Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Public Web Portal »

Background Web portals providing health information online have the potential to reach large numbers of people. Yet few studies have assessed usage and costs of health portals, especially over an extended period of time. Objectives First, to assess the usage of a web portal on prevention and health promotion that was initiated by the German states of Berlin and Brandenburg. Second, to estimate average cost per pageview over the full web portal life-cycle. Methods Usage data were gathered through Google Analytics. The main usage metric assessed was pageviews originating from an IP address in Berlin or Brandenburg. Project cost data were reported by the local government and from own records. Descriptive and regression analyses were used to determine time trends in pageviews. Results The redesigned web portal Praeventionsatlas.de launched August 2011 and was discontinued March 2018. Analyzing the full calendar years only, the annual pageview number increased from 2012 (8492) to its peak in 2014 (11,876) and steadily decreased to its minimum in 2017 (7232). Pages of the web portal were most often viewed around lunchtime (12 to 1 p.m.), in the middle of the week (Wed to Thu), and at the beginning of the year (Jan to Feb). Adjusting for year, month, and weekday, the number of daily pageviews dropped on major public holidays (Easter −9, Pentecost −12, Christmas −12 and New Year’s Eve and Day −20; p < .001) and increased during the fasting period before Easter (+6; p < .001). Average cost per page viewed from relaunch until the web portal went offline was estimated to be €0.38 (€0.33 to €1.67) per pageview. Conclusion Usage of the web portal showed temporal variation and peaked before the middle of its 6.5 year life-cycle. Development and need for updates may require substantial investment in a web portal, such that a pageview can come at a considerable expense, even in small-scale projects. Assessing and discussing the cost-effectiveness of a web portal is therefore desirable.

Electronic government implies the use of information and communication technology (ICT) for improving the way public services are provided to all citizens. In order to create an interface, through which citizens can use these services, web portals are developed. The web portal that represents the interface for the use of services intended for citizens in the Republic of Croatia, as key users, was developed in the frame of e-citizens project, initiated by the Croatian government in year 2013. Since its inception, the portal has been continuously upgraded and complemented by new electronic services. The usage of the e-citizens portal however, despite the availability of services, does not follow the developing trends according to researches by the local Ministry of Administration and the Eurostat data. Citizens access the portal, but mostly to collect information and do not use its advanced additional functionalities. This paper analyses Croatian government web portal, its functionalities, attitudes toward it and its use by citizens. Finally, based on data analysis improvement of the accessibility/usage of Croatian government portal will be proposed.

Abstract Using maps is inevitable in many human activities as well as in mountaineering. Until recently, most of the spatial and attribute data of the mountaineer’s interest could have been found only in analog form. With the development of information technology, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), easily accessible measuring sensors and digital cameras, it is easier to collect, store, visualize, share, and update spatial data. The web GIS with its associated applications assumes dominance in browsing and dissemination of spatial data, and is applied in areas where there is a need for processing, analysis and visualization of various data that contain a spatial component, including mountaineering. When planning hiking, mountaineers need both spatial and attribute information on mountaineering facilities, checkpoints, and hiking trails in the form of GNSS traces. Through the interactive web application interface, it is possible to connect all these data, enabling easy viewing, browsing and analysis, or performing various spatial queries, which greatly facilitates the planning of hiking excursions. This paper presents a review and comparison of four most visited Croatian mountaineering portals: HPS’s Interactive Mountaineering Map of Croatia, Mountaineering portal and Geodetic mountaineering portal developed at the Faculty of Geodesy of the University of Zagreb and planinarenje.hr portal developed by the group of mountain enthusiasts. Numerous data on Croatian mountains and peaks, mountain facilities, huts and hiking trails are now accessible through portals to anyone with Internet connection, either with the computers, tablets or smartphones. All users can browse, filter and download data from the portal, and there are additional options for authorized users such as commenting on portal content. Several thematic portals of neighboring countries were also analyzed (portal of the Slovenian Mountaineering Association, Slovak mountaineering portal and one Swiss mountaineering portal) and compared with Croatian portals. Finally, the importance of the web GIS portals for the development of mountaineering tourism was emphasized, as well as the ecological culture and the sustainability of the mountaineering environment (preservation of mountain trails and facilities, protection of endemic plants, karst and geological features, etc.). Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • The presented web GIS represent an effective and efficient tool for planning and conducting trips in mountain areas as it allows better organization and management of mountain content for the tourists and other hikers. • Registered users can participate in the portal update (e.g. peak or hill endonyms) and this can be used by State Geodetic Administration for their register of geographical names (http://rgi.dgu.hr/pretrazivanje) • The Web GIS can also be used as a support in the tourism development of local mountain areas with respect to the ecological culture and sustainability of the mountain environment.

Abstract A modern urban lifestyle can be a risk factor for developing non-communicable diseases and mental health problems (Eckert S, Kohler S. Urbanization and health in developing countries: A systematic review. World Health Popul. 2014;15:7–20; Penkalla AM, Kohler S. Urbanicity and mental health in Europe: a systematic review. Eur J Ment Health 2014;9:163–77). Two non-commercial, state-funded web portals in the German states of Berlin and Brandenburg are attempting to support the residents in realizing a healthier lifestyle. The initial portal is named Präventionsatlas [Atlas of Prevention] and has existed since 2008. The second portal, called Stadtplan Gesundheitsförderung [Health Promotion Map], went online in 2014 and has become the successor to the former. Both web portals provide health information as well as searchable databases with locally available health promotion courses and projects. Since internet portals and knowledge management through Internet portals have become more and more frequently used as public health tools (see, e.g. Quinn E, Huckel-Schneider C, Campbell D, Seale H, Milat AJ. How can knowledge exchange portals assist in knowledge management for evidence-informed decision making in public health? BMC Public Health 2014;14:443), we share our lessons learned during the development and revision of the health portal www.praeventionsatlas.de in this article.

The purpose of making this web-based information and entertainment portal application is to develop a portal that can be used by the public in obtaining entertainment and information about trends and lifestyle. In addition, this application is also made with the aim of developing information and entertainment portals that can facilitate content contributors so that they can share ideas and participate in the production of content available on this portal. The method used to develop this web-based information and entertainment portal application is the waterfall method using the Code Igniter framework. Evaluation of this application is carried out with two approaches namely questionnaire and comparison with similar applications. The end result of the development of this application is a web-based portal called Cacta Media that provides information and entertainment in the form of articles and videos

The Visualising Victoria's Groundwater (VVG) web portal federates groundwater data for the State of Victoria, Australia, thus making legacy data, government datasets, research data and community-sourced data and observations visible to the public. The portal is innovative because it was developed outside of the government and offers real-time access to remote authoritative databases by integrating the interoperable web services they each provide. It includes tools for data querying and 3D visualisations that were designed to meet end-user needs and educate the broader community about a normally invisible resource. The social impact of the web portal was measured using multidisciplinary research that employed survey instruments, expert reference groups, and internet analytics to explore the extent to which the web portal has supported decision making by governments, industry, researchers and the community. The research found that single access, multiple data set web portals enhance capacity by providing timely, informed and accurate responses to answer queries and increase productivity by saving time. The provision of multiple datasets from disparate sources within a single portal has changed practices in the Victorian groundwater industry.

Open source software is required to be widely available to the user community. To help developers fulfill this requirement, Web portals provide a way to make open source projects public so that the user community has access to their source code, can contribute to their development, and can interact with the developer team. However, choosing a Web portal is not an easy task. There are several options available, each of them offering a set of tools and features to its users. The goal of this article is to analyze a set of existing Web portals (SourceForge.net, Apache, Tigris, ObjectWeb, and Savannah) in the hopes that this will help users to choose a hosting site for their projects.

The paper challenges the theoretical assumptions of deliberative communication in online contexts of two empirical case studies in the Slovenian Web sphere: a governmental portal Predlagamvladi.si (I proposetothegovernment.si) and a citizen portal Danesjenovdan.si (Todayisanewday.si). A common denominator of both portals, which were developed for online gathering of public proposals directly from the citizens, is in the combination of public dialogue and polling, the former preceding the latter, the whole process resulting in a final decision regarding the proposal. However, a more detailed analysis and comparison of both portals help to explain also the crucial differences between the institutional or strong public sphere on the one hand and the civic or weak public spheres on the other, which consequently limit the deliberation potentials in the digital context.

Modern web applications and servers like Portal require adequate support for integration of search services due to user focused information delivery and user interaction, as well as new technologies used to render such information, which is exemplified by two fundamental problems that have long plagued web crawlers: dynamic content and Javascript generated content. Today, the solution is simple: ignore such web pages. To enable “search” in Portals, a different “crawling” paradigm is required to search engines to gather and consume information. WebSphere Portal provides a framework that propagates content and information through “Seedlists”—comparable to HTML based sitemaps but richer in terms of features. This mandates that information and content delivering applications must be “search engine aware”, requiring them to enable services and seedlists for fast, efficient and complete delivery of content and information. This is the main integration point for search engines into the portal for Portal site search services for a rich and user focused search experience. This article discusses how such technologies can allow for more efficient crawling of public Portal sites by prominent Internet search engines as well as myths surrounding search engine optimization.

A administração pública, em suas esferas de atuação, utiliza-se de mecanismos para intensificar e facilitar relações entre cidadãos e governos, por intermédio de inovações de processo. Com a utilização da internet, percebe-se a modernização e aproximação dos segmentos da sociedade com o governo, permitindo ofertar serviços públicos de forma eficiente e efetiva. Em vista disso, o presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar a percepção dos gestores públicos municipais na utilização do portal eletrônico do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul quanto à inovação de processo. Para tanto, foi realizada pesquisa aplicada, quantitativa, descritiva por meio de survey, com 62 gestores municipais dos 497 municípios do Rio Grande do Sul. Como resultados observou-se que o portal eletrônico possibilita melhorias nos serviços públicos e agilidade, auxilia na elaboração de políticas públicas, melhora a interação da sociedade com o governo e a transparência dos atos públicos. Além disso, o portal eletrônico é visto como inovação de processos, que minimiza gastos da administração pública e dos usuários, e possibilita melhorias nos processos para o cidadão. Identificou-se ainda por meio de análise fatorial, que os fatores agruparam-se em três fatores, sendo eles tecnologia, processos, e interação, não apresentando diferenças entre os resultados dos grupos por mesorregiões do Rio Grande do Sul. Por fim, observou-se ainda que há correlação significativa entre Tecnologia e Processos (0,680), Tecnologia e a Interação (0,740), e Processos e a Interação (0,616), indicando que quanto melhores os resultados de um dos fatores na gestão pública, melhores serão os resultados dos demais fatores.
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The public administration, in its spheres of action, uses mechanisms to intensify and facilitate relations between citizens and governments, through process innovations. With the use of the Internet, the modernization and approximation of the segments of society with the government is perceived, allowing to offer public services in an efficient and effective way. In view of this, the present study aimed to identify the perception of municipal public managers in the use of the electronic portal of the State of Rio Grande do Sul regarding process innovation. For that, a quantitative descriptive survey was carried out with 62 municipal managers from the 497 municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul. As a result, it was observed that the electronic portal allows improvements in public services and agility, helps in the elaboration of Enhances society's interaction with government and the transparency of public acts. In addition, the e-portal is seen as process innovation, which minimizes public administration and user spending, and enables process improvements for the citizen. It was also identified by means of factorial analysis, that the factors were grouped in three factors, being technology, processes, and interaction, not presenting differences between the results of the groups by mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul. Finally, it was observed although there is a significant correlation between Technology and Processes (0.680), Technology and Interaction (0.740), and Processes and Interaction (0.616), indicating that the better the results of one of the factors in public management, the better the results of the other factors.

A Lei nº 13.146 - Lei Brasileira de Inclusão da Pessoa com Deficiência (Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência) – que passou a vigorar a partir de janeiro de 2016 reforça a obrigatoriedade de acessibilidade nos websites mantidos pelo governo, estabelecida há mais de dez anos através do Decreto nº 5296/2004. Através do e-Gov, o governo tem empreendido várias ações no sentido de impulsionar o desenvolvimento de websites que atendam os mais diversos cidadãos, permitindo assim, o acesso às informações e serviços públicos com igualdade e sem discriminação. Dentre essas ações destacam-se as recomendações do Modelo de Acessibilidade em Governo Eletrônico (e-MAG) e o projeto Padrões Web em Governo Eletrônico (e-PWG). Neste contexto, os portais web das Universidade Federais têm grande responsabilidade de tornar acessível o seu conteúdo e informações a toda a comunidade. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da avaliação da acessibilidade das páginas iniciais das 63 Universidades Federais Brasileiras. Como o uso de Sistemas de Gerenciamento de Conteúdo (CMS, do inglês Content Management System) para a construção de websites governamentais é uma recomendação destacada pelo e-PWG, esta pesquisa buscou ainda investigar se estas Universidades estão adotando esta tecnologia. Diante desses resultados, o objetivo foi identificar se o uso de CMS pode contribuir ou não com a criação de páginas mais acessíveis, destacando os principais problemas de acessibilidade encontrados por essas páginas.
The Law nº. 13,146 - Brazilian Law of Inclusion of People with Disabilities (Person Statute with Disabilities) - which came into effect from January 2016 reinforces the requirement of accessibility on websites maintained by the government, established for over ten years through the Decree No. 5296/2004. Through the e-GOV, the government has undertaken several actions to boost the development of websites that attend the most diverse citizens, thus allowing access to information and public services equally and without discrimination. Among these actions highlight the Accessibility Model recommendations on Electronic Government (e-MAG) and the Web Standards in Electronic Government project (e-PWG). In this context, the web portals of the Federal University have a great responsibility to make available the content and information to the entire community. This study presents the results of the evaluation of the accessibility of homepages of the 63 Brazilian Federal Universities. As the use of Content Management Systems (CMS) for the construction of government websites is a recommendation highlighted by e-PWG, this research has also sought to investigate whether these universities are adopting this technology. Given these results, the goal was to identify the use of CMS can contribute or not to create more accessible pages, highlighting the major accessibility problems encountered by these pages.

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O acesso à informação pública é reconhecido como direito fundamental capaz de desenvolver outros direitos e está regulamentado pela Lei de Acesso à Informação. A possibilidade de as mulheres conhecerem os seus direitos e fazerem escolhas baseadas em informações plurais e confiáveis, principalmente por meio das novas tecnologias, fortalece uma sociedade democrática. A comunicação pública digital, baseada na informação de qualidade, pode ampliar o espaço público e consolidar a democracia. Esta pesquisa verificou a potencial contribuição da comunicação pública digital para o atendimento do direito à informação, através da caracterização da qualidade da informação disponível em 22 portais web de nível municipal, estadual e federal, no ano de 2015, por meio da análise de conteúdo baseada em 11 categorias de avaliação. Segundo os resultados e conforme o contexto teórico-metodológico da pesquisa, a amostra analisada possui cerca de um quarto da informação considerada necessária para a caracterização abrangente de uma política pública. A pesquisa sugere, a partir dos dados coletados, a insuficiência da qualidade da informação sobre políticas públicas para as mulheres disponíveis nos portais web da amostra, o que indica a necessidade de aprimoramento da comunicação pública digital.
Access to public information is recognized as a fundamental right be able to develop other rights and is regulated by the Access to Information Act. The possibility for women to know their rights and make choices based on plurals and reliable information, particularly through new technologies, strengthening a democratic society. The public communication is based upon a quality of information, which expands the public dimension and has the ability to s-trengthen the digital democracy. The following research project has demonstrated contribution towards public digital media as a result of attendance in the right to access information. This is achieved through the characterisation of information quality being available in 22 web portals on either municipal, state and federal levels. Within the year of 2015, the content was analysed based on 11 assessment categories in correspondence to results and the theoretical and methodological context of the research. The analysed sample is estimated to have a quar-ter of the information judged and classified as necessary to the comprehensive characterizati-on of the public policy. The following research suggests that from the collected data found there is an insufficient quality of information in relation to the public policies for women found within the web portals of a sample. As a result of this it is necessary that there is im-provement within the public digital media.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This research investigates the Legislative and Executive powers in the use of information technologies, particularly the Internet, evaluating the quality of official portals, with regard to facility of use, government information, services, public control, participation and interactivity. The main purpose of empirical research is proving that, despite all the talk of politicians who bow to public communication online for closer and interactivity with citizens, this does not happen in practice. The Internet user is treated as a taxpayer and not as a citizen. The empirical research studied the public portal of the Federal Government, the Chamber of Deputies, the Government of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and the Legislative Assemblies. However, the empirical analysis is a specific moment in the research, which in fact occurs as demand tematize social participation, which is based on models of democracy: liberal, participatory and deliberative; it will be examinated the ways in which these models deal the public participation in things of the state. The epistemological proposal of this work aims to contribute to the development of critical studies on communication, specifically online communication. It examines the wrong use of the Internet that are turning online communication in a new avatar of the metamorphosis of the system of inequality and exclusion from the study of some aspects of the revolution made of information technology in various regions of the world. It examines also the effects of computerization and virtualization generalized processes and social relations, individuals, businesses, institutions and states, in short, a process of ciberacultureness widespread, a condition that tends to aggravate the existing pattern of social injustice, producing more inequality and exclusion an area that drew anarchic and democratic. The stratifications are already happens in these fields, establishing a new hierarchy: perverse and oppressive. It points out as the main responsible for this new social order to " estrutural recycle", the very ciberdemocracy global capitalism, which requires of each one, states or individuals, the constant recycling and cognitive growth, in a pace increasingly accelerated. This situation has caused peculiar feelings : confusion, disorientation and perplexity. This new form of colonialism and exclusion is unprecedented in actuality, in the viewing of authors such as Boaventura de Souza, Eugênio Trivinho and Zygmunt Bauman, main theoretic used in this analysis
Esta pesquisa investiga a competência dos Poderes Legislativo e Executivo no uso das tecnologias de informação, particularmente da Internet, avaliando a qualidade dos portais oficiais, com relação a navegabilidade, informações governamentais, serviços, controle público, participação e interatividade. A principal finalidade da pesquisa empírica é provar que, apesar da fala dos agentes políticos que reverenciam a comunicação pública on line para maior proximidade e interatividade com os cidadãos, isso não ocorre na prática. O internauta é tratado como um contribuinte e não como cidadão. A pesquisa empírica estudou os portais públicos do Governo Federal, da Câmara dos Deputados, dos Governos de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro e respectivas Assembléias Legislativas, procurando tematizar como se dá a participação social, que é baseada nos modelos de democracia: liberal, participativo e deliberativo; examina-se a maneira pela qual estes modelos tratam a participação pública nas coisas do Estado. A proposta epistemológica deste trabalho busca contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estudos críticos sobre comunicação on line. Para tanto, analisam-se desvirtuamentos do uso da Internet que vêm tornando a comunicação on line em avatar de uma nova metamorfose do sistema de desigualdade e do sistema de exclusão, a partir dos estudos de alguns aspectos de como se deu a revolução da tecnologia da informação em diversas regiões do mundo. Tematizam-se ainda os efeitos da informatização e virtualização generalizadas dos processos e relações sociais, atingindo indivíduos, empresas, instituições e Estados, caracterizando um processo de ciberaculturação generalizada, condição que tende a agravar o padrão de injustiça social vigente, produzindo mais desigualdade e exclusão num espaço que se desenhava anárquico e democrático. As estratificações já ocorrem neste espaço, estabelecendo uma nova hierarquia, perversa e sufocante. Aponta-se como principal responsável por esta nova ordem social a reciclagem estrutural , própria do capitalismo ciberdromocrático global, que exige de cada um, Estados ou indivíduos, o constante reciclar cognitivo e econômico, num ritmo cada vez mais acelerado. Essa situação tem provocado sentimentos peculiares: de confusão, desorientação e perplexidade. Uma nova forma de colonialismo e de exclusão sem precedentes ocorre na atualidade, na visão de autores como Boaventura de Souza Santos, Eugênio Trivinho e Zygmunt Bauman, principais teóricos utilizados nesta análise

O acúmulo de documentos disponíveis na Web dificulta a recuperação de informação e a gestão eficiente do conhecimento. Os modelos tradicionais de recuperação da informação são inadequados para uma busca efetiva e rápida, e os resultados são, comumente, numerosos e irrelevantes. Com o advento da Web Semântica foi possível o uso da ontologia formal como modelo de recuperação da informação na Web para melhorar a qualidade da informação recuperada. Os portais semânticos constituem um instrumento da Gestão do Conhecimento que oferece maior capacidade e rapidez no acesso às informações com relevância dos resultados. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo propor condições mínimas necessárias para o estabelecimento de potencial semântico de portais, mediante o mapeamento do uso da ontologia como modelo de recuperação da informação. O locus da pesquisa incluiu os portais de universidades públicas federais brasileiras da Região Sul do Brasil, partindo-se de um estudo comparativo entre as características da Web Semântica e as ferramentas e tecnologias usadas nas instituições pesquisadas. A pesquisa de campo foi instrumentalizada por um questionário, coletando-se dados da equipe técnica responsável pelos portais. Como principais resultados apresentam-se um diagnóstico do uso da ontologia na estruturação dos portais universitários pesquisados e a proposição de um quadro de referência das condições mínimas necessárias para estabelecimento de potencial semântico dos portais.
The accumulation of documents available on the Web makes it difficult to information retrieve and efficient knowledge management. Traditional models of information retrieval are inadequate for effective and quick search, and the results are often numerous and irrelevant. With the advent of the Semantic Web it was possible the use of formal ontology as a model of web information retrieval that improves the quality of the information retrieved. Semantic portals are a Knowledge Management tool that offers greater capacity and speed of access to information relevant results. In this trend, the goal of the this research is propose minimum conditions necessary for the establishment potential of semantic portals, by mapping the use of ontology as a model of information retrieval. The research's locus included the portals of federal public universities in southern Brazil, starting from a comparative study between the Semantic Web features and the tools and technologies used in the institutions surveyed. The field research was instrumentalized by a pool, collecting data from the technical team responsible for portals. The main results were presented a diagnosis of ontology in the structuring of respondents university portals and a framework of minimum conditions for semantic potential property portals.

Orientador: Danilo Rothberg
Banca: Caroline Kraus Luvizotto
Banca: Mariângela Furlan Haswani
Resumo: O acesso à informação pública é reconhecido como direito fundamental capaz de desenvolver outros direitos e está regulamentado pela Lei de Acesso à Informação. A possibilidade de as mulheres conhecerem os seus direitos e fazerem escolhas baseadas em informações plurais e confiáveis, principalmente por meio das novas tecnologias, fortalece uma sociedade democrática. A comunicação pública digital, baseada na informação de qualidade, pode ampliar o espaço público e consolidar a democracia. Esta pesquisa verificou a potencial contribuição da comunicação pública digital para o atendimento do direito à informação, através da caracterização da qualidade da informação disponível em 22 portais web de nível municipal, estadual e federal, no ano de 2015, por meio da análise de conteúdo baseada em 11 categorias de avaliação. Segundo os resultados e conforme o contexto teórico-metodológico da pesquisa, a amostra analisada possui cerca de um quarto da informação considerada necessária para a caracterização abrangente de uma política pública. A pesquisa sugere, a partir dos dados coletados, a insuficiência da qualidade da informação sobre políticas públicas para as mulheres disponíveis nos portais web da amostra, o que indica a necessidade de aprimoramento da comunicação pública digital
Abstract: Acess to public information is recognized as a fundamental right be able to develop other rights and is regulated by the Access to Information Act. The possibility for women to know their rights and make choices based on plurals and reliable information, particularly through new technologies, strengthening a democratic society. The public communication is based upon a quality of information, which expands the public dimension and has the ability to strengthen the digital democracy. The following research project has demonstrated contribution towards public digital media as a result of attendance in the right to access information. This is achieved through the characterisation of information quality being available in 22 web portals on either municipal, state and federal levels. Within the year of 2015, the content was analysed based on 11 assessment categories in correspondence to results and the theoretical and methodological context of the research. The analysed sample is extimated to have a quarter of the information judged and classified as necessary to the comprehensive characterization of the public policy. The following research suggests that from the collected data found there is an insufficient quality of information in relation to the public policies for women found within the web portals of a sample. As a result of this it is necessary that there is improvement within the public digital media
Mestre

A modernização dos serviços da administração pública tem assumido uma posição de destaque na agenda da maioria dos países desenvolvidos, e este facto deve-se essencialmente, a necessidade, por parte desses Estados, em prestar serviços mais eficientes, eficazes, e a um custo muito mais reduzido. É neste contexto que surgem as práticas de e-government, isto é, a adopção de tecnologias de informação e comunicação na administração pública visando a melhoria qualitativa dos serviços prestados aos cidadãos. Importa sublinhar, que a informação produzida através de suportes tecnológicos (informação em formato digital), promove oportunidades de acesso e reutilização que influenciam a capacidade de resposta, quer em qualidade, quer em velocidade, e permitem ganhos de produtividade, que despertam a consciência das administrações públicas locais. Assim, as práticas de e-government, quando introduzidas no domínio das administrações locais do estado, passam a ser designadas por local e-government. O trabalho de projecto proposto, baseia-se na análise profunda à experiência das câmaras municipais portuguesas – no domínio da construção de portais web para às administrações locais – e tem como propósito o desenvolvimento de um modelo de Portal Municipal, que congrega um conjunto de boas práticas previamente recolhidas.
The modernization of the services rendered by the public administration has been a major priority to most developed countries, and this is, essentially, caused by the need of efficiency at a lower cost. In this context, the e-government platforms become even more relevant to pursue a qualitative improvement of the services rendered by the public administration. It should be highlighted that the information produced by digital means improves the access and demand of the services in reference, and, at the same time, boosts the capacity of fulfilling the requests, both in terms of quality and celerity, what has been noted by the local public administration. The e-government policies, when implemented by the local public administration, are the so-called local e-government policies. The present research project was based on a detailed analysis of the e-government policies of the Portuguese municipalities – specifically, regarding their web portals – and aims to develop a benchmark of the “municipal web portal”, as per the best practices gathered.

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Porter v Magill [2001] UKHL 67, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.

Nonlinear Time Series Analysis (NLTS) provides a mathematically rigorous collection of techniques designed to reconstruct real-world system dynamics from time series data on a single variable or multiple causally-related variables. NLTS facilitates scientific inquiry that emphasizes strong supportive evidence, well-conducted and thorough inquiry, and realism. Data provide an essential evidentiary portal to a reality to which we have only limited access. Random-appearing data do not prove that underlying dynamic process are subject to exogenous inherently-random forces. The possibility exists that observed volatility is generated by inherently-unstable, deterministic, and nonlinear real-world dynamic systems. NLTS allows the data to speak regarding which type of system dynamics generated them. It is capable of detecting linear as well as nonlinear deterministic system dynamics, and diagnosing the presence of linear stochastic dynamics. Our objective is to use NLTS to uncover the structure best corresponding to reality whether it be linear, nonlinear, deterministic, or stochastic. Accurate diagnosis of real-world dynamics from observed data is crucial to develop valid theory, and to formulate effective public policy based on theory.

This book addresses myriad of issues and challenges in the field of port, maritime and hinterland development in Southeast Asia from multidisciplinary perspectives.Instead of focusing on only certain aspects of the maritime discipline, the book presents a range of different viewpoint from business and management, historical development, geography, law, and others.Although the book is made in the form of an edited book, readers will benefit and gain knowledge on many important issues in the field of port, maritime and hinterland development in Southeast Asia. This book will also be beneficial to all parties in this area, including policy and decision makers, government officials, port authorities, port operators or terminal operators, maritime-related service providers such as freight forwarders in port, ship agents, navigation officers, customs brokers, stevedores and other port users, shippers, passengers, and carriers.This book is also catered for those involved in maritime research or students who take maritime subject, or to the public who are interested in maritime issues.The contributors of this book are experts from diverse backgrounds with extensive experience in the fields of port, maritime and hinterland development.This is because we believe that maritime studies are intertwined with many aspects of life from environmental management to disputes at the sea, which will affect the maritime trade industry.Hence, issues in this book are also various.However, the emphasis is on the development of port, maritime and hinterland sector in Southeast Asia.

The term “coup d’état,” --French for stroke of the state--brings to mind coups staged by power-hungry generals who overthrow the existing regime, not to democratize but to concentrate power in their own hands as dictators. We assume all coups look the same, smell the same, and present the same threats to democracy. It’s a powerful, concise, and self-reinforcing idea. It’s also wrong. The Democratic Coup d’État advances a simple yet controversial argument: Sometimes a democracy is established through a military coup. The book covers events from the Athenian Navy’s stance in 411 BC against a tyrannical home government to coups in the American colonies that ousted corrupt British governors and to twentieth-century coups that toppled dictators and established democracy in countries as diverse as Guinea-Bissau, Portugal, and Colombia. Connecting the dots between these neglected events, the book tackles several baffling questions: How can an event as undemocratic as a military coup lead to democracy? Why would imposing generals—armed with tanks and guns and all—voluntarily surrender power to civilian politicians? What distinguishes militaries that help build democracies from those that destroy them? Varol’s arguments made headlines across the globe in major media outlets and were cited critically in a public speech by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of Turkey.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

AbstractThe emergence of Web 2.0 and mobile Internet produces massive user-generated content (UGC), including geo-tagged photos, social network posts, street view images, and crowdsourced GPS trajectories. UGC creates unprecedented opportunities to sense what was previously hidden in the physical surfaces of cities and to portray the interactions of infrastructures, geo-information, and people; therefore, it is not only a new lens for urban space but also leads to innovative applications. In this chapter, we will introduce several typical types of UGC, such as geo-tagged photos, social media data, crowdsourcing GPS trajectories, and videos. We showcase ways in which user-generated big data can be harvested and analyzed to generate invisible and impressionistic landscapes of urban dynamics and to stimulate innovative applications. We discuss typical UGC-driven applications to demonstrate the potential of UGC in revealing how urban spaces are perceived by the public, establishing links between tangible artifacts and physical-cyber-social spaces. This fosters alternative approaches to urban informatics that better capture the intricate nature of urban space and its dynamics.

AbstractIn the development of smart cities, there is a great emphasis on setting up so-called Smart City Control Rooms, SCCR. This paper presents Snap4City as a big data smart city platform to support the city decision makers by means of SCCR dashboards and tools reporting in real time the status of several of a city’s aspects. The solution has been adopted in European cities such as Antwerp, Florence, Lonato del Garda, Pisa, Santiago, etc., and it is capable of covering extended geographical areas around the cities themselves: Belgium, Finland, Tuscany, Sardinia, etc. In this paper, a major use case is analyzed describing the workflow followed, the methodologies adopted and the SCCR as the starting point to reproduce the same results in other smart cities, industries, research centers, etc. A Living Lab working modality is promoted and organized to enhance the collaboration among municipalities and public administration, stakeholders, research centers and the citizens themselves. The Snap4City platform has been realized respecting the European Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and it is capable of processing every day a multitude of periodic and real-time data coming from different providers and data sources. It is therefore able to semantically aggregate the data, in compliance with the Km4City multi-ontology and manage data: (i) having different access policies; and (ii) coming from traditional sources such as Open Data Portals, Web services, APIs and IoT/IoE networks. The aggregated data are the starting point for the services offered not only to the citizens but also to the public administrations and public-security service managers, enabling them to view a set of city dashboards ad hoc composed on their needs, for example, enabling them to modify and monitor public transportation strategies, offering the public services actually needed by citizens and tourists, monitor the air quality and traffic status to establish, if impose or not, traffic restrictions, etc. All the data and the new knowledge produced by the data analytics of the Snap4City platform can also be accessed, observing the permissions on each kind of data, thanks to the presence of an APIs complex system.

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to present and discuss the main impacts of Portuguese public policies in the area of education in Portugal, since 25 April 1974. To this end, diversified information was collected, processed and analysed involving legal and other documents about these national policies, especially those of greater impact on Ciganos, in addition to thorough mapping of ongoing projects of local and social support in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas, where the empirical research is being carried out. At a later stage, interviews were held with technical staff, project coordinators and local institutions, as well as Ciganos and their families. The purpose of using various data collection techniques is to capture the reality experienced by Cigano individuals and families, namely patterns of continuity and social change, particularly in the area of education, through triangulation between the discourses of informants and scientific knowledge already consolidated in these matters. We present a critical and reflexive interpretation of the policy orientations and achieved social rights, focusing on narratives of Ciganos, stakeholders and school representatives centred on what has changed in the school trajectories of Ciganos, in terms of continuity, success and permanence in public education.

AbstractInterest in the formal representation of citizen science comes from portals, platforms, and catalogues of citizen science projects; scientists using citizen science data for their research; and funding agencies and governments interested in the impact of citizen science initiatives. Having a common understanding and representation of citizen science projects, their participants, and their outcomes is key to enabling seamless knowledge and data sharing. In this chapter, we provide a conceptual model comprised of the core citizen science concepts with which projects and data can be described in a standardised manner, focusing on the description of the participants and their activities. The conceptual model is the outcome of a working group from the COST Action CA15212 Citizen Science to Promote Creativity, Scientific Literacy, and Innovation throughout Europe, established to improve data standardisation and interoperability in citizen science activities. It utilises past models and contributes to current standardisation efforts, such as the Public Participation in Scientific Research (PPSR) Common Conceptual Model and the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards. Its design is intended to fulfil the needs of different stakeholders, as illustrated by several case studies which demonstrate the model’s applicability.

AbstractTransitions into precariousness and labour market exclusion in late professional career need to be understood from the perspective of individual biographies unfolding in relation to historical developments, social structures and social changes.The generation born in the 1950’s in Europe, now nearing retirement, has lived through periods of economic affluence and welfare state expansion, but also of macro-economic shocks, deindustrialization, and neo-liberal slimming of public social structures. These changes were concurrent with accelerated digitalization and restructuring of work organizations.This chapter illustrates transitions into unemployment and precariousness among older men in the context of economic downturn and organizational restructuring in a sector particularly exposed to the effects of neo-liberal globalization- the metal industry. We go on to show how in two different organizational-institutional realities countries, such as Portugal and Sweden these workers are exposed to different mechanisms that paved the way out of secure employment into insecure employment and precarious positions in the labour market.

AbstractIn this chapter we first outline how the pandemic unfolded United Kingdom before highlighting the key thinking and strategies Singapore adopted in policy responses towards the crisis. The two key principles of Singapore’s approach, science, and social responsibility, contributed greatly to its success in handling the public health crisis. This chapter will elaborate on these principles and examine how these policies were carried out in the educational realm. We look at how Singapore relied on its strengths of proactive rational planning and execution to facilitate the transition to home-based learning (HBL) and the subsequent re-opening of schools. Concomitant with policies to address health and well-being for all students were strategies to ensure continuity of learning, student engagement, and innovation in the new learning environment. The use of online learning portals such as the Student Learning Space enabled all students from primary to pre-university levels to have equal access to quality curriculum resources. Professional development and preparation of teachers pertaining to facilitating new modes of learning were as important as implementation measures. Given the unexpected impact of the pandemic and the need for scalability there were also many challenges to ensure equitable access and holistic well-being for vulnerable groups of students. Looking forward, we discuss the implications of the pandemic on Singapore’s education scene, such as how it elevated core issues related to curriculum, pedagogy, and design of learning environments. We talk about opportunities for some of these issues to be addressed in policy and research, and how doing so can better build an adaptable education system for the twenty-first century.

AbstractThe overall goal of nature-positive production is to reconcile the need for the production system to meet the demands resulting from growing populations and rising prosperity with the necessity of restoring the environment, improving the quality of soil, conserving biodiversity, and sustainably managing land, water and other natural resources. The strategy is to protect, manage and restore ecosystems: to “produce more from less” and set aside some land and water for nature. In this context, action at the landscape scale is key, extending beyond individual production fields to the watershed, the entire river basin, and the coastal area influenced by the change of land use and river discharges (IPCC Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [PR Shukla, J Skea, E Calvo Buendia, V Masson-Delmotte, H-O Pörtner, DC Roberts, P Zhai, R Slade, S Connors, R van Diemen, M Ferrat, E Haughey, S Luz, S Neogi, M Pathak, J Petzold, J Portugal Pereira, P Vyas, E Huntley, K Kissick, M Belkacemi, J Malley (eds)], 2019). Nature-positive landscape-level interventions include system-based conservation agriculture, agroforestry, river basin management, bio-inputs, integrated soil fertility management, soil and water conservation and nutrient recycling. In particular, maintaining trees in landscapes, avoiding deforestation and promoting landscape restoration are critically important for preventing soil erosion, regulating water resources, and protecting environmental services essential for sustaining production at multiple scales, from the regional to the global. Such nature-positive approaches are best based on bottom-up and territorial processes, strengthened by scientific innovations and enabling policy environments. Translating science into transformative action also requires system-level governance and policy interventions that enable and provide incentives for farmers and land managers to adopt nature-positive practices. Greater public and private sector investment in research and innovation is needed if we are to develop solutions and adequately scale the adoption of nature-positive production systems. Furthermore, a realignment towards nature-positive food systems requires awareness and empowerment on the part of producers and consumers. These concepts must be introduced to farmers through robust extension programs, with special attention paid to woman farmers. They must be taught in schools and broadcast to consumers. Ultimately, the aim should be to foster a five-way dialogue among academic institutions, farmer and citizen groups, industry and policymakers to translate scientific knowledge into viable action.

Energy efficiency is the lowest cost option being promoted for achieving a sustainable energy policy. Thus, there have been some innovations to reduce residential and commercial energy usage. There have also been calls to the utility companies to give customers access to timely, useful, and actionable information about their energy use, in order to unleash additional innovations in homes and businesses. Hence, some web-based tools have been developed for the public to access and compare energy usage data. In order to advance on these efforts, we propose a data analytics framework called Citizen Engagement for Energy Efficient Communities (CoNNECT). On the one hand, CoNNECT will help households to understand (i) the patterns in their energy consumption over time and how those patterns correlate with weather data, (ii) how their monthly consumption compares to other households living in houses of similar size and age within the same geographic areas, and (iii) what other customers are doing to reduce their energy consumption. We hope that the availability of such data and analysis to the public will facilitate energy efficiency efforts in residential buildings. These capabilities formed the public portal of the CoNNECT framework. On the other hand, CoNNECT will help the utility companies to better understand their customers by making available to the utilities additional datasets that they naturally do not have access to, which could help them develop focused services for their customers. These additional capabilities are parts of the utility portal of the CoNNECT framework. In this paper, we describe the CoNNECT framework, the sources of the data used in its development, the functionalities of both the public and utility portals, and the application of empirical mode decomposition for decomposing usage signals into mode functions with the hope that such mode functions could help in clustering customers into unique groups and in developing guidelines for energy conservation.

This paper investigates various parameters that are related with the information provided by telematics applications in public transport. The telematics applications examined are a) a web site portal that provides real time information to PT users, b) a smartphone application that utilizes the advantages of location identification and c) an interactive voice response (IVR) system. The examination was performed through a revealed and stated preference questionnaire-survey that was addressed to public transport users in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. The parameters investigated are related with the socioeconomic background of the public transport users, their mobility patterns and attitudes as well as with stated opinions about changes that telematics applications may have on their current travel behavior. Finally, a linear multiple regression model was developed, indicating that the parameters which may have an impact on the perceived cost of these application (as a percentage of the total fare level) are related with the application itself, the age of the PT user as well as with his/her educational level.

Increasing the competitiveness in high-level education is a significant approach of Distributed Learning Environments (DLEs). Providing, a collaborative, time and location-independent, and interactive mean of learning is essential for high-education institutions and each institute aiming at high-level, student-centred education delivery needs to develop a DLE build-up strategy. However, distributed learning needs not to be regarded as a supplement of traditional classroom learning, but as its extension. A former project - ViReC (Virtual Resource Center) aims at setting up a qualitative learning environment in an academic European network. ViReC Web portal targets regular students from European universities, students with locomotors handicap, individuals who seek retraining, companies who seek personnel retraining, companies specialized in personnel retraining, academic staff and teachers/trainers acting in the public/private sector. Not only, the portal represents the access point to a large collection of resources: textbook materials, tutorials and exercises, but the novelty of the DLE system consists in the synchronous section which provides facilities for remote live presentations and experiments based on real equipment that is accessible, configurable and testable over the Internet. ViReC serves as basis of deducting helpful information on the development of DLEs. A careful analysis of ViReC can provide insights into three directions: user (namely, the student), instructor and administration. Moreover, outcomes of ViReC permit dissemination on issues as distance learning, online courses and instructional materials, interactive multimedia textbooks, access to remote systems, synchronous and asynchronous group communications, experiential learning, course and content management, online testing and assessment.ViReC covers subjects in Computer Engineering; however, its applicability can be easily extended to any area of study.

Nowadays we are witnessing an exponential increase in open data which are published in order to be reused by third parties. The major problem about these data is that they have very different formats and structures as they are issued in totally different institutions. Modern elearning methods can be improved using these open data, but their different structures inhibit the development of such elearning applications. This paper describes LODRo, a platform containing standardized public data on existing museums and archaeological research centers in Romania. These data are published by the Romanian National Heritage Institute on Romanian Open Data portal, in CSV format. Standardizing their format involves transforming existing open data in RDF triples and attaching additional properties using online web services, such as geographical coordinates. Furthermore, the existing information is linked with other online resources available from Linked Open Data Cloud. After transforming these Romanian national heritage open data we obtained as results 1014 resources having 5836 RDF triples, each resource representing a Romanian museum and 4290 resources having 39458 RDF triples, each resource representing a Romanian archaeological research center. Also, using DBpedia and GeoNames datasets, we found links to all towns and counties that host a Romanian cultural heritage and to a number of 164 out of 1014 total Romanian museums, this number representing the total number of Romanian museums that are mention on DBpedia. In LODRo, all these RDF triples can be queried using an existing SPARQL endpoint. Using these enhanced data published by LODRo platform, developers can build mobile learning applications to help museum visitors and archaeological researchers to discover additional data about existing sites.

Public access to government information is an important aspect of modern society that allows an active participation of the population in monitoring government actions. Decree No. 8.777, signed on May 11, 2016, establishes the Open Data Policy of the Brazilian Federal Government. From this, the entities of the federal public administration, autarchic and foundational are obliged to make data available in open format. However, many of these institutions are failing to meet the commitments set out in the Decree. One possible explanation for this low number is the need for the technical team to have a good knowledge of their information systems and current legislation, allied to the difficulty of extracting the data, since in most institutions the whole process of data extraction, processing and publication of open data is done manually. In this sense, this work presents the OpenData Processor, an automation tool for the process of extracting, publishing and updating open data that brings agility in the publication and periodical updating, saving time and facilitating the management of open data portals.

Do differences in port performance explain differences in maritime transport costs? How much would improvements in port performance reduce maritime transport costs in developing countries? To answer this question, we use a widely used transport cost model, but we provide a new measure of port efficiency, estimated through a non-parametric approach. Relying on data from the early 2000s, this paper shows that for a sample of 115 container ports in 39 developing countries, becoming as efficient as the country with the most efficient port sector would reduce average maritime transport costs by 5 percent. For the most inefficient country, the reduction in transport costs could reach 15 percent. These findings point out the potential gains that can be achieved from the combination of betterquality investment and more efficient service provision in the port sector. The estimates in this paper cannot be updated because the databases were discontinued and it therefore highlights the need to generate data to evaluate the effectiveness of public policies that are key to competitiveness.

Federal crop insurance provides a financial safety net for farmers against insured perils such as drought, heat, and freeze. In 2016 over $100 billion dollars of crops were insured through the Federal crop insurance program administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Risk Management Agency. In this white paper, we analyze publicly-available Federal crop insurance data to understand how weather and climate-related perils, or causes of loss (COL), change over time and spatial areas. We find that over 75% of all weather/climate-related indemnities (i.e., crop losses) from 2001 to 2016 are due to three COL: drought, excess moisture, and hail. However, the extent to which these top COL and others impact indemnities is highly dependent on the time period, temporal scale, and spatial scale of analysis. Moreover, we identify what COL are region- or season-specific, and visualize COL trends over time. Finally, we offer a road map of research applications to quantify such trends in indemnities, as well as outreach and extension efforts that include an online data portal.

Despite progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates overall in the US and UK, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minoritised and/or deprived communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. COVID-19 ‘vaccine hesitancy’ is not just an issue of misinformation or lack of information. ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ among young people is reflective of wider issues such as mistrust in the state or the medical establishment and negative experiences during the pandemic. This report is based on case study research conducted among young people (ages 12-18) in Cleveland, Ohio, US and the London borough of Ealing, UK. Whilst public discourse may label young people as ‘vaccine hesitant,’ we found that there were differences based on social location and place and this labelling may portray young people as ‘ignorant.’ We found the greatest vaccine hesitancy among older youth (15+ years old), particularly those from minoritised and deprived communities. Unvaccinated youth were also more likely to be from families and friend groups that were unvaccinated. While some expressed distrust of the vaccines, others reported that COVID-19 prevention was not a priority in their lives, but instead concerns over food security, livelihood, and education take precedence. Minoritised youth were more likely to report negative experiences with authorities, including teachers at their schools and police in their communities. Our findings demonstrate that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is embedded in a context that drives relationships of mistrust between minoritised and deprived communities and the state, with implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Young people’s attitudes toward vaccines are further patterned by experiences within their community, school, family, and friend groups.

Fruit quality is determined by numerous genetic factors that affect taste, aroma, ‎color, texture, nutritional value and shelf life. To unravel the genetic components ‎involved in the metabolic pathways behind these traits, the major goal of the project was to identify novel genes that are involved in, or that regulate, these pathways using correlation analysis between genotype, metabolite and gene expression data. The original and specific research objectives were: (1) Collection of replicated fruit from a population of 96 RI lines derived from parents distinguished by great diversity in fruit development and quality phenotypes, (2) Phenotypic and metabolic profiling of mature fruit from all 96 RI lines and their parents, (3) 454 pyrosequencing of cDNA representing mRNA of mature fruit from each line to facilitate gene expression analysis based on relative EST abundance, (4) Development of a database modeled after an existing database developed for tomato introgression lines (ILs) to facilitate online data analysis by members of this project and by researchers around the world. The main functions of the database will be to store and present metabolite and gene expression data so that correlations can be drawn between variation in target traits or metabolites across the RI population members and variation in gene expression to identify candidate genes which may impact phenotypic and chemical traits of interest, (5) Selection of RI lines for segregation and/or hybridization (crosses) analysis to ascertain whether or not genes associated with traits through gene expression/metabolite correlation analysis are indeed contributors to said traits. The overall research strategy was to utilize an available recombinant inbred population of melon (Cucumis melo L.) derived from phenotypically diverse parents and for which over 800 molecular markers have been mapped for the association of metabolic trait and gene expression QTLs. Transcriptomic data were obtained by high throughput sequencing using the Illumina platform instead of the originally planned 454 platform. The change was due to the fast advancement and proven advantages of the Illumina platform, as explained in the first annual scientific report. Metabolic data were collected using both targeted (sugars, organic acids, carotenoids) and non-targeted metabolomics analysis methodologies. Genes whose expression patterns were associated with variation of particular metabolites or fruit quality traits represent candidates for the molecular mechanisms that underlie them. Candidate genes that may encode enzymes catalyzingbiosynthetic steps in the production of volatile compounds of interest, downstream catabolic processes of aromatic amino acids and regulatory genes were selected and are in the process of functional analyses. Several of these are genes represent unanticipated effectors of compound accumulation that could not be identified using traditional approaches. According to the original plan, the Cucurbit Genomics Network (http://www.icugi.org/), developed through an earlier BARD project (IS-3333-02), was expanded to serve as a public portal for the extensive metabolomics and transcriptomic data resulting from the current project. Importantly, this database was also expanded to include genomic and metabolomic resources of all the cucurbit crops, including genomes of cucumber and watermelon, EST collections, genetic maps, metabolite data and additional information. In addition, the database provides tools enabling researchers to identify genes, the expression patterns of which correlate with traits of interest. The project has significantly expanded the existing EST resource for melon and provides new molecular tools for marker-assisted selection. This information will be opened to the public by the end of 2013, upon the first publication describing the transcriptomic and metabolomics resources developed through the project. In addition, well-characterized RI lines are available to enable targeted breeding for genes of interest. Segregation of the RI lines for specific metabolites of interest has been shown, demonstrating the utility in these lines and our new molecular and metabolic data as a basis for selection targeting specific flavor, quality, nutritional and/or defensive compounds. To summarize, all the specific goals of the project have been achieved and in many cases exceeded. Large scale trascriptomic and metabolomic resources have been developed for melon and will soon become available to the community. The usefulness of these has been validated. A number of novel genes involved in fruit ripening have been selected and are currently being functionally analyzed. We thus fully addressed our obligations to the project. In our view, however, the potential value of the project outcomes as ultimately manifested may be far greater than originally anticipated. The resources developed and expanded under this project, and the tools created for using them will enable us, and others, to continue to employ resulting data and discoveries in future studies with benefits both in basic and applied agricultural - scientific research.

• Introduction Dans le cadre du deuxième Plan National de la Science Ouverte, le Comité pour la science ouverte a souhaité mener une étude pour la préfiguration d’un Lab de la science ouverte (LabSO) afin de mieux comprendre le périmètre de la recherche sur la recherche (research on research) dans un contexte international. • Objectifs de l’étude : L’étude répond ainsi à trois objectifs : 1. repérer des grands courants de recherche sur la recherche (RoR) dans le paysage plus général de la recherche universitaire en Europe et outre-atlantique, en reconnaître les principaux acteurs institutionnels et différencier les approches mobilisées par les uns et les autres ; 2. proposer une méthodologie d’analyse dans une démarche de science ouverte (méthodes mixtes et cartographie numérique) pour faciliter l’appropriation de son contenu ; 3. émettre des recommandations pour faciliter le positionnement du LabSO et s’inspirer d’initiatives existantes. • Méthodologie Une série de treize entretiens et une collecte de données d’une sélection thématique de sites web ont permis de dresser un paysage d’acteurs et d’approches impliqués dans des recherches sur la recherche. Ce dernier s’est nourri d’une démarche de cartographie numérique pour repérer et visualiser les liens existants entre différentes communautés, mouvements, réseaux et initiatives (financeurs, projets, centres de recherche, fournisseurs de données, éditeurs, etc.). • Résultats Le rapport présente différents courants de « recherche sur la recherche » issus des traditions théoriques et méthodologiques de la sociologie, de l’économie, des sciences politiques, de la philosophie, des sciences de l’information et des mesures (biblio/scientométrie). Des courants plus récents sont aussi décrits. Ils s’inscrivent dans un contexte de politiques publiques favorables à la science ouverte et ont émergé dans le champ des sciences sociales computationnelles, des Big Data ou encore des domaines biomédicaux. Si certaines de ces approches s’appuient sur des courants académiques (STS, sciences des mesures) établis depuis de nombreuses décennies, d’autres comme ceux de la « métascience » ou de la « science de la science », se sont structurées plus récemment avec une visée prescriptive et de changement fondé sur des preuves (evidence-based) se basant sur un engagement normatif pour une science plus ouverte, inclusive et diverse. Bien loin d’un paysage statique, l’étude fait ressortir des recherches en mouvement, des débats tout autant que des mises en garde afin que certains courants « ne réinventent pas la roue » en faisant fit d’une longue tradition académique de l’étude des sciences et de la production scientifiques. De nouvelles alliances entre centres de recherche et laboratoires, institutions subventionnaires, décideurs politiques et fournisseurs de données ont été repérées. Elles participent à une dynamique actuelle d’équipement des politiques publiques par des outils d’évaluation et des protocoles de recherche pour guider les actions menées, on parle d’évidence-based policies. Un des exemples les plus récents étant laa seconde feuille de route du RoRI1 poussant notamment à la formation d’un réseau international d’instituts de recherche sur la recherche, fondé sur le partage et la mutualisation de données, de méthodes et d’outils. Outre la présentation de ces différents acteurs et courants, le rapport pointe le rôle joué par les infrastructures et les fournisseurs de données scientifiques (publications, données, métadonnées, citations, etc.) dans la structuration de ce paysage et les équilibres à trouver. • Recommandations 1. Accompagner la construction d’indicateurs et de métriques par le biais d’un regard critique et de discussions collectives pour mesurer leurs impacts sur les comportements des professionnels de la recherche (mésusages, gaming). 2. Porter attention aux étapes de diffusion des résultats scientifiques issus des « recherches sur la recherche » pour les adapter aux différents publics ciblés (chercheurs, responsables des politiques publiques de recherche, journalistes, etc.). 3. Articuler les travaux de « recherche sur la recherche » avec une démarche de science ouverte en questionnant notamment les choix faits concernant les fournisseurs de données, les infrastructures et outils d’évaluation, de découvrabilité et d’analyse de la production scientifique (gouvernance, utilisation des données, etc.). 4. Soutenir les approches thématiques et transversales plutôt que disciplinaire de manière collaborative entre les différents membres du Lab de la science ouverte et aider le dialogue entre les différentes approches et mouvements (STS, research on research, science of science, scientométrie, etc.)