Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Public administration – Italy »

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has all features of a wicked problem. It is not only a crisis of intensive care but also a more complex health, social, economic, and humanitarian crisis. Moreover, its risks will continue until mass vaccination is undertaken, hence, the control of contagiousness relies on citizens’ responsible behavior. Strategies to fight COVID-19 in Lombardy, Veneto (Italy) and in Ticino (Switzerland) have shown that a more balanced approach focusing not exclusively on hospitals but also on a territorial basis, pays off. Therefore, a more integrated approach is beneficial from a clinical, social, and economic point of view providing procedures for future emergencies.

This paper focuses on two aspects of the welfare state: the old agepension system and the labor market, where the majority of youth are workingin precarious jobs. We discuss the interplay between pension funds and theincrease in young atypical workers by studying the case of Italy and the Republicof Korea, closely analyzing the projected benefit level of both standard and nonstandard workers among the youth population in Korea in order to assess whereyoung workers will find themselves after retirement age and what Korea canlearn from the case of Italy.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a business process reengineering (BPR) approach to a public administration of Italy, to first assess the efficiency of the administration, then to redesign its internal processes, to improve the current performance. Design/methodology/approach – A detailed mapping of the AS IS processes of the public administration was initially carried out, together with the collection of the relevant data. Then, a simulation model was designed to support the BPR approach. In particular, the model was exploited to assess the performance of the AS IS scenario of the organization, then to investigate numerous TO BE process configurations and evaluate the achievable performance improvements. Findings – From the study, it emerged that the current efficiency level of the public administration examined has potentials to be significantly improved. For instance, by maintaining its current workforce, the public administration could consider the opportunity of providing additional services to the citizens or to serve citizens from the neighbouring municipalities. Otherwise, the organization could consider a reorganization and reduction of its current workforce, at the same time keeping the service level to its citizens almost unchanged. Research limitations/implications – Results of this study cannot be fully generalized, since the whole analysis is grounded on specific public administration. Moreover, although the simulation outcomes of the TO BE processes show interesting improvements compared to the AS IS scenario, the TO BE configurations were not (yet) implemented in practice. Therefore, the results provided should be confirmed in future research activities. Practical implications – The case study allowed deriving some useful guidelines to improve the efficiency of the public administration examined, as well as to identify some TO BE configurations that could be implemented in practice. Originality/value – Scientific literature includes a limited number of studies that evaluate the efficiency of public organizations in real contexts. Moreover, no studies target public administrations in Italy. Therefore, this case study represents an interesting addition to the literature.

Companies and governments have embraced digital transformation as the elixir of the 21st century. But what impedes digital transformation? This case study article is based on data gathered from field research with the Italian Parliament and the Digital Transformation High Commissioner’s Office in the Ministry of the Interior. The case surfaces the context, challenges, and solutions for large-scale public administration digital transformation. The case study highlights how public administration digital transformation in a large democracy is never a technical but a sociotechnical solution. Successful digital transformation needs to understand, address, and change sociopolitical and sociotechnical mores that often define the culture. Underscoring this research is an analysis of digital transformation within the Italian public administration. Public administration encompasses all governmental and public services, including services provided by federal, regional (e.g. states and provinces), municipalities, and local agencies. The Italian public administration, with 60 million people, 8000 municipalities, and 22,000 local administrations, highlights how a digital renaissance is a preface for innovative disruption challenges. The Digital Transformation case uses Italy as the backdrop and Team Digitale, a team of talented individuals embarked on building public administration efficiencies and rebooting Italy’s digital innovation footprint, as the protagonist. For granularity, the case focuses on two digital transformation projects: ANPR, a unified public registry for all Italian residents, and PagoPA, a universal digital payment platform for public administration. This case surfaces the best practices and challenges faced when trying to tackle a mega-project across an entire economy. The case offers digital transformation recommendations, generalizable across any global democracy. The case analysis and recommendations bring to light how, contrary to private organizations, institutionalizing a disruptive innovation in a democratic country at a time of fiscal austerity highlights interesting decision-making issues and facets.

This thesis examines one of the most important areas through which a state can affect the vitality of a minority language community: the use of minority languages in the public administration. The study begins with an examination of the European Union Framework with regard to the protection of minority languages in the light of the Treaty of Lisbon and the Charter of Nice. It analyses the relevant Council of Europe Treaties, and in particular the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in so far as they deal with the protection of minority languages in the public administration and public institutions. The thesis also assesses the CoE and EU Frameworks for the protection of minority languages. The national and regional legislation of Italy (Valle d’Aosta, Trentino Alto Adige, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Sardinia and Sicily), Spain (Catalonia, Basque Autonomous Community, Navarra, Galicia, Balearic Islands and Valencia) and UK (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) are scrutinized to compare the different approaches adopted for the protection of minority languages. This analysis is focused on the crucial sectors of the public administration and public institutions which have both a high symbolic value and significant levels of inter-action with the minority language-speaking populations. The similarities and differences between the Italian, Spanish and the UK legislation in this field are examined, such gaps as exist between the aims of the legislation and reality are identified, as are the difficulties in the implementation of this form of legislation in the public administration.

Illegal immigration incurs tremendous economic, social, and humanitarian costs for Europe and the Maghreb countries. Previous literature on illegal immigration focuses on “coping” (border security, repatriation, and rescue) and “resolving” (social integration of immigrants). This thesis attempts to direct the European policymakers’ attention to “preventing” policy model. In essence, the prevention model seeks to reduce the incentives of the Maghreb people to migrate. The thesis focuses on analyzing the migration pattern in Morocco, and its implications for Spain and Italy. Based on Morocco’s two-track migration pattern, the thesis argues that rural development could reduce the incentives of internal migration, and urban development could reduce the incentives of migration abroad. Finally, the thesis analyzes official development assistance (ODA) to Morocco from Spain, Italy, and the European Commission. The analysis shows that their development efforts do little to discourage Moroccans’ incentives to migrate. The thesis recommends that the Spanish and Italian governments adjust their development assistance in a way that targets either one of the two migration tracks.

The main problem of this thesis was the comparative analysis of the procedures in place in Sweden and Italy for the reception and support of LGBTI asylum seekers fleeing from war. The aim was to understand if the Swedish and Italian asylum and social systems are supporting and protecting the rights of LGBTI asylum seekers equally, also by uncovering how these procedures affect individuals. The method used to carry out this study was analysis of secondary documents. Queer and migration research, as well as reports, were used to provide a general framework to the issue, while country-specific data was sought in current domestic legislation and country reports carried out by local and international NGOs invested in LGBTI and migrants rights. The gathered information was examined from a descriptive, critical and constructive perspective, and placed within a prevailing comparative framework. Indeed, at the core of the study, lies a comparison between procedural differences in Sweden and Italy concerning the reception and protection of LGBTI asylum seekers who flee war. It was found that in Sweden and Italy people seeking refuge from war torn countries have much higher possibilities to be granted asylum than any other group of migrants. However, with regards to LGBTI asylum seekers from other countries, the social and asylum system of both are structurally violent in that the exclusion and discrimination against sexual minority refugees is the standard. In fact, LGBTI asylum seekers face similar challenges related to their intersectional identity in Sweden as well as Italy, although to different degrees: compared to Italy, Sweden has more standard procedures set in place that help queer asylees have a better experience. Nevertheless, neither systems hold up to the standard they should as consistent reports describe unlawful practices that violate humanitarian law and breach of Article 3 of the European Convention of Human Rights. Ultimately, LGBTI asylum seekers appear to have virtually no control over any aspect of their application or experience in the asylum and social system in Sweden as well as Italy. Therefore, rather than experiencing a newfound freedom, in entering the Italian and Swedish democratic spaces, these individuals simply experience a different kind of oppression.

Title: Images of Sweden in Italy

Number of pages: 5252 (589 including enclosures)

Author: Oskar Gustafsson

Tutor: Martin Nilsson

Course: Political Science C level – Bachelor’s Thesis

Period: Spring term 2010

University: School of Social Sciences

Linnaeus University

Purpose/Aim: The purpose of my research study is to, through the use of political science theories on soft power and marketing theories about nation branding and in comparison to previous studies on the image of Sweden in Italy, gains a better understanding of the image of Sweden in Italy, with special focus on national political institutions and young Italians.

Method: The method of analysis is a combination of qualitative methods: interviews where information about the image of Sweden amongst national political institutions were gathered and a survey where information was gathered about the image of Sweden amongst young Italians.

Main results: On the basis of the results I have gained it can be concluded that a positive and well informed image of Sweden emerges when it comes to cultural and social factors but a more restricted and somewhat negative image come to light when asking national political institutions and young citizens in Italy about their views and knowledge on Swedish domestic and international politics and economics.

Keywords: Soft power, Public Diplomacy, Nation Branding, Images of Sweden, Italy.

L’objet de cette thèse est une comparaison entre les dispositifs de gestion du personnel des administrations publiques françaises et italiennes, afin d’explorer leur efficacité et d’identifier les principaux problèmes qui émergent à la suite de leur application. La loi italienne assimile le dirigeant à l’employeur privé. Il est donc le titulaire formel et substantiel des prérogatives de l’employeur public. En ce qui concerne les relations de travail, à l’exception de normes spéciales de droit public qui sont à l’intérieur du Texte unique de l’emploi public, le législateur renvoie à la négociation collective et aux mêmes règles qui régissent la relation de travail au sein de l’entreprise privée. Dans la fonction publique française le droit du travail est inapplicable . Toutefois, on remarque l’influence réciproque de celui-ci et du droit de la fonction publique. Il n’y a pas de place pour la négociation : le fonctionnaire doit accepter le régime juridique imposé par l’employeur public. En dépit des apparences et malgré deux différents régimes juridiques, les deux systèmes en évoluant montrent toujours davantage de ressemblances, notamment en ce qui concerne les outils de gestion du personnel, le recours aux contractuels et le rôle de la négociation collective. Il se trouve que la souplesse dans la gestion des ressources humaines n’est pas nécessairement liée à la forme juridique de la relation de travail des fonctionnaires. Le choix unilatéralisme/négociation, régime de droit public ou de droit privé est mal posé. Même le statut constitue un cadre souple, ce sont plutôt certaines pratiques politiques et administratives qui causent des dysfonctionnements. Pour gagner en efficacité, il ne s’agit pas, pour l’Italie, de supprimer la privatisation de l’emploi public, et non plus pour la France de supprimer le régime statutaire. Il se trouve que les deux administrations publiques n’utilisent pas toutes les possibilités offertes par les normes. Il faut investir sur les ressources humaines afin que les hauts fonctionnaires deviennent de vrais managers, plutôt que de continuer à envisager sans cesse des réformes radicales
This research consists in a comparison between the legal instruments of human resource management in the French and Italian public service sector. The objective is to evaluate their efficacy and uncover the main problems linked to their implementation. In the Italian public service sector, the manager is assimilated to the employer found in private firms. The link between the public servant and the administration is first regulated by a specific law, then by collective bargaining and labour law. In the French system, labour law isn’t applied to the public service sector. However, labour law has an influence on it, and vice versa. Collective bargaining doesn't have any formal rule because the civil servant must accept conditions imposed by the administration. Despite appearances, throughout their evolution the two systems seem to increasingly resemble each other, particularly in the realm of human resource management legal instruments, the use of temporary jobs and the rule of collective bargaining. It seems that flexibility in human resource management isn’t necessarily associated to the nature – public, private or mixed - of the link between the public servant and the administration. The choice between unilateralism and negotiation, administrative law and labour law doesn’t matter so much. Though French statute law is flexible, there are some political and administrative customs which are damaging. In both Italy and France, public administrations do not need to ignore - respectively - privatisation and statute law in order to become more effective. It seems that public administrations do not use all the possibilities offered by existing laws. They have to invest in human resources in order to transform office directors into real managers, rather than to continuously work on useless or damaging radical reforms

Through a comparative case study of the European identity in Spain and Italy, the thesis aims to gain a better understanding of the formation of a European identity and the factors that explain variations in the degree of European identity between individual member states. As the degree of European identity differs between member states which in other respects are relatively similar, Spain and Italy are studied as two cases with different outcomes to investigate what might explain their different degrees of European identity. The empirical comparison is based on four hypotheses derived from previous research examining the relationships between the following independent variables and European identity; cognitive mobilization, Euroscepticism, political trust and economic benefits. The systematic comparison of explanatory factors between Spain and Italy finds that the existence of Euroscepticism, economic benefits and higher education leads to a higher degree of European identity. Explanatory factors from previous research are partly confirmed and partly non-confirmed and the thesis illustrates that established relationships that explain differences at the aggregated EU level do not explain differences between individual countries to the same extent. The study finds that differences at the Member State level partly explain variations in European identity, but concludes that further studies at the individual level are needed to understand the formation of the individual European identity.
Genom en jämförande fallstudie av den europeiska identiteten i Spanien och Italien ämnar uppsatsen få en bättre förståelse för formandet av en europeisk identitet och vilka faktorer som förklarar variationer i grad av europeisk identitet mellan enskilda medlemsländer.. Baserat på tidigare forsknings konstaterande om att det finns skillnader i europeisk identitet mellan relativt lika EU-medlemsländer, studeras Spanien och Italien som två fall med olika utfall för att undersöka vad som kan förklara skillnaden mellan dem. Den empiriska jämförelsen utgår ifrån fyra hypoteser härledda från tidigare forskning som undersöker sambandet mellan följande oberoende variabler och europeisk identitet; kognitiv mobilisering, euroskepticism, politisk tillit och ekonomiska fördelar. Resultaten från den systematiska jämförelsen av förklaringsfaktorer mellan Spanien och Italien finner stöd för att förekomsten av euroskepticism, ekonomiska fördelar samt högre utbildning leder till en högre grad av europeisk identitet. Uppsatsen delvis bekräftar och delvis bekräftar inte förklaringsfaktorer från tidigare forskning och illustrerar att etablerade samband som förklarar skillnader på den aggregerade EU-nivån inte i samma utsträckning förklarar skillnader mellan enskilda länder. Undersökningen konstaterar att skillnader på medlemsstatsnivå till viss del förklarar variationer i europeisk identitet, men att fortsatta studier på individnivå krävs för att förstå formandet av enskilda individers europeiska identitet.

La presente tesi si concentra sui processi di decentramento in Italia e Spagna, analizzando l'impatto dei mutamenti del quadro giuridico europeo sull'autonomia finanziaria regionale. L’ordinamento finanziario sovranazionale è stato infatti ampiamente modificato negli ultimi anni (specialmente con riferimento alla c.d. "Eurozona") per affrontare le pressanti sfide di natura macroeconomica derivanti dalla crisi del debito sovrano, che ha coinvolto svariati Stati Membri. L'analisi del tema proposto viene effettuata con il metodo della comparazione, prendendo in considerazione gli ordinamenti italiano e spagnolo. Tale scelta metodologica riposa essenzialmente su due elementi, che integrano il requisito della comparabilità tra i due ordinamenti: a) la vicinanza strutturale e l'influenza reciproca che storicamente si è verificata tra i due modelli di decentramento (che vengono usualmente riportati alla forma – o tipo – di Stato regionale); b) la comune soggezione ai vincoli finanziari derivanti dall’ordinamento europeo, unita a una condizione di grave difficoltà finanziaria che coinvolge il sistema regionale in generale, e – in maniera più acuta – le Regioni e Comunidades Autónomas (d’ora in poi, CC.AA.) che sono state (o sono) colpite da fenomeni di mala gestio. Si presenterà ora brevemente la struttura del lavoro. I primi due capitoli parlano dello Stato regionale in Italia e in Spagna, ossia il contesto, lo “sfondo”, nel quale si inserisce il tema dell’autonomia finanziaria, seguendo la contrapposizione astratto/concreto, statico/dinamico: da un lato i modelli elaborati dalla dottrina, dall'altro l’evoluzione storica delle esperienze regionali, in entrambi i casi con particolare riferimento ai profili finanziari. Il primo capitolo descrive dunque la modellistica che viene generalmente utilizzata rispetto alle forme di distribuzione territoriale del potere politico (unione di stati, confederazione, stato federale, stato regionale, stato unitario), con un particolare approfondimento per la problematica categoria dello Stato regionale e, rispetto ad esso, registrando sia le posizioni critiche sull’utilità della categoria sia la particolare rilevanza che il livello di autonomia finanziaria regionale può avere a fini classificatori. Il secondo capitolo tratta invece partitamente le due linee storiche che si incrociano nella tematica in esame. Da un lato, lo sviluppo del regionalismo in Spagna e in Italia e le varie fasi dell’autonomia finanziaria nei due ordinamenti: non sfugge infatti a chi scrive che l’attuale stato delle finanze pubbliche territoriali sia in entrambi i casi il frutto di un complesso processo di evoluzione; tuttavia – ai fini della comparazione – pare opportuno privilegiare l’aspetto sincronico a quello diacronico, concentrandosi sull'ultimo stadio di questo percorso, nel suo intreccio con un sistema normativo e decisionale sempre più complesso, nazionale e sovranazionale. Dall'altro lato, si fa appunto un quadro dell’evoluzione della governance finanziaria europea sotto l’impatto della crisi economico-finanziaria che si è originata a livello globale a partire dal 2008. Tale evoluzione costituisce infatti il presupposto dei mutamenti costituzionali e normativi che si vogliono analizzare nel presente lavoro. Il terzo capitolo, che è il più ampio del lavoro, descrive l’ordinamento finanziario di Regioni e CCAA nel quadro di un sistema normativo che ormai affonda le sue radici nel livello sovranazionale. Obiettivo di questa parte del lavoro è tanto dare conto del sistema delle fonti dell’autonomia finanziaria da un punto di vista formale, quanto esporre ed analizzare le scelte normative compiute in concreto. Al suo interno, il capitolo è tripartito: ordinamento UE, ordinamento italiano e ordinamento spagnolo. La ragione di una trattazione separata dei due Paesi sul piano delle fonti è evidente: si tratta di sistemi peculiari e non sovrapponibili. In Spagna il metodo di finanziamento delle CCAA è determinato da due importanti leggi organiche, la LOFCA (Ley Orgánica de Financiación de las Comunidades Autónomas) e la LOEPSF (Ley Orgánica de Estabilidad Presupuestaria y Sostenibilidad Financiera): diventa dunque essenziale approfondire natura e ambito di competenza di ciascuna di esse, assieme al discusso problema del rapporto tra leggi organiche e Statuti delle CCAA nel sistema delle fonti del diritto. In Italia il quadro delle fonti si è fatto nel tempo sempre più articolato: basti ricordare la previsione di una specifica legge rinforzata da parte della nuova formulazione dell’art. 81, c.6, Cost. e il ruolo della legge delega sul federalismo fiscale (l. n. 42 del 2009) nel condizionare il contenuto dei relativi decreti legislativi di attuazione. All'interno dei paragrafi relativi all'uno e all'altro Paese si cerca di porre in luce i due versanti dell’autonomia finanziaria già esplicitati in precedenza, entrata e spesa. Rispetto al'’autonomia di entrata, si dà conto tanto dello spazio concesso alla potestà impositiva di Regioni e CCAA – e quindi il potere di istituire tributi propri regionali e i ccdd. tributos cedidos anche dal punto di vista normativo nel caso spagnolo – quanto del problema centrale del finanziamento delle autonomie territoriali mediante risorse derivanti dai tributi statali, nelle forme della compartecipazione al gettito degli stessi e dei trasferimenti statali. Il profilo dell’autonomia di spesa riceve poi una considerazione altrettanto approfondita. In sistemi regionali in cui la decisione sulle entrate è ancora sostanzialmente in mano al livello di governo centrale, è chiaramente l’autonomia di spesa a concretare più direttamente l’autonomia finanziaria regionale, fino a spingere taluno a coniare la categoria del federalismo fiscale “di spesa”. Proprio sull'autonomia di spesa hanno però impattato in maniera più diretta la crisi economico- finanziaria, i vincoli finanziari europei e la loro attuazione a livello interno: quest’ultima è avvenuta non soltanto tramite provvedimenti del legislatore statale volti a porre un limite globale alla spesa delle autonomie, al fine di garantire il rispetto dei vincoli sovranazionali da parte del complesso dei soggetti che compongono la c.d. finanza pubblica allargata (limiti diretti all'autonomia di spesa), ma anche tramite norme di legge che incidevano su ambiti rientranti nella competenza delle Regioni, fra i quali gli aspetti ordinamentali, giustificati dallo scopo di contenimento della spesa pubblica (limiti indiretti). Il quarto capitolo approfondisce il tema delle relazioni finanziarie fra Stato e Regioni/CCAA sul piano dei principi costituzionali: a differenza del capitolo precedente, la trattazione viene svolta trasversalmente fra i due ordinamenti, nella convinzione che vi siano alcune linee fondamentali in comune fra di essi. Si delinea quindi un vero e proprio statuto costituzionale dell’autonomia finanziaria nello Stato regionale che si sostanzia nei seguenti principi: autonomia finanziaria e corresponsabilità fiscale; solidarietà; sufficienza finanziaria (connessione risorse-funzioni); coordinamento finanziario; equilibrio di bilancio e sostenibilità finanziaria; leale collaborazione. Per ciascun principio non si dà conto soltanto dei riferimenti normativi ma soprattutto dell’interpretazione che ne è stata data dalla giurisprudenza costituzionale, istanza deputata a far “vivere” i principi nei mutamenti istituzionali e sociali tramite l’interpretazione costituzionale. Il quinto capitolo approfondisce infine un profilo spesso trascurato a livello dottrinale, ossia quello dei sistemi finanziari delle autonomie differenziate, nell’uno e nell’altro ordinamento. Nel caso italiano, il tema è quello della c.d. specialità finanziaria, che configura un percorso originale e peculiare nel quadro del regionalismo italiano. Il tema parrebbe porsi in maniera più complessa nel caso spagnolo, in virtù della potenziale asimmetria che caratterizza il sistema: tuttavia, in virtù della portata omogeneizzatrice della LOFCA, la maggior parte delle comunità autonome presenta un sistema di finanziamento sostanzialmente unitario. La reale differenziazione si coglie piuttosto rispetto al sistema del convenio e concierto autonómico seguito da País Vasco e Navarra, sistema che costituisce il portato di un lungo percorso storico e concreta una delle peculiarità del regimen foral di questi territori. Specialità finanziaria e regime forale presentano tratti di somiglianza e costituiscono esperienze meritevoli di approfondimento: essi sono da un lato oggetto di critica in entrambi i Paesi in quanto considerati “privilegi fiscali”, allo stesso tempo non di rado la estensibilità dei sistemi ad alcune (o a tutte le) Regioni viene fatto oggetto di studio.
Los dos primeros capítulos hablan del Estado regional en Italia y España, es decir el contexto en el que se inserta el tema de la autonomía financiera. El primer capítulo describe las categorías que generalmente se usan con respecto a las formas de distribución territorial del poder político (unión de Estados, confederación, Estado federal, Estado regional, Estado unitario), con un estudio particular de la categoría problemática del Estado regional. El segundo capítulo trata de las dos líneas históricas que se entrecruzan en el tema estudiado. Por un lado, el desarrollo del regionalismo en España e Italia y las diversas fases de autonomía financiera en los dos sistemas; por otro lado, la evolución de la governance financiera europea bajo el impacto de la crisis económico-financiera que se ha originado a nivel mundial desde 2008. Esta evolución es, de hecho, la condición previa de los cambios constitucionales y legislativos que se quieren analizar en el trabajo. Los capítulos tercero y cuarto estudian la autonomía financiera regional según una perspectiva constitucional general: el tercero desde el punto de vista formal, con referencia al sistema de fuentes del derecho, y el cuarto desde el sustantivo, es decir, con respecto a los principios constitucionales. El capítulo tercero trata de la autonomía financiera respectivamente de ingreso y de gasto en el caso italiano y español, considerando los sistemas de fuentes de la Unión Europea e internos de ambos Estados. En relación a la autonomía de ingreso, el trabajo se centra principalmente sobre el problema del poder de las Regiones y CCAA para establecer sus propios impuestos regionales (y sus límites), así como sobre los impuestos cedidos por el Estado a las CCAA en España, por para luego abordar el problema central de financiar autonomías territoriales a través de los recursos derivados de impuestos estatales, en la forma de compartir los ingresos y las transferencias estatales. El perfil de la autonomía del gasto juega también un papel central en el trabajo. Sobre el poder de gasto de las autonomías, han impactado de manera más directa la crisis económica y financiera, las limitaciones financieras europeas y su aplicación a nivel interno. También se considerará el problema de la deuda pública. El capítulo cuarto estudia en particular la jurisprudencia constitucional sobre los siguientes principios: principio de autonomía financiera, principio de suficiencia financiera, principio de coordinación, principio de estabilidad presupuestaria, principio de solidaridad y de ordinalidad, principio de lealtad institucional y de cooperación. Finalmente, el quinto capítulo estudia un perfil a menudo descuidado a nivel doctrinal, que es el de los sistemas financieros de las autonomías diferenciadas, en uno u otro País. En el caso italiano, se trata de la especialidad financiera, que configura un camino original y peculiar en el marco del regionalismo italiano. En el caso español, la diferenciación real se verifica con respecto al sistema de convenio y concierto autonómico de País Vasco y Navarra. Especialidad financiera y régimen Foral tienen rasgos similares y son experiencias interesantes: algunos las critican como "privilegios fiscales", pero otros estudian la extensibilidad de estos sistemas a las demás Regiones/Comunidades.
Els dos primers capítols parlen de l'Estat regional a Itàlia i Espanya, és a dir el context en què s'insereix el tema de l'autonomia financera. El primer capítol descriu les categories que generalment es fan servir pel que fa a les formes de distribució territorial del poder polític (unió d'Estats, confederació, Estat federal, Estat regional, Estat unitari), amb un estudi particular de la categoria problemàtica de l'Estat regional. El segon capítol tracta de les dues línies històriques que s'entrecreuen en el tema estudiat. D'una banda, el desenvolupament del regionalisme a Espanya i Itàlia i les diverses fases de l'autonomia financera en els dos sistemes; d'altra banda, l'evolució de la governance financera europea sota l'impacte de la crisi economicofinancera que s'ha originat a nivell mundial des de 2008. Aquesta evolució és, de fet, la condició prèvia dels canvis constitucionals i legislatius que es volen analitzar en el treball. Els capítols tercer i quart estudien l'autonomia financera regional segons una perspectiva constitucional general: el tercer des del punt de vista formal, amb referència al sistema de fonts del dret, i el quart des del substantiu, és a dir, pel que fa als principis constitucionals . El capítol tercer tracta de l'autonomia financera respectivament d'ingressos i de despesa en el cas italià i espanyol, considerant els sistemes de fonts de la Unió Europea i interns d'ambdós Estats. En relació a l'autonomia d'ingressos, el treball se centra principalment sobre el problema del poder de Regions i CCAA per a establir els seus propis impostos regionals (i el seus límits), així com sobre els impostos cedits per l'Estat a les CCAA a Espanya, per després abordar el problema central de finançar autonomies territorials a través dels recursos derivats d'impostos estatals, en la forma de compartir els ingressos i les transferències estatals. El perfil de l'autonomia de despesa juga també un paper central en el treball. Sobre el poder de despesa de les autonomies, han impactat de manera més directa la crisi econòmica i financera, les limitacions financeres europees i la seva aplicació a nivell intern. També es considerarà el problema del deute públic, al qual s'han posat límits significatius a partir del nou context regulador supranacional. El capítol quart estudia en particular la jurisprudència constitucional sobre els següents principis: principi d'autonomia financera, principi de suficiència financera, principi de coordinació, principi d'estabilitat pressupostària, principi de solidaritat i d'ordinalitat, principi de lleialtat institucional i de cooperació. Finalment, el cinquè capítol estudia un perfil sovint descuidat a nivell doctrinal, que és el dels sistemes financers d'autonomies diferenciades, en un o altre País. En el cas italià, es tracta de l'especialitat financera, que configura un camí original i peculiar en el marc del regionalisme italià. En el cas espanyol, la diferenciació real es verifica que fa al sistema de conveni i concert autonòmic del País Basc i Navarra. Especialitat financera i règim foral tenen trets similars i són experiències interessants: alguns les critiquen com "privilegis fiscals", però altres estudien la extensibilitat d'aquestes sistemes a les demés Regions / Comunitats.
The first two chapters deal about the “regional State” in Italy and Spain. The first chapter describes the categories that are generally used to classify the forms of territorial distribution of political power (union of States, confederation, federal State, regional State, unitary State), with particular attention to the problematic category of the regional State. The second chapter concerns the two historical aspects of the matter. On the one hand, the development of regionalism in Spain and Italy and the various phases of financial autonomy in the two systems; on the other hand, the evolution of European financial governance under the impact of the economic crisis since 2008. This evolution is, in fact, the precondition of the constitutional and legislative changes that the thesis aims to analyse. The third and fourth chapters are devoted to regional financial autonomy according to a general constitutional perspective: the third from the formal point of view, with reference to the system of sources of law, and the fourth from the substantive standpoint (constitutional principles). In particular, the third chapter deals with financial autonomy and, respectively, with tax power and power of expenditure in the Italian and Spanish cases, considering both the European Union and the internal sources of law. In relation to the tax autonomy, the thesis focuses mainly on the problem of the power of Regions and Autonomous Communities to establish their own regional taxes (and their limits), as well as on the taxes assigned by the State to the Autonomous Communities in Spain. Then, the thesis deepens the central problem of financing territorial autonomies through resources derived from State taxes, in the form of revenue sharing and State transfers. The topic of spending power also plays a central role in the research: the European financial rules and their application have a direct impact on regional spending autonomy. The problem of public debt, which is significantly regulated by the new supranational legal context, will also be considered. The fourth chapter is devoted in particular to the constitutional case law on the following principles: the principle of financial autonomy, the principle of financial sufficiency, the principle of coordination, the balance budget principle, the principle of solidarity and its limits, the principle of institutional loyalty and cooperation. Finally, the fifth chapter deals with a matter often neglected at the doctrinal level, which is the financial systems of differentiated autonomies, in both countries. In the Italian case, the Financial Specialty represents an original and peculiar way within the framework of Italian regionalism. In the Spanish case, the most important differentiation is the system of the convenio/concierto autonómico (agreement) of the Basque Country and Navarre.

Defence date: 5 October 2000
Examining board: Prof. Carlo Dell'Arringa, Università Cattolica Milano ; Prof. Joop Hartog, University of Amsterdam ; Prof. Andrea Ichino, EUI ; Prof. John Micklewright, UNICEF, Florence, Supervisor
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

The paper deals with the theme of public services through the lens of Design and intends to report experiences and preliminary results of the research project aimed at the Employment Centers of the Lazio Region, which develops a Brand Design Strategy for the renewal of the service through an activity structured in distinct operational phases. In fact, the discipline of Design has the role of guiding a conscious structure of the brand in a systemic perspective, which, in addition to the visual identity, includes the service and spatial design, promoting accessibility, inclusiveness and usability. A case of methodological experimentation that aims to establish itself as a case of national best practice.

The G20 Moscow summit from 2013 highlighted the fact that human resource development remained a major priority for developing countries, especially low-income countries, with important impact on the priorities of other low income countries. When discussing about the current global economic development, about increasing economic competitiveness and reducing economic risks of global crises, we take also into consideration the role that governments and their staff can play in ensuring the adequate implementation of the various policy measures. In order for the government staff to perform at high levels of competence both in high and low income countries, especially in G20 members (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States of America plus the European Union member states), we consider that continuous education / lifelong learning would be crucial in providing an enabling environment, with e-learning holding a key position, as it enables people, civil servants to deal with future challenges raised by knowledge and information society. In the framework of the technological, normative and procedural evolutions that influence how the staff from public administrations works and possible openness towards e-learning programs, while aware of the various pedagogic, administrative and economic factors that provide incentives as well as drawbacks in using e-learning in providing training to civil servants, we are interested in analyzing e-learning programs developed and used for public administration staff from several G20 states. Our analysis will be focused on assessing the dimensions of the e-learning systems, variety of courses via e-learning platforms, methodologies used in e-learning, possible limitations and challenges in providing e-learning programs to civil servants in several G20 states. The analysis will be conducted using public information available from national agencies with responsibilities in providing such trainings in various G20 states. Our recommendations are oriented towards stimulating the development of an enabling environment for improving inter-agencies and ministerial coordination by intervening at the levels of human resources from the government levels. In this respect, we promote a wider usage of electronic means in lifelong learning for the staff from public administrations and the sharing of information by electronic means aimed at ensuring further human resource development from the public administration. Moreover, we strongly consider that continuous human resource development in the public administration apparatus from the G20 states and knowledge sharing would provide adequate framework for ensuring that government priorities and policy coordination in order to achieve global economic stability, sustainable growth could be achieved, while also contributing to the development of knowledge and information society and economy.

COVID-19 caught humanity off guard at the turn of 2019/2020. Even when the Chinese government sealed off Wuhan, a city of millions, for weeks to contain the epidemic, no one in other parts of the world had any idea of what specifically was heading for the countries. The ignorant and belittling public statements and tweets of the former US president are still fresh in everyone's memory. Only when the Italian army carried the coffins with the COVID-19 victims in northern Italy, the gravesites spread in the Bergamo region, as well as the intensive care beds filled in the overcrowded hospitals, the countries of the European Union and other parts of the world realised how serious the situation threatened to become. Together with the World Health Organisation (WHO), the terms changed to pandemic. Much of the pandemic evoked reminiscences originating in the Black Death raging between 1346 and 1353 or in the Spanish flu after the First World War. Meanwhile, life went on. The administration of justice in criminal cases could not and should not come to a standstill. Emergency measures, such as those that began to emerge in February 2020, are always the hour of the executive. In their efforts to stop the spread of the virus, in Germany, governments particularly reflected on criminal proceedings. Neither criminal procedural law nor the courts and court administrations applying this procedural law were adequately prepared for the challenges. Deadlines threatened to expire, access to court buildings and halls had to be restricted to reduce the risk of infection, public hearings represented a potential source of infection for both the parties to the proceedings and the public, virtual criminal hearings via conference calls had not yet been tested in civil proceedings, but were legally possible, but not so in criminal cases. The taking of evidence in criminal cases in Germany is governed by the rules of strict evidence and is largely not at the disposal of the parties to the proceedings. Especially in criminal cases, fundamental and human rights guarantees serve to protect the accused, but also the victims and witnesses. Executive measures of pandemic containment might impact these guarantees. Here, an attempt will be made to discuss at some neuralgic points how Germany has attempted to balance the resulting contradictory interests in the conflict between pandemic control and constitutional requirements for criminal court proceedings.

Nowadays available ICT and e-learning technologies transform the way educational processes takes place and require constant upgrades. This fast pace creates challenges with regards to the extent to which educational programs and the technologies employed by them are effectively responding to users' needs. Designing effective e-learning tools and educational programs requires the contribution of social science research tools. In the context of designing, monitoring, evaluating e-learning instruments, social research could boost effectiveness and reduce risks, by providing a better fit to their social environment. Questions with regards to: functionalities, skills, attitudes, behavior, usage, educational content, features of communication with target group could be properly addressed by employing research tools such as need assessment and impact assessment. This paper argues in the favor of the use of social research to support and improve management processes for e-learning projects and presents the benefits of using such tools. Throughout the paper the benefits of using social research will be illustrated through a case study (e-learning project). The case study, used as illustration, refers to a nationwide strategic e-learning project, co-financed by the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Romanian Government, under the Sectorial Operational Programme Human Resource Development (SOP HRD) in Romania. The project implementation partnership was made of: University "Politehnica" in Bucharest (partnership leader), the Technical University "Gheorghe Asachi" in Iasi (the first two technical universities from Romania accredited for research and advanced education), Pythia International (a technical and management consultancy company in Bucharest), and CSI Piedmonte (a public consortium in Torino, Italy, specialized in IT for public administration). The main objective of the eProf project was the training of 2000 secondary education (ISCED 2-3) teachers in using interactive methods of e-learning, successfully completed in July 2013. The need assessment undertaken within this project was designed mainly to inform management, the course curriculum and content creation, but also supporting other broader activities and objectives of the project such as informing the strategy for communication with the target group. The relevance of this research goes beyond eProf project, as this was the first publicly available representative survey of the secondary education teachers in Romania concerning their ICT skills, access, usage behavior and attitudes. Within the final months of the project an impact assessment has also been undertaken.

The abundance of eLearning projects requires an integrated design for the communication strategy for such projects. The technological changes need to be reflected within the communication strategy and communication tools used within these projects. Inappropriately designed communication strategy could be an important generator of risks for the project, dissatisfaction for the target group (clients targeted by the eLearning project), dysfunctionalities within the project’s team, resource waste, and others similar to these. Designing communication strategy and tools is contributing to the social impact of the project in which they are used. Both extremes, allocating too many or insufficient resources to communication within eLearning projects has its own pitfalls. This paper is aiming to tackle into some of the important aspects regarding the efficient design for the communication strategy and tools. Some of the questions aiming to be answered by this paper are: what should the communication strategy for an eLearning project entail? How communication strategy and tools are linked with the social impact generated by that respective project? How detailed the communication planning should be? Who should be addressed by communication within an eLearning project? Which are the tools due to be used for communicating within an eLearning project distinguished by the phase of the project? The theoretical distinctions tackled here will be illustrated by a case study, referring to a nationwide strategic eLearning project, co-financed by the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Romanian Government, under the Sectorial Operational Programme Human Resource Development (SOP HRD) in Romania. The project was implemented in partnership by the following organizations: University “Politehnica” in Bucharest (partnership leader), the Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” in Iasi (the first two technical universities from Romania accredited for research and advanced education), Pythia International (a technical and management consultancy company in Bucharest), and CSI Piedmonte (a public consortium in Torino, Italy, specialized in IT for public administration). The main outcome of the eProf project is a number of 2000 secondary education (ISCED 2-3) teachers who graduated the training program, using interactive methods of eLearning. Communication strategy, planning and other communication tools where designed and used throughout the entire duration of the project for managing the communication with the teachers targeted by the training program provided by this project.

The research focuses on vernacular architecture, in particular earth buildings, highlighting the different geographic areas involved, building types and construction techniques. In Italy, despite theoretical progress, some cultural and technical problems are still evident in earth architecture conservation. This is also due to the prevalence, among earth buildings, of vernacular architecture, that, in general, has no artistic value and with historical value yet to be fully appreciated. The characteristics of some regional areas are also considered, with particular attention to the Marche and Sardinia Regions, where earthen constructions have existed since ancient times. Knowledge of construction techniques that are the result of age-old experience is the basis for a good conservation and for the design of new ones. Today, some public administrations, on the regional and local levels, have developed operating manuals for the conservation of earth constructions, but there is still no real legislative protection for earth buildings and their material authenticity.

<p>On August 14, 2018, a few spans of the cable-stayed viaduct crossing the Polcevera river (Genoa, Italy) collapsed, causing tens of fatalities along with considerable material damage and hundreds of people displaced. The viaduct, as well as many others belonging to the national road network, was built in the second half of the last Century and has been in service for over fifty years. The bridge has experienced a dramatic increase in the heavy lorries traffic, together with degradation that developed much faster than expected due to the aggressive environment. In the present paper, a possible scenario is proposed to put into evidence how the combined effect of fatigue at very-high number of cycles and corrosion could have been responsible for the sudden failure of one of the strands and the subsequent collapse of the so-called balanced system conceived by the designer Morandi. Our purpose is to warn the scientific community and the public administrations about the combined effects of low amplitude cycle fatigue and corrosion, which can be dangerously underestimated in the safety assessment of last Century bridges asset.</p>

In the last decade, the service sector had a very rapid growth, due to the so-called “tertiarisation” of the economy. Accordingly, the energy consumption, mainly attributable to public and private buildings, is rapidly growing, thus making buildings energy saving one of the main issues of the energy policy at regional, national and international levels. To this aim, we developed an effective methodology to improve energy efficiency of the service sector buildings. This may represent a handy great opportunity to save natural and economic resources, especially where the buildings structure and the technical systems are old, the maintenance activities are not carefully carried out or a systematic energy management is not applied. Nevertheless, actions in this direction are often considered too expensive and complicated, if compared with residential energy optimization, because of the big extension, the variety of activities and the high number of occupants typical of the service sector buildings. The developed approach for energy audits aims to investigate the energy aspects of existing non-domestic buildings in a structured way, in order to clearly identify their energy saving potential and to improve their energy performances. The main goal of the study is defining a general methodology to analyze the current energy use and consumption considering a limited number of their peculiar elements such as dimensions, activities, users behavior, technical systems data and energy bills. Furthermore, these informations are completed by an appropriate energy measuring campaign. All the possible energy uses in service buildings are taken into account (i.e. lighting, ventilation, air conditioning, hot water production). The results obtained from the analysis allow to evaluate a global level of building energy efficiency, and to identify those single areas, specific systems or everyday activities where energy is wasted. These considerations also provide basis for programming cost-effective energy saving action plans. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through a case study for an Administrative Center building in Rome, Italy. Results demonstrate the methodology reliability and the cost reduction potentialities.

Come affrontare i processi di riqualificazione quando “il rapporto tra le aree-residenza e elementi primari” non è più alla base della configurazione per tessuti della città e la casa diventa monumentale memoria e gesto rappresentativo dello Stato? Concentrando lo sguardo sul periodo tra gli anni 60' e 70' si rende evidente un intento congiunto delle amministrazioni e degli architetti, attraverso la progettazione di complessi a scala macroscopica, spesso isolati dal contesto classico della città, di creare una visione chiara ed iconica del ruolo assistenzialista dello Stato. Questa stagione, sottolineata da scelte compositive in contrapposizione con la visione “ordinaria” della città e della sua crescita per tessuti, raggiunge la sua massima espressione nel “grande segno” che fa coincidere tipologia architettonica con morfologia urbana e racconta di un’amministrazione che vuole essere il referente diretto per la risoluzione di problematiche sociali e risponde in maniera reattiva e molto rapida alle questioni e alle esigenze poste dalle sue classi più bisognose. Il primo valore da riconoscere ai progetti di questo periodo è di essere stati rappresentativi di vocazioni collettive e di averle riassunte con un gesto progettuale dall'alto valore iconografico. La seconda caratteristica di questa stagione architettonica, continuando a restringere la valutazione ad una constatazione dei fatti scevra di componenti di giudizio, è la sua ampia vocazione ad essere terreno sperimentale sia in ambiti architettonici che urbanistici. La domanda che ci poniamo è se sia possibile ripartire da queste due valori per re-interpretare i progetti dei grandi complessi residenziali pubblici e renderli “abitabili” mantenendone le loro particolari vocazioni. How can we deal with requalification process in parts of the city which are no longer based on the “relation among residential-area and primary elements” and where the house has become the rappresentative memory of programs and ideals of the State? Concentrating on the 60' and 70' period in Italy it is clear a joined intent of the administration and the architects to create a neat and iconographic image of the protective and directive role of the State towards its citizen, through the designing of large, unitary social housing, often off the normal urban scale and isolated by the rest of the city. This season, highlighted by compositive experience in sharp contrapposition with the “ordinary” vision of the city, reach its maximal expression in “great sign design” that tends to an equivalence between architectural typology and urban morphology. The first merit that have to be acknowlegde to those project is to have been a representative of collective vocations through a high valued iconographical design. A second valor to be confered to this period is its vocation on being a laboratory for both architectural and urban experimentation. Question we are facing is, then, if it is possibile to start over on those two intrinsic values, seep through the lens of the european directives for sustainable renewal of the cities, for a reinterpretation of the large housing estates in order to give them back to their peculiar potential and to make the the center of regenerations of the city itself.

Desde la mitad de los años 80, las empresas públicas de infraestructuras tuvieron que convertirse en empresas privadas. Si, por un lado, es cierto que las directivas de la UE en materia de privatización se crearon para reglamentar los mercados internos y la competencia, por otro lado, no parece que tuvieron debidamente en cuenta los impactos que la privatización podría tener sobre el territorio y por esto hubo recaídas sobre el territorio en términos de desarrollo y planificación de la red ferroviaria y en la gestión del transporte de pasajeros y cargas. Este documento describe el progreso de la investigación que se está desarrollando en el Departa-mento de Estudios Urbanos de la Universidad “Roma Tre”, y que quiere comprobar la hipótesis de que la privatización de empresas de infraestructura tiene efectos espaciales no previstos. A través de un enfoque multidisciplinario se estudia principalmente la evolución del marco de compe-tencias en materia de planificación/programación y ejecución/gestión de las infraestructuras (tanto antes como después de la Directiva n.91/440/CEE), con especial referencia a las relaciones entre los actores planificadores y los de las infraestructuras y a la actualización de la directiva de la UE en Ita-lia y en otros países europeos. El caso de estudio se refiere a los ferrocarriles estatales, con especial atención al proyecto Alta Velocidad en contraposición a la red ferroviaria de nivel local. La investigación tiene como objetivo definir una visión sintética de las ventajas y desventajas, espe-radas e inesperadas, que la aplicación de las directivas de la UE sobre la privatización de las infraes-tructuras ha tenido en el territorio, entendido como un fenómeno complejo que combina objetivos so-ciales, económicos y ambientales en relación continua y recíproca que constituyen el escenario de nuestras vidas. Un posible resultado para este trabajo será la identificación de posibles correctores a los mecanis-mos de las privatizaciones, tanto en términos de aplicación de las directivas de la UE como en térmi-nos de revisión del marco administrativo en temas de infraestructura y en el proceso de construcción del territorio. Since the mid-'80s, infrastructural public companies had to be converted into private com-panies. If it is true that the EU-directives on privatization were created to regulate markets and com-petition, it does not seem they have adequately considered the impacts that privatization would have on the territory. Actually, there have been significant impacts on the territory in terms of development and planning of railway networks and management of passenger and cargo transport. This document describes the progress of a research that is being developed at the Department of Ur-ban Studies, University “Roma Tre”, which aims at testing the hypothesis that the privatization of the infrastructural company produced unforeseen territorial impacts. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the research mainly focus on the evolution of the competency framework for planning/programming and construction/management of infrastructure (both before and after the Directive n.91/440/CEE), with special reference to the relationship between actors involved in planning and those dealing with infrastructure, comparing Italy with other European countries. The case study concerns the state railways, with a focus on High-Speed Rail Project (TAV), and the condition of the remaining local railway network. The research aims to defining a general overview of the advantages and disadvantages – expected and unexpected – that the implementation of EU directives on infrastructures privatization has had on the territory, seen as a complex phenomenon that combines social, economic and environmental ob-jectives in a continuous and reciprocal relationship that constitutes the backgrounds of our life. A possible result for this job will be to identify possible corrective measures to the privatization proc-ess, in terms of implementation of EU directives, revision of the administrative framework dealing with infrastructure and revision of the land construction process.