Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Public law – Standardization »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Public law – Standardization"
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Eliantonio, Mariolina. « Private Actors, Public Authorities and the Relevance of Public Law in the Process of European Standardization ». European Public Law 24, Issue 3 (1 août 2018) : 473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2018027.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The reliance on private parties is a global tendency in modern regulation. One peculiar regulatory technique which foresees a core role for private parties is that of European standardization. The employment of standards for regulatory purposes delivers enormous benefits for the harmonization process and is today a key factor in the EU’s trade policy; however, the process of European standardization raises a number of concerns from a rule of law perspective, which are linked to ‘hybrid nature’ of the process, which foresees an intertwined public and private decision-making process. The aim of this contribution is to discuss the role of public law in the process of European standardization. After discussing the legal nature of European harmonized standards, the current application and potential applicability of general principles of administrative law is discussed and the necessity and availability of judicial control is examined.
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DILTS, DAVID A. « PRIVATIZATION OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR : DE FACTO STANDARDIZATION OF LABOR LAW ». Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector 24, no 1 (1 mars 1995) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/m3rt-0e0r-pxd8-f8kr.
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Gnes, Matteo. « Do Administrative Law Principles Apply to European Standardization : Agencification or Privatization ? » Legal Issues of Economic Integration 44, Issue 4 (1 novembre 2017) : 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2017020.
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What is the nature of European Standardization Organizations (ESOs) and of harmonized European standards? Are ESOs public or private bodies? Are harmonized standards established by such organizations an entrustment of public powers? Standards are the prescriptions of the best way of doing things, are typically set by private parties and remain of strictly voluntary application. Also European harmonized standards, although recognized by EU legislation, seem to have a private nature, as they are non-binding and emanate from the ESOs, which are private bodies. However, such standards are a necessary implementation measure which is strictly governed by the essential requirements defined by a directive, and are initiated, managed and monitored by the Commission. Moreover, subject to prior publication of their reference in theOfficial Journal, they have certain legal effects, such as giving rise to the presumption of conformity with the essential requirements established by the directive. As a consequence of the ‘public’ nature of harmonized European standardization deriving from the peculiar relationship between the ESOs and the Commission, and from the legal status and effects of harmonized standards, such standardization activities ought to follow certain procedures and to respect certain principles of administrative activity.
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Micklitz, Hans-W., et Rob van Gestel. « European integration through standardization : How judicial review is breaking down the club house of private standardization bodies ». Common Market Law Review 50, Issue 1 (1 février 2013) : 145–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013007.
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Standardization is slowly but slowly but surely marching forward into the public domain. The revision of the European standardization package is stimulating this development because the use of private standards in public policy is supposed to spur technological innovation and reduce barriers to trade. This may explain why the Commission wants to speed up the standardization process. In the meanwhile, however, a number of important legal issues remain unaddressed in recent European policy and legislation on standardization, such as: how far "delegation" of public rulemaking to private standardization bodies may go and if and when this could come into conflict with the alleged voluntary and self-regulatory nature of these standards; whether copyrights that rest on standards limit the access to pieces of legislation that refer to standards in an unlawful way, and who is responsible for the content of the standards: the state or the market? Our hypothesis is that the "club mentality" of standards makers has, until recently, worked as an effective shield against market dynamics and judicial review. However, under the influence of recent case law from the ECJ and national highest courts, the "club house" of the standards bodies is starting to show cracks.
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Adalmiro, Pereira, Silva Eduardo et Vaz Ângela. « SNC-AP Public Administration Accounting Standardization System - An Approach to Standards ». Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management 8, no 8 (3 août 2021) : 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjebm.2021.v08i08.001.
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The growing complexity of the business world, associated with economic and financial globalization, has led to an increase in economic activity between companies and countries, which has given rise to the need to adopt a set of internationally accepted accounting standards, in order to mitigate the different accounting practices between countries and companies. In this sense, the International Accounting Standards Board, IASB, was created, responsible for creating a set of accounting standards with a global scope. The European Union joined the IASB, in the accounting harmonization process, leading to the adoption of the IASB's international standards as from 2005, all listed companies. In Portugal, it was decided to bring the national accounting system closer to international standards. For this purpose, the Accounting Standardization System, SNC, was created by the Accounting Standardization Committee (CNC), which includes a set of accounting standards, based on the international standards of the IASB. Decree-Law No. 192/2015 of 11 September, institutes the Accounting Standardization System for Public Administration in Portugal. This introduction eliminated a problem recognized in the diploma as “fragmentation constitutes a serious problem of technical inconsistency, as it affects the efficiency of the consolidation of accounts in the public sector and entails many adjustments that are not desirable and that question the reliability of the information in headquarters of its integration." Thus, it is referred in the legislation, after “15 years since the approval of the POCP and after having considered the needs of having an accounting system that responds to the requirements of adequate planning, reporting and financial control, the Government decided, through the Decree-Law No. 134/2012, of 29 June, instructs the Accounting Standardization Committee to prepare a new accounting system for public administrations, which is consistent with the SNC and .......
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Shen, Yayun, et Michael Faure. « Private standards for the public interest ? Evidence from environmental standardization in China ». Review of European, Comparative & ; International Environmental Law 30, no 3 (novembre 2021) : 396–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/reel.12417.
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Икрянников, Валентин, Valentin Ikryannikov, Алексей Барыкин et Alex Barykin. « Analysis of Standards and Regulatory Documents Being Used in Item Descriptions and Specifications within Federal State Procurement ». Scientific Research and Development. Russian Journal of Project Management 7, no 3 (14 novembre 2018) : 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5bd6dce0468442.95882455.
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The article reports on the key finding of the study on standards and technical regulations used in item descriptions and specifications within federal public procurement in Russian Federation. Using content analysis of 2 098 public purchases conducted in the year 2017 by 15 federal public authorities 22 052 links for 2 657 standards and technical documents were identified. Documents age and structure analysis was carried out. The practical findings of the study can be applied for the development of national standardization program and perspective national standardization programs within priority areas. Research methods and approaches applied within the study can be effectively used for the purposes of law enforcement monitoring. Research was conducted under the government contract № 18401.160190019.10.002 of 17 April 2018.
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Cuccuru, Pierluigi. « The Public and Private Sides of Harmonized Standards:James Elliott Construction v. Irish Asphalt ». German Law Journal 19, no 6 (novembre 2018) : 1399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200023087.
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AbstractInJames Elliott v. Irish Asphalt, the Court of Justice of the Union addresses the interplay between the EU legal order and harmonized standards—i.e. non-binding technical specifications for products drafted by private bodies upon request of the Commission. The judgment offers interesting insights from the public law and the private law points of view. This Article touches upon both aspects. First, it considers that the Court extends its jurisdiction over harmonized standards under Article 267 TFEU, thus paving the way for a deeper intersection between European judiciary and technical standardization. Second, the paper highlights the Court's understanding of the interplay between harmonized standards and national private law. In this latter regard, it is argued that a rigid separation between technical standards and legal provisions might be excessively formalistic considering the use of technical standards in practice.
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Senden, Linda. « The Constitutional Fit of European Standardization Put to the Test ». Legal Issues of Economic Integration 44, Issue 4 (1 novembre 2017) : 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2017018.
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The adoption of harmonized standards (HSs) within the framework of the ‘New Approach’ is a long-standing phenomenon of the European decision-making process. Yet, an important question remains how their use actually fits in with the Union’s legal system, in particular in the light of the changes Regulation 1025/2012 has brought as well as the hierarchy of norms introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon and the recent case law of the European Court of Justice. In analysing this question, this article concludes that given that HSs are gaining an increasingly EU public law nature and are akin to the Commission’s exercise of implementing powers, it can be doubted whether the constitutional safeguards the Regulation provides are sufficient. The ‘constitutional fit’ of European standardization is in need of improvement as the limited constitutional safeguards for this type of delegation of powers are in sharp contrast with those that have been put into place in the Treaties for the Commission’s own exercise of delegated power.
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Zamakhsyari, Ahmad Faris, Muhamad Adji Rahardian Utama, Jihan Syahida Sulistyanti, Rasyanahla Ghaffar Baharudinsyah et Suci Nabilla. « State Authority and Legal Action : How to Prevent the State Misconduct ? » Law Research Review Quarterly 6, no 2 (16 mai 2020) : 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v6i2.37722.
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The ideal organization is the bureaucracy whose activities and objectives rationally think and divisions of duty and authority are clearly stated. There are some expert opinions on the notion of authority. According to Philipus M. Hadjon, in constitutional law, the Authority (Bevoegdheid) is described as the rule of law (Rechtsmacht). So in the concept of public law, authority relates to power. Ferrazi defines the authority as the right to do one or more management functions, which include arrangements (regulation and standardization), Management (Administration) and supervision (supervision) or specific affairs.
Thèses sur le sujet "Public law – Standardization"
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Paasch, Jesper M. « Standardization of Real Property Rights and Public Regulations : The Legal Cadastral Domain Model ». Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fastighetsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96760.
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The objective of this thesis is to develop a conceptual model for classification of real property rights and public regulations. The model is called the Legal Cadastral Domain Model. The model is intended to be a terminological framework for cross-border exchange of cadastral information. Parties exchanging cadastral information via the model do not require detailed knowledge of the legal system in which the right or regulation is created. The model is based on the principle that real property rights and public regulations influence real property ownership by being either beneficial or encumbering for the real property owner. The theoretical departure of the research presented in this thesis is in comparative legal theory and terminology. Real property rights and public regulations are important parts of real property legislation as they describe and secure the use and other exploitation of land, water and air. The research is conducted through studies in real property legislation and associated literature. The model has been developed through case studies on real property rights in Portugal, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Sweden and public regulations in Portugal and Sweden. The generated results show that it seems possible to describe real property rights and public regulations regardless of their legal origin, at least in Western legal systems. The thesis also includes a discussion of terminological aspects concerning definitions of three-dimensional (3D) real property. The thesis consists of a summary and 6 papers.QC 20120629
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Zaytseva, Anna. « Standardization in Innovation Policy and the European Integration : New Concepts for the New World ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-72780.
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This is a study of standardization in complexity. The context is innovation policy. Why do standardization and innovation go hand in hand and what does the interaction of interests between public and private actors look like in the “profile” of the standardization process? The nature of technical specifications, Lead Market Initiatives in Europe, social innovations, eco-innovations and psychological services for recruitment are the target areas of this study done in the style of Science, Technology and Society. We decrypt the codes of the expected behavior veiled in standards, the strategically selective sectoral integration of the European Internal Market, the emergence of innovation in standardized areas, the nature of the European innovation policy and the mission of each particular innovative sector. This research contains answers on how the European Union will move toward a more state-like organization bypassing the sovereignty of its member states. Standardization is a bouquet of strategic activities where each has its purpose, destination and time-framework. By studying standardization, we are able to look into the European future.
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Pereira, de Andrade Priscila. « Le développement durable des biocarburants : objet d'un droit transnational ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010317.
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L'étude de l'encadrement juridique : du développement des biocarburants démontre une tendance contemporaine, celle de la diffusion des instruments normatifs publics et privés pour régir les impacts environnementaux et sociaux potentiels des produits échangés au plan international. Une « gouvernance multi-niveaux » s'observe à deux niveaux : celui des insuffisances des outils de droit public pour assurer un développement durable des biocarburants et celui de l'émergence des outils de droit privé au soutien de leur « durabilité ». En raison de la rareté des instruments spécifiques , et des limites, tant des instruments généraux de droit international public, que du traitement limité des biocarburants par le « modèle » du droit de l'Union européenne à cause de sa portée fragile au regard du droit de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), nous soutenons que les outils de droit privé peuvent effectivement contribuer à la protection de l'environnement et au respect des droits de l'Homme dans ce domaine. La thèse démontre que les normes privées internationales et les contrats du commerce international des biocarburants représentent un véritable levier pour la construction d'un « droit transnational » en mesure de promouvoir le développement durable de ces produits. Certes, les limites inhérentes à un droit construit à partir de la seule volonté des acteurs privés sont réelles. Néanmoins, le recours à ces initiatives normatives privées peut contribuer à surmonter certaines insuffisances des initiatives normatives publiques. La pertinence de la normalisation internationale privée appliquée aux biocarburants durables dans le droit de l'OMC pour l'harmonisation internationale des « critères de durabilité », et l'apport de la contractualisation pour consolider l’engagement « socio-environnementalement responsable » des entreprises participant aux chaînes globales d'approvisionnement, sont notamment mis en évidenceThe study of the legal framework for the development of biofuels demonstrates the contemporary trend of using public and private normative instruments to regulate the potential environmental and social impacts of products traded internationally. A "multi-level governance” can be observed from two levels: first from the inadequacies of public law tools to assure the sustainable development of biofuels and, secondly from the emergence of the private law tools to promote its "sustainability". Due to the scarcity of specific tools and limits in existing instruments of public international law, and due to the limits in the way the European Union "model" law treats this issue as well as to its questionable legality with the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules we consequently argue that private law tools may actually provide stronger regulation and bring real contribution to increase environmental protection and human rights respect in the biofuel sector. The thesis demonstrates that international private standards and international commercial contracts represent a real lever for the construction of a "transnational law" capable of promoting the sustainable development of biofuels. Certainly, there are limitations inherent to a law built from the will of private actors. However, the use of these private normative initiatives can help overcome shortcomings existing in the public law tools. The relevance of private international standardization for the international harmonization of biofuel's sustainability norms according WTO laws and the contribution of contractual commitments to consolidate the "corporate socialenvironmental responsibility" engagement of companies participating in the international biofuel supply chains are particularly herein highlighted
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Newman, Christopher J. « Optimal pathways for low-level public order law : cross-jurisdictional perspectives and comparative standardizations ». Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2011. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/3792/.
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This thesis explores the boundaries of low-level public order law, drawing on optimal pathways and standardizations across the four legal systems of England and Wales, Australia, The United States of America and Germany. The aim is to identify the origins of the public order frameworks, explore limits of proscribed behaviour and to determine whether low-level public order laws satisfy the requirement of certainty within the respective jurisdictions. The requisite mental elements are investigated alongside the range of defences available to those accused of such an offence. In order to fully investigate the unique synergies between protest and low-level public order, the study uses a comparative approach to examine the interaction between the low level provisions and constitutionally guaranteed rights to free expression; including an examination of the conceptual analysis of the wider frameworks within which protest and low-level public order operate. As the source of much contemporary protest, the impact of the War on Terror upon the nexus between public order and protest will also be examined in respect all of the jurisdictions. It is argued that the law relating to low-level public order in all jurisdictions is, to some extent, based around “catch all” provisions that criminalize a broad range of behaviour and also allow the police and the courts a wide range of discretion when dealing with such offences. The various solutions in respect of structure, operation and judicial interpretation of the offences will be examined. This will highlight standardizations and also fundamental disparities between the four jurisdictions. Such a comparative investigation is unique. The study draws upon multiple standardizations to model the lower end of criminality across the four diverse legal systems, providing dynamic areas of contrast through an examination of both civil law and common law solutions to the treatment of low-level disorder. The efficacy of both codified and ad hoc arrangements to regulate disorder while guaranteeing the right to protest are also assessed. The thesis contributes to the understanding of the scope and contours of low-level public order law as well as extrapolating optimal solutions from the findings of this study.
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Sierra, Cadena Grenfieth de Jesús. « L'internationalisation pluraliste du droit public de l'intégration régionale : une comparaison d'après la jurisprudence de la CJUE et du TJCA ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010327.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L’internationalisation du droit communautaire de l’UE a engendré le développement de nouveaux centres de production juridique en dehors de l’espace juridique européen comme la CAN. Ce processus a stimulé un phénomène de pluralisme juridique mondial à double dimension : on note d’une part la création , à l’échelle régionale, de modèles alternatifs d’intégration ; d’autre part, au niveau national, l’émergence d’une discussion sur l’identité constitutionnelle et administrative des Etats au regard des systèmes juridiques supranationaux. La comparaison jurisprudentielle entre la CJUE et le TJCA montre une expansion du pluralisme juridique en Amérique latine et dans l’Union européenne, tant à l’échelle nationale que régionale ; constitutionnelle qu’administrative. Un tel pluralisme appelle la construction d’une jurisprudence de coordination-harmonisation régionale plutôt qu’une standardisation juridique mondiale telle qu’elle est envisagée par le droit économique de l’OMC, la doctrine du Global Administrative Law ou celle proposant des standards constitutionnels mondiaux. La jurisprudence comparée explique comment le dialogue –«spontané et débridé»- de juges nationaux et régionaux révèle les rapports conflictuels entre le droit économique du marché mondial (OMC) et la protection de l’ordre public à l’échelle régionale. La thèse aborde cette problématique du pluralisme juridique au prisme de la jurisprudence comparée de la CJUE et du TJCA. D’un point de vue constitutionnel tout d’abord, la notion de « savoir-pouvoir du juge » (se substituant à la notion d’activisme des juges) propose de comprendre le juge communautaire en tant que garant du pluralisme juridique national afin d’aborder une nouvelle configuration complexe du pouvoir juridique à l’échelle supranationale. D’un point de vue administratif ensuite, la notion de gouvernabilité régionale (se substituant à la notion de gouvernance mondiale) appelle à un espace d’étatisation juridique des pouvoirs économiques régionaux pour les placer sous le contrôle du droit. Il s’agit d’imaginer un droit public régional capable d’étatiser les pouvoirs régionaux en tant que contre-pouvoirs de régulation du marché face à l’indéfinition juridique de la gouvernance mondialeThe internationalization of Community Law in the EU has led to the development of new centers of legal production outside the European legal space such as CAN. This process has stimulated a two -dimensional global phenomenon of legal pluralism: on the one hand there is the creation of alternative regional integration models and on the other hand, the emergence of a discussion on national level about the constitutional and administrative identity of States under supranational legal systems. The comparison between different jurisprudences shows an expansion of legal pluralism in Latin America and in the EU, as much as in a national or regional scale than in a constitutional or administrative scale. Such pluralism demands the construction of a regional coordination-harmonization rather than a standardization of the legal world as envisaged by the WTO's economic Law, the doctrine of Global Administrative Law or the constitutional providing of global standards. Comparative jurisprudence explains how the national and regional judges’ “spontaneous and unrestrained” dialogue reveals the conflicting relationship between the beneficial owner of the world market (WTO) and the protection of public order at a regional level. The thesis addresses the problem of pluralism through the comparative analysis of both the ECJ's and the ACJ's jurisprudences. First, from a constitutional point of view, the notion of “power-knowledge of the judge” (replacing the concept of judicial activism) suggests the understanding of the community judge as the protector of the national legal pluralism to address a new complex configuration of legal authority at a supranational level. Secondly, from an administrative point of view, the notion of regional governability (replacing the concept of global governance) demands the judicial nationalization of regional economic powers to place it under the control of law. The aim is to imagine the regional public law capable of nationalizing the regional authorities as counter-powers regulating the market to face the lack of legal definition of the global governance
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Arlota, Alexandre Sales Cabral. « A estandardização dos contratos internacionais e o modelo FIDIC - Silver Book para contratos EPC ». Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6316.
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No presente trabalho acadêmico se apresentarão as principais características do processo de globalização, passando-se à exposição da relevância do Direito Comparado, até se chegar à análise da adoção de modelos internacionais de contratos como esforço uniformizador, de modo a reduzir riscos e a minorar custos de transação. Na sequência, investigar-se-á o modelo contratual EPC (acrônimo das palavras inglesas Engineering, Procurement and Construction - Engenharia, Gestão de Compra e Construção), originário da prática anglo-saxã, focando-se na análise e na qualificação tipológica do Contrato EPC, comparando-o com institutos existentes na legislação brasileira. Delinear-se-á o contexto de disseminação do Contrato EPC no exterior e sua consolidação no Brasil, amparadas, em larga medida, na necessidade de que - em vultosos projetos de infraestrutura, sobretudo em áreas de investimento em relação às quais os empreendedores desconheçam o ambiente regulatório e a realidade socioeconômica se tenha estatuto privado a transladar ao construtor a maior parte dos riscos atinentes a serviços complexos de engenharia. Enfrentar-se-ão as características essenciais deste modelo contratual, tomando-se como padrão o Conditions of Contract for EPC Turnkey Projects - general conditions, guidance for the preparation of particular conditions, forms of letter of tender, contract agreement and dispute adjudication agreement, recomendado pela Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs Conseils - FIDIC.
Apresentar-se-á como o direito estrangeiro equilibra a assunção dos riscos pelo construtor (Contractor ou Builder), inclusive aqueles, referentes a eventos não antecipáveis (unforeseen risks), inobstante a preservação pelo contratante (Owner) de lato poder de monitoramento e fiscalização (overseeing attributions, key personnel and contract manager approval, step-in rights).
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Madeira, Daniela Pereira. « O papel da jurisprudência no Processo Civil contemporâneo ». Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9056.
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A utilização correta da jurisprudência conduzirá a sociedade brasileira a uma maior estabilidade jurisprudencial, com respeito ao princípio da isonomia, não somente diante da norma legislada como também perante a norma judicada.
Deve-se afastar a discrepância de decisões judiciais relativas ao mesmo tema, que tratam desigualmente os iguais, evitando assim o longo percurso das vias recursais para se obter um julgamento isonômico em situações idênticas. O princípio da isonomia visa garantir que todos recebam tratamento igualitário da lei e, de outro lado, oferece a certeza de que todos os juízes devem decidir de modo análogo quando se depararem diante de situações semelhantes.
A jurisprudência, uma vez que traduz a interpretação da norma, deve ser estável e previsível, com o fito de pautar as condutas dos jurisdicionados em virtude de se conhecer o entendimento da Corte máxima a respeito de uma determinada matéria. Um direito instável e imprevisível não gera a segurança jurídica, nem a pacificação social que razoavelmente se espera.
A aplicação da jurisprudência no tempo, através da modulação, ganha novos contornos em virtude de sua previsão legal no projeto do Código de Processo Civil. A mudança de entendimento sedimentado observará a necessidade de fundamentação adequada e específica, considerando o imperativo de estabilidade das relações jurídicas (art. 847, 1 do projeto concluído no Senado Federal). Privilegia-se, além do princípio da segurança jurídica, o princípio da confiança que deve ter como uma das suas consequências que a expectativa legítima do jurisdicionado seja respeitada mediante a aplicação da jurisprudência dominante antiga e mais benéfica para o jurisdicionado.
Neste contexto, em se pensando em uma reforma processual efetiva, deve-se ter como objetivo a ser seguido, além da celeridade processual e eficiência dos atos jurisdicionais, a uniformização da jurisprudência, eis que a necessidade de formação de uma só pauta de conduta para o jurisdicionado deve ser o objetivo almejado. E este objetivo só será alcançado quando houver uma uniformização e aplicação da jurisprudência dominante.
Os instrumentos processuais inseridos no Código de Processo Civil devem ser reavaliados e novos elaborados, já que até agora serviram para dirimir conflitos intersubjetivos e não mais respondem satisfatoriamente às novas situações, que são as necessidades e valores de uma sociedade globalizada, massificada.The correct use of case law will lead Brazilian society to a greater judicial stability that complies with the principle of equality, not only before legal rules as well as before judicial norms.It should be avoided the discrepancy of judgments related to the same matter, which unequally treat the ones in the same circumstances, thus avoiding the long judicial journey in order to obtain a uniform judgment for similar situations. The principle of equality aims to ensure that everyone receives equal law treatment and on the other hand, assures that all judges should decide in the same way when they come across similar situations. The jurisprudence as it reflects the interpretation of the rule, should be stable and predictable, in order to guide the conduct of citizens as it states the highest Court understanding on a particular matter. An unstable and unpredictable rule does not create lawl certainty nor the social peace that one can reasonably expect. The application of case law in time, by means of its modulation, earns new contours due its legal provision in the Civil Procedure Code Project. The change of a settled understanding claims for an adequate and specific reasoning, considering the need for stability of legal relations (art. 847, 1 of the completed project in the Senate). This increases the value of the legal certainty principle and of legitimate expectations principle that should have as one of their consequences that the legitimate expectation of the claimer is respected by applying him the old and more beneficial ruling jurisprudence. In this context, the aim for an effective procedural reform should be pursued, besides the procedural celerity and the efficiency of judicial acts, and also the standardization of jurisprudence. An unique agenda of conduct for the claimants should be desired as a goal. And this can only be achieved when there is a standardization and application of prevailing jurisprudence.
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RADI, Yannick. « La standardisation comme procedure systemique de formation du droit : contribution à la théorie générale du standard et à la théorie des modes de formation du droit international public ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/15383.
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Defence date: 26 November 2010Examining Board: Pierre-Marie DUPUY (Supervisor, former EUI and Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement, Genève); Francesco FRANCIONI (EUI); Giorgio GAJA (Università degli Studi di Firenze); Yann KERBRAT (Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Aux fins d’éclairer le concept de « standard » en droit international public, cette thèse s’est engagée sur les chemins d’une analyse théorique à son égard. Dans la première partie, cette analyse révèle les limites des approches traditionnelles, c’est-à-dire normatives, du standard et consacre une approche procédurale, fondée sur la logique dialectique aristotélicienne. Ce changement de paradigme conduit à penser le standard non plus au regard de la seule application du droit, mais dans le cadre élargi de sa formation. Cette translation conceptuelle explique la translation sémantique du « standard » à la « standardisation », signifiant dynamique et non statique. Dans le cours de la procédure systémique que conceptualise la standardisation, s’articulent des procédures organiques qui interagissent aux fins de la formation cohérente du droit. Appréhendée dans le cadre d’une conception institutionnaliste de l’ordre juridique, cette procédure systémique constitue la méthode dialectique de formation du droit caractéristique des états de droit et au-delà, des institutions coopératives. Dans la seconde partie, c’est sur la base de cet acquis qu’est conceptualisée et étudiée la standardisation au regard de la formation du droit international public. Propre à l’attitude coopérative croissante de l’institution internationale, la procédure systémique oeuvre à la formation du droit, non pas dans l’ordre juridique international dans son ensemble, mais dans des cadres coopératifs multilatéraux dont les organisations internationales constituent l’archétype. Dans ces cadres, des procédures de création de conventions ou de résolutions d’une part, et des procédures de contrôle contentieux ou non-contentieux d’autre part, interagissent au sein de procédures systémiques. Aussi, la standardisation est-elle conceptualisée comme le mode systémique de formation du droit international. La mise en pratique de cette théorie est opérée en relation avec le système juridique des investissements. Ce cadre, coopératif du fait de la convergence des intérêts étatiques, est atypique de par la spécificité de sa pratique conventionnelle et arbitrale, animée par la tension entre le bilatéralisme et le multilatéralisme. La standardisation y est donc inachevée, son analyse permettant ainsi de mettre en lumière, par la positive et par la négative, l’office de la standardisation dans les cadres coopératifs internationaux où elle opère. La conclusion générale invite, relativement aux institutions coopératives, à penser la juridicité par le prisme de l’effectivité organisationnelle et non de l’obligatoriété formelle, et à penser le droit par le prisme de la procédure et non de la norme.
Livres sur le sujet "Public law – Standardization"
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science. Subcommittee on Technology. Standards conformity and the federal government : A review of Section 12 of Public Law 104-113 : hearing before the Subcommittee on Technology of the Committee on Science, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, March 15, 2000. Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 2000.
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East African Legislative Assembly. Communication, Trade, and Investment Committee., dir. Report of the Public Hearing Workshops on the Draft EAC Customs Union Protocol and the Standardization, Quality Assurance Metrology, and Testing (SQMT) Protocol. Arusha, Tanzania : East African Legislative Assembly, 2003.
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Bundesrechnungshof, Germany, dir. Gutachten über Massnahmen zur Verbesserung der Rechtsetzung und der Pflege des Normenbestandes : Empfehlungen des Präsidenten des Bundesrechnungshofes als Bundesbeauftragter für Wirtschaftlichkeit in der Verwaltung zur Verbesserung der Rechtsetzung und der Pflege des Normenbestandes. Stuttgart : Kohlhammer, 2010.
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Renhua, Cai, Wang Xiangdong et He Changling, dir. Yi yao wei sheng jian du quan shu. Taiyuan : Shanxi jing ji chu ban she, 1994.
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Jilai, Wang, dir. Ji shu jian du quan shu. Taiyuan : Shanxi jing ji chu ban she, 1994.
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Zhenghua, Zhuang, et Jiao Yongfu, dir. Wen hua shi chang jian du quan shu. Taiyuan : Shanxi jing ji chu ban she, 1994.
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Xingjia, Wang, dir. Jia ge jian du quan shu. Taiyuan : Shanxi jing ji chu ban she, 1994.
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Dingguo, Chang, Mu Wende et Tang Yunxiang, dir. Jin rong jian du quan shu. Taiyuan : Shanxi jing ji chu ban she, 1994.
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Yuchuan, Zou, et Wang Shuying, dir. Tu di shi chang jian du quan shu. Taiyuan : Shanxi jing ji chu ban she, 1994.
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Nikolaeva, Mariya, et Larisa Kartashova. Standardization, Metrology and conformity assessment. ru : INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1003102.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Describes the basic concepts and components of standardization, Metrology, assessment and confirmation of compliance, the normative-legal base of these activities with the accounting requirements, including newly adopted Federal laws.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
Designed for students of higher educational institutions in the areas of "trade", "commodity" (the degree qualification "bachelor"). Can be useful for students of institutions of secondary professional education on specialties "commodity research and quality expertise of consumer goods", "Commerce (on branches)", "Technology of catering products", "Organization of service in public catering".
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Public law – Standardization"
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Lundqvist, Björn. « Public Law, European Constitutionalism and Copyright in Standards ». Dans The Cambridge Handbook of Technical Standardization Law, 124–42. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316416785.008.
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Kitsos, Panagiotis, et Aikaterini Yannoukakou. « Privacy in the 21st Century ». Dans Standards and Standardization, 1638–52. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8111-8.ch075.
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The events of 9/11 along with the bombarding in Madrid and London forced governments to resort to new structures of privacy safeguarding and electronic surveillance under the common denominator of terrorism and transnational crime fighting. Legislation as US PATRIOT Act and EU Data Retention Directive altered fundamentally the collection, processing and sharing methods of personal data, while it granted increased powers to police and law enforcement authorities concerning their jurisdiction in obtaining and processing personal information to an excessive degree. As an aftermath of the resulted opacity and the public outcry, a shift is recorded during the last years towards a more open governance by the implementation of open data and cloud computing practices in order to enhance transparency and accountability from the side of governments, restore the trust between the State and the citizens, and amplify the citizens' participation to the decision-making procedures. However, privacy and personal data protection are major issues in all occasions and, thus, must be safeguarded without sacrificing national security and public interest on one hand, but without crossing the thin line between protection and infringement on the other. Where this delicate balance stands, is the focal point of this paper trying to demonstrate that it is better to be cautious with open practices than hostage of clandestine practices.
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Cally, Jordan. « Part III Beyond the Transatlantic Corridor, 10 The Paradoxes of Islamic Capital Markets ». Dans International Capital Markets, sous la direction de Golden Jeffrey. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849001.003.0010.
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This chapter describes Islamic capital markets. Led by Malaysia and its distinct Islamic Market, Bursa Malaysia-I, Islamic finance has entered the mainstream of international capital markets, primarily in the form of ‘Islamic bonds’ (sukuk) and fund products. Saudi Arabia, with its well-publicized Saudi Aramco initial public offering (IPO) in 2019, raised, less successfully, a different flag in the international markets. Islamic finance has infiltrated conventional markets too. Non-Islamic issuers, sovereigns, corporates and international institutions, have issued sukuk, attracted by the wash of liquidity and investors in the Gulf region. Indeed, Islamic finance has been rubbing shoulders with modern conventional finance for several decades now. As ‘conventional’ finance has become less ‘conventional’, shari'a compliant finance has become more accepted. Impediments to growth persist; the imperviousness to standardization and the artificiality of the structures underlying the financial products increase costs and possibly risk, making the products uncompetitive. However, cost is not the only consideration in the marketplace. With greater interest in ethical and ESG (environmental, social, and governance) investing, Islamic finance may be the path or the way to future markets.
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Sene, Christophe. « Fostering the Participation of Companies in Standardization ». Dans Shaping the Future Through Standardization, 252–78. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2181-6.ch010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Standardization is one source of informal rules that regulate the public realm: standards are not legally-binding, but, as soft law instruments, they influence the governance, ethics, and conduct of companies. Standardization brings unique benefits to companies in term of knowledge, credibility, and risk reduction by bringing accountability and predictability. To foster active participation of companies in standardization, higher and continuous education in standardization is essential to build mutual understanding between companies and the standardization world since decision making in the former is a relatively quick top-down hierarchical process while in the latter time-consuming consensus-building is the norm. The concept of Student Standardization Societies (SSS) is introduced as the best way to promote standardization in the long term, and advice is given for the practical implementation of SSS and their relationship with Official Standardization Organizations.
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Markaki, Ourania I., Panagiotis Kokkinakos, Sotirios Koussouris, John Psarras, Habin Lee, Martin Löhe et Yuri Glikman. « Infusing Innovation in the Policy Analysis and Evaluation Phases of the Policy Cycle ». Dans Standards and Standardization, 1236–52. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8111-8.ch059.
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This paper introduces an innovative approach for more factual, evidence-based and accountable policy analysis and evaluation, based on open public data, prosperity indicators, fuzzy cognitive maps and argumentation technology. The approach is inspired by the Policy Compass FP7 project and assumes to make better use of Europe's open public data resources, so as to enable both the lay public and domain experts to create, apply, annotate, share and discuss progress metrics and causal models of policies. The aim is to empower stakeholders in assessing the governments' course of actions and contribute in transforming government structures to a more participatory and democratic form. The paper attempts to make a rather complete and comprehensive statement for policy analysis and evaluation, as it provides a thorough description of the proposed approach, including both its theoretical framework and technical approach, as well as a series of indicative use case scenarios and anticipated benefits. The paper concludes with relevant implementation concerns as well as future plans for the validation of the approach and its benefits.
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Keats, Jonathon. « Great Firewall ». Dans Virtual Words. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195398540.003.0018.
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The Chinese government declared 1996 the Year of the Internet. There wasn’t much to it: only one person in ten thousand was connected—at a modem speed of 14.4 kilobits per second—and 86 percent of the population had never encountered a computer. Even in universities email was still a novelty, haltingly introduced in 1994. Yet in one respect China was the most advanced nation on the planet. Using equipment supplied by Sun Microsystems and Cisco, the Chinese Public Security Bureau had corralled the entire country, all 3,705,000 square miles, within a fanghuo qiang, or firewall. The firewall promised to make the internet safe for autocracy. All online communication could be monitored, at least in principle, and access to any website could be denied. On February 1, 1996, Premier Li Peng signed State Council Order 195, officially placing the government “in charge of overall planning, national standardization, graded control, and the development of all areas related to the internet,” and expressly forbidding users “to endanger national security or betray state secrets.” Enforcement was arbitrary. Discipline was imposed by the dread of uncertainty. This was an inevitability, since the Public Security Bureau couldn’t possibly watch all online activity within China, let alone block every objectionable web page worldwide. Interviewed by Wired magazine, the computer engineer overseeing the fanghuo qiang bluntly explained his working policy: “You make a problem for us, and we’ll make a law for you.” In many countries such a firewall might have stifled development, but most Chinese weren’t interested in making problems. They were attracted to the internet’s dazzling potential, as advertised on billboards that encouraged them to “join the internet club, meet today’s successful people, experience the spirit of the age, drink deep of the cup of leisure.” Those who could afford a connection, which cost approximately half the monthly salary of a recent college graduate, casually referred to the fanghuo qiang as the wangguan , calmly evoking the many guan (passes) of the Great Wall as natural features of China’s wan wei wang (ten-thousand-dimensional web).
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Balta, Dian. « Effective Management of Standardizing in E-Government ». Dans Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development, 149–75. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9008-8.ch008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Standards play an important role in the interoperable exchange of information among actors with different business functions. Particularly in government, standards enhance communication between public administrations and lay the ground of interoperability in e-government service provision. Still, practice often struggles with numerous challenges such as complex administrative procedures, jurisdiction, numerous stakeholders with diverging wants and needs and the ultimate goal of social welfare. At the same time, academia provides a limited number of approaches to address existing challenges and transferring findings from a private organizations' context is rarely a viable approach. The authors introduce effective management of standardization in e-government by describing the shape of standardization in that specific domain and by encompassing suitable coordination mechanisms. They follow a qualitative explorative research approach and apply coordination theory to pragmatically interpret our findings, offering implications for both theory and practice.
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Lima de Magalhães, Jorge, et Arlene Moreira. « Information Systems Management in the Supply Chain in an Official Pharmaceutical Laboratory ». Dans Handbook of Research on Information Management for Effective Logistics and Supply Chains, 350–73. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0973-8.ch020.
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The official pharmaceutical laboratories are strategic to the government in actions such as production of specific medicines (neglected medicines), research and development in new neglected molecules, public policies, price regulators etc.; especially to the health public in Brazilian population. In this sense, it is important that the information's system of the supply chain in this laboratory must have effectiveness of the activities and processes in the in order to cooperate efficiently and effectively with strategic planning. This work aim to analyze the quality of information's in the catalog of materials as a potential instrument to improvement the process purchase flows standardization, economy in purchases and essential information to the decision-makers. A methodology is proposal to the management in the information's system in purchase department with a standard in the quality catalogue in order to subsidize buyers regarding the detailed description of the purchase item and your specifications. The work conceptualizes and highlights the quality of information and its relevance by adding values to the services and products in supply chain of the official pharmaceutical lab. In this case study was shown details of problems from initial quality description to the final acquisition. In conclusion, to promote the management in the quality of the system information of the catalog of materials is necessary. Therefore, it's possible a better supply chain in public entity, even in an official pharmaceutical laboratory.
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Dang, Nitika. « Current Practice of Sleep Medicine in India ». Dans The Practice of Sleep Medicine Around The World : Challenges, Knowledge Gaps and Unique Needs, 181–94. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049367123010018.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The history of sleep medicine dates back to millennia, carrying centuries of wisdom, decades of myths and challenges through the many years of struggle. Having been recognised as a body of knowledge in the last two decades and a formal branch of medicine in modern-day India. The burden of impending clinical practice, research and disproportionate health indices has allowed the tide of sleep medicine to be surfed by multiple specialties. With research interest dating back to 1965, the practice laid its formal beginning with the first sleep lab set up in New Delhi in 1995. The regulatory practices are thin on the ground that impedes the standardization of clinical research, labs or training of personnel in India. Initiatives at the behest of physicians have led to the setup of self-structured regulatory bodies, expanding the network of sleep labs in the country, albeit still very limited in comparison to the size of its populace. Increasing awareness about healthy sleep habits, bridging gaps in research, quality training and standards, improved regulatory frameworks, and translating knowledge from evidence-based medicine will drive the desired public health outcomes as well as the growth of standards and the future of sleep medicine practice in India.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Public law – Standardization"
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Stevens, Kathryn J. « Implementing new technologies for public safety communication : competing frequency demands and standardization issues ». Dans Enabling Technologies for Law Enforcement and Security, sous la direction de Trudy K. Overlin et Kathryn J. Stevens. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.263473.
Texte intégralRapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Public law – Standardization"
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Carvalho, Joana, et Gerardo Reyes-Tagle. Risk Matrix and PPP Contract Standardization, Best Practice, and Gap Analysis in Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, avril 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004213.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have been used to address the need for the implementation of huge investment programs and to bridge the infrastructure gap that exists in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. As is explained throughout this paper, under certain circumstances, PPPs represent an important tool to help governments implement their investment programs, thereby benefiting not only from private investment (which often includes foreign investment) but also from the various advantages that are typically associated with the PPP model. However, the need to secure financing for investment needs, especially in a situation of scarce public resources and fiscal constraints, should not be the only reason for choosing the PPP model. The objective of this paper is to highlight that the PPP model can be a valuable tool for undertaking public projects in an efficient and innovative manner and that it can provide more efficient and innovative public services in certain circumstances as well. In addition, when correctly used, it can generate public savings and create the fiscal space that LAC countries need to carry out their investments.
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Salavisa, Isabel, Mark Soares et Sofia Bizarro. A Critical Assessment of Organic Agriculture in Portugal : A reflection on the agro-food system transition. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2021.05.
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Over the last few decades, the organic agriculture sector has experienced sustained growth. Globally, as well as in the European Union and Portugal, organic production accounts for just under 10% of total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) (FiBL, 2019; Eurostat, 2019; DGADR, 2019; INE, 2019; GPP, 2019). This growth has been seen in terms of production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports and exports. This article attempts to build on the multi-level perspective (MLP) of the socio-technical (ST) transitions theory by employing a whole systems analysis (Geels, 2018) of organic agriculture in Portugal, which defends an integrated vision of the systems, where multiple interactions occur within and among the niche, the regime and the landscape levels. This approach has been employed in order to develop a critical analysis of the current state of the Portuguese organic agriculture sector, stressing the multiplicity of elements that are contributing to the agro-food system´s transformation into a more sustainable one. In fact, the agro-food system is related with climate change but also has connections with other domains such as public health, water management, land use and biodiversity. Therefore, it is affected by shifts in these areas. This analysis considers developments in increasing domestic organic production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports, exports, market innovations, and the sector´s reconfiguration. The organic sector´s increase has been attributed to European regulation, institutionalization, standardization, farmer certification, external (government) subsidy support programs, incremental market improvements (visibility and product access), the emergence of new retailers, the rise of supporting consumers and a shift away from conventional agriculture (Truninger, 2010; DGADR, 2019; Pe´er et al, 2019). However, together with positive incentives, this sector also faces numerous barriers that are hindering a faster transformation. Difficulties for the sector to date have included: product placement; a disconnect between production, distribution and marketing systems; high transport costs; competition from imports; European subsidies focused on extensive crops (pastures, olive groves, and arable crops), entailing a substantial growth in the area of pasture to the detriment of other crops; the fact that the products that are in demand (fresh vegetables and fruit) are being neglected by Portuguese producers; expensive certification procedures; lack of adequate support and market expertise for national producers; the hybrid configuration of the sector; and price. Organic agriculture as a niche-innovation is still not greatly contributing to overall agricultural production. The low supply of organic products, despite its ever-increasing demand, suggests that a transition to increased organic production requires a deeper and faster food system reconfiguration, where an array of distinct policies are mobilized and a diversity of actions take place at different levels (Geels, 2018; Pe´er et al, 2019). This paper will attempt to contribute an overall critical assessment of the organic sector´s features and evolution and will identify some of the main obstacles to be overcome, in order to boost the sustainability transition of the agro-food system in Portugal.