkan route at the turn of 2015, is holding. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a study conducted with students of integration courses at the People's University of Frankfurt am Main (VHS Frankfurt am Main) in the period from 2017 to 2020, and to demonstrate specially created psychological and pedagogical conditions that contribute to the development of a higher and better level of ability to integrate immigrants into the cultural and linguistic environment of Germany during the acquisition of the German language.
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Fraczek, Piotr. « Food aid in Poland in the years 2014-2019 as an expression of solidarity and European Union support for the national social assistance system ». VUZF Review 6, no 3 (29 septembre 2021) : 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.38188/2534-9228.21.3.18.
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One of the goals of modern states is to strive for continuous economic development and ensure a high standard of living for their citizens. Social problems of too high intensity, existing in individual countries, may constitute a barrier to achieving this goal. One of the acute social problems in every country in the world is the phenomenon of poverty. The European Union and its member states undertake many measures to reduce poverty. One such activity was the creation of the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD), which aims to help the poorest by providing food. The program aimed to complement the policy of public authorities in the Member States and to supplement the existing forms of support in the social welfare system. In Poland, the implementation of FEAD has been planned for the years 2014-2020, and this program was a visible manifestation of European solidarity and significant support for the social assistance system. The article aims to identify the level of support that Poland received in 2014-2019 from the European Union under the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) and to identify trends and problems in the distribution of food products to the poorest people. The analyzes show that in 2014-2019 Poland received support from EU-FEAD of EUR 416.9 million, which allowed for the provision of almost 299 thousand. tons of food for the poorest. In 2019, as much as 76% of the total food provided to the poor was financed from European funds. In the period 2014-2019, there is a noticeable trend in Poland consisting in increasing the share of food aid from the EU for Poland for the purchase of food for the poorest. This is worrying as the end of the EU-funded FEAD program may result in a significant decrease in the number of poor people receiving support in the form of food aid in Poland. One of the main problems in the distribution of food was the insufficiently developed network of food distribution organizations and the presence of municipalities not covered by the food aid program.
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Mieilă, Mihai, Georgiana Vlad (Vasile), Alexandra Sima (Niţoi), Anda-Ileana Necula, Mirela Roxana Bărbulescu (Niţa) et Florian Iancu. « Considerations regarding the risk of integrity – Romanian developments within the European framework ». SHS Web of Conferences 95 (2021) : 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219501005.
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In the process of risk management process implementation and deployment within the organizations, both public and private, the applicable standards outline the role played the human resources, as the key issue in this respect. Following the standards and the practice in the field, the integrity risks are considered within the framework of a holistic approach. The paper tries to introduce and address the main features of the integrity risks, considering the European approach, based on the quantitative and qualitative measurement through some specific indicators. Besides, the joint-approaches of the developments in the legal framework, and the other international bodies involved in regulation of the field, namely the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the United Nations Convention against Corruption are outlined. In addition, the public perception indicators regarding the integrity are presented through the comparative examination of the local findings amongst the other European countries and averages, pointing out the specific evolutions. The conclusions highlight the favourable changes and some of the actions required as prerequisites for necessary further improvements. Research background: Defined as the abuse of power oriented towards gain of private benefits, the corruption is a phenomenon that affects the economies and the fair distribution of welfare. Although there is a regulatory framework both at national and international levels, measuring of corruption remains a difficult task, as it often relies on public perception. Purpose of the article: The objectives consist in identification and assessment of integrity risks, besides the implementation of the adequate control tools, in order to ensure their proper monitoring. Methods: Employing the data from the international surveys and indexes used in measurement of the corruption perception, and considering the applicable legal framework, there are examined both the specific trends in Romania, compared to the general developments in the European Union . Findings Value added: Amid a general improvement trend, there are highlighted some slight backward steps and the necessary actions for future improvements. Considering the weak parts specific to the perception surveys, besides their further usage, results the necessity of fostering the using of special designed indexes, which rely, in addition, on aspects that mainly remain out of public perception.
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Costa, Joana, Diana Cancela et João Reis. « Neverland or Tomorrowland ? Addressing (In)compatibility among the SDG Pillars in Europe ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no 22 (12 novembre 2021) : 11858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211858.
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The 2015–2030 agenda framed Sustainable Development as a Universal venture. This decision has a great historic significance as it encompasses building a better future for the whole of humanity, enrolling the millions who have been denied the chance to live a decent, dignified and fulfilling life and to achieve their potential. For the first time, an entire generation will have the chance to succeed in ending poverty while being the last to have a chance of saving the planet. The world will be a better place in 2030 if humanity succeeds in this journey. However, there is hovering skepticism around the feasibility of this accomplishment. The article aims to empirically test the (in)compatibilities among these objectives even for developed economies such as the European Union countries, demonstrating that unless solid bridges are built promoting innovative networks at a transnational level, welfare and prosperity among those ecosystems will be compromised. The results show that the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) pillars have heterogeneous determinants, which are to some extent incompatible. Moreover, policy makers need to further reinforce multi-country compensations if the environment is to be preserved.
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Mariacher, Alessia, Luisa Garofalo, Rita Fanelli, Rita Lorenzini et Rosario Fico. « A combined morphological and molecular approach for hair identification to comply with the European ban on dog and cat fur trade ». PeerJ 7 (11 novembre 2019) : e7955. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7955.
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Animal furs are encountering more and more the detriment of public opinion, that is increasingly sensitive to animals, their welfare and protection. The feeling of outrage against animal suffering is particularly intense when cats and dogs are involved, since these are the most popular pets in Western countries. However, in some Asian countries breeding of dogs and cats for the fur industry is a common practice. These furs and their finished garments are often mislabelled in order to be imported and sold to unaware consumers in Western countries. The European Union has issued the Regulation 1523/2007, which bans the use and trade of dog and cat furs. The main purposes of the Regulation were to normalise the internal market and to address the concerns of European consumers about the risk of inadvertently buying products containing these species. The Regulation states that several analytical methods (microscopy, DNA testing and mass spectrometry) can be used to exclude dogs and cats as source species, but an official analytical protocol was not provided. In this paper, we report on the development of a reliable and affordable method for species identification in furs, based on a combined morphological and molecular approach. Our protocol provides an initial morphological analysis as a time and cost effective screening test. Only samples that are morphologically not excluded as canid/felid furs, based on few selected microscopic features, are then submitted to DNA testing. The application of this protocol on seized furs reached 92% identification of species. Our approach assists in identifying frauds and reinforcing the ban on dog and cat fur trade, allowing (1) rapid inexpensive recognition of fake furs, (2) exclusion of non-canid/non-felid furs through fast microscopic morphological screening, (3) overall cost reduction with lower number of samples to be submitted to DNA analysis, (4) analytical protocol to stand in court in case criminal sanctions are to be applied.
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Shubchynska, A., et L. Lytva. « SOCIAL WELFARE AND FAMILY SUPPORT AS A DIRECTION OF HUNGARIAN SOCIAL POLICY ». Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Social work, no 5 (2019) : 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2616-7786.2019/5-1/5.
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The author investigates the transformation processes of family values, preconditions that have influenced the emergence of the familism in Hungarian society. The article deals with the analysis of the main characteristics of neo-familism as the dominant social phenomenon of the present, which directly impacts the Hungarian family policy and determines the further direction of the family support system formation. It has been noted that familism is a complex concept and can be interpreted from different perspectives. This term is revealed through the prism of personal and family values, norms, interpersonal and social relations, as well as governance systems strategies. In this article, familism is discussed mainly as a system of governance measures, disclosed through the demonstration of social, in particular, family policy strategies, as well as instruments of its regulation. Hungarian family policy and the effects of familism on it are described and analysed in several characteristics, such as types of financial support, supporting measures to facilitate parents' participation in the labour market and the social services systems. It is proved that, in comparison with other European Union countries, the parental support system of childcare in Hungary is one of the most comprehensive. On the basis of the analysis, it has been concluded that the Hungarian family support system was formed under the influence of the consequences of historical events and political ideologies. The key factors, which are determining the direction of the system transformation today, are both post-socialism and Europeanisation at the same time. The analysis of the historical preconditions of the family policy formation and its modern regulatory instruments classifies the Hungarian support system as optional familism, which provides universal financial support to families, a comprehensive system of parental leave and childcare allowances, tax deductions, public nursery and kindergarten services. The author also underlines the significance of analysing the Hungarian welfare system and social services which support not only families in difficult life circumstances but also middle-class families.
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Owen, S., C. Thomas, P. West, S. Wolfensohn et M. Wood. « Report on primate supply for biomedical scientific work in the UK ». Laboratory Animals 31, no 4 (1 octobre 1997) : 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367797780596149.
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A Working Party of the UK group of European Primate Resources Network (EUPREN) considered primate supply for scientific work in the UK. Through a questionnaire, which achieved a very good response, it obtained details of primate use, sources and breeding in the UK and it put forward options to ensure that animal welfare is the best possible whilst ensuring continued supply. The questionnaire showed that contract research laboratories and pharmaceutical companies use about 80% of the 4233 primates used annually at the moment, with the rest accounted for by academic establishments and public sector laboratories. Fifty-four per cent are cynomolgus macaques ( Macaca fascicularis), of which nearly 90% are captive-bred outside the European Union (EU), the remainder being bred in the UK. Nearly 90% of cynomolgus macaques are used by only five institutions. Thirty-seven per cent of primates used are marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus jacchus), all of which are bred in the UK. Most of the rest are rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta), about half of which are captive-bred outside the EU, the other half being bred in the UK. Overall primate use has increased from about 3000 per year in 1990 and users predict that requirements for all species except baboons ( Papio sp.) will be maintained or increase. Marmoset breeding in the UK is already closely matched to use, and it could be increased reasonably easily if necessary. Some of the existing breeding centres of macaques in the UK would be prepared to consider expanding to supply others, although investment and imported breeding stock would be needed and it is likely that a large investment would be needed to breed a significant fraction of the macaque use in the UK. A further problem is that the users of only about 10% of the cynomolgus macaques said that they could replace this species by rhesus macaques, which are easier to breed in the UK. The questionnaire showed that much of the use of macaques would be transferred to other countries equally remote from the natural source countries of the animals, if constraints on primate use became more severe in the UK. Users felt that it is unlikely that much of the work could be transferred to the natural source countries themselves. A review of the literature revealed a paucity of information on the effects of transport on primate welfare. The importance of obtaining this information before making decisions about alternative means of supply is stressed. Current schemes for the accreditation of primate breeders were reviewed. A list of options is presented for discussion. Users vary so much in their requirements that it is unlikely that one means of supply will be applicable to all. Animal welfare will benefit and supply will be more certain if cooperation between those concerned (preferably through the UK group of EUPREN) is maintained.
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Prochazka, Petr, et Iveta Cerna. « Reinvestment and effective corporate income tax rates in V4 countries ». Equilibrium 17, no 3 (30 septembre 2022) : 581–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2022.020.
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Research background: In the Visegrad Four (V4) countries (Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia), the inward foreign direct investment (FDI) shows high shares in the exports and gross domestic product (GDP). Furthermore, reinvested earnings play a significant role in the national balances of payments (BoP). Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the reinvestment rates and effective corporate income tax rates (ETRs) of transnational corporations (TNCs) and financial institutions settled in the V4 countries and compare them with the said rates in other European Union (EU) Member States. It is essential to unveil factors shaping investors? decisions to reinvest profits. Policymakers should reflect on them when cultivating the overall business climate to boost citizens? welfare. Purpose of the article: We aim to identify the determinants of the FDI profit reinvestment rate in the V4 countries as host economies from 2014 to 2019 and draw a comparison with the EU?27 average. We dedicate special attention to the correlation between the reinvestment and the ETRs and other selected business climate indicators as specified in the World Bank?s Ease of Doing Business (World Bank, 2020). Methods: To assess the determinants of the reinvestment rates, we employ a three-stage model of multiple linear regression, where we analyse extensive datasets published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Eurostat, World Bank, and public and aggregate country-by-country reports (CbCR) provided by the respective financial institutions and TNCs. Findings & value added: Our research shows that the corporate income tax (CIT) rate and ETRs significantly correlate with the reinvestment rate. The same applies to three Ease of Doing Business sub-indicators (Starting a business, Getting credit, and Contract enforcement). Contrary to the findings of Lundan (2006), Beugelsdijk et al. (2010), Nguyen and Rugman (2015), and Sutherland et al. (2020), macroeconomic factors, the profitability of corporations, and exchange rate stability turned out to be statistically insignificant. Our research has policy implications, for it can contribute to policy discussions on enhancing business environments in the V4 countries and ways to motivate foreign investors to reinvest their profits. The added value combines macroeconomic data with the unique and relatively new CbCR databases.
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Safonchyk, Oksana, et Konstiantyn Vitman. « PROSPECTS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no 4 (29 octobre 2019) : 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-212-220.
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In the world practice, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is recognized an important component of sustainable development strategy, for which reason governments of many countries pay considerable attention to the promotion of CSR ideas at the national level, creating favourable conditions for socially responsible behaviour of national and foreign enterprises. The author aims to analyse the experience of regulation of corporate social responsibility policy in the EU Member States, to show the practice of national governments of the EU Member States in the field of CSR, and to determine prospects of corporate social responsibility at the modern development stage in view of implementing the concept of sustainable development. Summarizing approaches to the definition of CSR, it can be emphasized that CSR should positively influence society, in which the enterprise operates. It is a free choice in favour of increasing the welfare and moral and ethical values of society through appropriate approaches to doing business. Relations between enterprises both in the European Union and in other countries are increasingly based on the principles of CSR. Compliance with these principles becomes an important prerequisite for attracting foreign investment and obtaining government orders. In the international context, CSR is an efficient instrument to develop partnership and cooperation of countries in the context of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, to control the negative influence of the industrial sector on ecology, to prevent social crises, as a consequence, to ensure sustainable development of the world civilisation. Among the European institutions, the European Commission’s committees play a key role in disseminating the idea of CSR. One of the main factors in strengthening the EU economy is considered precisely the stable growth based on the rational use of resources, ecology, and competition. Plans of the Strategy for 2012–2015–2020 clearly show that the European Union intends to strengthen control over economic management and “voluntarily oblige” the business to follow the rules of CSR. The goal of a new CSR Strategy is to create conditions favourable for sustainable development, responsible business conduct, and permanent employment in the medium and long term. Key changes in comparison with the policy for 2010 – definition of corporate social responsibility as “Responsibility of enterprises for their impact on society” and rejection of the principle of voluntariness: “the European Commission recognizes that some regulations stimulate CSR, therefore, public authorities should support the CSR development by applying a mix of voluntary and regulatory policies”. As the study showed, the governments of the EU countries are actively engaged in the development and promotion of corporate social responsibility. The role of the state is manifested in the implementation of the following key functions: the state as a legislator and a controlling authority; the state as an employer; the state as a consumer and a buyer; the state as a partner; the state as an institutional investor; the state as a participant in international relations. The most significant results have been achieved by those EU Member States that use the systemic approach to CSR development. In these countries, responsible state structures have been formed that coordinate work in all areas. The approach to the choice of instruments is individual and is selected taking into account the priorities of the country’s socio-economic development and the importance of economic, environmental, and social aspects. An example of Great Britain, France, Belgium, Estonia, and Spain shows the possibility of successful CSR development.
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Van Dyk, Silke. « Im Konsens aus der Krise ? » PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 33, no 130 (1 mars 2003) : 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v33i130.679.
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Due to rising unemployment in many European countries and the far spread view that this is linked to the crisis of the welfare state, tripartite co-operations arose between government, unions and employer associations recently, Promotion of international competitiveness, consolidation of public finances and reduction of unemployment are the three main political goals, which are considered to be the new consensus between the actors, This consensns arose because of the unions' adaptation to key positions of the other actors' analysis and it is widely held to be an expression for the overcoming of unions' heavily discussed crisis, With the Dutch polder model, which is celebrated as a successful prototype of a consensus model, one can illustrate that the assumed consensus is much more ambivalent and fragile than the current debate suggests, It is possible to demonstrate on the basis of Foucault's governmentality studies that the creation of the supply side consensus is not an expression of reason and responsibility, Instead, due to the unequal distribution of power and rule some actors manage to implement their interpretations of the world as being ,true'.
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Nygård, Mikael, et Fredrik Snellman. « The (non)politicisation of age discrimination in Finland and Sweden ». International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no 9/10 (2 septembre 2014) : 694–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-06-2013-0066.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the politicisation of age discrimination in relation to the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation in Finland and Sweden in the early-2000s. By showing how politicians constructed the meaning of age discrimination, it seeks to highlight the drivers of country variation in terms of the implementation of directives from the European Union (EU). Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a comparative design based on content analyses of parliamentary documents. Theoretically, it uses discursive institutionalism as a starting point but it also builds on previous research/theories on age discrimination. Findings – The findings show that although age was seen as a ground for discrimination in both countries, there was surprisingly little debate about discrimination as societal problem. There was however considerable differences between the countries suggesting that age discrimination was a much more heated subject in Sweden. Research limitations/implications – Although the analysis focuses on a small part of the policy-making process it highlights drivers (such as political culture) that may cause variation in the ways age discrimination is politicised, even within similar welfare state regimes. It also suggests that more research is needed to fully understand such drivers. Social implications – The paper presents examples that can help analysts and the public to deconstruct institutionalised practices of age discrimination and thereby to understand how age discrimination practices may prevail in society. Originality/value – By analysing the ways in which age discrimination was constructed as a problem within national policy-making frameworks, the paper presents valuable insights as to the sources of country variation in relation to the implementation of EU directives.
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Lunkina, T. « MAIN ASPECTS OF SOCIAL FORMATION OF SOCIAL REPORTING : FOREIGN AND NATIONAL EXPERIENCE ». Financial and credit activity : problems of theory and practice 2, no 37 (30 avril 2021) : 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v2i37.230645.
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Abstract. The article examines the main aspects of social (non-financial) reporting formation in Ukraine and in developed countries. It was found that the formation of social reporting began in the late ХХth century by companies which took responsibility for the consequences of their activities. The normative legal provision in the countries of the European Union is investigated. It is substantiated that the regulatory framework of social reporting in Ukraine needs to be improved. The positive dynamics in relation to the total number of GRI reports in the world and in Ukraine is given. It was found that there is no single approach to the definition and description of social reporting. The world and national experience has formed different interpretations of social reporting. It has been established that although social reporting in accordance with certain standards is spreading around the companies in Ukraine, but national enterprises still pay less attention to interaction with stakeholders, anti-corruption activities, transparent business and business ethics as it is necessary. The availability of social reporting among the largest landowners of Ukraine is analyzed. The analysis was conducted on the basis of information posted on the websites of enterprises, it was found that only a small part of them generates social reports. The stages of formation of integrated reporting at the agraian enterprises of Ukraine are offered. It is substantiated that the Ukrainian enterprises should go through the first and second stages of the nonfinancial reporting formation to the 3rd decisive stage which means the formation of the integrated reporting. It is proved that in order to involve business structures in the formation of non-financial reporting in Ukraine in accordance with the UNO Global Compact Sustainable Development Goals, it is necessary to unite efforts between agrarian business, public authorities and the community (active participants with social issues) for strategic business in the context of holism and balancing on the basis of solving social problems, increasing the level of the population welfare and achieving a social effect. Keywords: social (non-financial) reporting, local social responsibility, stakeholders, integrated reporting, agrarian sector. JEL Classification І31, М14, О13 Formulas: 0; fig.: 3; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 19.
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OROSZ, Ágnes, et Norbert SZIJÁRTÓ. « A MACRO-COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF WELFARE STATE CONVERGENCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Management of Sustainable Development 13, no 1 (1 juin 2021) : 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54989/msd-2021-0005.
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In this paper, we provide a macro-comparative assessment of welfare state convergence. Using the welfare state regime approach, the paper analyses the development of main welfare state indicators within in the enlarged European Union. In this study we capitalize on descriptive statistics and a single convergence analysis based on standard deviation in order to capture alterations in national welfare models of 26 European countries and among acknowledged welfare regimes. Our fundamental aim is to seize on long-term processes (convergence, divergence, or persistence), so we cover almost a two-decade period starting at 2000. Our results, in general, suggest that convergence among welfare states (different indicator of social spending) of European countries is particularly weak, however convergence inside welfare regimes is significantly stronger apart from the Anglo-Saxon group. The pre-crisis period was characterized by a stronger convergence among European countries as a consequence of economic prosperity and intense EU intervention.
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Toma, Luiza, Alistair W. Stott, Cesar Revoredo-Giha et Beata Kupiec-Teahan. « Consumers and animal welfare. A comparison between European Union countries ». Appetite 58, no 2 (avril 2012) : 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.015.
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