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1
Yadav, Anurag, Kusum Yadav et Anupam Vashistha. « Phosphate solubilizing activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens PSM1 isolated from wheat rhizosphere ». Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no 1 (1 mars 2016) : 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.754.
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A study was designed to screen and analyze the efficient phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSBs) from wheat rhizosphere. Five biovars of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PSM1, PSM2, PSM3, PSM4 and PSM5) were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and Bacillus megaterium MTCC 8755 procured from microbial type culture collection (MTCC) Chandigarh, India. The P. fluorescens biovar PSM1 was observed to be most efficient phosphate solubilizer. Inoculation of P. fluorescens PSM1 and B. megaterium MTCC 8755, alone and in combination, caused the highest phosphate solubilization at pH 5. At this pH, maximum phosphate solubilization was observed with B. megaterium MTCC 8755 inoculation (8.2 mg mL-1) on sixth day of incubation with P. fluorescens PSM1 (8 mg mL-1) on seventh day of incubation and with dual bacterial treatment (10.5 mg mL-1) on the fourth day of incubation. A correlation coefficient of linear regression equation of phosphate solubilization with pH indicated that pH value of the medium was directly correlated with tricalcium phosphate solubilization. The study will help in choosing soil pH specific PSB inoculant for optimizing plant growth.
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Polák, Jaroslav, Jiří Man et Ivo Kuběna. « The True Shape of Persistent Slip Markings in Fatigued Metals ». Key Engineering Materials 592-593 (novembre 2013) : 781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.781.
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Persistent slip markings (PSMs) were experimentally studied in 316L steel fatigued to early stages of the fatigue life. High resolution SEM, combined with focused ion beam (FIB) technique and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to assess the true shape of PSMs in their early stage of development. General features of PSMs in fatigued metals are extrusions and intrusions. Their characteristic features were determined. They were discussed in relation with the theories of surface relief formation and fatigue crack initiation based on the formation, migration and annihilation of point defects in the bands of intensive cyclic slip - persistent slip bands (PSBs)
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Ackermann, Fran. « PSMs are dead ; long live PSMs ». Journal of the Operational Research Society 70, no 8 (20 janvier 2019) : 1396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2018.1502630.
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Kausar, Ayesha, Sanaa Meer et Tahir Iqbal. « Structure, morphology, thermal, and electro-magnetic shielding properties of polystyrene microsphere/polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite ». Journal of Plastic Film & ; Sheeting 33, no 3 (18 août 2016) : 262–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087916663813.
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In this work, polystyrene microspheres (PSMS) and PSMS-based polymer nanocomposites have been prepared. PSMS were first synthesized by dispersion polymerization of styrene monomer. The microsphere- coated-multi-walled carbon nanotube (PSMS/MWCNT) nanocomposite was prepared by incorporating MWCNT into PSMS matrix. Aniline monomer was then introduced by means of in situ oxidative polymerization (PANI) route to PSMS, MWCNT, and PSMS/MWCNT. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy depicted the composite formation of PANI and MWCNT with PSMS matrix. PANI polymer was successfully polymerized in PSMS matrix and on carbon nanotube walls. According to scanning electron microscopy, all nanocomposites exhibited core-shell morphology. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of PSMS/PANI, PANI/MWCNT, and PSMS/PANI/MWCNT were found as 245℃, 287℃, and 289℃, while maximum decomposition temperature (Tmax) was 387℃, 575℃, and 580℃, respectively. Tetrahydrofuran was shown to be a suitable solvent for dispersing the nanocomposite. Toluene can also be used as suitable solvent for these nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction analysis depicted amorphous form of PSMS; however, PANI and MWCNT reduced the amorphous nature of the microspheres. PANI/MWCNT showed the highest crystallinity among all nanocomposites. Moreover, PSMS/PANI/MWCNT nanocomposite revealed electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of ∼23.2 dB.
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Ormerod, R. J. « Evaluating PSMs ». Journal of the Operational Research Society 59, no 1 (janvier 2008) : 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602496.
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Mazánová, Veronika, Milan Heczko, Ivo Kuběna et Jaroslav Polák. « Surface Relief Formation in Relation to the Underlying Dislocation Arrangement ». Solid State Phenomena 258 (décembre 2016) : 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.258.526.
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Two fatigued materials with f.c.c. lattice, i.e. pure polycrystalline copper and austenitic Sanicro 25 stainless steel, were subjected to the study of the persistent slip markings (PSMs) developed on the surface of the suitably oriented grains. They were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thin surface FIB lamellae were prepared and studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The aim was to correlate the specimen surface profile with the underlying internal dislocation structure. The localization of the intensive cyclic slip into persistent slip bands (PSBs) of the material was observed and associated with the PSMs on the specimen surface. Extrusions, intrusions and the dislocation structure appertaining to them were analysed, documented and discussed in relation to the models of fatigue crack initiation.
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Wang, Shuo, Peng Du, Yudong Cao, Xiao Yang et Yong Yang. « Tumor Biological Feature and Its Association with Positive Surgical Margins and Apical Margins after Radical Prostatectomy in Non-Metastasis Prostate Cancer ». Current Oncology 28, no 2 (13 avril 2021) : 1528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol28020144.
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Purpose: We assessed clinical and tumor biological features and evaluated their association with positive surgical margins (PSMs) and positive apical margins (PAMs) variability after radical prostatectomy (RP) in men with non-metastasis prostate cancer (nmPCa) in our institute. Patients and methods: During the period from January 2013 to December 2017, clinical and pathological data were collected in 200 patients with nmPCa undergoing RP in the Urological department of Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute. Surgical and apical margins were stated negative and positive, separately. A dichotomous logistic regression model was used to assess clinical and tumor biological features including age, total prostate volume (TPV), biopsy positive cores (BPC), D’Amico risk grade, tumor clinical stage, International Society of Urologic Pathology (ISUP) grade, tPSA, f/t and pelvic lymph nodes (PLN) invasion, and their association with PSMs and PAMs was evaluated. Results: Overall, men with nmPCa in this study had a high ISUP grade (58.5% grade 3–5), high risk grade (89.4%) and high clinical T stage (56% cT3-4). PSMs were detected in 106 patients; the rate of PSMs was 53%. Among patients with PSMs, 83% were PAMs; the overall rate of PAMs was 44%. Among patients with PSMs, high risk (OR, 1.439; p = 0.023), cT3a (OR, 1.737; p = 0.045), cT3b (OR, 5.286; p < 0.001), cT4 (OR, 6.12; p < 0.001), ISUP Grade 4 (OR, 2; p = 0.034) and Grade 5 (OR, 6.167; p < 0.001) and PLN invasion (OR, 6; p = 0.019) were strongly associated with PSMs using a dichotomous logistic regression univariable model, and high risk (OR, 6; p = 0.019), cT3a (OR, 5.116; p = 0.048), cT3b (OR, 9.194; p = 0.008), cT4 (OR, 4.58; p = 0.01), ISUP Grade 4 (OR, 7.04; p = 0.035), Grade 5 (OR, 16.514; p = 0.002) and PLN invasion (OR, 5.516; p = 0.03) were independently associated with PSMs by using multivariable analysis. Among patients with PAMs, cT3b (OR, 2.667; p = 0.004), cT4 (OR, 3; p = 0.034) and proportion of BPC (OR, 4.594; p = 0.027) were strongly associated with PAMs by using a dichotomous logistic regression univariable model, and cT3b (OR, 3.899; p = 0.02), cT4 (OR, 2.8; p = 0.041) and proportion of BPC (OR, 5.247; p = 0.04) were independently associated with PSMs by using multivariable analysis. Conclusions: Patients with nmPCa in our institute had high risk, high ISUP grade and high clinical stage. Tumor biological factors were strongly associated with PSMs and PAMs, and PLN invasion was independently associated with PSMs. The risk factors influenced the status of surgical margins, and apical margins were different.
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Polák, Jaroslav, et Jiří Man. « Cyclic Slip Localization and Crack Initiation in Crystalline Materials ». Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (mars 2014) : 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.452.
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Cyclic plastic straining in crystalline materials is localized to persistent slip bands (PSBs) and results in formation of persistent slip markings (PSMs) consisting of extrusions and intrusions. Intensive plastic strain in PSBs results in dislocation interactions and formation of point defects. The extended model based on point defect formation, migration and annihilation is presented describing surface relief formation in the form of extrusion-intrusion pairs. Point defect migration and resulting mass transfer is the principle source of cyclic slip irreversibility leading to crack-like defects - intrusions. Fatigue cracks start in the tip of sharp intrusions.
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Khan, Qaisar, Syed Inam Ur Rahman et Amna Nudrat. « Strategies and Persuasive Appeals in the Public Service Messages about Health Issues on Pakistani Television Channels ». Global Mass Communication Review V, no III (30 septembre 2020) : 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2020(v-iii).05.
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The study analyses strategies and persuasive appeals in the public service messages aired on Pakistani TV channels during 2016-2018, that measures the effects of PSMs on audience behaviour. The PSMs fails to deliver messages due to dissimilar socio-economic backdrop and scope of the audience understanding. The purposive sampling of six selected PSM is on the bases of health themed PSM’s. Objective is to investigate the characteristics of ads, role of the message, major health issues, sources of the message and appeals. The AIDA model, persuasion theory and social responsibility theory used to filter the textual analysis of the selected PSMs. It was found that the PSMs presented health issues while using celebrity endorsement and persuasive message appeals as persuasive techniques. The PSMs such as breast cancer persuaded women for self-care, calcium deficiency PSM to calcium intakes, heat stroke PSM to precautionary measures during emergency situations, the malnutrition PSM to women healthy diet during pregnancy. The study recommends that advertisers, producers and TV channels should adopt audience perception based important strategies for social welfare, while the state must promote them.
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Shadabi, Elnaz, Binhua Liang, Frank Plummer et Ma Luo. « Identification and Characterization of Positively Selected Mutations in Nef of Four HIV-1 Major Subtypes from Los Alamos National Laboratory ». Current HIV Research 16, no 2 (15 août 2018) : 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x16666180330140807.
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Background:Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) mutates rapidly to escape host immune pressure. This results in the generation of positively selected mutations (PSM) throughout the viral genome. Escape mutations in Nef, one of the accessory proteins of HIV-1, which plays an important role in viral pathogenicity have previously been identified in several large cohort studies, but the evolution of PSMs overtime in various HIV-1 subtypes remains unknown.Methods:161 clade A1, 3093 clade B, 647 clade C and 115 clade D HIV-1 nef sequences were obtained from the HIV Database of Los Alamos National Laboratory and aligned using MEGA 6.0. The sequences from each clade were grouped based on the year of collection. Quasi analysis was used to identify PSMs and the number and locations of PSMs were compared among different subtypes.Results:PSMs for all four subtypes were distributed across the sequence of Nef, and conserved residues F90, W113, PxxPxR (a.a 72-77) remain unaltered overtime. The frequency of PSMs was stable among subtype B sequences but increased overtime for other subtypes. Phylogenetic analysis shows that sequences containing PSMs tend to cluster together at both inter and intra- subtype levels.Conclusion:Identification of PSMs and their changes overtime within various subtypes of HIV-1 is important in defining global viral evolutionary patterns that can provide insights for designing therapeutic strategies.
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O'Connor, Martin J., Csongor Nyulas, Samson Tu, David L. Buckeridge, Anna Okhmatovskaia et Mark A. Musen. « Software-engineering challenges of building and deploying reusable problem solvers ». Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 23, no 4 (14 octobre 2009) : 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060409990047.
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AbstractProblem solving methods (PSMs) are software components that represent and encode reusable algorithms. They can be combined with representations of domain knowledge to produce intelligent application systems. A goal of research on PSMs is to provide principled methods and tools for composing and reusing algorithms in knowledge-based systems. The ultimate objective is to produce libraries of methods that can be easily adapted for use in these systems. Despite the intuitive appeal of PSMs as conceptual building blocks, in practice, these goals are largely unmet. There are no widely available tools for building applications using PSMs and no public libraries of PSMs available for reuse. This paper analyzes some of the reasons for the lack of widespread adoptions of PSM techniques and illustrate our analysis by describing our experiences developing a complex, high-throughput software system based on PSM principles. We conclude that many fundamental principles in PSM research are useful for building knowledge-based systems. In particular, the task–method decomposition process, which provides a means for structuring knowledge-based tasks, is a powerful abstraction for building systems of analytic methods. However, despite the power of PSMs in the conceptual modeling of knowledge-based systems, software engineering challenges have been seriously underestimated. The complexity of integrating control knowledge modeled by developers using PSMs with the domain knowledge that they model using ontologies creates a barrier to widespread use of PSM-based systems. Nevertheless, the surge of recent interest in ontologies has led to the production of comprehensive domain ontologies and of robust ontology-authoring tools. These developments present new opportunities to leverage the PSM approach.
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George, Elisabeth A., Navya Baranwal, Jae H. Kang, Abrar A. Qureshi, Aaron M. Drucker et Eunyoung Cho. « Photosensitizing Medications and Skin Cancer : A Comprehensive Review ». Cancers 13, no 10 (12 mai 2021) : 2344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13102344.
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(1) The incidence of skin cancer is increasing in the United States (US) despite scientific advances in our understanding of skin cancer risk factors and treatments. In vitro and in vivo studies have provided evidence that suggests that certain photosensitizing medications (PSMs) increase skin cancer risk. This review summarizes current epidemiological evidence on the association between common PSMs and skin cancer. (2) A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify meta-analyses, observational studies and clinical trials that report on skin cancer events in PSM users. The associated risks of keratinocyte carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma) and melanoma are summarized, for each PSM. (3) There are extensive reports on antihypertensives and statins relative to other PSMs, with positive and null findings, respectively. Fewer studies have explored amiodarone, metformin, antimicrobials and vemurafenib. No studies report on the individual skin cancer risks in glyburide, naproxen, piroxicam, chlorpromazine, thioridazine and nalidixic acid users. (4) The research gaps in understanding the relationship between PSMs and skin cancer outlined in this review should be prioritized because the US population is aging. Thus the number of patients prescribed PSMs is likely to continue to rise.
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Ashraf, S., C. Andrews, B. Kuvshinoff, A. Pande, M. Javle et J. F. Gibbs. « Surgical resection for pancreatic cancer : Correlates of margin positivity ». Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no 18_suppl (20 juin 2006) : 4097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.4097.
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4097 Background: Positive surgical margins (PSMs) occur in 20–40% of pancreatic cancer cases treated surgically. PSMs are associated with local recurrence and poor survival. Objectives: Correlate clinicopathological parameters with PSMs in pancreatic cancer patients (pts) undergoing surgical resection. Methods: Clinicopathological data for 71 pts who underwent surgical resection for pancreatic cancer from 1999–2005 were obtained. Data including location, AJCC stage, tumor size, type of resection, use of neoadjuvant therapy, grade, morphology, perineural and angiolymphatic invasion were correlated with PSMs and survival using logistic regression, Fisher-exact test and log-rank test. Results: There were 29 males; median age was 65 years and median follow-up 14 months. Histologies were: adenocarcinoma (n = 67), sarcomatoid (n = 2), adenosquamous (n = 1) and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (n = 1). Sites of disease were: head only (n = 56), head/uncinate (n = 7) and body/tail (n = 8). Surgical treatments included Whipple (n = 43), pylorus preserving Whipple (n = 18) distal pancreatectomy (n = 8) and total pancreatectomy (n = 2). Pathological AJCC stages were: ΙA (n = 4), ΙB (n = 2), ΙΙA (n = 14), ΙΙB (n = 48), and ΙΙΙ (n = 3). Neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) was administered in 10 cases; 38 other pts received postoperative adjuvant therapy including CRT (n = 36)/chemotherapy only (n = 2). Overall median survival was 30 months and disease free survival 18.6 months. Nineteen cases (27%) had PSMs. PSMs were pancreatic transection line (n = 11), retroperitoneal margin (n = 9), bile duct (n = 1) and peripancreatic soft tissue (n = 2). On univariate analysis, PSM was associated with advanced AJCC stage (p = 0.02) and tumor location other than pancreatic head (p = 0.02). PSM rate was 10% (1/10) and 31% (18/61) for pts with/without neoadjuvant therapy, respectively (p = 0.27). On multivariate analysis, PSM correlated with AJCC stage (p = 0.04) and tumor location (p = 0.05). PSMs were not significantly related to survival or recurrence (p = 0.09). Conclusions: Advanced AJCC stage and tumor in pancreatic body/tail or uncinate are associated with PSMs following pancreatic cancer resection. Strategies to “downstage” with novel therapies prior to surgery should be investigated to facilitate a complete surgical resection. [Table: see text]
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Sugiyama, Akifumi. « Flavonoids and saponins in plant rhizospheres : roles, dynamics, and the potential for agriculture ». Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no 9 (10 juin 2021) : 1919–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab106.
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ABSTRACT Plants are in constant interaction with a myriad of soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere, an area of soil in close contact with plant roots. Recent research has highlighted the importance of plant-specialized metabolites (PSMs) in shaping and modulating the rhizosphere microbiota; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and function of the microbiota mostly remain unaddressed. Flavonoids and saponins are a group of PSMs whose biosynthetic pathways have largely been revealed. Although these PSMs are abundantly secreted into the rhizosphere and exert various functions, the secretion mechanisms have not been clarified. This review summarizes the roles of flavonoids and saponins in the rhizosphere with a special focus on interactions between plants and the rhizosphere microbiota. Furthermore, this review introduces recent advancements in the dynamics of these metabolites in the rhizosphere and indicates potential applications of PSMs for crop production and discusses perspectives in this emerging research field.
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Han, Xu, Lei Xue, Fucai Shao et Ying Xu. « A Power Spectrum Maps Estimation Algorithm Based on Generative Adversarial Networks for Underlay Cognitive Radio Networks ». Sensors 20, no 1 (6 janvier 2020) : 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010311.
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In the underlay cognitive radio networks, the main challenge in detecting the idle radio resources is to estimate the power spectrum maps (PSMs), where the radio propagation characteristics are hard to obtain. For this reason, we propose a novel PSMs estimation algorithm based on the generative adversarial networks (GANs). First, we constructed the PSMs estimation model as a regression model in deep learning. Then, we converted the estimation task into an image reconstruction task by image color mapping. We fulfilled the above task by designing an image generator and an image discriminator in the proposed maps’ estimation GANs (MEGANs). The generator is trained to extract the radio propagation characteristics and generate the PSMs images. However, the discriminator is trained to identify the generated images and help to improve the generator’s performance. With the training process of MEGANs, the abilities of the generator and the discriminator are enhanced continually until reaching a balance, which means a high-accuracy PSMs estimation is achieved. The proposed MEGANs algorithm learns and utilizes accurate radio propagation features from the training process rather than making direct imprecise or biased propagation assumptions as in the traditional methods. Simulation results demonstrate that the MEGANs algorithm provides a more accurate estimation performance than the conventional methods.
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Tian, Jiang, Fei Ge, Dayi Zhang, Songqiang Deng et Xingwang Liu. « Roles of Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms from Managing Soil Phosphorus Deficiency to Mediating Biogeochemical P Cycle ». Biology 10, no 2 (17 février 2021) : 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020158.
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Phosphorus (P) is a vital element in biological molecules, and one of the main limiting elements for biomass production as plant-available P represents only a small fraction of total soil P. Increasing global food demand and modern agricultural consumption of P fertilizers could lead to excessive inputs of inorganic P in intensively managed croplands, consequently rising P losses and ongoing eutrophication of surface waters. Despite phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) are widely accepted as eco-friendly P fertilizers for increasing agricultural productivity, a comprehensive and deeper understanding of the role of PSMs in P geochemical processes for managing P deficiency has received inadequate attention. In this review, we summarize the basic P forms and their geochemical and biological cycles in soil systems, how PSMs mediate soil P biogeochemical cycles, and the metabolic and enzymatic mechanisms behind these processes. We also highlight the important roles of PSMs in the biogeochemical P cycle and provide perspectives on several environmental issues to prioritize in future PSM applications.
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Costa, Daniel N., Yonatan Chatzinoff, Niccolo M. Passoni, Payal Kapur, Claus G. Roehrborn, Yin Xi, Neil Rofsky et al. « Improved imaging-pathology correlation with MR imaging-derived, 3D-printed, patient-specific whole-mount molds of the prostate. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no 6_suppl (20 février 2017) : 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.44.
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44 Background: A critical requirement for imaging-pathology correlation is adequate image registration. Since the prostate is deformable, sectioning the gland in a plane similar to imaging is challenging. To improve the in vivo imaging and ex vivo histology image registration, 3D-printed, patient-specific, MRI-derived molds (PSMs) for whole-mount processing have been proposed. This study compared the anatomical registration of preoperative MRI and prostate whole-mounts obtained with PSMs versus conventional whole-mount sectioning (WMS). Methods: Based on an a priori power analysis, 50 men who underwent 3T prostate MRI followed by radical prostatectomy were included. Two blinded and independent readers (R1, R2) outlined the contours of the gland and of the tumor in the MRI using regions of interest (ROIs). These were compared with the ROIs from the whole-mount histology, the reference standard, using PSMs in the study group (n=25) or conventional WMS in the control group (n=25). The spatial overlap across the MRI and histology data sets was calculated using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) for the prostate overall and tumor. Results were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: The MRI-histopathology anatomical registration for the prostate gland overall and the tumor were significantly superior with the use of PSMs than with the use of WMS for both readers (Table). Conclusions: The use of PSMs for prostate specimen whole-mount sectioning provides significantly superior anatomical registration of in vivo multiparametric MRI and ex vivo prostate whole-mounts than conventional WMS. The use of PSMs should facilitate the exchange of information across imaging and pathology required for research and patient care. [Table: see text]
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Scheurer, Sebastian, Salvatore Tedesco, Brendan O’Flynn et Kenneth N. Brown. « Comparing Person-Specific and Independent Models on Subject-Dependent and Independent Human Activity Recognition Performance ». Sensors 20, no 13 (29 juin 2020) : 3647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133647.
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The distinction between subject-dependent and subject-independent performance is ubiquitous in the human activity recognition (HAR) literature. We assess whether HAR models really do achieve better subject-dependent performance than subject-independent performance, whether a model trained with data from many users achieves better subject-independent performance than one trained with data from a single person, and whether one trained with data from a single specific target user performs better for that user than one trained with data from many. To those ends, we compare four popular machine learning algorithms’ subject-dependent and subject-independent performances across eight datasets using three different personalisation–generalisation approaches, which we term person-independent models (PIMs), person-specific models (PSMs), and ensembles of PSMs (EPSMs). We further consider three different ways to construct such an ensemble: unweighted, κ -weighted, and baseline-feature-weighted. Our analysis shows that PSMs outperform PIMs by 43.5% in terms of their subject-dependent performances, whereas PIMs outperform PSMs by 55.9% and κ -weighted EPSMs—the best-performing EPSM type—by 16.4% in terms of the subject-independent performance.
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Kalayu, Girmay. « Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms : Promising Approach as Biofertilizers ». International Journal of Agronomy 2019 (9 juin 2019) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4917256.
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Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient required for the proper functioning of plants. Because P plays a vital role in every aspect of plant growth and development, deficiencies can reduce plant growth and development. Though soil possesses total P in the form of organic and inorganic compounds, most of them remain inactive and thus unavailable to plants. Since many farmers cannot afford to use P fertilizers to reduce P deficits, alternative techniques to provide P are needed. Phosphate solubilizing microbes (PSMs) are a group of beneficial microorganisms capable of hydrolyzing organic and inorganic insoluble phosphorus compounds to soluble P form that can easily be assimilated by plants. PSM provides an ecofriendly and economically sound approach to overcome the P scarcity and its subsequent uptake by plants. Though PSMs have been a subject of research for decades, manipulation of PSMs for making use of increasing fixed P in the soil and improving crop production at the field level has not yet been adequately commercialized. The purpose of this review is to widen the understanding of the role of PSMs in crop production as biofertilizers.
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S. P. C. Scott, Isis, Chad J. Penn et Chi-hua Huang. « Development of a Regeneration Technique for Aluminum-Rich and Iron-Rich Phosphorus Sorption Materials ». Water 12, no 6 (23 juin 2020) : 1784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061784.
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The reduction of dissolved phosphorus (P) transport to water systems is of critical importance for water quality. Phosphorus sorption materials (PSMs) are media with high affinity for dissolved P, and therefore serve as the core components of P removal structures. These structures can intercept dissolved P in surface and subsurface flows, before discharge into water bodies. While the P removal ability of PSMs has been extensively studied, lesser is known about the capacity to regenerate and recover P from P-saturated PSMs. This article evaluates a methodology to recover the P removal ability of aluminum- and iron-rich P-saturated PSMs. A series of flow-through experiments were conducted, alternating between P sorption (0.5 and 50 mg L − 1 P) and desorption with potassium hydroxide (KOH; 5 or 20 pore volumes [PV]), varying residence times (0.5 min and 10 min), and number of recirculations (0, 6 and 24). Across two cycles of sorption-desorption, Alcan, Biomax and PhosRedeem showed an average P recovery of 81%, 79%, and 7%, with standard deviation of 10%, 21% and 6%, respectively. The most effective regeneration treatment was characterized by the largest KOH volume (20 PV) and no recirculation, with up to 100% reported P recovery. Although KOH at 5 PV was less effective, the use of recirculation did increase P recovery. The lifetime of Al/Fe-dominated PSMs in P removal structures can be extended through feasible regeneration techniques demonstrated in this study, for both high and low P concentration scenarios.
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Moon, Jihwan, et Steven M. Shugan. « Nonprofit Versus For-Profit Health Care Competition : How Service Mix Makes Nonprofit Hospitals More Profitable ». Journal of Marketing Research 57, no 2 (5 mars 2020) : 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243719901169.
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This article studies the intersection between the largest U.S. industry—health care—and the $1 trillion nonprofit sector. Using analytical and empirical analyses, the authors reveal the marketing strategies helping private nonprofit hospitals achieve higher output, prices, and profits than for-profit hospitals. Nonprofit hospitals, focusing on both profits and output, obtain these outcomes by expanding their service mix with high-priced premium specialty medical services (PSMS), whereas for-profit hospitals can be more profitable with higher prices for basic services. Competition increases the differences between nonprofit and for-profit hospitals in PSMS breadth, output, and prices. Nonprofit hospitals lose their competitive advantage when competing with other nonprofits; that is, presence of a for-profit competitor broadens available nonprofit PSMS. With broader service mixes, nonprofits focus more on national advertising than for-profits because PSMS (e.g., pediatric trauma, neurosurgery, heart transplants, oncology) require larger geographic markets than local basic services (e.g., laboratory, diagnostics, nursing, pharmaceutics). Exogenous, heterogeneous state regulations restricting for-profit hospital entry help econometric identification (i.e., markets prohibiting for-profits act as controls). Service mix may be a key difference between nonprofit and for-profit hospitals.
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Peng, Yisu, Shantanu Jain, Yong Fuga Li, Michal Greguš, Alexander R. Ivanov, Olga Vitek et Predrag Radivojac. « New mixture models for decoy-free false discovery rate estimation in mass spectrometry proteomics ». Bioinformatics 36, Supplement_2 (décembre 2020) : i745—i753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa807.
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Abstract Motivation Accurate estimation of false discovery rate (FDR) of spectral identification is a central problem in mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Over the past two decades, target-decoy approaches (TDAs) and decoy-free approaches (DFAs) have been widely used to estimate FDR. TDAs use a database of decoy species to faithfully model score distributions of incorrect peptide-spectrum matches (PSMs). DFAs, on the other hand, fit two-component mixture models to learn the parameters of correct and incorrect PSM score distributions. While conceptually straightforward, both approaches lead to problems in practice, particularly in experiments that push instrumentation to the limit and generate low fragmentation-efficiency and low signal-to-noise-ratio spectra. Results We introduce a new decoy-free framework for FDR estimation that generalizes present DFAs while exploiting more search data in a manner similar to TDAs. Our approach relies on multi-component mixtures, in which score distributions corresponding to the correct PSMs, best incorrect PSMs and second-best incorrect PSMs are modeled by the skew normal family. We derive EM algorithms to estimate parameters of these distributions from the scores of best and second-best PSMs associated with each experimental spectrum. We evaluate our models on multiple proteomics datasets and a HeLa cell digest case study consisting of more than a million spectra in total. We provide evidence of improved performance over existing DFAs and improved stability and speed over TDAs without any performance degradation. We propose that the new strategy has the potential to extend beyond peptide identification and reduce the need for TDA on all analytical platforms. Availabilityand implementation https://github.com/shawn-peng/FDR-estimation. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Lindeman, Marjaana, et Annika M. Svedholm. « What's in a Term ? Paranormal, Superstitious, Magical and Supernatural Beliefs by Any Other Name Would Mean the Same ». Review of General Psychology 16, no 3 (septembre 2012) : 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027158.
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What are paranormal, superstitious, magical, and supernatural (PSMS) beliefs and what, if anything, separates them? Currently, use of the concepts is ambiguous and agreement is weak. A literature search for articles dealing with PSMS beliefs during the last two decades produced conceptual definitions that we grouped into seven groups. Five groups consisted of definitions that were domain-general, namely false beliefs, belief in scientifically impossible phenomena, and associative biases (covariation bias, laws of sympathetic magic, and irrational acts). Two sets of definitions were domain-specific (content-dependent), namely counterintuitive and intuitive beliefs about physical, biological, and psychological phenomena. Empirical methods were reviewed to show what kinds of beliefs have been examined under the rubrics paranormal, supernatural, magical, or superstitious. We concluded that the concepts paranormal, superstitious, magical, and supernatural denote the same thing and that domain-general definitions are inadequately precise. Defining PSMS beliefs as category mistakes that confuse the distinctive attributes of mental phenomena, material objects, living, and animate organisms, and the processes these engage in, fared best in distinguishing PSMS beliefs from other beliefs and covering relevant beliefs. We suggest researchers sharpen the content of the measures and strive to integrate lines of research that have so far remained separate.
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Gaynor, Michelle L., Simone Lim-Hing et Chase M. Mason. « Impact of genome duplication on secondary metabolite composition in non-cultivated species : a systematic meta-analysis ». Annals of Botany 126, no 3 (6 juin 2020) : 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa107.
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Abstract Background and Aims Whole-genome duplication is known to influence ecological interactions and plant physiology; however, despite abundant case studies, much is still unknown about the typical impact of genome duplication on plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). In this study, we assessed the impact of polyploidy events on PSM characteristics in non-cultivated plants. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare composition and concentration of PSMs among closely related plant species or species complexes differing in ploidy level. Key Results We assessed 53 studies that focus on PSMs among multiple cytotypes, of which only 14 studies compared concentration quantitatively among cytotypes. We found that whole-genome duplication can have a significant effect on PSM concentration; however, these effects are highly inconsistent. Conclusion Overall, there was no consistent effect of whole-genome duplication on PSM concentrations or profiles.
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Renfrew, Melanie Elise, Darren Peter Morton, Jason Kyle Morton, Jason Scott Hinze, Geraldine Przybylko et Bevan Adrian Craig. « The Influence of Three Modes of Human Support on Attrition and Adherence to a Web- and Mobile App–Based Mental Health Promotion Intervention in a Nonclinical Cohort : Randomized Comparative Study ». Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no 9 (29 septembre 2020) : e19945. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19945.
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Background The escalating prevalence of mental health disorders necessitates a greater focus on web- and mobile app–based mental health promotion initiatives for nonclinical groups. However, knowledge is scant regarding the influence of human support on attrition and adherence and participant preferences for support in nonclinical settings. Objective This study aimed to compare the influence of 3 modes of human support on attrition and adherence to a digital mental health intervention for a nonclinical cohort. It evaluated user preferences for support and assessed whether adherence and outcomes were enhanced when participants received their preferred support mode. Methods Subjects participated in a 10-week digital mental health promotion intervention and were randomized into 3 comparative groups: standard group with automated emails (S), standard plus personalized SMS (S+pSMS), and standard plus weekly videoconferencing support (S+VCS). Adherence was measured by the number of video lessons viewed, points achieved for weekly experiential challenge activities, and the total number of weeks that participants recorded a score for challenges. In the postquestionnaire, participants ranked their preferred human support mode from 1 to 4 (S, S+pSMS, S+VCS, S+pSMS & VCS combined). Stratified analysis was conducted for those who received their first preference. Preintervention and postintervention questionnaires assessed well-being measures (ie, mental health, vitality, depression, anxiety, stress, life satisfaction, and flourishing). Results Interested individuals (N=605) enrolled on a website and were randomized into 3 groups (S, n=201; S+pSMS, n=202; S+VCS, n=201). Prior to completing the prequestionnaire, a total of 24.3% (147/605) dropped out. Dropout attrition between groups was significantly different (P=.009): 21.9% (44/201) withdrew from the S group, 19.3% (39/202) from the S+pSMS group, and 31.6% (64/202) from the S+VCS group. The remaining 75.7% (458/605) registered and completed the prequestionnaire (S, n=157; S+pSMS, n=163; S+VCS, n=138). Of the registered participants, 30.1% (138/458) failed to complete the postquestionnaire (S, n=54; S+pSMS, n=49; S+VCS, n=35), but there were no between-group differences (P=.24). For the 69.9% (320/458; S, n=103; S+pSMS, n=114; S+VCS, n=103) who completed the postquestionnaire, no between-group differences in adherence were observed for mean number of videos watched (P=.42); mean challenge scores recorded (P=.71); or the number of weeks that challenge scores were logged (P=.66). A total of 56 participants (17.5%, 56/320) received their first preference in human support (S, n=22; S+pSMS, n=26; S+VCS, n=8). No differences were observed between those who received their first preference and those who did not with regard to video adherence (P=.91); challenge score adherence (P=.27); or any of the well-being measures including, mental health (P=.86), vitality (P=.98), depression (P=.09), anxiety (P=.64), stress (P=.55), life satisfaction (P=.50), and flourishing (P=.47). Conclusions Early dropout attrition may have been influenced by dissatisfaction with the allocated support mode. Human support mode did not impact adherence to the intervention, and receiving the preferred support style did not result in greater adherence or better outcomes. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): 12619001009101; http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12619001009101.aspx
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Chandrasekaran, B. « Problem solving methods and knowledge systems : A personal journey to perceptual images as knowledge ». Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 23, no 4 (14 octobre 2009) : 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060409990035.
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AbstractI was among those who proposed problem solving methods (PSMs) in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a knowledge-level description of strategies useful in building knowledge-based systems. This paper summarizes the evolution of my ideas in the last two decades. I start with a review of the original ideas. From an artificial intelligence (AI) point of view, it is not PSMs as such, which are essentially high-level design strategies for computation, that are interesting, but PSMs associated with tasks that have a relation to AI and cognition. They are also interesting with respect to cognitive architecture proposals such as Soar and ACT-R: PSMs are observed regularities in the use of knowledge that an exclusive focus on the architecture level might miss, the latter providing no vocabulary to talk about these regularities. PSMs in the original conception are closely connected to a specific view of knowledge: symbolic expressions represented in a repository and retrieved as needed. I join critics of this view, and maintain with them that most often knowledge is not retrieved from a base as much as constructed as needed. This criticism, however, raises the question of what is in memory that is not knowledge as traditionally conceived in AI, but can support theconstructionof knowledge in predicate–symbolic form. My recent proposal about cognition and multimodality offers a possible answer. In this view, much of memory consists of perceptual and kinesthetic images, which can be recalled during deliberation and from which internal perception can generate linguistic–symbolic knowledge. For example, from a mental image of a configuration of objects, numerous sentences can be constructed describing spatial relations between the objects. My work on diagrammatic reasoning is an implemented example of how this might work. These internal perceptions on imagistic representations are a new kind of PSM.
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Alfano, Gianvincenzo, Sergio Greco, Francesco Parisi et Irina Trubitsyna. « On the Semantics of Abstract Argumentation Frameworks : A Logic Programming Approach ». Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 20, no 5 (septembre 2020) : 703–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068420000253.
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AbstractRecently there has been an increasing interest in frameworks extending Dung’s abstract Argumentation Framework (AF). Popular extensions include bipolar AFs and AFs with recursive attacks and necessary supports. Although the relationships between AF semantics and Partial Stable Models (PSMs) of logic programs has been deeply investigated, this is not the case for more general frameworks extending AF.In this paper we explore the relationships between AF-based frameworks and PSMs. We show that every AF-based framework Δ can be translated into a logic program PΔ so that the extensions prescribed by different semantics of Δ coincide with subsets of the PSMs of PΔ. We provide a logic programming approach that characterizes, in an elegant and uniform way, the semantics of several AF-based frameworks. This result allows also to define the semantics for new AF-based frameworks, such as AFs with recursive attacks and recursive deductive supports.
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Robinson, S. « PSMs : looking in from the outside ». Journal of the Operational Research Society 58, no 5 (mai 2007) : 689–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602334.
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Harwood, Stephen. « Whither is problem structuring methods (PSMs) ? » Journal of the Operational Research Society 70, no 8 (19 janvier 2019) : 1391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2018.1502628.
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Tsompanidou, Eleni, Emma L. Denham, Dörte Becher, Anne de Jong, Girbe Buist, Marleen van Oosten, Willem L. Manson, Jaap Willem Back, Jan Maarten van Dijl et Annette Dreisbach. « Distinct Roles of Phenol-Soluble Modulins in Spreading of Staphylococcus aureus on Wet Surfaces ». Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no 3 (26 novembre 2012) : 886–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03157-12.
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ABSTRACTThe human pathogenStaphylococcus aureusis renowned for the rapid colonization of contaminated wounds, medical implants, and food products. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanisms that allowS. aureusto colonize the respective wet surfaces. The present studies were therefore aimed at identifying factors used byS. aureuscells to spread over wet surfaces, starting either from planktonic or biofilm-associated states. Through proteomics analyses we pinpoint phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) as prime facilitators of the spreading process. To dissect the roles of the eight PSMs produced byS. aureus, these peptides were chemically synthesized and tested in spreading assays with differentpsmmutant strains. The results show that PSMα3 and PSMγ are the strongest facilitators of spreading both for planktonic cells and cells in catheter-associated biofilms. Compared to the six other PSMs ofS. aureus, PSMα3 and PSMγ combine strong surfactant activities with a relatively low overall hydropathicity. Importantly, we show that PSM-mediated motility ofS. aureusfacilitates the rapid colonization of wet surfaces next to catheters and the colonization of fresh meat.
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Corbett, Melissa K., Jacques J. Eksteen, Xi Zhi Niu et Elizabeth L. J. Watkin. « Incorporation of Indigenous Microorganisms Increases Leaching Rates of Rare Earth Elements from Western Australian Monazite ». Solid State Phenomena 262 (août 2017) : 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.294.
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A large number of microbial species commonly called phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) are efficient at converting insoluble phosphate to soluble forms to prevent phosphorus limitation. This study examined the impact that PSMs had on a sterile and non-sterile monazite source and determined that they could be applied for bioleaching purposes to recover rare earth elements (REEs). On sterile monazite, Penicillum sp. released a total REE concentration of 12.32 mg L-1 after incubation for 8 days, however, this doubled when inoculated on to non-sterile ore (23.7 mg L-1). Similar results were recorded with Enterobacter aerogenes, Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas putida. Abiotic controls leached a total REE level of 0.65 mg L-1. Examination of the leachate by HPLC identified several low molecular weight organic acids that corresponded with decreases in the media pH. The presence of a native consortia from the monazite ore combined with a known PSMs was more effective at leaching REEs from the monazite matrix than a single isolates or by the native population alone.
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Kożuch, Barbara, et Katarzyna Sienkiewicz-Małyjurek. « Organisational consciousness in public safety management system ». Journal of Intercultural Management 6, no 3 (1 septembre 2015) : 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joim-2014-0016.
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Abstract Organisational consciousness is one of the primary determinants driving organisational development. It is the organisation’s capacity for assessment of its operation level, quest for uniformity and organisational identity. This consciousness revolves around objectives of actions and integrates collective efforts, thereby determining collaboration. Therefore, it performs a vital role in the public safety management system (PSMS), where efficiency of operations may be achieved only as a result of joint actions. In essence, this was an imperative to carry out research aimed at analysing the significance of organisational consciousness in the public safety management system. During enquiries the authors gave insight into the concepts of organisational consciousness and organisational development as well as characterizing the PSMS in the context of organisational consciousness. Bearing in mind a comprehensive and adaptive approach to each analysed situation in an individual manner the relevance of organisational consciousness in public safety management systems was found. Furthermore it was testified that organisational consciousness in the PSMS affects three areas, namely: enhances involvement in accomplishment of objectives set, strengthens inter-organisational collaboration and fosters innovative solutions.
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Schwartz, Kelly, Matthew D. Sekedat, Adnan K. Syed, Brendan O'Hara, David E. Payne, Abigail Lamb et Blaise R. Boles. « The AgrD N-Terminal Leader Peptide of Staphylococcus aureus Has Cytolytic and Amyloidogenic Properties ». Infection and Immunity 82, no 9 (30 juin 2014) : 3837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.02111-14.
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ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusvirulence is coordinated through the Agr quorum-sensing system to produce an array of secreted molecules. One important class of secreted virulence factors is the phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). PSMs are small-peptide toxins that have recently been characterized for their roles in infection, biofilm development, and subversion of the host immune system. In this work, we demonstrate that the signal peptide of theS. aureusquorum-sensing signal, AgrD, shares structural and functional similarities with the PSM family of toxins. The efficacy of this peptide (termed N-AgrD) beyond AgrD propeptide trafficking has never been described before. We observe that N-AgrD, like the PSMs, is found in the amyloid fibrils ofS. aureusbiofilms and is capable of forming and seeding amyloid fibrilsin vitro. N-AgrD displays cytolytic and proinflammatory properties that are abrogated after fibril formation. These data suggest that the N-AgrD leader peptide affectsS. aureusbiology in a manner similar to that described previously for the PSM peptide toxins. Taken together, our findings suggest that peptide cleavage products can affect cellular function beyond their canonical roles and may represent a class of virulence factors warranting further exploration.
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Westcombe, Mark, L. Alberto Franco et Duncan Shaw. « Where next for PSMs—A grassroots revolution ? » Journal of the Operational Research Society 57, no 7 (juillet 2006) : 776–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602161.
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A.T, Keerthi, et V. Salom Gnana Thanga. « Effect of fipronil on abundance of Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms (PSMs) in the cardamom plantation soils of Idukki district, Kerala, India ». International Journal of Scientific & ; Engineering Research 7, no 7 (25 juillet 2016) : 892–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2016.07.005.
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The aim of the present work was to investigate on the effect of fipronil insecticide on the density of phosphate solubilising microorganisms. Phosphate solubilising microorganisms (PSMs) have a significant role in the conversion of inorganic phosphate into available forms. Fipronil is the insecticide has been found to be effective for the control of various insect pests. We selected soil samples from major cardamom plantations of Idukki District as the study material. According to this study, we can observe that the insecticide fipronil inhibits the growth of PSMs in soil. It leads to the Phosphorous nutrient deficiency in the soil available to plants and affect the crop yield.
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Thakar, Sumit, Avinash Kurudi Siddappa, Saritha Aryan, Dilip Mohan, Narayanam Anantha Sai Kiran et Alangar S. Hegde. « Does the mesodermal derangement in Chiari Type I malformation extend to the cervical spine ? Evidence from an analytical morphometric study on cervical paraspinal muscles ». Journal of Neurosurgery : Spine 27, no 4 (octobre 2017) : 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.12.spine16914.
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OBJECTIVEThe mesodermal derangement in Chiari Type I malformation (CMI) has been postulated to encompass the cervical spine. The objectives of this study were to assess the cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of cervical paraspinal muscles (PSMs) in patients with CMI without syringomyelia, compare them with those in non-CMI subjects, and evaluate their correlations with various factors.METHODSIn this retrospective study, the CSAs of cervical PSMs in 25 patients were calculated on T2-weighted axial MR images and computed as ratios with respect to the corresponding vertebral body areas. These values and the cervical taper ratios were then compared with those of age- and sex-matched non-CMI subjects and analyzed with respect to demographic data and clinicoradiological factors.RESULTSCompared with the non-CMI group, the mean CSA values for the rectus capitis minor and all of the subaxial PSMs were lower in the study group, and those of the deep extensors were significantly lower (p = 0.004). The cervical taper ratio was found to be significantly higher in the study cohort (p = 0.0003). A longer duration of symptoms and a steeper cervical taper ratio were independently associated with lower CSA values for the deep extensors (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respectively). The presence of neck pain was associated with a lower CSA value for the deep flexors (p = 0.03).CONCLUSIONSPatients with CMI demonstrate alterations in their cervical paraspinal musculature even in the absence of coexistent syringomyelia. Their deep extensor muscles undergo significant atrophic changes that worsen with the duration of their symptoms. This could be related to a significantly steeper cervical taper ratio that their cervical cords are exposed to. Neck pain in these patients is related to atrophy of their deep flexor muscles. A steeper cervical taper ratio and alterations in the PSMs could be additional indicators for surgery in patients with CMI without syringomyelia.
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Chlupová, Alice, Ladislav Poczklán, Jiří Man, Veronika Mazánová, Milan Heczko et Tomáš Kruml. « Character of Fatigue Damage under Axial, Torsional and Biaxial Loading of 316L Stainless Steel ». Defect and Diffusion Forum 405 (novembre 2020) : 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.405.264.
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Characteristic features of fatigue damage of 316L austenitic stainless steel cyclically strained axially in tension-compression, reversed torsion and combined axial-torsional mode were studied. All loading modes resulted in the formation of persistent slip markings (PSMs). Predominantly one slip system was activated in the case of axial and torsional loading while at biaxial loading, activation of several slip systems was involved. PSMs acted as sites of multiple fatigue crack initiation. The path of subsequent crack growth at a macroscopic scale differed considerably in dependence on loading mode and applied amplitude. The hardening-softening curves and fatigue life curves were evaluated and results were compared and discussed in terms of the type of applied loading.
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Wink, Michael. « Potential of DNA Intercalating Alkaloids and Other Plant Secondary Metabolites against SARS-CoV-2 Causing COVID-19 ». Diversity 12, no 5 (30 avril 2020) : 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12050175.
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Many plants produce secondary metabolites (PSMs) with antiviral activities. Among the antiviral PSMs, lipophilic terpenoids in essential oils can disturb the lipid envelope of viruses. Phenols and polyphenols (flavonoids, rosmarinic acid and tannins) attack viral proteins present in the viral membrane or inside the virus particle. Both phenolics and essential oils are active against free viral particles but not—or to a lesser degree—after a virus has entered a host cell. Another group of PSMs is directed against DNA or RNA. These are DNA intercalators such as sanguinarine, berberine, emetine and other isoquinoline alkaloids, ß-carboline, and quinoline alkaloids such as quinine, cinchonine, dictamine and skimmianine. The DNA intercalators stabilize double-stranded nucleic acids and inhibit the replication, transcription, and translation of genetic material. These alkaloids can inhibit viral development and viral replication in cells, as shown for SARS-CoV-1 and other viruses. Since chloroquine (which is also a DNA intercalator and a chemical derivative of the alkaloid quinine) is apparently clinically helpful against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, it is assumed that intercalating alkaloids, or the medicinal plants producing them, may be interesting candidates for the development of new antiviral drugs for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Mierzejewska, Elżbieta, Agnieszka Baran, Maciej Tankiewicz et Magdalena Urbaniak. « Removal and Ecotoxicity of 2,4-D and MCPA in Microbial Cultures Enriched with Structurally-Similar Plant Secondary Metabolites ». Water 11, no 7 (13 juillet 2019) : 1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071451.
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The removal of contaminants from the environment can be enhanced by interactions between structurally-related plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), selected xenobiotics and microorganisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected PSMs (ferulic acid—FA; syringic acid—SA) on the removal of structurally-similar phenoxy herbicides (PHs): 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA). The study also examines the biodegradation potential of soil bacteria, based on the occurrence of functional tdfA-like genes, and the ecotoxicity of the samples against two test species: Sinapis alba L. and Lepidium sativum L. The microbial cultures spiked with the PSMs demonstrated higher phenoxy acid removal: 97–100% in the case of 2,4-D and 99%–100% for MCPA. These values ranged from 5% to 100% for control samples not amended with FA or SA. The higher herbicide removal associated with PSM spiking can be attributed to acceleration of the microbial degradation processes. Our findings showed that the addition of SA particularly stimulated the occurrence of the total number of tfdA genes, with this presence being higher than that observed in the unamended samples. PSM spiking was also found to have a beneficial effect on ecotoxicity mitigation, reflected in high (102%) stimulation of root growth by the test species.
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Polák, Jaroslav, Jiří Man, Tomáš Vystavěl et Lukáš Zouhar. « Fatigue Crack Initiation in Crystalline Materials – Experimental Evidence and Models ». Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (août 2007) : 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.379.
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Recent observations relevant to the early stages of the fatigue damage of crystalline materials are reviewed. Experimental evidence on the localization of the cyclic plastic strain and on the surface relief formation in cyclic loading of 316L austenitic stainless steel is presented. The focused ion beam is used for exposing three-dimensional evidence of persistent slip markings (PSMs). PSMs consist of extrusions and parallel or alternating intrusions which develop during cyclic loading. Monte Carlo simulations of vacancy generation within persistent slip band (PSB) and their migration to the matrix where they annihilate on the edge dislocations are used to simulate the growth of extrusions and intrusions. The results of the simulations are compared with experimental data and discussed in terms vacancy models of fatigue crack initiation.
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Aftahy, Amir Kaywan, Melanie Barz, Philipp Krauss, Arthur Wagner, Nicole Lange, Alaa Hijazi, Benedikt Wiestler, Bernhard Meyer, Chiara Negwer et Jens Gempt. « Midline Meningiomas of the Anterior Skull Base : Surgical Outcomes and a Decision-Making Algorithm for Classic Skull Base Approaches ». Cancers 12, no 11 (3 novembre 2020) : 3243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113243.
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(1) Background: Midline meningiomas such as olfactory groove (OGMs), planum sphenoidale (PSMs), or tuberculum sellae meningiomas (TSMs) are challenging, and determining the appropriate approach is important. We propose a decision algorithm for choosing suitable transcranial approaches. (2) Methods: A retrospective chart review between 06/2007 and 01/2020. Clinical outcomes, radiographic findings, and postoperative complication rates were analyzed with respect to operative approaches. (3) Results: We included 88 patients in the analysis. Of these, 18.2% (16/88) underwent an interhemispheric approach, 72.7% (64/88) underwent a pterional/frontolateral/supraorbital approach, 2.3% (2/88) underwent a unilateral subfrontal approach, and 6.8% (6/88) underwent a bifrontal approach. All OGMs underwent median approaches, along with one PSM. All of the other PSMs and TSMs were resected via lateral approaches. The preoperative tumor volume was ∅20.2 ± 27.1 cm3. Median approaches had significantly higher tumor volume but also higher rates of Simpson I resection (75.0% vs. 34.4%). An improvement of visual deficits was observed in 34.1% (30/88). The adverse event rate was 17.0%. Median follow-up was 15.5 months (range 0–112 months). (4) Conclusions: Median approaches provides satisfying results for OGMs, lateral approaches enable sufficient exposure of the visual apparatus for PSMs and TSMs. In proposing a simple decision-making algorithm, the authors found that satisfactory outcomes can be achieved for midline meningiomas.
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Moroto, Yuya, Keisuke Maeda, Takahiro Ogawa et Miki Haseyama. « Few-Shot Personalized Saliency Prediction Based on Adaptive Image Selection Considering Object and Visual Attention ». Sensors 20, no 8 (11 avril 2020) : 2170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082170.
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A few-shot personalized saliency prediction based on adaptive image selection considering object and visual attention is presented in this paper. Since general methods predicting personalized saliency maps (PSMs) need a large number of training images, the establishment of a theory using a small number of training images is needed. To tackle this problem, although finding persons who have visual attention similar to that of a target person is effective, all persons have to commonly gaze at many images. Thus, it becomes difficult and unrealistic when considering their burden. On the other hand, this paper introduces a novel adaptive image selection (AIS) scheme that focuses on the relationship between human visual attention and objects in images. AIS focuses on both a diversity of objects in images and a variance of PSMs for the objects. Specifically, AIS selects images so that selected images have various kinds of objects to maintain their diversity. Moreover, AIS guarantees the high variance of PSMs for persons since it represents the regions that many persons commonly gaze at or do not gaze at. The proposed method enables selecting similar users from a small number of images by selecting images that have high diversities and variances. This is the technical contribution of this paper. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our personalized saliency prediction including the new image selection scheme.
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Schütte, Ole M., Ingo Mey, Jörg Enderlein, Filip Savić, Burkhard Geil, Andreas Janshoff et Claudia Steinem. « Size and mobility of lipid domains tuned by geometrical constraints ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no 30 (10 juillet 2017) : E6064—E6071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704199114.
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In the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, proteins and lipids are organized in clusters, the latter ones often called lipid domains or “lipid rafts.” Recent findings highlight the dynamic nature of such domains and the key role of membrane geometry and spatial boundaries. In this study, we used porous substrates with different pore radii to address precisely the extent of the geometric constraint, permitting us to modulate and investigate the size and mobility of lipid domains in phase-separated continuous pore-spanning membranes (PSMs). Fluorescence video microscopy revealed two types of liquid-ordered (lo) domains in the freestanding parts of the PSMs: (i) immobile domains that were attached to the pore rims and (ii) mobile, round-shapedlodomains within the center of the PSMs. Analysis of the diffusion of the mobilelodomains by video microscopy and particle tracking showed that the domains’ mobility is slowed down by orders of magnitude compared with the unrestricted case. We attribute the reduced mobility to the geometric confinement of the PSM, because the drag force is increased substantially due to hydrodynamic effects generated by the presence of these boundaries. Our system can serve as an experimental test bed for diffusion of 2D objects in confined geometry. The impact of hydrodynamics on the mobility of enclosed lipid domains can have great implications for the formation and lateral transport of signaling platforms.
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Lowe, David, et Mike Yearworth. « Response to viewpoint : Whither problem structuring methods (PSMs) ? » Journal of the Operational Research Society 70, no 8 (20 janvier 2019) : 1393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2018.1502629.
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Zhang, Hong Yan, Xiao Yi Lv et Zhen Hong Jia. « The Influence of Electrochemical Anodization for Porous Silicon Microcavity Fabrication ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (janvier 2013) : 1960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1960.
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The present work reports the electrochemical anodization for porous silicon microcavity (PSM) fabrication, including the number of layers and electrochemical process effect in the optical response quality of PSM. These PSMs have been obtained by using PS technology. It is found that the electrochemical process limits the maximum number of layers because there is a chemical dissolution effect during electrochemical anodization. The reflectance spectra of the PSMs indicates that stop-band and the resonant peak of the PSM shift down with the increases of the number of layers due to the decrease of layer's thickness. The value of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) dependents on the number of layers, and the number of layer increases when the FWHM decreases, which is due to the light scattering at roughness interface layer.
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Liu, Yao, Qingqing Song, Jiao Zheng, Jun Li, Yunfang Zhao, Chun Li, Yuelin Song et Pengfei Tu. « Sensitive profiling of phenols, bile acids, sterols, and eicosanoids in mammalian urine by large volume direct injection-online solid phase extraction-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-polarity switching tandem mass spectrometry ». RSC Advances 6, no 85 (2016) : 81826–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra13272c.
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A new sensitive LVDI-online SPE-UHPLC-psMS/MS method was developed and applied for simultaneous and direct determination of 28 constituents, including 10 BAs, 5 sterols, 8 eicosanoids and 8 phenolic compounds in mammalian urinary samples.
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Wei, Yuan-Ping, Yi Liu, Fan Guo, Xiao-Yao Dao et Wei-Yin Sun. « Different functional group modified zirconium frameworks for the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide ». Dalton Transactions 48, no 23 (2019) : 8221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt01767d.
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Kessler, André, et Aino Kalske. « Plant Secondary Metabolite Diversity and Species Interactions ». Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 49, no 1 (2 novembre 2018) : 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062406.
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Ever since the first plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) were isolated and identified, questions about their ecological functions and diversity have been raised. Recent advances in analytical chemistry and complex data computation, as well as progress in chemical ecology from mechanistic to functional and evolutionary questions, open a new box of hypotheses. Addressing these hypotheses includes the measurement of complex traits, such as chemodiversity, in a context-dependent manner and allows for a deeper understanding of the multifunctionality and functional redundancy of PSMs. Here we review a hypothesis framework that addresses PSM diversity on multiple ecological levels (α, β, and γ chemodiversity), its variation in space and time, and the potential agents of natural selection. We use the concept of chemical information transfer as mediator of antagonistic and mutualistic interaction to interpret functional and microevolutionary studies and create a hypothesis framework for understanding chemodiversity as a factor driving ecological processes.
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Urbaniak, Magdalena, Elżbieta Mierzejewska et Maciej Tankiewicz. « The stimulating role of syringic acid, a plant secondary metabolite, in the microbial degradation of structurally-related herbicide, MCPA ». PeerJ 7 (10 avril 2019) : e6745. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6745.
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The ability of microorganisms to degrade xenobiotics can be exploited to develop cost-effective and eco-friendly bioremediation technologies. Microorganisms can degrade almost all organic pollutants, but this process might be very slow in some cases. A promising way to enhance removal of recalcitrant xenobiotics from the environment lies in the interactions between plant exudates such as plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) and microorganisms. Although there is a considerable body of evidence that PSMs can alter the microbial community composition and stimulate the microbial degradation of xenobiotics, their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. With this in mind, our aim was to demonstrate that similarity between the chemical structures of PSMs and xenobiotics results in higher micropollutant degradation rates, and the occurrence of corresponding bacterial degradative genes. To verify this, the present study analyses the influence of syringic acid, a plant secondary metabolite, on the bacterial degradation of an herbicide, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA). In particular, the presence of appropriate MCPA degradative genes, MCPA removal efficiency and changes in samples phytotoxicity have been analyzed. Significant MCPA depletion was achieved in samples enriched with syringic acid. The results confirmed not only greater MCPA removal from the samples upon spiking with syringic acid, and thus decreased phytotoxicity, but also the presence of a greater number of genes responsible for MCPA biodegradation. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed ubiquitous enrichment of the β-proteobacteriaRhodoferax, Achromobacter, BurkholderiaandCupriavidus. The obtained results provide further confirmation that plant metabolites released into the rhizosphere can stimulate biodegradation of xenobiotics, including MCPA.
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Kim, Dahye, Palaniselvam Kuppusamy, Jeong Sung Jung, Kyoung Hoon Kim et Ki Choon Choi. « Microbial Dynamics and In Vitro Degradation of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Hanwoo Steer Rumen Fluids ». Animals 11, no 8 (9 août 2021) : 2350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082350.
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Plant secondary metabolite (PSM) degradations and feed breakdown into small particles may occur primarily in the rumen. It is possible to predict the rate and extent of feed disappearance in the rumen during incubation by different in vitro techniques, which differ based on the PSM structures, including phenolics, and flavonoids. However, PSM degradation and conversion efficiency in the rumen remains unclear. This study’s objective was to evaluate the in vitro degradation of a group of PSMs in the rumen fluid, collected from Hanwoo steer samples. PSMs including rutin, vitexin, myricetin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, luteolin, propyl gallate, and kaempferol were used in their pure forms at 1mg/250 mL in a rumen fluid buffer system. The mixture of selected PSMs and buffer was incubated at 39 °C for 12–72 h, and samples were collected every 12 h and analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) to determine the biotransformation of the polyphenolics. The results revealed that the luteolin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, rutin, myricetin, vitexin, kaempferol, and quercetin were decreased after 12 h of incubation in the rumen fluid (p ≤ 0.05) and were more than 70% decreased at 72 h. In contrast, the propyl gallate concentrations were not significantly changed after 24 h of incubation in rumen fluid compared to other metabolites. Finally, microbial dynamics study showed that the Firmicutes, Bacterodetes, Actinobacteria, and Syngergistetes were the dominant phyla found in rumen fluids. The data suggest that most polyphenolic compounds may degrade or reform new complex structures in the rumen.